stoics

μετατίθημι by-form pres. 3 pl. μετατίθονται AcPl Ha 2, 26 (s. B-D-F §94, 1); fut. μεταθήσω Is 29:14; 1 aor. μετέθηκα; 2 aor. ptc. μεταθείς. Pass.: fut. 3 sg. μετατεθήσεται Is 29:17; 1 aor. μετετέθην (Hom.+) gener. ‘change (the position of)’.

① to convey from one place to another, put in another place, transfer τὴν χεῖρα ἐπί τι transfer your hand to someth. 13:5. W. acc. of pers. and indication of the goal μεταθέντες αὐτὸν ἐπὶ τὴν καροῦχαν they had him transferred to the carriage MPol 8:2. Pass.: of corpses μετετέθησαν εἰς Συχέμ they were brought back to Shechem Ac 7:16. W. indication of the place fr. which ἐκ τῶν βασάνων be removed from (the place of) torment Hv 3, 7, 6 (μετατίθημι ἐκ as a grave-ins fr. Amastris: JÖAI 28 Beibl. ’33, col. 81f no. 39). Of Enoch be taken up, translated, taken away (to heaven) Hb 11:5a; 1 Cl 9:3 (cp. Sir 44:16; Wsd 4:10); the act. in the same sense and of the same person Hb 11:5b (Gen 5:24).

② to effect a change in state or condition, change, alter (Hdt. 5, 68 et al.; Jos., Ant. 15, 9; IAndrosIsis, Kyme 4: the νόμοι of Isis are not subject to alteration by humans) τὶ εἴς τι someth. into someth. (Esth 4:17s μετάθες τὴν καρδίαν αὐτοῦ εἰς μῖσος) τὴν τοῦ θεοῦ ἡμῶν χάριτα εἰς ἀσέλγειαν pervert the grace of our God to dissoluteness Jd 4. Pass. μετατιθεμένης τῆς ἱερωσύνης when the priesthood is changed, i.e. passed on to another Hb 7:12 (Jos., Ant. 12, 387 of the transfer of the office of high priest to another person).—Of a severe alteration in condition collapse μεγάλαι πόλεις μετατίθονται AcPl Ha 2, 25f.

③ to have a change of mind in allegiance, change one’s mind, turn away, desert mid. (Polyb. 5, 111, 8; 24, 9, 6; Diod S 11, 4, 6; 2 Macc 7:24 ἀπὸ τ. πατρίων.—ὁ μεταθέμενος in Diog. L. 7, 166 and Athen. 7, 281d [the latter without the art.] refers to Dionysius the Turncoat, who left the Stoics and adopted Epicureanism) ἀπό τινος εἴς τι from someth. to someth. μ. ἀπὸ τοῦ καλέσαντος ὑμᾶς … εἰς ἕτερον εὐαγγέλιον desert him who called you (and turn) to another gospel Gal 1:6 (cp. Hierocles 7 p. 429: there is to be no yielding to μεταβαλλομένοις ἐκ τῆς περὶ φιλοσοφίαν σπουδῆς εἰς ἑτέραν τινὰ τοῦ βίου πρόθεσιν; Just., D. 47, 5 ἀπὸ εὐσεβείας … ἐπὶ … ἀθεότητα; Field, Notes 188). ἀπὸ τῶν χαλεπῶν ἐπὶ τὰ δίκαια turn away from evil to good MPol 11:1 (cp. Just., A I, 45, 6 and D. 107, 2 al.).—M-M. TW.

