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spectrum+moment

  • 1 спектральный момент

    1) Naval: spectrum moment
    2) Mathematics: spectral moment

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > спектральный момент

  • 2 en

    prep.
    viven en la capital they live in the capital
    tiene el dinero en el banco he keeps his money in the bank
    en la mesa/el plato on the table/plate
    en casa/el trabajo at home/work
    2 into.
    el avión cayó en el mar the plane fell into the sea
    entraron en la habitación they came/went into the room
    3 in (time) (month, year).
    nació en 1953/marzo she was born in 1953/March
    en Nochebuena on Christmas Eve
    en Navidades at Christmas
    en aquella época at that time, in those days
    en un par de días in a couple of days
    ir en tren/coche/avión/barco to go by train/car/plane/boat
    5 in (modo).
    en voz baja in a low voice
    lo dijo en inglés she said it in English
    pagar en libras to pay in pounds
    la inflación aumentó en un 10 por ciento inflation increased by 10 percent
    todo se lo gasta en ropa he spends everything on clothes
    6 in (price).
    las ganancias se calculan en millones profits are calculated in millions
    te lo dejo en 5.000 I'll let you have it for 5,000
    7 from (causa).
    lo detecté en su forma de hablar I could tell from the way he was speaking
    8 in, made of (materia).
    en seda in silk
    9 in terms of.
    lo supera en inteligencia she is more intelligent than he is
    10 on, over, upon.
    11 at, over at, in, over in.
    En ese momento ...at that moment.
    12 to.
    * * *
    en
    1 (lugar - gen) in, at
    2 (- en el interior) in, inside
    4 (año, mes, estación) in; (día) on; (época, momento) at
    7 (tema, materia) at, in
    8 (modo, manera) in
    los valores aumentaron en un 6% securities increased by 6%
    10 en + gerund upon
    en llegando el maestro, los niños se levantan upon the teacher's arrival, the children stand up
    \
    de casa en casa from house to house
    en cuanto as soon as
    en camino on the way
    * * *
    prep.
    1) in
    2) on
    3) at
    4) by
    6) into
    * * *
    PREP
    1) [indicando lugar]
    a) (=dentro de) in

    está en el cajón/en el armario — it's in the drawer/in the wardrobe

    b) (=encima de) on
    c) [con países, ciudades, calles]
    d) [con edificios]
    2) [indicando movimiento] into
    3) [indicando modo] in
    4) [indicando proporción] by
    5) [indicando tiempo]

    ayer en la mañana LAm yesterday morning

    en la mañana del accidente LAm on the morning of the accident

    6) [indicando tema, ocupación]

    Hugo en Segismundo — (Cine, Teat) Hugo as Segismundo, Hugo in the role of Segismundo

    7) [con medios de transporte] by
    8) [con cantidades] at, for
    9) [con infinitivo]
    10) [con gerundio]
    EN Como preposición de lugar, en se traduce normalmente por on, in o at. La elección de una de estas tres preposiciones depende a menudo de cómo percibe el hablante la relación espacial. He aquí unas líneas generales: Se traduce por on cuando en equivale a encima de o nos referimos a algo que se percibe como una superficie o una línea, por ejemplo una mesa, una carretera {etc}: "¿Has visto mi vestido?" - "Está en la tabla de planchar" "Have you seen my dress?" - "It's on the ironing-board" Estaban tumbados en la playa They were lying on the beach Está construyendo una casa en la colina He's building a house on the hill ... un pueblo en la costa oeste...... a village on the west coast... La gasolinera está en la carretera que va a Motril The petrol station is on the road to Motril Dibujó un león en la hoja de papel He drew a lion on the piece of paper Tiene un grano en la nariz He has a spot on his nose Lo vi en la tele I saw him on TV ► Se usa in cuando equivale a dentro de o cuando nos referimos a un espacio que se percibe como limitado (calle, montañas, etc): Tus gafas están en mi bolso Your glasses are in my bag Tienes una pestaña en el ojo You've got an eyelash in your eye Lo leí en un libro I read it in a book Se han comprado un chalet en la sierra They've bought a chalet in the mountains Viven en la calle de Serrano They live in the Calle de Serrano ► Lo traducimos por at para referirnos a un edificio cuando hablamos de la actividad que normalmente se realiza en él o cuando en indica un lugar concreto. También se traduce por at cuando en la dirección incluimos el número o el nombre de la casa: ¿Por qué no comemos en el restaurante de tu hermano? Why don't we have lunch at your brother's restaurant? Voy a pasar el día en el museo I'm going to spend the day at the museum Te espero en la parada del autobús I'll meet you at the bus-stop Vivimos en la calle Dale nº 12 We live at 12 Dale Street Para otros usos y ejemplos ver la entrada
    * * *
    a) (refiriéndose a ciudad, edificio)

    viven en París/en una granja/en el número diez/en un hotel — they live in Paris/on a farm/at number ten/in a hotel

    viven en la calle Goyathey live on o (BrE) in Goya Street

    nos quedamos en casawe stayed home (AmE), we stayed at home (BrE)

    b) ( dentro de) in
    c) ( sobre) on
    2) (expresando circunstancias, ambiente, medio) in
    3)
    a) (indicando tema, especialidad, cualidad)
    b) (indicando proporción, precio)

    lo vendió en $30 — he sold it for $30

    las pérdidas se calcularon en $50.000 — the losses were calculated at $50,000

    4)
    a) (indicando estado, manera) in

    en buenas/malas condiciones — in good/bad condition

    en llamas — in flames, on fire

    ir en taxi/barco — to go by taxi/by boat

    fueron en bicicleta — they cycled, they went on their bikes

    5)

    ¿lo tienen en azul? — do you have it in blue?

