-
121 overtake
A vtr2 ( catch up with) rattraper ;3 fig [disaster, change, misfortune] frapper [project, country] ; [fear, surprise] saisir [person] ; [storm] surprendre [person] ; he was overtaken by ou with fear il fut saisi par la peur ; utter weariness overtook me un complet abattement s'est emparé de moi fml ; to be overtaken by events être pris de vitesse ;5 ( supplant) [problem, question] prendre le pas sur ; his fear was overtaken by embarrassment sa peur faisait place à de la gêne.B vi GB [vehicle] dépasser, doubler ○ ; [person] dépasser ; ‘no overtaking’ ‘dépassement interdit’. -
122 displace
displace [dɪs'pleɪs](a) (refugees, population) déplacer∎ to displace a bone se déplacer un os(c) (supplant) supplanter, remplacer -
123 fight a losing battle
вecти бecплoдную бopьбу, бopoтьcя зa пpoигpaннoe дeлo, вecти бopьбу, зapaнee oбpeчённую нa пpoвaлThen there was the dawning realization that, however he struggled, he was fighting a losing battle at Brockleys, that Ventnor had decided to supplant him (R. Greenwood). Mr. Ridgeway was fighting a losing battle with a class of first-year A. level students who didn't want to hear what he thought about Bismark (Th. Sharpe) -
124 Cognitivism
Cognitivism in psychology and philosophy is roughly the position that intelligent behavior can (only) be explained by appeal to internal "cognitive processes." (Haugeland, 1981a, p. 243)Cognitive science is an interdisciplinary effort drawing on psychology and linguistics, and philosophy. Emboldened by an apparent convergence of interests, some scientists in these fields have chosen not to reject mental functions out of hand as the behaviorists did. Instead, they have relied on the concept of mental representations and on a set of assumptions collectively called the functionalist positions. From this viewpoint, people behave according to knowledge made up of symbolic mental representations. Cognition consists of the manipulation of these symbols. Psychological phenomena are described in terms of functional processes.The efficacy of such processes resides in the possibility of interpreting items as symbols in an abstract and well-defined way, according to a set of unequivocal rules. Such a set of rules constitutes what is known as a syntax.The exercise of these syntactical rules is a form of computation.... Computation is assumed to be largely independent of the structure and the mode of development of the nervous system, just as a piece of computer software can run on different machines with different architectures and is thus "independent" of them....This point of view-called cognitivism by some-has had a great vogue and has prompted a burst of psychological work of great interest and value. Accompanying it have been a set of remarkable ideas.... I cannot overemphasize the degree to which these ideas or their variants pervade modern science.... But I must also add that the cognitivist enterprise rests on a set of unexamined assumptions. One of its most curious deficiencies is that it makes only marginal reference to the biological foundations that underlie the mechanisms it purports to explain. The result is a scientific deviation as great as that of the behaviorism it has attempted to supplant. (Edelman, 1992, pp. 13-14)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Cognitivism
См. также в других словарях:
Supplant — Sup*plant , v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Supplanted}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Supplanting}.] [F. supplanter, L. supplantare to trip up one s heels, to throw down; sub under + planta the sole of the foot, also, a sucker, slip, sprout. Cf. {Plant}, n.] 1. To trip … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
supplant — I verb abolish, act for, bring low, cashier, cause the downfall of, depose, deracinate, dethrone, discharge, dismiss, displace, drive away, drive out, eject, eradicate, expel, extirpate, fire, force out, oust, overthrow, overpower, remove,… … Law dictionary
supplant — c.1300, to trip up, overthrow, defeat, dispossess, from O.Fr. supplanter to trip up, overthrow, from L. supplantare trip up, overthrow, from sub under + planta sole of the foot (see PLANT (Cf. plant) (n.)). Meaning replace one thing with another… … Etymology dictionary
supplant — *displace, *replace, supersede Analogous words: *eject, oust, dismiss, expel: uproot, eradicate, extirpate, *exterminate … New Dictionary of Synonyms
supplant — [v] displace, replace back up, bounce, cast out, crowd, cut out, eject, expel, fill in, force, force out, front for, oust, outplace, overthrow, remove, ring, ring in, sit in, stand in, substitute, succeed, supersede, swap places with, take out,… … New thesaurus
supplant — ► VERB ▪ supersede and replace. DERIVATIVES supplanter noun. ORIGIN Latin supplantare trip up … English terms dictionary
supplant — [sə plant′, səplänt′] vt. [ME supplanten < OFr supplanter < L supplantare, to put under the sole of the foot, trip up < sub , under (see SUB ) + planta, sole of the foot: see PLANT] 1. to take the place of; supersede, esp. through force… … English World dictionary
supplant — UK [səˈplɑːnt] / US [səˈplænt] verb [transitive] Word forms supplant : present tense I/you/we/they supplant he/she/it supplants present participle supplanting past tense supplanted past participle supplanted formal to replace something or someone … English dictionary
supplant — transitive verb Etymology: Middle English, from Anglo French supplanter, from Latin supplantare to trip up, cause to stumble, from sub + planta sole of the foot more at place Date: 14th century 1. to supersede (another) especially by force or… … New Collegiate Dictionary
supplant — verb /səˈplɑːnt,səˈplænt/ To take the place of; to replace, to supersede. Will online dictionaries ever supplant paper dictionaries? Syn: dethrone, oust, replace, supersede, take over, uproot, wrench … Wiktionary
supplant — sup|plant [ sə plænt ] verb transitive FORMAL to replace something or someone, often as a result of being more powerful: Their concern is that central decision making will supplant local government … Usage of the words and phrases in modern English
