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41 торговля торговл·я
trade, trading, commerce, commercial activity; (отрасль экономики) trade industryвести торговлю — to trade (in), to carry on trade (in)
прекратить / приостановить торговлю между двумя странами — to put a stop to trade between the two countries
развивать торговлю — to develop / to expand trade
взаимовыгодная торговля — mutually advantageous / beneficial / profitable trade
"видимая" торговля (экспорт и импорт товаров) — visible trade
внешняя торговля — foreign / external trade / commerce
неограниченная / свободная внешняя торговля — free foreign trade
объём внешней торговли — volume of external / foreign / overses trade
внутренняя торговля — domestic / internal / inland / home trade
компенсационная торговля — compensatory / compensation trade
международная морская торговля — international sea-borne / marine trade
меновая торговля — swapping barter, exchange in kind
незаконная торговля — illegal trade, illicit traffic
оживлённая торговля — active / brisk trade
реэкспортная торговля — reexport / entrepôt trade фр.
ограничение торговли — restriction / restraint of trade
экономическая деятельность, обслуживающая торговлю — services to trade
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42 Empire, Portuguese overseas
(1415-1975)Portugal was the first Western European state to establish an early modern overseas empire beyond the Mediterranean and perhaps the last colonial power to decolonize. A vast subject of complexity that is full of myth as well as debatable theories, the history of the Portuguese overseas empire involves the story of more than one empire, the question of imperial motives, the nature of Portuguese rule, and the results and consequences of empire, including the impact on subject peoples as well as on the mother country and its society, Here, only the briefest account of a few such issues can be attempted.There were various empires or phases of empire after the capture of the Moroccan city of Ceuta in 1415. There were at least three Portuguese empires in history: the First empire (1415-1580), the Second empire (1580-1640 and 1640-1822), and the Third empire (1822-1975).With regard to the second empire, the so-called Phillipine period (1580-1640), when Portugal's empire was under Spanish domination, could almost be counted as a separate era. During that period, Portugal lost important parts of its Asian holdings to England and also sections of its colonies of Brazil, Angola, and West Africa to Holland's conquests. These various empires could be characterized by the geography of where Lisbon invested its greatest efforts and resources to develop territories and ward off enemies.The first empire (1415-1580) had two phases. First came the African coastal phase (1415-97), when the Portuguese sought a foothold in various Moroccan cities but then explored the African coast from Morocco to past the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa. While colonization and sugar farming were pursued in the Atlantic islands, as well as in the islands in the Gulf of Guinea like São Tomé and Príncipe, for the most part the Portuguese strategy was to avoid commitments to defending or peopling lands on the African continent. Rather, Lisbon sought a seaborne trade empire, in which the Portuguese could profit from exploiting trade and resources (such as gold) along the coasts and continue exploring southward to seek a sea route to Portuguese India. The second phase of the first empire (1498-1580) began with the discovery of the sea route to Asia, thanks to Vasco da Gama's first voyage in 1497-99, and the capture of strong points, ports, and trading posts in order to enforce a trade monopoly between Asia and Europe. This Asian phase produced the greatest revenues of empire Portugal had garnered, yet ended when Spain conquered Portugal and commanded her empire as of 1580.Portugal's second overseas empire began with Spanish domination and ran to 1822, when Brazil won her independence from Portugal. This phase was characterized largely by Brazilian dominance of imperial commitment, wealth in minerals and other raw materials from Brazil, and the loss of a significant portion of her African and Asian coastal empire to Holland and Great Britain. A sketch of Portugal's imperial losses either to native rebellions or to imperial rivals like Britain and Holland follows:• Morocco (North Africa) (sample only)Arzila—Taken in 1471; evacuated in 1550s; lost to Spain in 1580, which returned city to a sultan.Ceuta—Taken in 1415; lost to Spain in 1640 (loss confirmed in 1668 treaty with Spain).