    en la mañana/tarde/noche — (esp AmL) in the morning/afternoon/at night

    7)
    * * *
    = in, onto, into, at, throughout.
    Ex. The first institute, 'The Catalog: Its Nature and Prospects,' was held in New York City on October 9 and 10, 1975.
    Ex. When one is in place, the depression of a lever causes it to be photographed onto the next blank space.
    Ex. The application of a classification scheme to a set of documents should result in the ordering or arranging of that set of documents into groups or classes according to their subject content.
    Ex. He also resolved to talk with Cleo Passantino, a young librarian who had been at the library for three years and with whom he had had little contact.
    Ex. Throughout this chapter the term 'document' is used to refer to any item which might be found in a library or information center or data base.
    ----
    * en absoluto = at all, in the slightest, whatsoever, not at all, in any shape or form.
    * en abstracto = abstractly.
    * en abundancia = in plenty, liberally, in abundance, exuberantly, in profusion, aplenty [a-plenty], prodigiously, plentifully.
    * en activo = practising [practicing, -USA].
    * en adelante = forward [forwards].
    * en agradecimiento por = appreciative of.
    * en alerta roja = on red alert.
    * en alguna ocasión = on any one occasion.
    * en alguna parte = someplace.
    * en alguna parte de + Nombre = some way down + Nombre.
    * en algún lugar = somewhere, at some point.
    * en algún lugar (de por ahí) = somewhere out there.
    * en algún momento = somewhere along the line, sometime, at sometime, at some point, at some point in time, at one time or another.
    * en algunos casos = in some cases.
    * en algunos grupos = in some quarters.
    * en algunos grupos de la población = in some quarters.
    * en algunos sectores = in some quarters.
    * en algunos sectores de la población = in some quarters.
    * en algunos sentidos = in some respects.
    * en algunos sitios = in places.
    * en alquiler = rented.
    * en alta mar = on the open sea, offshore, on the high seas.
    * en alza = on the upswing.
    * en ambas direcciones = two-way.
    * en ambos casos = in either case, in either instance.
    * en ángulo = angled.
    * en ángulo recto = at right angles.
    * en antaño = in olden times, in olden days.
    * en antelación = anticipatory.
    * en anticipación = anticipatory.
    * en años anteriores = in prior years, in years past, in past years.
    * en apariencia = apparently, looking, seemingly, on the face of it, on the surface, ostensibly.
    * en apenas nada = in no time at all, in next to no time, in no time.
    * en apoyo a = in support of.
    * en apuros = hard-pressed, beleaguered, in deep trouble, in difficulties, if it comes to the crunch, when push comes to shove, when it comes to the crunch, when the worst comes to the worst, if the worst comes to the worst, in deep water, in hot water, in dire straits.
    * en aquel entonces = at the time, the then + Nombre, by this time, at that time, in the course of events, during the course of events, back then, in those days.
    * en aquella época = at the time, at that time, in those days.
    * en aquellas ocasiones cuando = on occasions when.
    * en aquellos casos = in those cases.
    * en aquellos casos en los que = in those cases where.
    * en aquellos tiempos = at the time, the then + Nombre, by this time, in those days.
    * en aquel momento = at the time, the then + Nombre, by this time, at that time.
    * en aras a = in the name of.
    * en aras de = in the interest(s) of.
    * en armonía = harmoniously, in harmony.
    * en armonía con = in harmony with, in harness with, in keeping with, in tune with, in sync with.
    * en ascuas = on tenterhooks.
    * en auge = in ascendancy, buoyant, booming, on the rise, at high tide.
    * en aumento = burgeoning, growing, increasing, mounting, rising, on the rise, heightening.
    * en aumento gradual = gradually quickening.
    * en Babia = absent-minded.
    * en balde = in vain, vainly, to no avail, of no avail.
    * en bandada = in full force.
    * en bandadas = in droves.
    * en base a = in terms of, on the grounds that/of, on the basis of.
    * en beneficio de = for the benefit of, to the benefit of.
    * en beneficio propio = to + Posesivo + advantage.
    * en bisel = angled.
    * en blanco = blankly, blank.
    * en blanco y negro = b&w (black and white).
    * en bloque = en bloc.
    * en boga = in vogue, in fashion, voguish.
    * en bolas = stark naked, in the nod, in the buff.
    * en breve = shortly, the long and (the) short of, soon [sooner -comp., soonest -sup.].
    * en broma = teasingly.
    * en buena compañía = in good company.
    * en buena condición = in good condition, in good shape, in good nick.
    * en buena forma = in good nick.
    * en buena parte = for the most part.
    * en buenas condiciones para navegar = seaworthy.
    * en buenas manos = in a safe place, in safekeeping.
    * en buen estado = in good condition, in good working condition, in good shape, in good nick.
    * en buen estado de funcionamiento = in good working condition.
    * en busca de quimeras = in pursuit of + windmills.
    * en búsqueda de = a quest for.
    * en cada fase = at each stage.
    * en caída = flowing.
    * en caja = boxed.
    * en caliente = in the heat of the moment, on the spur of the moment.
    * en cama = abed.
    * en cambio = by contrast, in contrast, instead, shifting, by comparison.
    * en camino = on the way.
    * en cantidad = bulk.
    * en + Cantidad + años = in + Cantidad + years' time.
    * en capilla = on tenterhooks, in suspense.
    * en carnavales = carnivalistically.
    * en carne y hueso = in the flesh.
    * en casa = in the home.
    * en casa de herrero cuchillo de palo = the cobbler's children run barefoot.
    * en casi nada = in no time at all, in next to no time, in no time.
    * en casi todos los + Nombre = in just about every + Nombre.
    * en caso de darse circunstancias ajenas a + Posesivo + control = in the event of circumstances beyond + Posesivo + control.
    * en caso de emergencia = in an emergency, in an emergency situation.
    * en caso de fuerza mayor = in the event of circumstances beyond + Posesivo + control.
    * en CD-ROM = CD-ROM-based.
    * en chirona = behind bars.
    * en ciernes = developing, budding, in the making.
    * en cierta medida = to some extent, to a certain extent, to some degree.
    * en ciertas circunstancias = in certain circumstances.
    * en ciertas ocasiones = at certain times.
    * en cierto grado = something of.
    * en cierto modo = to some extent, after a fashion, to a certain extent, in a manner of speaking, so to speak, to some degree.
    * en cierto modo + Verbo = sort of + Verbo.
    * en ciertos casos = in certain cases.
    * en cierto sentido = in several respects, to some extent, in a sense, in some respects, to some degree.
    * en circuito cerrado = looped.
    * en círcuitos de segunda categoría = in the provinces.
    * en circuitos de segundo orden = in the provinces.
    * en circumstancias difíciles = under difficult circumstances.
    * en circunstancias misteriosas = in mysterious circumstances.
    * en circunstancias normales = in the course of events, during the course of events, under normal circumstances.
    * en circusntancias normales = in the normal run of things.
    * en coche = drive.
    * en colaboración = collaborative, cooperative [co-operative], jointly, participatory, in concert, in consort, collaboratively, synergistic, synergistically, in tandem, in a tandem fashion, in partnership.
    * en colaboración con = in concert with, in consultation with, in collaboration with, in alliance with, in conjunction with, in partnership with.
    * en colaboración con, junto con, de manera conjunta con = in partnership with.
    * en color = coloured [colored, -USA], full-colour.
    * en columnas = columnar.
    * en colusión con = in collusion with, in complicity with, in connivance with.
    * en coma = comatose.
    * en combinación con = in parallel to/with, in combination with.
