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101 reference
1) ссылка
2) безориентирный
3) образцовой
4) отнесение
5) реперный
6) референция
7) контрольный
8) начальный
9) опорный
10) справка
11) эталон
12) базис отсчета
13) отзыв
14) справочный
15) базовый
16) эталонный
17) координатный
18) координата
– angular reference
– azimuth reference
– frame of reference
– group reference
– point of reference
– reference address
– reference area
– reference azimuth
– reference book
– reference characteristic
– reference chord
– reference color
– reference data
– reference electrode
– reference element
– reference gauge
– reference generator
– reference horizon
– reference instrument
– reference language
– reference level
– reference line
– reference magnet
– reference mark
– reference model
– reference monitor
– reference oscillator
– reference pattern
– reference point
– reference potential
– reference pulse
– reference quantity
– reference scale
– reference set
– reference specimen
– reference standard
– reference substance
– reference table
– reference tape
– reference temperature
– reference to cell
– reference value
– reference voltage
– reference wave
– reference wave-front
– triangle of reference
– visual reference
astronomical frame of reference — система отсчета небесной механики
maintain by reference to gyros — корректировать по гироскопам
reduction to reference condition — приведение к заданным условиям
reference information store — <comput.> фонд справочно-информационный
register reference instruction — команда обращения к регистру
with reference to — со ссылкой на, ссылаясь на
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102 transfer
1) перемещение
2) анодно-сеточный
3) переброска
4) перевалка
5) передача управления
6) перекачивающий
7) переливание
8) переливать
9) перенос
10) пересадка
11) разводящий
12) трансферт
13) трансфертный
14) переключение
15) переносить
16) передавать
17) перемещать
18) перебрасывание
19) перевалочный
20) перевод
21) передаточный
22) переносный
23) переход
24) перечисление
25) пронесение
26) перестановка
– chain transfer
– charge transfer
– conditional transfer
– data transfer
– diffusion transfer
– energy transfer
– glow transfer
– heat transfer
– integrated transfer
– interphase transfer
– key transfer
– lithographic transfer
– mass transfer
– metal transfer
– power transfer
– pull-off transfer
– pull-on transfer
– rack transfer
– radiation transfer
– reverse transfer
– rope transfer
– self-propelled transfer
– skid transfer
– transfer admittance
– transfer arrangement
– transfer board
– transfer busbar
– transfer capacitance
– transfer car
– transfer case
– transfer characteristic
– transfer circuit
– transfer conductance
– transfer contact
– transfer equipment
– transfer fuel
– transfer function
– transfer gear-box
– transfer impedance
– transfer instruction
– transfer jack
– transfer lag
– transfer line
– transfer locus
– transfer machine
– transfer module
– transfer mold
– transfer molding
– transfer of a call
– transfer of cargo
– transfer of energy
– transfer of material
– transfer of passengers
– transfer orbit
– transfer paper
– transfer pipette
– transfer platform
– transfer point
– transfer press
– transfer pump
– transfer railroad
– transfer register
– transfer send
– transfer switch
– transfer to storage
– transfer trestle
– unconditional transfer
– vorticity transfer
conditional transfer instruction — команда условного перехода
conditional transfer of control — условная передача управления
contrast transfer function — <opt.> характеристика частотно-контрастная
heat transfer coefficient — <phys.> коэффициент теплоотдачи, коэффициент теплопередачи
image transfer constant — <comput.> постоянная передачи
in-line transfer machine — прямолинейная автоматическая линия
mass transfer by diffusion — <metal.> перенос диффузионный
number transfer bus — числовая шина, шина передачи чисел
ortital transfer vehicle — <cosm.> буксир межорбитальный
overall transfer characteristic — характеристика от света до света
receiver transfer characteristic — передаточная характеристика приемника
reciprocal transfer ratio — <tech.> коэффициент преобразования двойной
self-propelled transfer bin — самоходный перегрузочный бункер
transfer function analyzer — анализатор передаточной функции
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103 запись