• Tangiers—Taken in 15th century; handed over to England in 1661 as part of Catherine of Braganza's dowry to King Charles II.• West Africa• Fort/Castle of São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (in what is now Ghana)—Taken in 1480s; lost to Holland in 1630s.• Middle EastSocotra-isle—Conquered in 1507; fort abandoned in 1511; used as water resupply stop for India fleet.Muscat—Conquered in 1501; lost to Persians in 1650.Ormuz—Taken, 1505-15 under Albuquerque; lost to England, which gave it to Persia in the 17th century.Aden (entry to Red Sea) — Unsuccessfully attacked by Portugal (1513-30); taken by Turks in 1538.• India• Ceylon (Sri Lanka)—Taken by 1516; lost to Dutch after 1600.• Bombay—Taken in 16th century; given to England in 1661 treaty as part of Catherine of Braganza's dowry for Charles II.• East Indies• Moluccas—Taken by 1520; possession confirmed in 1529 Saragossa treaty with Spain; lost to Dutch after 1600; only East Timor remaining.After the restoration of Portuguese independence from Spain in 1640, Portugal proceeded to revive and strengthen the Anglo- Portuguese Alliance, with international aid to fight off further Spanish threats to Portugal and drive the Dutch invaders out of Brazil and Angola. While Portugal lost its foothold in West Africa at Mina to the Dutch, dominion in Angola was consolidated. The most vital part of the imperial economy was a triangular trade: slaves from West Africa and from the coasts of Congo and Angola were shipped to plantations in Brazil; raw materials (sugar, tobacco, gold, diamonds, dyes) were sent to Lisbon; Lisbon shipped Brazil colonists and hardware. Part of Portugal's War of Restoration against Spain (1640-68) and its reclaiming of Brazil and Angola from Dutch intrusions was financed by the New Christians (Jews converted to Christianity after the 1496 Manueline order of expulsion of Jews) who lived in Portugal, Holland and other low countries, France, and Brazil. If the first empire was mainly an African coastal and Asian empire, the second empire was primarily a Brazilian empire.Portugal's third overseas empire began upon the traumatic independence of Brazil, the keystone of the Lusitanian enterprise, in 1822. The loss of Brazil greatly weakened Portugal both as a European power and as an imperial state, for the scattered remainder of largely coastal, poor, and uncolonized territories that stretched from the bulge of West Africa to East Timor in the East Indies and Macau in south China were more of a financial liability than an asset. Only two small territories balanced their budgets occasionally or made profits: the cocoa islands of São Tomé and Príncipe in the Gulf of Guinea and tiny Macau, which lost much of its advantage as an entrepot between the West and the East when the British annexed neighboring Hong Kong in 1842. The others were largely burdens on the treasury. The African colonies were strapped by a chronic economic problem: at a time when the slave trade and then slavery were being abolished under pressures from Britain and other Western powers, the economies of Guinea- Bissau, São Tomé/Príncipe, Angola, and Mozambique were totally dependent on revenues from the slave trade and slavery. During the course of the 19th century, Lisbon began a program to reform colonial administration in a newly rejuvenated African empire, where most of the imperial efforts were expended, by means of replacing the slave trade and slavery, with legitimate economic activities.Portugal participated in its own early version of the "Scramble" for Africa's interior during 1850-69, but discovered that the costs of imperial expansion were too high to allow effective occupation of the hinterlands. After 1875, Portugal participated in the international "Scramble for Africa" and consolidated its holdings in west and southern Africa, despite the failure of the contra-costa (to the opposite coast) plan, which sought to link up the interiors of Angola and Mozambique with a corridor in central Africa. Portugal's expansion into what is now Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe (eastern section) in 1885-90 was thwarted by its oldest ally, Britain, under pressure from interest groups in South Africa, Scotland, and