    * en comisión de servicios = seconded.
    * en comparación = by comparison.
    * en comparación con = against, as compared to, set against, in comparison with, in comparison to.
    * en compensación = compensatory.
    * en complicidad con = in cahoots (with), in complicity with, in complicity with, in collusion with, in connivance with.
    * en común con = in common with.
    * en conciencia = in good conscience.
    * en conclusión = in conclusion.
    * en concordancia con = in accordance with, in accord with.
    * en concreto = in particular, to be specific.
    * en condiciones = decent.
    * en condiciones de = in the position to.
    * en condiciones de igualdad = on an equal footing, on equal terms, on an equal basis.
    * en condiciones difíciles = under difficult conditions.
    * en conexión con = in respect of.
    * en confidencia = in confidence.
    * en conflicto (con) = in conflict (with).
    * en conformidad con = in conformity with, in keeping with.
    * en conjunción con = in conjunction with, in tandem with.
    * en conjunto = altogether, on balance, bulk, all in all, overall, overall.
    * en conmemoración de = in celebration of, commemorative.
    * en connivencia = colluding.
    * en connivencia con = in collusion with, in cahoots (with), in complicity with, in connivance with.
    * en consecuencia = accordingly, consequently, hence, in consequence, as a consequence (of), it follows that, on this basis, on that basis, in doing so.
    * en consecuencia lógica = by implication.
    * en consideración = under consideration.
    * en consideración a = for the sake of, out of consideration for, out of respect for.
    * en consonacia con = in line with.
    * en consonancia con = in concert with, in keeping with, in step with, in tune with, in consonance with.
    * en constante cambio = ever-changing [ever changing], ever-fluid, on the move, fast changing [fast-changing], ever-shifting.
    * en constante expansión = ever-expanding, ever-growing.
    * en constante movimiento = on the move, on the go.
    * en construcción = under development, under construction.
    * en contacto = in communication.
    * en contacto con la realidad = in touch with + reality.
    * en contadas ocasiones = rarely, seldom, on rare occasions.
    * en contenedor = containerised [containerized, -USA].
    * en continua expansión = expanding.
    * en continuo aumento = ever-increasing.
    * en continuo cambio = constantly shifting, ever-changing [ever changing], ever-shifting.
    * en contra = counterpoint, against.
    * en contra de la guerra = antiwar [anti-war].
    * en contra de la opinión general = contrary to popular belief.
    * en contra de la raza blanca = anti-white [antiwhite].
    * en contra de la raza negra = antiblack [anti-black].
    * en contra de las circunstancias = against circumstances.
    * en contra de las instituciones = anti-establishment.
    * en contra del gobierno = anti-government.
    * en contraposición a = as opposed to, in contrast (to/with), in contradistinction to.
    * en contraste con = in contrast (to/with).
    * en contravención de = in contravention of.
    * en contubernio (con) = in cahoots (with).
    * en cooperación = cooperative [co-operative].
    * en cooperación con = in cooperation with.
    * en cooperativa = cooperatively [co-operatively].
    * en costras = caked.
    * en crisis = depressed, crisis-ridden, on the rocks.
    * en cuadernillo = in booklet form.
    * en cualquier caso = for that matter, in any event, in any case, in either case.
    * en cualquier domingo = on any given Sunday.
    * en cualquier lugar = everywhere, anywhere.
    * en cualquier momento = anytime, at any one time, at any point, at any point in time, at any time, at any moment, at any given point, at any moment in time, at any given moment, momentarily, on any given Sunday.
    * en cualquier momento en el futuro = at some stage.
    * en cualquier orden = either way round.
    * en cualquier otra circunstancia = in the normal run of things, in the normal run of events.
    * en cualquier otra parte = anywhere else, everywhere else.
    * en cualquier otra situación = in the normal run of things, in the normal run of events.
    * en cualquier otro lugar = anywhere else, everywhere else.
    * en cualquier otro momento = some other time.
    * en cualquier otro sitio = anywhere else.
    * en cualquier parte = anywhere, everywhere.
    * en cualquier sitio = everywhere, anywhere.
    * en cualquier situación = in any given situation.
    * en + Cuantificador + aspectos = in + Cuantificador + respects.
    * en + Cuantificador + sentidos = in + Cuantificador + respects.
    * en cuanto a = as to, in extent of, in regard to, in terms of, in the way of, with regard(s) to, as for, as regards, as to the matter of, in reference to, now as to, moving on to.
    * en cuanto a él = as for him.
    * en cuanto a ella = as for her.
    * en cuanto a ellos = as for them.
    * en cuanto a los hechos = factually.
    * en cuanto a mí = as for me.
    * en cuanto a nosotros = as for us.
    * en cuanto a ti = as for you.
    * en cuanto a usted = as for you.
    * en cuanto a vosotros = as for you.
    * en cuanto + nacer = at birth.
    * en cuanto que = in that.
    * en cuarto lugar = fourthly.
    * en cuatro niveles = quadraplaner.
    * en cuclicllas = in a squatting position.
    * en cuclillas = squat, in a squat position, in a crouching position.
    * en cueros = in the buff, in the nod, stark naked.
    * en cuestión = at hand, concerned, in hand, individual, at issue, of concern.
    * en cuestión de minutos = within minutes, in a matter of minutes.
    * en cuestión de segundos = within seconds, in a matter of seconds.
    * en cuestión de + Tiempo = in a matter of + Tiempo, within a matter of + Tiempo.
    * en cuestiones de = in matters of.
    * en cumplimiento con = in line with, in compliance with.
    * en cursiva = in italic type.
    * en curso = in process, underway [under way], in progress, ongoing [on-going], afoot, current, under preparation.
    * en curso de = in course of.
    * en cuyo caso = in which case.
    * en danza = on the run.
    * en decadencia = bankrupt.
    * en defensa propia = in self-defence.
    * en definitiva = in all, all in all, in the last analysis, in the final analysis, all things considered.
    * en definitiva, bien mirado, bien considerado = all things considered.
    * en demanda = in-demand.
    * en demasía = excess, to excess, excessively.
    * en desacuerdo = disapproving, at odds.
    * en desacuerdo con = at odds with.
    * en desarmonía con = out of tune with, out of keeping with.
    * en desarrollo = evolving, under development.
    * en descomposición = decaying, putrefying.
    * en desesperación = despairing, in despair.
    * en desuso = obsolete, disused.
    * en detalle = at length.
    * en deterioro = deteriorating, crumbling, decaying, dilapidated, disintegrating.
    * en determinadas ocasiones = sometimes, on particular occasions.
    * en detrimento de = to the detriment of, to + Posesivo + detriment, to the neglect of.
    * en diagonal = herringbone.
    * en días alternos = every other day.
    * en diferente grado = differing, in varying measures.
    * en diferente medida = differing, in varying measures.
    * en diferentes momentos = at various times, at different times.
    * en diferentes ocasiones = at different times, at various times.
    * en dificultades = stranded.
    * en dinero = monetised [monetized, -pl.].
    * en dirección de la proa = abaft.
    * en dirección este = eastward(s), eastbound.
    * en dirección norte = northbound.
    * en dirección oeste = westbound, westward(s).
    * en dirección sur = southward(s), southbound.
    * en disco = ondisc.
    * en disminución = dwindling, on the wane.
    * en + Distancia + a la redonda = within + Distancia.
    * en distinta medida = differing, in varying measures.
    * en distintas ocasiones = at different times, at various times, on several occasions.
    * en distinto grado = in varying measures, differing, to varying degrees.