1) General subject: deed, enrolment, jotting, notandum, notation, note, notes, posting, record, recording, register (в журнале и т. п.), registration, subscription, transcription, appointment2) Computers: (в файл) entry, track, capture (потока данных, звука, изображения)3) Biology: tracing (регистрирующего прибора)4) Naval: logging (в журнале)5) Medicine: formula, registry registration, trace (регистрирующего прибора)7) Engineering: log, logging (показаний прибора), memory, plotting, representation (система записи чисел), tracing (самописца)8) Mathematics: listing9) Railway term: metering10) Law: astipulation, inscription, memorandum, transcript11) Economy: enrollment, entry (в список, книгу и т.п.), recordation12) Accounting: item13) Automobile industry: record (регистрирующего прибора)14) Forestry: inventory15) Polygraphy: record type, track (регистрирующего прибора), write operation16) Information technology: designation, entry, log (информации), notation (система записи чисел), record (структурная единица информации), write-in, writing process, writing18) Astronautics: writting20) Metrology: logging (например, результатов), tracing (самописца)21) Patents: logging (информации)24) SAP. view entry25) Oilfield: record registration26) Automation: booking, registration (показаний), tracing (самописцем), write (данных в ЗУ)27) Cables: entry (результат), record (результат), recording (процесс), registration (процесс), writing down (процесс)28) Makarov: W (writing), enrollment (в книге актов и т.п.), enrollment (в члены организации, в школу и т.п.), enrolment (в книге актов и т.п.), enrolment (в члены организации, в школу и т.п.), entry (напр. списка, таблицы), expression, formulation, notice, record (единица информации), record sheet, recording (информации), registering, registration (регистрационная), registry (регистрационная), storage (прибора), trace (какого-л. записывающего аппарата), tuple29) Security: entry (в системе управления доступом), entry (в журнале, таблице и т. п.), logging (событий в системе безопасности), record (данных), record keeping (сообщений)30) SAP.tech. noting down, rec.31) Electrical engineering: trace (самописца), track (самописца) -
104 Datenspeicherungsregister
n < edv> ■ data storage registerGerman-english technical dictionary > Datenspeicherungsregister
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105 capacity
1) ёмкостьб) объём; вместимостьв) информационная ёмкость; разрядность (напр. регистра)2) способность вмещать или (вос)принимать ( что-либо)3) (реальная или потенциальная) способность противостоять ( чему-либо), выдерживать ( что-либо), выполнять или производить ( что-либо); функциональные возможности4) пропускная способность (напр. канала связи)5) нагрузочная способность (напр. линии связи)6) предельно допустимое или максимально достижимое значение тока, напряжения или мощности8) положение; качество; род деятельности9) компетенция•- capacity of capacitor
- capacity of CD-ROM
- capacity of DVD
- absorbing capacity
- accumulator capacity
- adsorptive capacity
- ampere-hour capacity
- battery capacity
- bearing capacity
- breaking capacity
- capacitor capacity
- carrying capacity
- channel capacity
- charge-carrying capacity
- circuit capacity
- computer capacity
- current capacity
- current-carrying capacity
- data-handling capacity
- depletion-layer capacity
- diffusion capacity
- discharge capacity
- disk capacity
- display capacity
- electronic heat capacity
- field capacity
- formatted capacity
- head interwinding capacity
- heat capacity
- idle capacity
- inductive capacity
- information capacity
- informative capacity
- input capacity
- interrupting capacity
- lattice heat capacity
- magnetic inductive capacity
- memory capacity
- modular capacity
- output capacity
- overload capacity
- picture information capacity
- power-handling capacity
- power-handling capacity of tube
- primary cell capacity
- raw capacity
- refrigeration capacity
- register capacity
- selector carrying capacity
- Shannon capacity
- shock-absorbing capacity
- short-circuit breaking capacity
- short-circuit making capacity
- specific inductive capacity
- storage capacity
- thermal capacity
- traffic-carrying capacity
- transmission capacity
- unformatted capacity
- wearing capacity
- wiring capacity
- word capacity
- working capacity
- zero-error capacity -
106 capacity
1) ёмкостьб) объём; вместимостьв) информационная ёмкость; разрядность (напр. регистра)3) (реальная или потенциальная) способность противостоять ( чему-либо), выдерживать ( что-либо), выполнять или производить ( что-либо); функциональные возможности4) пропускная способность (напр. канала связи)5) нагрузочная способность (напр. линии связи)6) предельно допустимое или максимально достижимое значение тока, напряжения или мощности8) положение; качество; род деятельности9) компетенция•- accumulator capacity