παλιγγενεσία, ας, ἡ (Plut., Mor. 722d does not, as some have affirmed, assign the use of this word to Democritus [Fgm. 158 Diels]; it is found in Neanthes [200 B.C.]: 84 Fgm. 33 Jac.; Memnon [I B.C./I A.D.]: 434 Fgm. 1, 40, 2 Jac.; Cicero, Ad Attic. 6, 6, also a t.t. of the Pythagoreans and Stoics [EZeller, Philosophie der Griechen I⁵ 1892, 442; III 1⁴ 1902, 158; HDiels, Doxographi Graeci 1879, p. 469, 11ff] as well as of the Mysteries of Dionysus [Orph. Fragmente 205 p. 225 OKern 1922] and of Osiris [Plut., Mor. 389a; also 364f; 379f; 438d; 996c; 998c; cp. Lucian, Musc. Enc. 7]. It is found in the Herm. Wr. [3, 3; 13, 1 ὁ τῆς παλιγγενεσίας λόγος; 13, 3 al.—JKroll, Die Lehren des Hermes Trismegistos 1914, 360ff; Prümm 559–61]; IDefixWünsch 4, 18 ὁ θεὸς ὁ τῆς παλινγενεσίας Θωβαρραβαυ; PLond 878 δῶρον παλινγενεσίας; Philo, Cher. 114, Poster. Caini 124, Leg. ad Gai. 325; Jos., Ant. 11, 66)

① state of being renewed, w. focus on a cosmic experience, renewal

ⓐ after the Deluge (so Philo, Mos. 2, 65, but the idea of the παλιγγενεσία of the κόσμος is gener. Stoic and originated w. the Pythagoreans: M. Ant. 11, 1, 3; Philo, Aet. M. 47; 76) Νῶε παλ. κόσμῳ ἐκήρυξεν 1 Cl 9:4.

ⓑ of the renewing of the world in the time of the Messiah, an eschatol. sense (Schürer II 537f; Bousset, Rel.³ 280ff) ἐν τῇ παλ. in the new (Messianic) age or world Mt 19:28.

② experience of a complete change of life, rebirth of a redeemed person (cp. Heraclit., Ep. 4, 4 ἐκ παλιγγενεσίας ἀναβιῶναι; Herm. Wr., loc. cit. and PGM 4, 718 where the initiate calls himself πάλιν γενόμενος. Theoph. Ant. 2, 16 [p. 140, 9] λαμβάνειν … ἄφεσιν ἁμαρτιῶν διὰ ὕδατο καὶ λουτροῦ παλιγγενεσία): λουτρὸν παλιγγενεσίας καὶ ἀνακαινώσεως πνεύματος ἁγίου bath of regeneration and renewal by the Holy Spirit Tit 3:5 (MDibelius, Hdb., exc. ad loc.; ESelwyn, I Pt ’46, 306f; ANock, JBL 52, ’33, 132f).—PGennrich, Die Lehre v. d. Wiedergeburt in dogmengeschichtl. und religionsgeschichtl. Beleuchtung 1907; AvHarnack, Die Terminologie der Wiedergeburt: TU 42, 3, 1918, p. 97–143; ADieterich, Eine Mithrasliturgie 1903, 157ff; Rtzst., Mysterienrel.³ indices; HWilloughby, Pagan Regeneration 1929; VJacono, La παλιγγενεσία in S. Paolo e nel ambiente pagano: Biblica 15, ’34, 369–98; JDey, Παλιγγενεσία (on Tit 3:5) ’37; JYsebaert, Gk. Baptismal Terminology, ’62, 90; FBurnett, CBQ 46, ’84, 447–70 (Philo, the rebirth of the soul into incorporeal existence).—Kl. Pauly IV 428f; BHHW III 2171f.—S. DELG s.v. πάλιν. M-M s.v. παλινγενεσία. EDNT. TW. Sv.

παρακολουθέω fut. παρακολουθήσω; 1 aor. παρηκολούθησα; pf. παρηκολούθηκα (Aristoph., X., Pla.+; ins, pap, 2 Macc, TestSol; JosAs 29:6; ApcMos 8; Philo, Joseph., Just.; Tat. 12, 5; Ath.) ‘follow’.

① to be closely associated w. someone viewed as an authority figure, follow lit. of direct discipleship τοῖς πρεσβυτέροις Papias (2, 4); αὐτῷ: Jesus (2, 15).—Otherw.

② to be attendant upon, follow, accompany, attend w. dat. of pers. (τύχη ἡμῖν π. Demosth. 42, 21; Plut., Mor. 207e; πυρετοί μοι π. Demosth. 54, 11; βλάβη μοι π. PReinach 18, 15 [II B.C.]; 19, 12; PTebt 28, 2; PStras 22, 20. Cp. 2 Macc 8:11; Philo, Sacr. Abel. 70; Ath. 31, 1 [w. acc. and inf.]) σημεῖα τοῖς πιστεύσασιν ταῦτα παρακολουθήσει these signs will attend those who have come to believe Mk 16:17 (v.l. ἀκολουθήσει).