    * en distintos formatos = multiform.
    * en distintos momentos = at different times, at various times.
    * en diversas lenguas = multilingually.
    * en diversas ocasiones = on several occasions.
    * en diverso grado = to varying extents, to varying degrees.
    * en diversos formatos = multiform.
    * en donde = where, wherein.
    * en dos años = over a two-year period.
    * en dos lenguas = bilingually.
    * en dos niveles = split-level.
    * en dos palabras = in a nutshell, in a nutshell.
    * en dos volúmenes = two-volume.
    * en duda = in doubt.
    * en edad de trabajar = working-age.
    * en efecto = to all intents and purposes, for all intents and purposes.
    * en ejercicio = incumbent, practising [practicing, -USA].
    * en el abandono = in the wilderness.
    * en el acto = ipso facto, outright, on the spot, while-you-wait [while-u-wait], at the drop of a hat.
    * en el aire = in mid-air, airborne.
    * en el ámbito de = in the realm of.
    * en el año catapún = in the dim and distant past.
    * en el año del Señor = in the year of our Lord.
    * en el año entrante = in the coming year.
    * en el año próximo = in the coming year.
    * en el año venidero = in the coming year.
    * en el área de + Lugar = Lugar + area.
    * en el asiento de atrás = in the back seat.
    * en el asiento trasero = in the back seat.
    * en el aula de clase = classroom-based.
    * en el banquillo = on the bench.
    * en el blanco de mira = in the spotlight, in the crosshairs.
    * en el camino = along the way, en route, in the process.
    * en el campo de = in the realm of, in the field of.
    * en el campus universitario = campus-based.
    * en el candelero = in the spotlight.
    * en el cargo = in the saddle, in office.
    * en el caso de = for, in association with, in the case of, in the event of, in case of, in the context of.
    * en (el) caso de que = in the event that, should, in case.
    * en el caso poco probable de que = in the unlikely case (that).
    * en el centro de = at the heart of.
    * en el cine = at the movies.
    * en el clima actual de = in the present climate of.
    * en el contexto de = in the realm of.
    * en el culo = in the bottom.
    * en el culo del mundo = in the arse of nowhere.
    * en el curso de la historia = in the course of history.
    * en el curso normal de = in the mainstream of.
    * en el curso normal de las cosas = in the normal run of things, in the normal run of events.
    * en el curso normal de las cosas, en el curso normal de los acontecimientos, = in the normal run of things.
    * en el curso normal de los acontecimientos = in the normal run of events, in the normal run of things.
    * en el desierto = in the wilderness.
    * en el detalle = in detail.
    * en el día a día = in the day to day, in the trenches.
    * en el dique seco = in dry dock, in the wilderness.
    * en el eje = at the core (of).
    * en el entorno de = in the realm of.
    * en el escenario = on stage.
    * en el escenario mundial = on the world stage.
    * en el espacio = spatially.
    * en el estricto sentido de la palabra = strictly speaking.
    * en el estudio = at study, at study.
    * en el extranjero = abroad, overseas, offshore.
    * en el extremo opuesto = at the far end.
    * en el fin de semana = over the weekend, over the weekend, at the weekend.
    * en el foco de atención = in the spotlight.
    * en el fondo = at heart, deep down, in the back of + Posesivo + mind, in the back of + Posesivo + head, at the back of + Posesivo + head, bottom line, the, in the bottom.
    * en el fondo de = at the root of.
    * en el futuro = Número + Tiempo + ahead, down the road, in future, in time(s) to come, at + future date, in (the) years to come, at some future time, in the years to come, in the years ahead, in years to come, at some future point, in the future, for future reference, for the years to come.
    * en el futuro a largo plazo = in the long-term future.
    * en el futuro cercano = in the foreseeable future.
    * en el futuro inmediato = in the offing, in the foreseeable future.
    * en el futuro lejano = further in the future.
    * en el haber de Uno = under + Posesivo + belt.
    * en el horario de trabajo = on company time.
    * en el horizonte = on the horizon.
    * en el hospital = at the bedside.
    * en el improbable caso de que = in the unlikely case (that).
    * en el instante en que + Subjuntivo = the moment + Verbo.
    * en el ínterin = in the interim, in the intervening years, in the intervening period, ad interim.
    * en el juego = at play.
    * en el lado negativo = on the debit side, on the negative side, on the downside.
    * en el lado positivo = on the credit side, on the positive side, on the plus side, on the bright side.
    * en ello = therein, thereupon [thereon].
    * en el lugar del accidente = at the scene, at the scene of the accident.
    * en el lugar de los hechos = at the scene.
    * en el mandato = in office.
    * en el mando = at the wheel.
    * en el mar = at sea.
    * en el marco de = within the ambit of, within the bounds of.
    * en el más allá = dead and gone.
    * en el mayor secreto = a veil of secrecy.
    * en el mejor de los casos = at best, at most, ideally, in the best of circumstances, the best case scenario, at the most, at the best of times, at the very best.
    * en el mejor momento de Uno = at + Posesivo + (very) best.
    * en el mismo centro (de) = plumb in the middle (of).
    * en el mismo número de años = in as many years.
    * en el mismo orden que = in sync with.
    * en el momento = on the spot.
    * en el momento actual = in this day and age, at the present time.
    * en el momento adecuado = at the right time.
    * en el momento de = at the time (that/of).
    * en el momento de escribir estas líneas = at the time of writing.
    * en el momento de la impresión = at the time of going to print.
    * en el momento en que se necesita = at the point-of-need, at the point of use, point of use.
    * en el momento en que + Subjuntivo = the moment + Verbo.
    * en el momento justo = on cue.
    * en el momento más débil de Alguien = at + Posesivo + weakest.
    * en el momento oportuno = at the right time, not a moment too soon, not a minute too soon.
    * en el momento peor de Alguien = at + Posesivo + weakest.
    * en el mundo = on the face of the earth, on the world stage.
    * en el mundo antiguo = in antiquity.
    * en el mundo entero = all over the world, worldwide [world-wide], all around the world, throughout the world, around the planet, the world over.
    * en el mundo que nos rodea = out there.
    * en el nivel básico = at grass roots level.
    * en el nivel intermedio de = in the middle range of.
    * en el nivel medio de = in the middle range of.
    * en el norte del estado = upstate.
    * en el núcleo = at the core (of).
    * en el ocaso = over the hill.
    * en el ojo del huracán = in the eye of the storm, in the eye of the hurricane.
    * en el orden del día = on the agenda.
    * en el origen (de) = in the early days (of).
    * en el otro extremo = at the other extreme.
    * en el otro extremo de la escala = at the other end of the scale, at the other end of the spectrum, at the other extreme.
    * en el país de los ciegos el tuerto es el rey = in the land of the blind, the one-eyed man is king, in the country of the blind, the one-eyed man is king, in the kingdom of the blind, the one-eyed man is king.
    * en el país de los ciegos el tuerto es el rey = be a case of the blind leading the blind.
    * en el pasado = in the past, in past eras, at some point in the past, in years gone by, in days gone by, in former times.
    * en el pasado remoto = in the dim and distant past.
    * en el peor de los casos = at worst, in the worst of circumstances, at + Posesivo + very worst, the worst case scenario, at + Posesivo + worst, in the worst case.
    * en el período penoso de = in the throes of.
    * en el período previo a = in the run up to, during the run up to.
    * en el piso de abajo = downstairs.
    * en el piso de arriba = upstairs.
    * en el poder = in office.