- adsorptive capacity
- ampere-hour capacity
- battery capacity
- bearing capacity
- breaking capacity
- capacitor capacity
- capacity of arc
- capacity of capacitor
- capacity of CD-ROM
- capacity of DVD
- carrying capacity
- channel capacity
- charge-carrying capacity
- circuit capacity
- computer capacity
- current capacity
- current-carrying capacity
- data-handling capacity
- depletion-layer capacity
- diffusion capacity
- discharge capacity
- disk capacity
- display capacity
- electronic heat capacity
- field capacity
- formatted capacity
- head interwinding capacity
- heat capacity
- idle capacity
- inductive capacity
- information capacity
- informative capacity
- input capacity
- interrupting capacity
- lattice heat capacity
- magnetic inductive capacity
- memory capacity
- modular capacity
- output capacity
- overload capacity
- picture information capacity
- power-handling capacity of tube
- power-handling capacity
- primary cell capacity
- raw capacity
- refrigeration capacity
- register capacity
- selector carrying capacity
- Shannon capacity
- shock-absorbing capacity
- short-circuit breaking capacity
- short-circuit making capacity
- specific inductive capacity
- storage capacity
- thermal capacity
- traffic-carrying capacity
- transmission capacity
- unformatted capacity
- wearing capacity
- wiring capacity
- word capacity
- working capacity
- zero-error capacityThe New English-Russian Dictionary of Radio-electronics > capacity
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107 operation
1) операция; действие2) работа; функционирование4) срабатывание ( прибора)5) редк. управление•- arithmetic operation
- array operation
- asynchronous operation
- atomic operation
- attend operation
- autohorized operation
- auto-parallel operation
- auto-serial operation
- auxiliary operation
- average calculating operation
- average calculation operation
- background operation
- battery operation
- biconditional operation
- bidirectional operation
- binary operation
- bitwise operation
- bit operation
- bookkeeping operation
- Boolean add operation
- Boolean operation
- both-way operation
- branch operation
- byte operation
- byte/word operations
- byte-write operation
- carry clearing operation
- checkpointing operation
- clerical operation
- collation operation
- combination operation
- combined operation
- comparison operation
- complementary operation
- complete operation
- compound operation
- computer operation
- concurrent operation
- conditional implication operation
- conditional operation
- conjunction operation
- consecutive operation
- consistency operation
- control operation
- control transfer operation
- conversational mode operation
- conversational operation
- corner-turning operation
- cumulative operation
- dagger operation
- data processing operation
- database operation
- declarative operation
- decoded operation
- device-dependent operation
- digit-to-digit operation
- digtiwise operation
- disjunction operation
- do-nothing operation
- don't care operation
- double-address operation
- double-length operation
- double-precision operation
- down operation
- drag and drop operation
- dual operation
- duplex operation
- dyadic operation
- either way operation
- EITHER-OR operation
- equality operation
- equivalence operation
- error-free operation
- except operation
- exchange operation
- exclusive OR operation
- fade operation
- fail-safe operation
- fail-soft operation
- fast rewind operation
- fixed-cycle operation
- fixedcycle operation
- fixed-point operation
- floating-point operation
- flow of control operation
- foreground operation
- full-duplex operation
- graft operation
- grouped operation
- half-duplex operation
- handshaked operation
- hands-on operation
- high-gain operation
- high-speed operation
- housekeeping operation
- I/O operations
- identity operation
- IF-AND-ONLY-IF operation
- IF-THEN operation
- illegal operation
- immediate operation
- implication operation
- inclusive OR operation
- inference operation
- input operation
- input/output operations
- integer operation
- interframe operation
- interlaced operations
- interleaving operations
- irreversible operation
- iterative operation
- jump operation
- keystroke operation
- large-signal operation