③ to conform to someone’s belief or practice by paying special attention, follow faithfully, follow as a rule (SIG 885, 32 π. τῇ περὶ τὸ θεῖον τῆς πόλεως θεραπείᾳ; PTebt 124, 4 [I B.C.] τῇ αὐτῶν π. πίστει; 2 Macc 9:27 π. τῇ ἐμῇ προαιρέσει) διδασκαλίᾳ 1 Ti 4:6; 2 Ti 3:10. This sense involves only a slight transference from ‘follow with the mind, understand, make one’s own’ (Demosth. et al.; esp. a t.t. of the Stoics) w. dat. of thing (Polyb. 3, 32, 2; Epict. 1, 6, 13 of intelligent awareness as opposed to mere functioning, the diff. between animals and humans; Vett. Val. 276, 23; SIG 718, 9 [c. 100 B.C.]; Just., D. 114, 1).

④ to pay careful attention to someth. in a segment of time, follow a thing, follow a course of events, take note of w. dat. of thing (Demosth. 18, 172 παρηκολουθηκότα τοῖς πράγμασιν ἐξ ἀρχῆς=one well acquainted with the affairs from the very beginning; 19, 257 ἀκριβέστατʼ εἰδὼς ἐγὼ καὶ παρηκολουθηκὼς ἅπασι κατηγορῶ=I bring my charges as one who has accurate knowledge and has followed everything; UPZ 71, 20 [152 B.C.] τῇ ἀληθείᾳ; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 53 personal acquaintance as opposed to information secured second-hand; 218 of inability to have a thorough grasp of certain writings: μετὰ πάσης ἀκριβείας … παρακολουθεῖν) ἐμοὶ παρηκολουθηκότι ἄνωθεν πᾶσιν ἀκριβῶς to me, with a firm grasp of everything from the beginning Lk 1:3 (s. HCadbury, Beginn. II 501f; Exp. 8th ser., 144, 1922, 401–20; NTS 3, ’56/57: 128ff having been familiar with, and M-M.; JRopes, JTS 25, 1924, 67–71.—GWhitaker, Exp. 8th ser., 118, 1920, 262–72; 119, 1920, 380–84; 121, 1921, 239ff; BBacon, Le témoignage de Luc sur luimême: RHPR 8, 1928, 209–26. Luke does not specify the means whereby he was able to assert his thorough familiarity [a rendering such as ‘research’ or ‘investigate’ depends on interpretation of the context and not on the semantic content of π.]. It can be assumed that some of it was derived from the kinds of sources cited in vs. 2. S. also s.v. ἀνατάσσομαι).—LAlexander, The Preface to Luke’s Gospel ’93, 127–31.—DELG s.v. ἀκόλουθος. M-M. TW.

φιλόσοφος, ου, ὁ (as subst. X., Pla.+; ins, pap; Da 1:20; EpArist; Philo; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 176; apolog. exc. Mel.; loanw. in rabb.) philosopher of Epicureans and Stoics Ac 17:18 (Jos., C. Ap. 2, 168 ἀπὸ τ. στοᾶς φιλόσοφοι). An ironical judgment on the nature philosophers τοὺς κενοὺς καὶ ληρώδεις λόγους τῶν ἀξιοπίστων φιλοσόφων Dg 8:2 (on unfavorable judgments concerning philosophers s. Cumont³ ’31, 171f; 303, 88). τοῦ Καίσαρος φιλοσόφων τε καὶ φίλων AcPlHa 11, 4 (sc. after cod. A of the MartPl Aa I 116, 5).—DELG s.v. σοφός. M-M.