    * en el primer caso = in the former case.
    * en el proceso = in the process.
    * en el propio campus universitario = campus-based.
    * en el propio cortijo = on-farm.
    * en el próximo año = in the year ahead, in the coming year.
    * en el puesto de dirección = in the hot seat.
    * en el punto álgido de = at the height of.
    * en el punto de mira = in the spotlight, in the crosshairs.
    * en el que = wherein.
    * en el que se puede buscar = searchable.
    * en el quinto coño = in the arse of nowhere.
    * en el quinto pino = in the arse of nowhere.
    * en el quirófano = under the knife.
    * en el resto = everywhere else.
    * en el resto de = elsewhere.
    * en el seguimiento de = in the pursuit of.
    * en el segundo caso = in the latter case.
    * en el seno de = within, among.
    * en el sentido de las agujas del reloj = clockwise.
    * en el sentido de que = in the sense that, along the lines that, in that.
    * en el sentido más amplio = in the broadest sense, in the widest sense.
    * en el sentido más general = in the broadest sense.
    * en el sentido que = in which.
    * en el timón = in the saddle.
    * en el trabajo = on-the-job, at work.
    * en el transcurso de = throughout the course of, throughout the course of, in the course of, during the course of, over the course of, throughout.
    * en el transcurso de algunos años = over a period of years.
    * en el transcurso de la historia = in the course of history.
    * en el transcurso de los siglos = over the course of the centuries.
    * en el transcurso normal de + Posesivo + vida(s) = in the normal course of + Posesivo + life/lives.
    * en el trasfondo de = at the root of.
    * en el último caso = in the latter case.
    * en el último minuto = last minute [last-minute], at the last minute.
    * en el último momento = at the eleventh hour, at the very last minute, at the very last moment, at the very last, at the last minute.
    * en el umbral de = on the threshold of.
    * en el vuelo = in-flight.
    * en entrante = recessed.
    * en entredicho = under challenge.
    * en episodios = episodic.
    * en época de carnaval = carnivalistically.
    * en época de feria = carnivalistically.
    * en época de paz = in peacetime, during peacetime.
    * en épocas anteriores = in former times, in past eras.
    * en épocas de = in times of.
    * en épocas de guerra = in time(s) of war.
    * en épocas de paz = in time(s) of peace.
    * en épocas de prosperidad económica = in affluent times.
    * en épocas difíciles = in times of need.
    * en épocas pasadas = in past ages.
    * en escamas = flaky.
    * en ese caso = in that case.
    * en ese mismo instante = at that very moment.
    * en ese mismo momento = at that very moment.
    * en ese momento = at that point, at this point, at that time, just then, at that point in time.
    * en esencia = in essence, essentially.
    * en ese sentido = on that score, to that effect.
    * en esos casos = in those cases.
    * en espacios cerrados = indoors.
    * en especial = especially (specially), notably, specially (especially).
    * en especie = in kind.
    * en espera = on hold.
    * en espiga = herringbone.
    * en esta coyuntura = at this juncture.
    * en estado = pregnant, in the family way.
    * en estado de abandono = decaying, dilapidated, dilapidated.
    * en estado de alerta = on alert.
    * en estado de alerta, de guardia = on standby.
    * en estado de buena esperanza = pregnant, in the family way.
    * en estado de cambio = in a state of flux.
    * en estado de descomposición = decaying.
    * en estado de deterioro = decaying, dilapidated.
    * en estado de reserva = on standby.
    * en estado de reserva, en estado de alerta, de guardia = on standby.
    * en estado de sitio = in a state of siege, under siege.
    * en estado embrionario = embryo, embryonic, in embryonic stage, in embryo, in the embryo stage.
    * en esta época del año = around this time of year.
    * en esta ocasión = on this occasion.
    * en estas circunstancias = under these circumstances.
    * en esta situación = at this juncture.
    * en este caso = in this case.
    * en este contexto = against this background.
    * en este documento = herein, herewith, hereto.
    * en este extremo = to this extent.
    * en este grado = to this extent.
    * en este mismo sentido = along the same lines.
    * en este momento = at this point, at this stage, at this juncture, at this time, at this moment in time, right now.
    * en este período = in the course of events, during the course of events.
    * en este sentido = along these lines, in this connection, in this direction, in this sense, in this vein, in this spirit, in this regard, in this effort, in that spirit, on this score, to that effect.
    * en estos casos = in these cases.
    * en estos días = today, these days.
    * en estos tiempos = in these times, in this day and age.
    * en estrecha colaboración = in close collaboration.
    * en estrecha colaboración con = hand-in-glove with.
    * en estuche = boxed.
    * en excelente estado = in tip-top condition, in tip-top form.
    * en excelentes condiciones = in tip-top condition, in tip-top form.
    * en exceso = overflow, overflowing, excessively, excess, to excess.
    * en exclusiva = exclusively.
    * en existencia = in existence.
    * en expansión = expanded.
    * en exposición = on exhibit, on show, on display.
    * en + Expresión Temporal = as of + Expresión Temporal, come + Expresión Temporal.
    * en extensión = in length.
    * en extenso = at length, in full.
    * en extremo = no end, to no end.
    * en fase terminal = terminally ill.
    * en favor de = in favour of.
    * en flor = in full blossom, in blossom.
    * en forma = fit [fitter -comp., fittest -sup.], toned.
    * en forma de = in the form of, in the shape of.
    * en forma de A = A-shaped.
    * en forma de arco = arched, bowed.
    * en forma de capa = cape-like.
    * en forma de cruz = cross-shaped.
    * en forma de cuadrado = square-shaped.
    * en forma de cuña = wedge-shaped.
    * en forma de cúpula = dome-shaped, domed.
    * en forma de D = d-shaped.
    * en forma de estrella = star-shaped [star shaped].
    * en forma de L = L-shaped.
    * en forma de libro = in book form.
    * en forma de medialuna = crescent-shaped.
    * en forma de parásito = parasitically.
    * en forma de pera = pear-shaped.
    * en forma de pirámide = pyramidal-shaped.
    * en forma de trompeta = trumpet-shaped.
    * en forma de U = U-shaped.
    * en forma de V = V-shaped.
    * en forma física = physically fit.
    * en forma física y mental = physically and mentally fit.
    * en forma ovalada = oval-shaped.
    * en forma piramidal = pyramidal-shaped.
    * en formato de libro moderno = in codex form.
    * en formato digital = digitally.
    * en formato electrónico = in electronic form.
    * en formato MARC = in MARC form.
    * en formato papel = paper-based, in hard copy.
    * en frente = ahead, in front.
    * en frente de = in front of.
    * en funcionamiento = in operation.
    * en función de = according to, as a function of, depending on/upon.
    * en general = at large, by and large, for the most part, generally, in general, in the main, on balance, on the whole, overall, all in all, broadly, as a whole, generally speaking.
    * en germinación = budding.
    * en gestación = in the making.
    * en grado mínimo = minimally.
    * en gran cantidad = prodigiously.
    * en grandes cantidades = en masse, in good number, in record numbers, in bulk.
    * en grandes números = in record numbers.
    * en gran formato = oversize, oversized.
    * en gran medida = broadly, by and large, extensively, greatly, heavily, largely, to a considerable extent, to a high degree, to a large extent, tremendously, vastly, very much, keenly, in no small way, to any great degree, in many ways, in large part, in large measure, in no small measure, to a great extent, to a large degree, to a great degree.
    * en gran número = numerously.
    * en gran parte
    * * *
    a) (refiriéndose a ciudad, edificio)