- link-following operation
- loading operation
- logical operation
- look-up operation
- loop operation
- low-level signal operation
- machine operation
- main operation
- majority operation
- make-break operation
- manual operation
- marginal operation
- marking operation
- master-slave operation
- match operation
- match-merge operation
- matrix operation
- meet operation
- mismatch operation
- monadic operation
- monitor-controlled operation
- move operation
- multibyte operation
- multidimensional operation
- multijob operation
- multiple operations
- multiple-computer operation
- multiple-processor operation
- multiple-shift operation
- multiple-word operation
- multiplex operation
- multiplexed operations
- multiply-accumulate operation
- multitask operation
- multitrack operation
- N-adic operation
- naming operation
- NAND operation
- N-ary operation
- nearest-value operation
- neighborhood operation
- NEITHER-NOR operation
- next higher retrieval operation
- next lower retrieval operation
- no operation
- no-failure operation
- nonarithmetical operation
- nonconjunction operation
- nondata operation
- nondisjunction operation
- nonequivalence operation
- nonidentity operation
- nonprimitive operation
- NOR operation
- NOT AND operation
- NOT BOTH operation
- NOT operation
- NOT-IF-THEN operation
- NOT-OR operation
- nullary operation
- off-line operation
- one-pass operation
- one-shot operation
- one-step operation
- one-way operation
- on-going operations
- on-line operation
- OR operation
- output operation
- overhead operation
- P operation
- packet-mode operation
- parallel operation
- parallel-parallel operation
- parallel-serial operation
- part-word operation
- paste operation
- peripheral operation
- pipeline operation
- pixel-level operation
- pointer operation
- polar operation
- primitive operation
- privileged operation
- prune operation
- pseudo off-line operation
- pulsed operation
- quarternary operation
- queue operation
- real operation
- real-time operation
- record-at-a-time operation
- red-tape operation
- reductive operation
- refinement operation
- register operation
- relational algebraic operation
- relational join operation
- remote operation
- repetitive operation
- retrieval operation
- rewind operation
- RMW operation
- scalar operation
- scale operation
- scanning operation
- scatter-write operation
- scheduled operation
- screening operation
- search operation
- sensing operation
- sensory operation
- sequential operation
- serial digit operation
- serial operation
- serial word operation
- serial-parallel operation
- serial-serial operation
- set operation
- set-at-a-time operation
- Sheffer-stroke operation
- shift operation
- simplex operation
- simultaneous operation
- single operation
- single-program operation
- single-shot operation
- single-step operation
- single-task operation
- slave operation
- small-signal operation
- split-word operation
- stable operation
- stack operation
- stacked job operation
- standard operation
- start-stop operation
- step-and-repeat operations
- step-by-step operation
- storage operation
- streaming operation
- string operation
- synchronous operation
- takedown operation
- team operation
- threshold operation
- time-consuming operation
- time-sharing operation
- transfer operation
- transmit operation
- triggerable operation
- Turing elementary operation
- two-way alternative operation
- two-way-simultaneous operation
- unary operation
- unattended operation
- unauthorized operation
- union operation
- unloading operation
- up operation
- V operation
- variable-cycle operation
- variable-length operation
- vector operation
- word operation
- write operation
- write-on match operation
- write-while read operation
- yes-no operationEnglish-Russian dictionary of computer science and programming > operation
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108 track
1) дорожка; канал; тракт2) дорожка перфорации ( на ленте)3) проводник; связь ( на печатной плате)•- keep track- address track
- alternate track
- bad track
- block marker track
- card track
- clock track
- code track
- concentric tracks
- data track
- dead track
- digit track
- disk track
- drum track
- feed-hole track
- feed track
- information track
- inner track
- innermost track
- library track
- outer track
- outermost track
- primary track
- printed circuit track
- punching track
- reading track
- recording track
- reference track
- regenerative track
- register track
- revolver track