① unalterable, unchangeable (μετατίθημι ‘change’; since the Stoics Zeno and Chrysippus, also Polyb. 2, 32, 5; 30, 19, 2 al.; Diod S 1, 23, 8 et al.; OGI 331, 58 [II B.C.]; 335, 73 [II/I B.C.]; POxy 75, 15; 482, 35; 636, 12 [of a will]; 3 Macc 5:1, 12; TestAbr A 13 p. 92, 13 [Stone p. 32]; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 189; Just., D. 120, 5) πράγματα ἀ. Hb 6:18.—The neut. as subst. τὸ ἀ. τῆς βουλῆς αὐτοῦ the unchangeableness of his purpose Hb 6:17 (cp. PGM 4, 527f κατὰ δόγμα θεοῦ ἀμετάθετον).

② impossible MPol 11:1 (in wordplay w. μετάνοια, i.e. ‘a change of mind from better to worse is not a change that is an option for us’).—DELG s.v. τίθημι. M-M.

ἀναλύω 1 aor. ἀνέλυσα, pf. ptc. ἀναλελυκώς 2 Macc 9:1; aor. pass. ἀνελύθην LXX, Tat. 12, 4 (Hom.+)

① trans. loose, untie (Callim., Del. 237 ζώνην; IAndrosIsis 144f δεσμῶν ἀνάγκαν) pass. τὰ δεσμὰ ἀνελύθη Ac 16:26 v.l. (Just., A I, 20, 2 acc. to the Stoics θεὸν εἰς πῦρ ἀναλύεσθαι=God turns into fire).

② intr. depart, return (Polyb.; pap in APF 1, 1901, p. 59 ln. 10; Tob 2:9; 2 Macc 8:25; 12:7; Jos., Ant. 6, 52; 11, 34 [after a dinner]) ἔκ τινος from something (Aelian, VH 4, 23 v.l. ἐκ συμποσίου; Wsd 2:1; 2 Macc 9:1) ἐκ τῶν γάμων Lk 12:36.—Fig., depart (sc. ἐκ τοῦ ζῆν) euphemistic for die (Lucian, Philops. 14 ὀκτωκαιδεκαέτης ὢν ἀνέλυεν; Socrat., Ep. 27, 5; IG XIV, 1794, 2; Diog. Oen. 58 I, 11 [BCH 21, 1897, 401]=Fgm. 2 II, 11 Ch. ἀ. [ἐκ τ]οῦ ζῆν) ἐπιθυμίαν ἔχων εἰς τὸ ἀναλῦσαι Phil 1:23 (GOsnes, TTK 11, ’40, 148–59).—M-M. TW.

ἁγνός, ή, όν (Hom.+) pure, holy, cultic word, orig. an attribute of the divinity and everything belonging to it; cp. ἅζομαι ‘stand in awe of’ DELG s.v. ἅζομαι (Hom. et al.; ἁ. θεαὶ Demeter and Persephone IG 14, 204; SEG VIII, 550, 2 [I B.C.] ῏Ισι, ἁγνή, ἁγία; PUps 8 no. 14 [pre-Christian] τῇ Ἁγνῇ Θεᾷ s. LMoulinier, Le pur et l’impur dans la pensée des Grecs, ’52) then transf. to moral sense (Clem. Al., Strom. defines it 7, 27, 2 πᾶς ἁ. ἐστιν ὁ μηδὲν ἑαυτῷ κακὸν συνειδώς).

ⓐ of pers. (Diog. L. 7, 119: acc. to the Stoics wise people are ἁγνοί, ὅσιοι, δίκαιοι; POxy 41, 29f ἁγνοὶ πιστοὶ σύνδικοι; Sb 4117; PHarr 55, 24 magic formula) of Christ 1J 3:3 (SibOr 3, 49 of the Messiah); of the apostles τῶν ἀγνῶν ἀνδρῶν AcPl Ha 1, 16; σεαυτὸν ἁ. τήρει keep yourself pure (fr. sins) 1 Ti 5:22; ἁ. ἐν τῇ σαρκί 1 Cl 38:2; ἁ. ἐν ἔργοις 48:5.— Innocent (Pla., Leg. 6, 759c ἁ. τοῦ φόνου) συνεστήσατε ἑαυτοὺς ἁγνοὺς εἶναι you have shown that you were innocent 2 Cor 7:11, where τῷ πράγματι is to be connected w. ἁγνούς.—Esp. of women chaste, pure (since Aeschyl., Fgm. 420 [238 N.]; Pla., Leg. 840d; SIG 985, 35; Sb 2481, 1f Ἰουλία ἁγνή; PGM 36, 289) παρθένος (Herodian 1, 11, 4; SIG 797, 20 [37 A.D.]; Aberciusins. 14; 4 Macc 18:7; Philo, Spec. Leg. 1, 107) 2 Cor 11:2; cp. Tit 2:5.