    viven en París/en una granja/en el número diez/en un hotel — they live in Paris/on a farm/at number ten/in a hotel

    viven en la calle Goyathey live on o (BrE) in Goya Street

    nos quedamos en casawe stayed home (AmE), we stayed at home (BrE)

    b) ( dentro de) in
    c) ( sobre) on
    2) (expresando circunstancias, ambiente, medio) in
    3)
    a) (indicando tema, especialidad, cualidad)
    b) (indicando proporción, precio)

    lo vendió en $30 — he sold it for $30

    las pérdidas se calcularon en $50.000 — the losses were calculated at $50,000

    4)
    a) (indicando estado, manera) in

    en buenas/malas condiciones — in good/bad condition

    en llamas — in flames, on fire

    ir en taxi/barco — to go by taxi/by boat

    fueron en bicicleta — they cycled, they went on their bikes

    5)

    ¿lo tienen en azul? — do you have it in blue?

    en la mañana/tarde/noche — (esp AmL) in the morning/afternoon/at night

    7)
    * * *
    = in, onto, into, at, throughout.

    Ex: The first institute, 'The Catalog: Its Nature and Prospects,' was held in New York City on October 9 and 10, 1975.

    Ex: When one is in place, the depression of a lever causes it to be photographed onto the next blank space.
    Ex: The application of a classification scheme to a set of documents should result in the ordering or arranging of that set of documents into groups or classes according to their subject content.
    Ex: He also resolved to talk with Cleo Passantino, a young librarian who had been at the library for three years and with whom he had had little contact.
    Ex: Throughout this chapter the term 'document' is used to refer to any item which might be found in a library or information center or data base.
    * en absoluto = at all, in the slightest, whatsoever, not at all, in any shape or form.
    * en abstracto = abstractly.
    * en abundancia = in plenty, liberally, in abundance, exuberantly, in profusion, aplenty [a-plenty], prodigiously, plentifully.
    * en activo = practising [practicing, -USA].
    * en adelante = forward [forwards].
    * en agradecimiento por = appreciative of.
    * en alerta roja = on red alert.
    * en alguna ocasión = on any one occasion.
    * en alguna parte = someplace.
    * en alguna parte de + Nombre = some way down + Nombre.
    * en algún lugar = somewhere, at some point.
    * en algún lugar (de por ahí) = somewhere out there.
    * en algún momento = somewhere along the line, sometime, at sometime, at some point, at some point in time, at one time or another.
    * en algunos casos = in some cases.
    * en algunos grupos = in some quarters.
    * en algunos grupos de la población = in some quarters.
    * en algunos sectores = in some quarters.
    * en algunos sectores de la población = in some quarters.
    * en algunos sentidos = in some respects.
    * en algunos sitios = in places.
    * en alquiler = rented.
    * en alta mar = on the open sea, offshore, on the high seas.
    * en alza = on the upswing.
    * en ambas direcciones = two-way.
    * en ambos casos = in either case, in either instance.
    * en ángulo = angled.
    * en ángulo recto = at right angles.
    * en antaño = in olden times, in olden days.
    * en antelación = anticipatory.
    * en anticipación = anticipatory.
    * en años anteriores = in prior years, in years past, in past years.
    * en apariencia = apparently, looking, seemingly, on the face of it, on the surface, ostensibly.
    * en apenas nada = in no time at all, in next to no time, in no time.
    * en apoyo a = in support of.
    * en apuros = hard-pressed, beleaguered, in deep trouble, in difficulties, if it comes to the crunch, when push comes to shove, when it comes to the crunch, when the worst comes to the worst, if the worst comes to the worst, in deep water, in hot water, in dire straits.
    * en aquel entonces = at the time, the then + Nombre, by this time, at that time, in the course of events, during the course of events, back then, in those days.
    * en aquella época = at the time, at that time, in those days.
    * en aquellas ocasiones cuando = on occasions when.
    * en aquellos casos = in those cases.
    * en aquellos casos en los que = in those cases where.
    * en aquellos tiempos = at the time, the then + Nombre, by this time, in those days.
    * en aquel momento = at the time, the then + Nombre, by this time, at that time.
    * en aras a = in the name of.
    * en aras de = in the interest(s) of.
    * en armonía = harmoniously, in harmony.
    * en armonía con = in harmony with, in harness with, in keeping with, in tune with, in sync with.
    * en ascuas = on tenterhooks.
    * en auge = in ascendancy, buoyant, booming, on the rise, at high tide.
    * en aumento = burgeoning, growing, increasing, mounting, rising, on the rise, heightening.
    * en aumento gradual = gradually quickening.
    * en Babia = absent-minded.
    * en balde = in vain, vainly, to no avail, of no avail.
    * en bandada = in full force.
    * en bandadas = in droves.
    * en base a = in terms of, on the grounds that/of, on the basis of.
    * en beneficio de = for the benefit of, to the benefit of.
    * en beneficio propio = to + Posesivo + advantage.
    * en bisel = angled.
    * en blanco = blankly, blank.
    * en blanco y negro = b&w (black and white).
    * en bloque = en bloc.
    * en boga = in vogue, in fashion, voguish.
    * en bolas = stark naked, in the nod, in the buff.
    * en breve = shortly, the long and (the) short of, soon [sooner -comp., soonest -sup.].
    * en broma = teasingly.
    * en buena compañía = in good company.
    * en buena condición = in good condition, in good shape, in good nick.
    * en buena forma = in good nick.
    * en buena parte = for the most part.
    * en buenas condiciones para navegar = seaworthy.
    * en buenas manos = in a safe place, in safekeeping.
    * en buen estado = in good condition, in good working condition, in good shape, in good nick.
    * en buen estado de funcionamiento = in good working condition.
    * en busca de quimeras = in pursuit of + windmills.
    * en búsqueda de = a quest for.
    * en cada fase = at each stage.
    * en caída = flowing.
    * en caja = boxed.
    * en caliente = in the heat of the moment, on the spur of the moment.
    * en cama = abed.
    * en cambio = by contrast, in contrast, instead, shifting, by comparison.
    * en camino = on the way.
    * en cantidad = bulk.
    * en + Cantidad + años = in + Cantidad + years' time.
    * en capilla = on tenterhooks, in suspense.
    * en carnavales = carnivalistically.
    * en carne y hueso = in the flesh.
    * en casa = in the home.
    * en casa de herrero cuchillo de palo = the cobbler's children run barefoot.
    * en casi nada = in no time at all, in next to no time, in no time.
    * en casi todos los + Nombre = in just about every + Nombre.
    * en caso de darse circunstancias ajenas a + Posesivo + control = in the event of circumstances beyond + Posesivo + control.
    * en caso de emergencia = in an emergency, in an emergency situation.
    * en caso de fuerza mayor = in the event of circumstances beyond + Posesivo + control.
    * en CD-ROM = CD-ROM-based.
    * en chirona = behind bars.
    * en ciernes = developing, budding, in the making.
    * en cierta medida = to some extent, to a certain extent, to some degree.
    * en ciertas circunstancias = in certain circumstances.
    * en ciertas ocasiones = at certain times.
    * en cierto grado = something of.
    * en cierto modo = to some extent, after a fashion, to a certain extent, in a manner of speaking, so to speak, to some degree.
    * en cierto modo + Verbo = sort of + Verbo.
    * en ciertos casos = in certain cases.
    * en cierto sentido = in several respects, to some extent, in a sense, in some respects, to some degree.
    * en circuito cerrado = looped.
    * en círcuitos de segunda categoría = in the provinces.
    * en circuitos de segundo orden = in the provinces.
    * en circumstancias difíciles = under difficult circumstances.
    * en circunstancias misteriosas = in mysterious circumstances.
    * en circunstancias normales = in the course of events, during the course of events, under normal circumstances.
    * en circusntancias normales = in the normal run of things.
    * en coche = drive.
    * en colaboración = collaborative, cooperative [co-operative], jointly, participatory, in concert, in consort, collaboratively, synergistic, synergistically, in tandem, in a tandem fashion, in partnership.