- routing track
- sector marking track
- shorted track
- signal track
- storage track
- timing track
- vocal track
- wiring trackEnglish-Russian dictionary of computer science and programming > track
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109 address space
1) диапазон всех адресов, к которым имеет или может иметь доступ процессор или программа. Термин может относиться к физической памяти (physical memory), виртуальной памяти (virtual storage) или к обоим видам памяти. Размер адресного пространства (и, соответственно, объём адресуемой памяти) зависит от ширины (разрядности) адресной шины (bus width) и разрядности регистров процессора. В процессорах с гарвардской архитектурой (Harvard architecture) существует два адресных пространства: данных (data address space) и команд (program memory space).Syn:2) диапазон физических или виртуальных адресов, выделенных процессуАнгло-русский толковый словарь терминов и сокращений по ВТ, Интернету и программированию. > address space
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110 buffer
= buf1) буфернепрерывная область ОЗУ компьютера или специальное ОЗУ в контроллере устройства для промежуточного (временного) хранения данных, например перед выполнением над ними следующей операции или передачи. Буфер часто устанавливается между медленным периферийным устройством и быстрым компьютером, что позволяет считывать и записывать данные большими порциями и ускоряет операции пересылки данных или ввода-вывода, например при печати, чтении/записи с диска и т. д. В телекоммуникации буферы используются для компенсации разницы в скоростях потоков данных или временах обработки событий при пересылке данных между сетевыми устройствамисм. тж. buffer overflow, buffer pool, buffer storage, capture buffer, data buffer, display buffer, frame buffer, image buffer, input buffer, jitter buffer, keystroke buffer, message buffer, output buffer, packet buffer, paste buffer, receive buffer, reorder buffer, ring buffer, track buffer, Z-buffer2) буфер, развязкаа) в электронике - изолирующая схема, используемая для минимизации связи между управляющей и управляемой схемами; имеет на выходе то же самое, что и на входеб) электронная схема, преобразующая входное или выходное напряжение для обеспечения совместимости уровней сигналов при пересылке данных из одного устройства в другоесм. тж. output voltageв) заполнять буфер, буферизоватьАнгло-русский толковый словарь терминов и сокращений по ВТ, Интернету и программированию. > buffer
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111 relay
1) реле3) ретрансляция; ретранслировать•- ac relay- accelerating relay
- active relay
- actuating relay
- air-borne radio relay
- all-or-nothing relay
- all-to-all relay
- amateur relay
- armature relay
- automating reclosing relay
- balanced relay
- bimetallic relay
- bimetallic strip relay
- blocking relay
- break-in relay
- burglar alarm device relay
- bypass relay
- calling relay
- capacitance relay
- cell relay
- center-zero relay
- clearing relay
- clock relay
- closing relay
- coaxial relay
- conductance relay
- connector relay
- corner relay
- current relay
- cut-in relay
- cut-off relay
- data-transmission relay
- dc relay
- delay relay
- differential relay
- digital relay
- directional relay
- disconnecting link relay
- distance relay
- double-pole relay
- double-wound relay
- dry-reed relay
- electric relay
- electromagnetic relay
- electromechanical relay
- electronic relay
- executive relay
- fast-release relay
- fast-speed relay
- flat-type relay
- frame relay
- frequency relay
- functional relay
- gas-filled relay
- group-selector relay
- guard relay
- heat relay
- homing relay
- impulse relay
- indicating relay
- indirect acting relay
- indirect action relay
- induction relay
- induction-disk relay
- inductive relay
- initiating relay
- instantaneous relay
- instrument-type relay
- interlock relay
- intermediate relay
- Kipp relay
- L-armature relay
- latch-in relay
- lock-up relay
- low-voltage relay
- magnetic locking relay
- marginal relay
- maximum-current relay
- metering relay
- meter-type relay
- microwave relay
- minimal relay
- network master relay
- neutral relay
- nonpolarized relay
- normally-closed relay
- normally-open relay
- no-voltage relay
- ohm relay
- optical-electronic relay
- output relay
- overload relay
- overpower relay
- overtemperature relay
- overvoltage relay
- peak relay
- phase relay
- phase-balance relay
- phase-comparison relay
- phase-sequence relay
- phase-shift relay