England. All things considered, Portugal's colonizing resources and energies were overwhelmed by the African empire it possessed after the frontier-marking treaties of 1891-1906. Lisbon could barely administer the massive area of five African colonies, whose total area comprised about 8 percent of the area of the colossal continent. The African territories alone were many times the size of tiny Portugal and, as of 1914, Portugal was the third colonial power in terms of size of area possessed in the world.The politics of Portugal's empire were deceptive. Lisbon remained obsessed with the fear that rival colonial powers, especially Germany and Britain, would undermine and then dismantle her African empire. This fear endured well into World War II. In developing and keeping her potentially rich African territories (especially mineral-rich Angola and strategically located Mozambique), however, the race against time was with herself and her subject peoples. Two major problems, both chronic, prevented Portugal from effective colonization (i.e., settling) and development of her African empire: the economic weakness and underdevelopment of the mother country and the fact that the bulk of Portuguese emigration after 1822 went to Brazil, Venezuela, the United States, and France, not to the colonies. These factors made it difficult to consolidate imperial control until it was too late; that is, until local African nationalist movements had organized and taken the field in insurgency wars that began in three of the colonies during the years 1961-64.Portugal's belated effort to revitalize control and to develop, in the truest sense of the word, Angola and Mozambique after 1961 had to be set against contemporary events in Europe, Africa, and Asia. While Portugal held on to a backward empire, other European countries like Britain, France, and Belgium were rapidly decolonizing their empires. Portugal's failure or unwillingness to divert the large streams of emigrants to her empire after 1850 remained a constant factor in this question. Prophetic were the words of the 19th-century economist Joaquim Oliveira Martins, who wrote in 1880 that Brazil was a better colony for Portugal than Africa and that the best colony of all would have been Portugal itself. As of the day of the Revolution of 25 April 1974, which sparked the final process of decolonization of the remainder of Portugal's third overseas empire, the results of the colonization program could be seen to be modest compared to the numbers of Portuguese emigrants outside the empire. Moreover, within a year, of some 600,000 Portuguese residing permanently in Angola and Mozambique, all but a few thousand had fled to South Africa or returned to Portugal.In 1974 and 1975, most of the Portuguese empire was decolonized or, in the case of East Timor, invaded and annexed by a foreign power before it could consolidate its independence. Only historic Macau, scheduled for transfer to the People's Republic of China in 1999, remained nominally under Portuguese control as a kind of footnote to imperial history. If Portugal now lacked a conventional overseas empire and was occupied with the challenges of integration in the European Union (EU), Lisbon retained another sort of informal dependency that was a new kind of empire: the empire of her scattered overseas Portuguese communities from North America to South America. Their numbers were at least six times greater than that of the last settlers of the third empire.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Empire, Portuguese overseas
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43 нарушение государственной границы
1) Military: frontier infringement2) Foreign Ministry: violation of state bordersУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > нарушение государственной границы
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44 передовая технология
1) General subject: trendsetting technology2) Military: frontier technology3) Engineering: high technology, high-end technology, leading-edge technology, disruptive technology4) Economy: advanced technique5) Automobile industry: advanced technology6) Diplomatic term: advanced technologies7) Abbreviation: AT (advanced technology)8) Ecology: state-of-the-art technology9) Business: emerging technology10) Makarov: Hi-Tech ( high technology)Универсальный русско-английский словарь > передовая технология