    * en colaboración con = in concert with, in consultation with, in collaboration with, in alliance with, in conjunction with, in partnership with.
    * en colaboración con, junto con, de manera conjunta con = in partnership with.
    * en color = coloured [colored, -USA], full-colour.
    * en columnas = columnar.
    * en colusión con = in collusion with, in complicity with, in connivance with.
    * en coma = comatose.
    * en combinación con = in parallel to/with, in combination with.
    * en comisión de servicios = seconded.
    * en comparación = by comparison.
    * en comparación con = against, as compared to, set against, in comparison with, in comparison to.
    * en compensación = compensatory.
    * en complicidad con = in cahoots (with), in complicity with, in complicity with, in collusion with, in connivance with.
    * en común con = in common with.
    * en conciencia = in good conscience.
    * en conclusión = in conclusion.
    * en concordancia con = in accordance with, in accord with.
    * en concreto = in particular, to be specific.
    * en condiciones = decent.
    * en condiciones de = in the position to.
    * en condiciones de igualdad = on an equal footing, on equal terms, on an equal basis.
    * en condiciones difíciles = under difficult conditions.
    * en conexión con = in respect of.
    * en confidencia = in confidence.
    * en conflicto (con) = in conflict (with).
    * en conformidad con = in conformity with, in keeping with.
    * en conjunción con = in conjunction with, in tandem with.
    * en conjunto = altogether, on balance, bulk, all in all, overall, overall.
    * en conmemoración de = in celebration of, commemorative.
    * en connivencia = colluding.
    * en connivencia con = in collusion with, in cahoots (with), in complicity with, in connivance with.
    * en consecuencia = accordingly, consequently, hence, in consequence, as a consequence (of), it follows that, on this basis, on that basis, in doing so.
    * en consecuencia lógica = by implication.
    * en consideración = under consideration.
    * en consideración a = for the sake of, out of consideration for, out of respect for.
    * en consonacia con = in line with.
    * en consonancia con = in concert with, in keeping with, in step with, in tune with, in consonance with.
    * en constante cambio = ever-changing [ever changing], ever-fluid, on the move, fast changing [fast-changing], ever-shifting.
    * en constante expansión = ever-expanding, ever-growing.
    * en constante movimiento = on the move, on the go.
    * en construcción = under development, under construction.
    * en contacto = in communication.
    * en contacto con la realidad = in touch with + reality.
    * en contadas ocasiones = rarely, seldom, on rare occasions.
    * en contenedor = containerised [containerized, -USA].
    * en continua expansión = expanding.
    * en continuo aumento = ever-increasing.
    * en continuo cambio = constantly shifting, ever-changing [ever changing], ever-shifting.
    * en contra = counterpoint, against.
    * en contra de la guerra = antiwar [anti-war].
    * en contra de la opinión general = contrary to popular belief.
    * en contra de la raza blanca = anti-white [antiwhite].
    * en contra de la raza negra = antiblack [anti-black].
    * en contra de las circunstancias = against circumstances.
    * en contra de las instituciones = anti-establishment.
    * en contra del gobierno = anti-government.
    * en contraposición a = as opposed to, in contrast (to/with), in contradistinction to.
    * en contraste con = in contrast (to/with).
    * en contravención de = in contravention of.
    * en contubernio (con) = in cahoots (with).
    * en cooperación = cooperative [co-operative].
    * en cooperación con = in cooperation with.
    * en cooperativa = cooperatively [co-operatively].
    * en costras = caked.
    * en crisis = depressed, crisis-ridden, on the rocks.
    * en cuadernillo = in booklet form.
    * en cualquier caso = for that matter, in any event, in any case, in either case.
    * en cualquier domingo = on any given Sunday.
    * en cualquier lugar = everywhere, anywhere.
    * en cualquier momento = anytime, at any one time, at any point, at any point in time, at any time, at any moment, at any given point, at any moment in time, at any given moment, momentarily, on any given Sunday.
    * en cualquier momento en el futuro = at some stage.
    * en cualquier orden = either way round.
    * en cualquier otra circunstancia = in the normal run of things, in the normal run of events.
    * en cualquier otra parte = anywhere else, everywhere else.
    * en cualquier otra situación = in the normal run of things, in the normal run of events.
    * en cualquier otro lugar = anywhere else, everywhere else.
    * en cualquier otro momento = some other time.
    * en cualquier otro sitio = anywhere else.
    * en cualquier parte = anywhere, everywhere.
    * en cualquier sitio = everywhere, anywhere.
    * en cualquier situación = in any given situation.
    * en + Cuantificador + aspectos = in + Cuantificador + respects.
    * en + Cuantificador + sentidos = in + Cuantificador + respects.
    * en cuanto a = as to, in extent of, in regard to, in terms of, in the way of, with regard(s) to, as for, as regards, as to the matter of, in reference to, now as to, moving on to.
    * en cuanto a él = as for him.
    * en cuanto a ella = as for her.
    * en cuanto a ellos = as for them.
    * en cuanto a los hechos = factually.
    * en cuanto a mí = as for me.
    * en cuanto a nosotros = as for us.
    * en cuanto a ti = as for you.
    * en cuanto a usted = as for you.
    * en cuanto a vosotros = as for you.
    * en cuanto + nacer = at birth.
    * en cuanto que = in that.
    * en cuarto lugar = fourthly.
    * en cuatro niveles = quadraplaner.
    * en cuclicllas = in a squatting position.
    * en cuclillas = squat, in a squat position, in a crouching position.
    * en cueros = in the buff, in the nod, stark naked.
    * en cuestión = at hand, concerned, in hand, individual, at issue, of concern.
    * en cuestión de minutos = within minutes, in a matter of minutes.
    * en cuestión de segundos = within seconds, in a matter of seconds.
    * en cuestión de + Tiempo = in a matter of + Tiempo, within a matter of + Tiempo.
    * en cuestiones de = in matters of.
    * en cumplimiento con = in line with, in compliance with.
    * en cursiva = in italic type.
    * en curso = in process, underway [under way], in progress, ongoing [on-going], afoot, current, under preparation.
    * en curso de = in course of.
    * en cuyo caso = in which case.
    * en danza = on the run.
    * en decadencia = bankrupt.
    * en defensa propia = in self-defence.
    * en definitiva = in all, all in all, in the last analysis, in the final analysis, all things considered.
    * en definitiva, bien mirado, bien considerado = all things considered.
    * en demanda = in-demand.
    * en demasía = excess, to excess, excessively.
    * en desacuerdo = disapproving, at odds.
    * en desacuerdo con = at odds with.
    * en desarmonía con = out of tune with, out of keeping with.
    * en desarrollo = evolving, under development.
    * en descomposición = decaying, putrefying.
    * en desesperación = despairing, in despair.
    * en desuso = obsolete, disused.
    * en detalle = at length.
    * en deterioro = deteriorating, crumbling, decaying, dilapidated, disintegrating.
    * en determinadas ocasiones = sometimes, on particular occasions.
    * en detrimento de = to the detriment of, to + Posesivo + detriment, to the neglect of.
    * en diagonal = herringbone.
    * en días alternos = every other day.
    * en diferente grado = differing, in varying measures.
    * en diferente medida = differing, in varying measures.
    * en diferentes momentos = at various times, at different times.
    * en diferentes ocasiones = at different times, at various times.
    * en dificultades = stranded.
    * en dinero = monetised [monetized, -pl.].
    * en dirección de la proa = abaft.
    * en dirección este = eastward(s), eastbound.
    * en dirección norte = northbound.
    * en dirección oeste = westbound, westward(s).
    * en dirección sur = southward(s), southbound.
    * en disco = ondisc.
    * en disminución = dwindling, on the wane.
    * en + Distancia + a la redonda = within + Distancia.
    * en distinta medida = differing, in varying measures.
    * en distintas ocasiones = at different times, at various times, on several occasions.
    * en distinto grado = in varying measures, differing, to varying degrees.