- phase-undervoltage relay
- photocell relay
- photoelectric relay
- phototube relay
- polarized relay
- polyphase relay
- positive sequence relay
- power relay
- primary relay
- programed-time relay
- protective relay
- pulse relay
- quick-operation relay
- radio relay
- ratio-balance relay
- reactance relay
- reclosing relay
- redundant relay
- reed relay
- register relay
- regulating relay
- reverse-current relay
- ringing relay
- rotary-stepping relay
- satellite relay
- SDI-relay
- SDV-relay
- secondary relay
- selective call relay
- self-reset relay
- shunt relay
- shutdown relay
- sidestable relay
- single-phase relay
- single-pole relay
- single-wound relay
- slow-acting relay
- slow-operate relay
- slow-release relay
- solenoid relay
- solid-state relay
- speed relay
- starting relay
- stepping relay
- storage relay
- switching relay
- switching-through relay
- synchronizing relay
- tape relay
- telephone relay
- terminal relay
- test relay
- thermionic relay
- three-phase relay
- thyratron relay
- time relay
- timing relay
- transistor relay
- trip-free relay
- trunk relay
- ultrafast relay
- undercurrent relay
- voltage relay
- wet-reed relay
- wholly-static relay
- zero-base sequence relayEnglish-Russian dictionary of telecommunications and their abbreviations > relay
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112 Memory
To what extent can we lump together what goes on when you try to recall: (1) your name; (2) how you kick a football; and (3) the present location of your car keys? If we use introspective evidence as a guide, the first seems an immediate automatic response. The second may require constructive internal replay prior to our being able to produce a verbal description. The third... quite likely involves complex operational responses under the control of some general strategy system. Is any unitary search process, with a single set of characteristics and inputoutput relations, likely to cover all these cases? (Reitman, 1970, p. 485)[Semantic memory] Is a mental thesaurus, organized knowledge a person possesses about words and other verbal symbols, their meanings and referents, about relations among them, and about rules, formulas, and algorithms for the manipulation of these symbols, concepts, and relations. Semantic memory does not register perceptible properties of inputs, but rather cognitive referents of input signals. (Tulving, 1972, p. 386)The mnemonic code, far from being fixed and unchangeable, is structured and restructured along with general development. Such a restructuring of the code takes place in close dependence on the schemes of intelligence. The clearest indication of this is the observation of different types of memory organisation in accordance with the age level of a child so that a longer interval of retention without any new presentation, far from causing a deterioration of memory, may actually improve it. (Piaget & Inhelder, 1973, p. 36)4) The Logic of Some Memory Theorization Is of Dubious Worth in the History of PsychologyIf a cue was effective in memory retrieval, then one could infer it was encoded; if a cue was not effective, then it was not encoded. The logic of this theorization is "heads I win, tails you lose" and is of dubious worth in the history of psychology. We might ask how long scientists will puzzle over questions with no answers. (Solso, 1974, p. 28)We have iconic, echoic, active, working, acoustic, articulatory, primary, secondary, episodic, semantic, short-term, intermediate-term, and longterm memories, and these memories contain tags, traces, images, attributes, markers, concepts, cognitive maps, natural-language mediators, kernel sentences, relational rules, nodes, associations, propositions, higher-order memory units, and features. (Eysenck, 1977, p. 4)The problem with the memory metaphor is that storage and retrieval of traces only deals [ sic] with old, previously articulated information. Memory traces can perhaps provide a basis for dealing with the "sameness" of the present experience with previous experiences, but the memory metaphor has no mechanisms for dealing with novel information. (Bransford, McCarrell, Franks & Nitsch, 1977, p. 434)7) The Results of a Hundred Years of the Psychological Study of Memory Are Somewhat DiscouragingThe results of a hundred years of the psychological study of memory are somewhat discouraging. We have established firm empirical generalisations, but most of them are so obvious that every ten-year-old knows them anyway. We