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45 Л-32
(А) ЛАРЧИК ПРОСТО ОТКРЫВАЛСЯ (sent past or pres fixed WOsome seemingly difficult problem turned out to have a simple solution, some seemingly inexplicable phenomenon turned out to have a simple explanation etcthe explanation (the solution, the answer (to the puzzle)) was quite simple (after all)it was easy (wasn't hard) to figure out the reason was (all) too obvious."А ларчик просто открывался. Мы по душам говорили сегодня, и она сказала, что я её физически не удовлетворяю. Разрыв еще не оформлен, на днях, наверное» (Шолохов 2). "The answer to the puzzle was quite simple after all. We had a heart-to-heart talk today and she told me I don't satisfy her physically. The break is not yet official, in a few days probably" (2a).He странно ли, что судят тех, кто получил «контрабанду», но даже в свидетели не приглашают тех, кто ее перевез через границу. Ларчик просто открывался: допроси хоть одного из этих иностранцев - он тут же доказал бы, что деньги разменял в Госбанке СССР, и этот зловещий фарс лопнул бы как мыльный пузырь (Ивинская 1). Was it not odd that those who had received these allegedly smuggled rubles were on trial, while the persons who had brought them across the frontier had not even been called as witnesses? The reason was all too obvious, if any of these foreigners had been questioned, he would immediately have been able to prove that he had obtained the rubles from the State Bank, and the whole wicked farce would have burst like a soap bubble (1a).From Ivan Krylovs fable "A Little Box" («Ларчик»), 1808. -
46 а ларчик просто открывался
[sent; past or pres; fixed WO]=====⇒ some seemingly difficult problem turned out to have a simple solution, some seemingly inexplicable phenomenon turned out to have a simple explanation etc:- the explanation (the solution, the answer < to the puzzle>) was quite simple (after all);- the reason was (all) too obvious.♦ "А ларчик просто открывался. Мы по душам говорили сегодня, и она сказала, что я её физически не удовлетворяю. Разрыв еще не оформлен, на днях, наверное" (Шолохов 2). "The answer to the puzzle was quite simple after all. We had a heart-to-heart talk today and she told me I don't satisfy her physically. The break is not yet official, in a few days probably" (2a).♦ Не странно ли, что судят тех, кто получил "контрабанду", но даже в свидетели не приглашают тех, кто ее перевез через границу. Ларчик просто открывался: допроси хоть одного из этих иностранцев - он тут же доказал бы, что деньги разменял в Госбанке СССР, и этот зловещий фарс лопнул бы как мыльный пузырь (Ивинская 1). Was it not odd that those who had received these allegedly smuggled rubles were on trial, while the persons who had brought them across the frontier had not even been called as witnesses? The reason was all too obvious, if any of these foreigners had been questioned, he would immediately have been able to prove that he had obtained the rubles from the State Bank, and the whole wicked farce would have burst like a soap bubble (1a).—————← From Ivan Krylovs fable "A Little Box" (" Ларчик"), 1808.Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > а ларчик просто открывался
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47 ларчик просто открывался
• (А) ЛАРЧИК ПРОСТО ОТКРЫВАЛСЯ[sent; past or pres; fixed WO]=====⇒ some seemingly difficult problem turned out to have a simple solution, some seemingly inexplicable phenomenon turned out to have a simple explanation etc:- the explanation (the solution, the answer < to the puzzle>) was quite simple (after all);- the reason was (all) too obvious.♦ "А ларчик просто открывался. Мы по душам говорили сегодня, и она сказала, что я её физически не удовлетворяю. Разрыв еще не оформлен, на днях, наверное" (Шолохов 2). "The answer to the puzzle was quite simple after all. We had a heart-to-heart talk today and she told me I don't satisfy her physically. The break is not yet official, in a few days probably" (2a).♦ Не странно ли, что судят тех, кто получил "контрабанду", но даже в свидетели не приглашают тех, кто ее перевез через границу. Ларчик просто открывался: допроси хоть одного из этих иностранцев - он тут же доказал бы, что деньги разменял в Госбанке СССР, и этот зловещий фарс лопнул бы как мыльный пузырь (Ивинская 1). Was it not odd that those who had received these allegedly smuggled rubles were on trial, while the persons who had brought them across the frontier had not even been called as witnesses? The reason was all too obvious, if any of these foreigners had been questioned, he would immediately have been able to prove that he had obtained the rubles from the State Bank, and the whole wicked farce would have burst like a soap bubble (1a).—————← From Ivan Krylovs fable "A Little Box" (" Ларчик"), 1808.Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > ларчик просто открывался