ⓑ of things ὅσα ἁγνά everything that is pure Phil 4:8; ἔργα ἁ. (Pr 21:8) Hv 3, 8, 7; μερίς (Dt 3:9) 1 Cl 30:1; χεῖρες (Eur., Hipp. 316f, Or. 1604) 1 Cl 29:1; ἁ. ἀναστροφή 1 Pt 3:2. ἀγωγή 1 Cl 48:1. συνείδησις clear conscience (w. ἄμωμος, σεμνός) 1:3; Pol 5:3; ἀγάπη holy love 1 Cl 21:8. Of one’s person (cp. Herm. Wr. 1, 31 θυσίας ἁ.): (w. ἀμίαντον) τὸ βάπτισμα ἁ. τηρεῖν keep oneself pure after baptism 2 Cl 6:9. τὴν σάρκα ἁ. τηρεῖν keep the body pure 8:4; 6. Of the wisdom from above Js 3:17.—EWilliger, Hagios 1922.—M-M. TW. Sv.

ἐκπυρόω 1 fut. pass. ἐκπυρωθήσομαι (ἐκ + πῦρ; Eur. et al.; Cornutus 17 p. 27, 10; 2 Macc 7:3f) set on fire, destroy by fire of the end of the world (Heraclitus, Fgm. B 31 γῆ κ. οὐρανὸς πάλιν ἐκπυροῦται; A 1, 8 [I 141, 21] and 10 [146, 18]; Stoics since Zeno: Stoic. I p. 27, 15; 114, 36; II 182, 16; Plut., Mor. 1067a; MPohlenz, Stoa ’49, I 486 index: ἐκπύρωσις) 2 Pt 3:10 as conjectured, w. numerous other conjectures, s. var. editions of the Nestle NT.; FOlivier, RTP 1920, 237ff, Religio 11, ’35, 481–89.—DELG s.v. πῦρ.

ἐνάρετος, ον pert. to being exceptional in character or performance, first-rate, high-class, exceptional, virtuous (a favorite word of Stoics [s. ἀρετή; Phryn. 328f Lob.]; Chrysipp.: Stoic. III 72; 4 Macc 11:5; TestAbr A 20 p. 104, 7 [Stone p. 56]; Philo, Deus Imm. 11; Jos., Bell. 6, 89; OGI 485, 2; 505, 8; pap; T. Kellis 22, 56 [of God], 60 [of powers in the heavenly luminaries]; Just., A I, 4, 3 al.; ἐναρέτως A I, 21, 6; A II, 9, 1) virtuous βίος (= life that meets the highest standard) 1 Cl 62:1. Perh. subst. ἐνάρετον κ. τέλειον (τέλειος 1aα) IPhld 1:2.—τὸ σημεῖον τὸ ἐ. miraculous sign AcPl Ha 3, 16 (s. ἀρετή 2).—DELG s.v. ἀρετή.

ἐπιθυμία, ας, ἡ (s. ἐπιθυμέω; Pre-Socr., Hdt.+)

① a great desire for someth., desire, longing, craving

ⓐ as a neutral term, in Hdt., Pla., Thu. et al. αἱ περὶ τὰ λοιπὰ ἐ. desires for other things Mk 4:19. ἐ. πράξεων πολλῶν desire for much business Hm 6, 2, 5 (but mng. 2 below is also poss.). ἐ. τῆς ψυχῆς desire of the soul Rv 18:14.