have made discoveries, but they are only marginally about memory; in many cases we don't know what to do with them, and wear them out with endless experimental variations. We have an intellectually impressive group of theories, but history offers little confidence that they will provide any meaningful insight into natural behavior. (Neisser, 1978, pp. 12-13)A schema, then is a data structure for representing the generic concepts stored in memory. There are schemata representing our knowledge about all concepts; those underlying objects, situations, events, sequences of events, actions and sequences of actions. A schema contains, as part of its specification, the network of interrelations that is believed to normally hold among the constituents of the concept in question. A schema theory embodies a prototype theory of meaning. That is, inasmuch as a schema underlying a concept stored in memory corresponds to the mean ing of that concept, meanings are encoded in terms of the typical or normal situations or events that instantiate that concept. (Rumelhart, 1980, p. 34)Memory appears to be constrained by a structure, a "syntax," perhaps at quite a low level, but it is free to be variable, deviant, even erratic at a higher level....Like the information system of language, memory can be explained in part by the abstract rules which underlie it, but only in part. The rules provide a basic competence, but they do not fully determine performance. (Campbell, 1982, pp. 228, 229)When people think about the mind, they often liken it to a physical space, with memories and ideas as objects contained within that space. Thus, we speak of ideas being in the dark corners or dim recesses of our minds, and of holding ideas in mind. Ideas may be in the front or back of our minds, or they may be difficult to grasp. With respect to the processes involved in memory, we talk about storing memories, of searching or looking for lost memories, and sometimes of finding them. An examination of common parlance, therefore, suggests that there is general adherence to what might be called the spatial metaphor. The basic assumptions of this metaphor are that memories are treated as objects stored in specific locations within the mind, and the retrieval process involves a search through the mind in order to find specific memories....However, while the spatial metaphor has shown extraordinary longevity, there have been some interesting changes over time in the precise form of analogy used. In particular, technological advances have influenced theoretical conceptualisations.... The original Greek analogies were based on wax tablets and aviaries; these were superseded by analogies involving switchboards, gramophones, tape recorders, libraries, conveyor belts, and underground maps. Most recently, the workings of human memory have been compared to computer functioning... and it has been suggested that the various memory stores found in computers have their counterparts in the human memory system. (Eysenck, 1984, pp. 79-80)Primary memory [as proposed by William James] relates to information that remains in consciousness after it has been perceived, and thus forms part of the psychological present, whereas secondary memory contains information about events that have left consciousness, and are therefore part of the psychological past. (Eysenck, 1984, p. 86)Once psychologists began to study long-term memory per se, they realized it may be divided into two main categories.... Semantic memories have to do with our general knowledge about the working of the world. We know what cars do, what stoves do, what the laws of gravity are, and so on. Episodic memories are largely events that took place at a time and place in our personal history. Remembering specific events about our own actions, about our family, and about our individual past falls into this category. With amnesia or in aging, what dims... is our personal episodic memories, save for those that are especially dear or painful to us. Our knowledge of how the world works remains pretty much intact. (Gazzaniga, 1988, p. 42)The nature of memory... provides a natural starting point for an analysis of thinking. Memory is the repository of many of the beliefs and representations that enter into thinking, and the retrievability of these representations can limit the quality of our thought. (Smith, 1990, p. 1)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Memory
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