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48 Überwachung
Überwachung f 1. COMP, FIN monitoring; 2. GEN, MGT, PERS, V&M supervision, follow-up, monitoring; 3. RECHT surveillance, tracking (elektronische)* * *f 1. <Comp, Finanz> monitoring; 2. <Geschäft, Mgmnt, Person, Komm> supervision, follow-up, monitoring; 3. < Recht> elektronische surveillance, tracking; 4. <Verwalt, V&M> control* * *Überwachung
[border] control, supervision, superintendence, inspection, vigilance (US), (Rundfunksendung) monitoring;
• gerichtlich angeordnete Überwachung compulsory supervision;
• betriebseigene Überwachung internal (in-house) control;
• epidemiologische Überwachung epidemio-surveillance;
• finanzielle Überwachung financial control;
• Überwachung durch eingebaute Abhörgeräte electronic surveillance;
• Überwachung von drei Abteilungen supervision of three departments;
• Überwachung staatlicher Beihilfen monitoring (scrutiny) of state aid;
• betriebsinterne Überwachung der Buchhaltung (Buchführung) accounting control;
• Überwachung auf Einhaltung der Betriebsvorschriften (Speditionsfirma) regulation;
• Überwachung durch die Gesundheitsbehörden sanitary inspection;
• Überwachung der Grenzen frontier control;
• staatliche Überwachung von Handel und Gewerbe government’s control on trade and industry;
• Überwachung des Kassenbestands cash control;
• Überwachung der laufenden Kosten monitoring running cost;
• Überwachung eines Kredits control of an advance, credit control;
• Überwachung der Kreditfähigkeit credit checking;
• Überwachung der Presse control of newspapers;
• Überwachung der Qualitätskontrolle quality-control surveillance;
• Überwachung eingehender Rechnungen invoice supervision;
• Überwachung des Rechnungswesens accounting, internal auditing;
• Überwachung der Tarifpolitik im öffentlichen Bereich public-sector pay control;
• Überwachung von Telefongesprächen supervision of calls;
• Überwachung der Unterlieferanten subcontract management;
• Überwachung durch die Unternehmensleitung managerial control. -
49 natürlich
I Adj. natural (auch echt, angeboren, ungekünstelt etc.); (üblich) normal; natürliche Größe actual ( oder full) size; die natürlichste Sache der Welt the most natural thing in the world; das ist doch natürlich it’s only natural; eines natürlichen Todes sterben die a natural death; das geht nicht mit natürlichen Dingen zu umg. there’s something fishy about itII Adv. naturally; als Interj. auch: of course; sich natürlich verhalten act natural(ly); ich könnte natürlich... of course I could..., I could always...; aber natürlich! but of course!* * *naturally (Adv.); of course (Adv.);(naturgetreu) natural (Adj.);* * *na|tür|lich [na'tyːɐlɪç]1. adj(alle Bedeutungen) naturalin seiner natǘrlichen Größe — life-size
eines natǘrlichen Todes sterben — to die from or of natural causes, to die a natural death
es ist doch ( nur zu) natǘrlich, dass... — it's (only) natural that...
natǘrliche Person (Jur) — natural person
natǘrliche Zahl — natural number
es geht nicht mit natǘrlichen Dingen zu — there's something odd or fishy (inf) going on, I smell a rat (inf)
natǘrliche Grenze — natural frontier or boundary
natǘrliche Auslese (Biol) — natural selection
2. adv1) naturallydie Krankheit verlief ganz natǘrlich — the illness took its natural course
2) (= selbstverständlich) naturally, of coursenatǘrlich! — naturally!, of course!, certainly!
* * *1) (relaxed; leisurely: The farmer walked with an easy stride.) easy2) (naturally or obviously: Of course, he didn't tell me any secrets; Of course I can swim.) of course3) (of course: You may certainly have a chocolate.) certainly4) (of or produced by nature, not made by men: Coal, oil etc are natural resources; Wild animals are happier in their natural state than in a zoo.) natural5) ((of manner) simple, without pretence: a nice, natural smile.) natural6) (normal; as one would expect: It's quite natural for a boy of his age to be interested in girls.) natural* * *na·tür·lich[naˈty:ɐ̯lɪç]I. adj1. (original) natural2. (angeboren) natural, innate3. GEOG, GEOL natural\natürliche Ressourcen natural resources4. (ungekünstelt) natural▪ \natürlich sein to be natural5. (menschlich) natural▪ es ist [nur] \natürlich, dass/wenn... it's only natural, that/if...6. (nicht künstlich) naturalII. adv1. (selbstverständlich) naturally, of course\natürlich! of course!, naturally!, sure!, certainly!2. (in der Natur) naturally* * *1.Adjektiv naturaleines natürlichen Todes sterben — die a natural death; die of natural causes