ⓑ of desire for good things (Diod S 11, 36, 5 ἐπιθ. τῆς ἐλευθερίας=for freedom; Pr 10:24 ἐ. δικαίου δεκτή; ἄνερ ἐπιθυμιῶν GrBar 1:3; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 111) ἐπιθυμίαν ἔχειν εἴς τι have a longing for someth. Phil 1:23 (ἐ. ἔχειν as Jos., C. Ap. 1, 255; ἐ. εἰς as Thu. 4, 81, 2). ἐπιθυμίᾳ ἐπιθυμεῖν (Gen 31:30) eagerly desire Lk 22:15 (s. on ἐπιθυμέω); ἐν πολλῇ ἐ. w. great longing 1 Th 2:17. ἐλπίζει μου ἡ ψυχὴ τῇ ἐπιθυμίᾳ μου μὴ παραλελοιπέναι τι I hope that, in accordance with my desire, nothing has been omitted B 17:1. ἡ ἐ. καὶ ἡ ἀγρυπνία 21:7. ε. ἀγαθὴν καὶ σεμνήν Hm 12, 1, 1.

② a desire for someth. forbidden or simply inordinate, craving, lust (as early as Plato, Phd. 83b ἡ τοῦ ὡς ἀληθῶς φιλοσόφου ψυχὴ οὕτως ἀπέχεται τ. ἡδονῶν τε καὶ ἐπιθυμιῶν κτλ.; Polystrat. p. 30; Duris [III B.C.]: 76 Fgm. 15 Jac.; then above all, the Stoics [EZeller, Philos. d. Griechen III/1⁴, 1909, 235ff], e.g. Epict. 2, 16, 45; 2, 18, 8f; 3, 9, 21 al.; Maximus Tyr. 24, 4a μέγιστον ἀνθρώπῳ κακὸν ἐπιθυμία; Herm. Wr. 1, 23; 12, 4, also in Stob. p. 444, 10 Sc.; Wsd 4:12; Sir 23:5; 4 Macc 1:22; 3:2 al.; ApcMos 19 ἐ. … κεφαλὴ πάσης ἁμαρτίας; Philo, Spec. Leg. 4, 93, Leg. All. 2, 8, Vi. Cont. 74; Jos., Bell. 7, 261, Ant. 4, 143) Ro 7:7f; Js 1:14f; 2 Pt 1:4. ἐ. πονηρά (X., Mem. 1, 2, 64; Ar. 8, 4) Hv 1, 2, 4; 3, 7, 3; 3, 8, 4; m 8:5. ἐ. κακή (Pla., Leg. 9, 854a; Pr 12:12; 21:26; Just., A I, 10, 6) Col 3:5.—Of sexual desire (as early as Alcaeus [acc. to Plut., Mor. 525ab]; lead tablet fr. Hadrumetum 7 in Dssm., B 28 [BS 273ff] and IDefixWünsch no. 5 p. 23; PGM 17a, 9; 21; Sus Theod. 8; 11; 14 al., LXX 32; Jos., Ant. 4, 130; 132; Ath. 33, 1 μέτρον ἐπιθυμίας ἡ παιδοποιία; Did., Gen. 151, 27 ἄλογος ἐ.) D 3:3. πάθος ἐπιθυμίας 1 Th 4:5. κατʼ ἐπιθυμίαν (cp. Epict. 3, 15, 7; M. Ant. 2, 10, 1; 2; 3; Just., A II, 5, 4; Ath. 21, 1) in accordance with physical desire alone IPol 5:2. πρὸς ἐπιθυμίαν τ. ἀνθρώπων Ox 840, 38 (Ps.-Pla., Eryx. 21, 401e πρὸς τὰς ἐπιθυμίας τοῦ σώματος=to satisfy the desires of the body; cp. 405e: gambling, drunkenness and gluttony are called ἐπιθυμίαι.