2.das ist die natürlichste Sache der Welt — it is the most natural thing in the world
adverbial <laugh, behave> naturally3.1) (wie erwartet) naturally; of course2) (zwar) of course* * *natürliche Größe actual ( oder full) size;die natürlichste Sache der Welt the most natural thing in the world;das ist doch natürlich it’s only natural;eines natürlichen Todes sterben die a natural death;das geht nicht mit natürlichen Dingen zu umg there’s something fishy about itB. adv naturally; als int auch: of course;sich natürlich verhalten act natural(ly);ich könnte natürlich … of course I could …, I could always …;aber natürlich! but of course!* * *1.Adjektiv natural2.eines natürlichen Todes sterben — die a natural death; die of natural causes
adverbial <laugh, behave> naturally3.1) (wie erwartet) naturally; of course2) (zwar) of course* * *adj.artless adj.elemental adj.natural adj.unstudied adj. adv.artlessly adv.naturally adv. ausdr.of course expr. -
50 Binnenbedarf
Binnenbedarf
domestic (home) demand;
• Binnenfischerei fresh-water fishing;
• Binnenflughafen domestic airport;
• Binnenflugverkehr inland (internal) air traffic;
• Binnenfrachtführer inland carrier;
• Binnengewässer territorial (internal) waters, inland waterways;
• Binnengrenze (EU) internal frontier (border);
• Binnenhafen close (Br.) (inland) port, inner (landlocked) harbo(u)r, basin;
• Binnenhandel country (home, interior, internal, inward, US, domestic, US) trade, interstate commerce (US);
• Binnenindustrie home industry;
• Binnenkonjunktur domestic activity (state of business), internal economic trend;
• rückläufige Binnenkonjunktur domestic business slowdown;
• Binnenkonnossement river bill of lading (Br.), inland-waterway bill of lading;
• Binnenkonsum domestic consumption;
• Binnenland interior, inland;
• Binnenluftverkehr inland air traffic, domestic flights, cabotage. -
51 granica
-y; -e; fza granicą — (mieszkać, studiować) abroad
za granicę — (jechać, wysyłać) abroad
górna/dolna granica — upper/lower limit
* * *f.1. ( linia wyznaczająca obszar) border, boundary, frontier; granica państwa state border; wyjechać za granicę go abroad, leave the country; zamknąć granice close the borders; przejść przez zieloną granicę cross the border illegally.2. (= limit) limit, bounds, confines; być bez granic be boundless, know no bounds; to przekracza wszelkie granice that's the limit; doprowadzić kogoś do ostatecznych granic drive sb to extremes; trzymać się pewnych granic stay within certain limits l. bounds; czynić coś w granicach swoich możliwości do sb's best, do all sb can; wszystko ma swoje granice there's a limit to everything.3. (= kres, pułap) limit, range.The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > granica
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52 переходити
= перейти1) ( переміщатися з одного місця в інше) to pass, to walk, to go; ( на іншу залізничну колію - про потяг) to shunt2) (на іншу сторону; через) to crossпереходити вбрід — to ford, to wade
3) ( міняти місце роботи) to change4) ( y наступний клас) to move up (to)5) ( починати) to start, to launchпереходити в наступ — to take/pass/ assume the offensive
6) ( перетворюватися) to turn ( into), to come (to); to develop ( into)7) (братися за інше, звертатися до іншого) to go over (to), to pass on (to); to switch over (to)8) ( ставати власністю іншого) to pass (to)переходити з рук у руки — to pass through many hands; to change hands many times
переходити у власність — to pass into the ownership, to carry over
переходити у казну — to forefault діал., to forfeit
9) ( приєднуватися до інших) to go over (to)10) ( про час)11) -
53 Landesgrenze
Lan·des·gren·ze f1) ( Staatsgrenze) national border, frontier2) ( Grenze eines Bundeslandes) federal state boundary -
54 определение
сущ.( формулировка) definition; юр determination; ruling; ( оценка) appraisal; assessment; estimation; evaluationвыносить определение суда — to issue a judicial (court) determination (decision, order, ruling); ( по уголовному делу) to determine a criminal cause