—In Ox 840, 38, since the ν in ἐπιθυμίαν is missing and restored, the word might also be ἐπιθυμίας.). ἐ. γυναικός (Da 11:37) Hm 6, 2, 5; 12, 2, 1. Pl. (oft. LXX; EpArist 256; Philo) w. παθήματα Gal 5:24. In a list of vices (cp. Philo, Congr. Erud. Grat. 172, Migr. Abr. 60, Vi. Cont. 2) 1 Pt 4:3; D 5:1. ἐ. πολλαὶ ἀνόητοι many foolish desires 1 Ti 6:9; νεωτερικαὶ ἐ. youthful desires 2 Ti 2:22 (WMetzger, TZ 33, ’77, 129–36); κατὰ τὰς ἰδίας ἐ. in accordance w. their own desires 4:3; cp. πρὸς τὰς ἰ. ἐ. Pol. 7:1; κατὰ τὰς ἐ. αὐτῶν AcPl Ha 8, 20 (for this: ἀνομίας AcPl BMM recto, 26, restored after Ox 1602, 27). αἱ πρότερον ἐν τῇ ἀγνοίᾳ ἐ. the desires that ruled over you formerly, when you were ignorant 1 Pt 1:14.—W. gen.: subjective gen. ἐ. ἀνθρώπων 1 Pt 4:2; τοῦ πατρὸς ὑμῶν J 8:44; gen. of quality ἐ. μιασμοῦ defiling passion 2 Pt 2:10; cp. μιαρὰς ἐ. 1 Cl 28:1; βδελυκτὰς ἐ. 30:1. ἐ. τῆς ἀπάτης deceptive desires Eph 4:22. τῶν ἐ. τῶν ματαίων 2 Cl 19:2; cp. Hm 11, 8. ἐ. τῶν ἀσεβειῶν Jd 18. ἐ. τῆς πονηρίας evil desire Hv 1, 1, 8. ἐ. τῆς ἀσελγείας 3, 7, 2; the gen. can also indicate the origin and seat of the desire ἐ. τῶν καρδιῶν of the hearts (Sir 5:2) Ro 1:24. τῆς καρδίας … τῆς πονηρᾶς 1 Cl 3:4. ἐ. τοῦ θνητοῦ σώματος Ro 6:12 (Ps.-Pla., Eryx. 21, 401e, s. above; Sextus 448 ἐπιθυμίαι τοῦ σώματος). τῆς σαρκός Eph 2:3; 1J 2:16; 2 Pt 2:18; B 10, 9. τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν 1J 2:16; to denote someth. to which desire belongs gener. vs. 17; σαρκικαὶ ἐ. (Hippol., Ref. 5, 9, 22; Did., Gen. 62, 3) 1 Pt 2:11; D 1:4; σωματικαὶ ἐ. (4 Macc 1:32) ibid.; κοσμικαὶ ἐ. worldly desires Tit 2:12; 2 Cl 17:3; ἐ. τῶν ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ Pol 5:3; εἰς ἐ. to arouse desires Ro 13:14; ποιεῖν τὰς ἐ. act in accordance w. the desires J 8:44. τελεῖν ἐ. σαρκός gratify the cravings of the flesh Gal 5:16; ὑπακούειν ταῖς ἐ. obey the desires Ro 6:12; δουλεύειν ἐ. be a slave to the desires Tit 3:3; cp. δοῦλος ἐπιθυμίας IPol 4:3. ἄγεσθαι ἐπιθυμίαις be led about by desires 2 Ti 3:6. πορεύεσθαι κατὰ τὰς ἐ. Jd 16; 18; 2 Pt 3:3; ἐν ἐπιθυμίαις (Sir 5:2) 1 Pt 4:3; ταῖς ἐ. τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου Hs 6, 2, 3; 6, 3, 3; 7:2; 8, 11, 3. ἀναστρέφεσθαι ἐν ταῖς ἐ. Eph 2:3.—BEaston, Pastoral Ep. ’47, 186f; RAC II 62–78. S. πόθος.—Schmidt, Syn. III 591–601. M-M. TW. Sv.

ὑπομονή, ῆς, ἡ (ὑπομένω)

① the capacity to hold out or bear up in the face of difficulty, patience, endurance, fortitude, steadfastness, perseverance (Ps.-Pla., Def. 412c; Aristot., Stoics [Stoic. IV 150 index; Musonius; Epict.—PBarth, D. Stoa⁴ 1922, 119ff]; Polyb., Plut., LXX; PsSol 2:36; TestJob 1:5; TestJos; Philo; Jos., Ant. 3, 16 al.; Just.; beside καρτερία Orig., C. Cels. 7, 55, 6; καθʼ ὑπομονὴν διὰ ἔργων ἀγαθῶν Theoph. Ant. 1, 14 [p. 90, 17]) esp. as they are shown in the enduring of toil and suffering Lk 21:19; Rom 5:3f (on the ‘climax’ form of the saying cp. Maximus Tyr. 16, 3b τὴν ἀρετὴν διδόασιν οἱ λόγοι, τοὺς δὲ λόγους ἡ ἄσκησις, τὴν δὲ ἄσκησιν ἡ ἀλήθεια, τὴν δὲ ἀλήθειαν ἡ σχολή); 15:4f; 2 Cor 6:4; 1 Th 1:3; 2 Th 1:4; 1 Ti 6:11; 2 Ti 3:10; Tit 2:2; Hb 10:36; Js 1:3f; 2 Pt 1:6ab; Rv 2:2f, 19; 1 Cl 5:5, 7; B 2:2; IEph 3:1; Hm 8:9; D 5:2. πᾶσα ὑπ. every kind of patience 2 Cor 12:12; Col 1:11. W. the subjective gen. ἡ ὑπ. Ἰώβ Js 5:11 (ACarr, The Patience of Job [Js 5:11]: Exp. 8th ser., 6, 1913, 511–17); αὐτοῦ (i.e. Χριστοῦ) the endurance that Christ showed Pol 8:2. Differently ἡ ὑπ. τοῦ Χριστοῦ a Christ-like fortitude, i.e. a fortitude that comes fr. association w. Christ 2 Th 3:5 (OSchmitz, D. Christusgemeinschaft des Pls im Lichte seines Genetivbrauchs 1924, 139f); cp. IRo 10:3 (s. also 2 below). W. the objective gen. ὑπ. ἔργου ἀγαθοῦ perseverance in doing what is right Ro 2:7 (Polyb. 4, 51, 1 ὑπ. τοῦ πολέμου). ὑπ. τῶν παθημάτων steadfast endurance of sufferings 2 Cor 1:6 (Ps.-Pla., Def. 412c ὑπ. λύπης; Plut., Pelop. 278 [1, 8] ὑπ. θανάτου; Jos., Ant. 2, 7 πόνων ὑπ.). ὁ λόγος τῆς ὑπομονῆς μου (λόγος 1aβ) Rv 3:10 (s. also 2 below). διʼ ὑπομονῆς with patience or fortitude Ro 8:25; Hb 12:1. διὰ τῆς ὑπομονῆς through his patient endurance MPol 19:2 (Just., A I, 16, 3). ἐν ὑπομονῇ (PsSol 2:36; TestJos 10:2) Lk 8:15 (LCerfaux, RB 64, ’57, 481–91). ὑπομένειν πᾶσαν ὑπομονήν practice endurance to the limit Pol 9:1. ὧδέ ἐστιν ἡ ὑπ. τῶν ἁγίων here is (an opportunity for) endurance on the part of the saints (Weymouth) Rv 13:10 (s. JSchmid, ZNW 43, ’50/51, 112–28); cp. 14:12. Text uncertain τὸν λόγον τ̣ῶ̣ν̣ ὑ[πο]μ̣ονῶν AcPl Ha 6, 11f.—WMeikle, The Vocabulary of ‘Patience’ in the OT: Exp. 8th ser., 19, 1920, 219–25, The Voc. etc. in the NT: ibid. 304–13; CSpicq, Patientia: RSPT 19, 1930, 95–106; AFestugière, RSR 21, ’31, 477–86; LMarshall, Challenge of NT Ethics ’47, 91f.

② the act or state of patient waiting for someone or someth., expectation (Ps 9:19; 61:6; 2 Esdr 10:2) Rv 1:9 (on ὑπ. ἐν Ἰησοῦ s. IHeikel, StKr 106, ’35, 317). Perh. (s. 1 above) 3:10 and 2 Th 3:5; IRo 10:3 might also be classed here (so. Lightf.).—RAC IX 658–65. DDenton notes a close connection w. ἐλπίς: SJT 34, ’81, 313–20. See ὑπομένω, end.—M-M.