определение возможности физического лица заниматься предпринимательской деятельностью — evaluation of a natural person's ability to engage in (pursue) entrepreneurial activity
определение наказания по совокупности преступлений — cumulative punishment; determination of punishment by a cumulation of crimes
- определение законаопределение статуса государственной границы — determination of the status of a state border (boundary, frontier)
- определение о приостановлении исполнения
- определение правового положения лиц
- определение степени риска
- определение суда
- определение суммы залога
- заключительное определение
- судебное определение
- частное определение -
55 зона зон·а
1) zone, areaразделять на / устанавливать зоны — to zone
безъядерная зона, зона, свободная от ядерного оружия — denuclearized zone, nuclear (weapon-)free zone
создать безъядерную зону — to create / to establish / to set up a nuclear-free zone
запретная зона — prohibited / restricted area
нейтральная / ничейная зона — neutral zone / area
оккупационная зона — occupation zone, zone of occupation
зона безопасности — safety / security zone
зона жизненно важных интересов — zone of (one's) vital interests
объявить какую-л. территорию зоной мира — to declare some territory a zone of peace
превратить континент в зону мира — to turn the continent into a zone of peace, to make the continent a zone of peace
зона, свободная от химического оружия — chemical weaponfree zone
зона сокращений (вооружённых сил, вооружений) — cut back area
расширение зоны мер доверия — extention of / the infidence zone
2) эк. zone, areaвалютная зона — currency / monetary area / zone
долларовая зона — dolar zone / area
стерлинговая зона — sterling area / zone
таможенная зона — customs enforcement area, customs zone
зона свободной торговли — free trade area / zone
зона франка — franc area / zone
3) юр. zone, areaлиторальная / прибрежная зона — intertidal / littoral zone
международная зона (морского дна) — international zone (of the seabed)
мобильная / подвижная зона — mobile zone
нейтральная / ничейная зона — neutral zone
прибрежная зона, ограниченная для полётов — warning zone / area амер.
рыболовная зона — fishing / fishery zone
зоны, въезд в которые запрещается или регулируется по соображениям государственной безопасности — zones entry into which is prohibited or regulated for reasons of national security
зона плавания — navigation zone, shipping area
зона, прилегающая к берегам государства — zone adjacent to the state coast
зона судоходства — navigation / shipping area
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56 проблема проблем·а
problem, challenge, issueзапутывать проблему — to confuse an issue, to obscure a problem
затрагивать проблему — to broach / to touch (on) a question
всесторонне обсудить проблему — to treat a problem thoroughly, to give a problem full treatment
поднимать широкий спектр проблем — to raise a wide variety / range of issues
разрешать проблему — to settle / to solve / to resolve a problem
решать проблему — to tackle / to handle a problem
рассматривать проблему — to examine / to consider a problem
стоять перед проблемой — to face an issue / a challenge, to compound a problem
актуальная / назревшая проблема — burning / topical / urgent / pressing problem
важная проблема — dramatic / weighty problem
второстепенная проблема — collateral / side issue
главная проблема — chief / fundamental / major / topical problem
кардинальные проблемы — basic / major problems
ключевая проблема — key / crucial / overriding problem
конкретная / частная проблема — specific problem
международные проблемы — international issues / problems
насущная проблема — urgent / pressing / vital problem, problem of vital importance
нерешённая проблема — outstanding / unsettled / unsolved problem
сложная проблема — knotty / deep / intricate / complicated problem
трудная проблема — troublesome / complex / difficult problem
щекотливая проблема — sensitive / ticklish problem
нерешённые экономические проблемы — outstanding / unsettled economic problems
решение этнических проблем — settlement / handling of ethnic problems
проблемы, которые беспокоят людей — problems which are of concern to the people
проблема проверки / контроля (выполнения соглашения) — problem of verification
проблема, стоящая перед кем-л. — problem facing smb.
решение проблемы — solution of an issue / problem
находить решение проблемы — to find / to hit on the solution of the problem
проблема экономического развития — issue / problem of economic development
сущность проблемы — matter / point of a problem
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57 спор
1) argument, dispute, wrangle, controversy; (обсуждение) discussion; (разногласие) differenceприпереть к стене в споре — to corner (smb.) in an argument
улаживать споры — to adjust / to work out / to settle / to clarify differences / disputes / arguments
бесконечные / нескончаемые споры — endless arguments
горячий спор — heated / tempestuous debate
международные споры — international disputes / differences
ожесточённый спор — violent controversy / wrangle, frantic agrument
пограничный спор — border / boundary dispute / controversy
предмет спора — matter in dispute, contestation
разрешение спора — accommodation, settlement of difficulties
разрешение споров путём переговоров — settlement of disputes by means of negotiations, negatiated settlement
2) (соперничество) contest3) юр. disputeпередавать споры на обязательное судебное или арбитражное разрешение — to submit disputes to obligatory judicial or arbitral settlement
правовые споры, споры юридического характера — legal disputes / differences
разрешение споров в суде / решение споров по суду — adjudication of disputes
стороны, участвующие в споре — parties to the dispute
улаживание спора — adjustment of a dispute / differences
урегулирование спора — settlement of a dispute / differences
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58 Chihuahua
(Sp. model spelled same [t∫iwáwa] (a place name))1) Southwest: 1930. A mild expletive common in the Southwest. Also Ay, Chihuahua. Santamaría references Ay, Chihuahua as an exclamation used as a euphemism for chingar 'to copulate.' Galván also references Chihuahua as an interjection of varying intensity of meaning. He says that in Chicano Spanish it can mean everything from 'Goodness gracious!' to 'Hell!'2) West: 1936. A spur with a large rowel, often intricately decorated with silver. Known as a Chihuahua spur.3) According to Hendrickson, a slang term used on the frontier for "a little town with a large number of saloons and dancehalls."See also Chihuahua town below.4) A freighting wagon or large cart with two solid, wooden wheels.Also Chihuahua cart. No Spanish sources reference meanings (2), (3), and (4), but it is probable that (2) and (4) originated in the state of Chihuahua, Mexico. -
59 переходить
св - перейти́переходи́ть (че́рез) у́лицу — to cross/to get across the street
переходи́ть грани́цу — to cross the frontier
переходи́ть в чьи-л ру́ки — to pass into the hands of sb, путём перекупки to be taken over
переходи́ть из рук в ру́ки — to change hands
переходи́ть на чью-л сто́рону — to go over to sb, to change sides
переходи́ть на сто́рону врага́ — to desert to the enemy
переходи́ть на другу́ю рабо́ту — to take up another job
по́сле его́ сме́рти иму́щество перейдёт к его́ де́тям — on his death, the property will pass to his children
3) vi превращаться to turn/to pass (in)toпереходи́ть из жи́дкого в газообра́зное состоя́ние — to pass from a liquid to a gaseous state
— to convert, to be convertedих ссо́ра перешла́ в дра́ку — from words they came to blows
4) vi приступать к чему-л to move on to, to pass to, to proceed to/with litпереходи́ть в наступле́ние — to pass to the offensive
переходи́ть к обсужде́нию — to proceed to the discussion (of)
переходи́ть к сле́дующему вопро́су/пу́нкту пове́стки дня — to pass to the next question/item on the agenda
• -
60 Wellington, Duke of
(Arthur Wellesley)(1769-1852)The British general who helped liberate Portugal from French occupation under Napoleon's armies (1808-11), turned back three French invasions, and enabled Portugal to reassert its independence as a nation-state. Born in Ireland, Arthur Wellesley became the most talented and honored soldier of several generations during the first half of the 19th century. He attended Great Britain's famed public school, Eton, and entered the British army and first served in the Low Countries in the 1790s and then in campaigns in British India and the 1807 Copenhagen expedition.When the British government decided to send an expedition to oppose Napoleon's occupation of Portugal, Wellesley was appointed commander of the force, which landed at the mouth of the Mondego River on 1 August 1808. For the next three years, the famous lieutenant general led Anglo-Portuguese forces against the three French invasions and, by 1811, had defeated the French. Wellington's forces proceeded across the frontier into Spain where, for the next two years, the allied forces fought victoriously against the French. Wellington received a number of honors, titles, and decorations from Portugal for his heroic efforts; after the final expulsion of French forces under Masséna, in 1810, Portugal's government granted Wellington—among other honors—the title of viscount of Vimieiro and the medal the Grand Cross of the Tower and the Sword (Torre e Espada).
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