    * en distintos formatos = multiform.
    * en distintos momentos = at different times, at various times.
    * en diversas lenguas = multilingually.
    * en diversas ocasiones = on several occasions.
    * en diverso grado = to varying extents, to varying degrees.
    * en diversos formatos = multiform.
    * en donde = where, wherein.
    * en dos años = over a two-year period.
    * en dos lenguas = bilingually.
    * en dos niveles = split-level.
    * en dos palabras = in a nutshell, in a nutshell.
    * en dos volúmenes = two-volume.
    * en duda = in doubt.
    * en edad de trabajar = working-age.
    * en efecto = to all intents and purposes, for all intents and purposes.
    * en ejercicio = incumbent, practising [practicing, -USA].
    * en el abandono = in the wilderness.
    * en el acto = ipso facto, outright, on the spot, while-you-wait [while-u-wait], at the drop of a hat.
    * en el aire = in mid-air, airborne.
    * en el ámbito de = in the realm of.
    * en el año catapún = in the dim and distant past.
    * en el año del Señor = in the year of our Lord.
    * en el año entrante = in the coming year.
    * en el año próximo = in the coming year.
    * en el año venidero = in the coming year.
    * en el área de + Lugar = Lugar + area.
    * en el asiento de atrás = in the back seat.
    * en el asiento trasero = in the back seat.
    * en el aula de clase = classroom-based.
    * en el banquillo = on the bench.
    * en el blanco de mira = in the spotlight, in the crosshairs.
    * en el camino = along the way, en route, in the process.
    * en el campo de = in the realm of, in the field of.
    * en el campus universitario = campus-based.
    * en el candelero = in the spotlight.
    * en el cargo = in the saddle, in office.
    * en el caso de = for, in association with, in the case of, in the event of, in case of, in the context of.
    * en (el) caso de que = in the event that, should, in case.
    * en el caso poco probable de que = in the unlikely case (that).
    * en el centro de = at the heart of.
    * en el cine = at the movies.
    * en el clima actual de = in the present climate of.
    * en el contexto de = in the realm of.
    * en el culo = in the bottom.
    * en el culo del mundo = in the arse of nowhere.
    * en el curso de la historia = in the course of history.
    * en el curso normal de = in the mainstream of.
    * en el curso normal de las cosas = in the normal run of things, in the normal run of events.
    * en el curso normal de las cosas, en el curso normal de los acontecimientos, = in the normal run of things.
    * en el curso normal de los acontecimientos = in the normal run of events, in the normal run of things.
    * en el desierto = in the wilderness.
    * en el detalle = in detail.
    * en el día a día = in the day to day, in the trenches.
    * en el dique seco = in dry dock, in the wilderness.
    * en el eje = at the core (of).
    * en el entorno de = in the realm of.
    * en el escenario = on stage.
    * en el escenario mundial = on the world stage.
    * en el espacio = spatially.
    * en el estricto sentido de la palabra = strictly speaking.
    * en el estudio = at study, at study.
    * en el extranjero = abroad, overseas, offshore.
    * en el extremo opuesto = at the far end.
    * en el fin de semana = over the weekend, over the weekend, at the weekend.
    * en el foco de atención = in the spotlight.
    * en el fondo = at heart, deep down, in the back of + Posesivo + mind, in the back of + Posesivo + head, at the back of + Posesivo + head, bottom line, the, in the bottom.
    * en el fondo de = at the root of.
    * en el futuro = Número + Tiempo + ahead, down the road, in future, in time(s) to come, at + future date, in (the) years to come, at some future time, in the years to come, in the years ahead, in years to come, at some future point, in the future, for future reference, for the years to come.
    * en el futuro a largo plazo = in the long-term future.
    * en el futuro cercano = in the foreseeable future.
    * en el futuro inmediato = in the offing, in the foreseeable future.
    * en el futuro lejano = further in the future.
    * en el haber de Uno = under + Posesivo + belt.
    * en el horario de trabajo = on company time.
    * en el horizonte = on the horizon.
    * en el hospital = at the bedside.
    * en el improbable caso de que = in the unlikely case (that).
    * en el instante en que + Subjuntivo = the moment + Verbo.
    * en el ínterin = in the interim, in the intervening years, in the intervening period, ad interim.
    * en el juego = at play.
    * en el lado negativo = on the debit side, on the negative side, on the downside.
    * en el lado positivo = on the credit side, on the positive side, on the plus side, on the bright side.
    * en ello = therein, thereupon [thereon].
    * en el lugar del accidente = at the scene, at the scene of the accident.
    * en el lugar de los hechos = at the scene.
    * en el mandato = in office.
    * en el mando = at the wheel.
    * en el mar = at sea.
    * en el marco de = within the ambit of, within the bounds of.
    * en el más allá = dead and gone.
    * en el mayor secreto = a veil of secrecy.
    * en el mejor de los casos = at best, at most, ideally, in the best of circumstances, the best case scenario, at the most, at the best of times, at the very best.
    * en el mejor momento de Uno = at + Posesivo + (very) best.
    * en el mismo centro (de) = plumb in the middle (of).
    * en el mismo número de años = in as many years.
    * en el mismo orden que = in sync with.
    * en el momento = on the spot.
    * en el momento actual = in this day and age, at the present time.
    * en el momento adecuado = at the right time.
    * en el momento de = at the time (that/of).
    * en el momento de escribir estas líneas = at the time of writing.
    * en el momento de la impresión = at the time of going to print.
    * en el momento en que se necesita = at the point-of-need, at the point of use, point of use.
    * en el momento en que + Subjuntivo = the moment + Verbo.
    * en el momento justo = on cue.
    * en el momento más débil de Alguien = at + Posesivo + weakest.
    * en el momento oportuno = at the right time, not a moment too soon, not a minute too soon.
    * en el momento peor de Alguien = at + Posesivo + weakest.
    * en el mundo = on the face of the earth, on the world stage.
    * en el mundo antiguo = in antiquity.
    * en el mundo entero = all over the world, worldwide [world-wide], all around the world, throughout the world, around the planet, the world over.
    * en el mundo que nos rodea = out there.
    * en el nivel básico = at grass roots level.
    * en el nivel intermedio de = in the middle range of.
    * en el nivel medio de = in the middle range of.
    * en el norte del estado = upstate.
    * en el núcleo = at the core (of).
    * en el ocaso = over the hill.
    * en el ojo del huracán = in the eye of the storm, in the eye of the hurricane.
    * en el orden del día = on the agenda.
    * en el origen (de) = in the early days (of).
    * en el otro extremo = at the other extreme.
    * en el otro extremo de la escala = at the other end of the scale, at the other end of the spectrum, at the other extreme.
    * en el país de los ciegos el tuerto es el rey = in the land of the blind, the one-eyed man is king, in the country of the blind, the one-eyed man is king, in the kingdom of the blind, the one-eyed man is king.
    * en el país de los ciegos el tuerto es el rey = be a case of the blind leading the blind.
    * en el pasado = in the past, in past eras, at some point in the past, in years gone by, in days gone by, in former times.
    * en el pasado remoto = in the dim and distant past.
    * en el peor de los casos = at worst, in the worst of circumstances, at + Posesivo + very worst, the worst case scenario, at + Posesivo + worst, in the worst case.
    * en el período penoso de = in the throes of.
    * en el período previo a = in the run up to, during the run up to.
    * en el piso de abajo = downstairs.
    * en el piso de arriba = upstairs.
    * en el poder = in office.
    * en el primer caso = in the former case.
    * en el proceso = in the process.
    * en el propio campus universitario = campus-based.
    * en el propio cortijo = on-farm.
    * en el próximo año = in the year ahead, in the coming year.
    * en el puesto de dirección = in the hot seat.
    * en el punto álgido de = at the height of.
    * en el punto de mira = in the spotlight, in the crosshairs.
    * en el que = wherein.
    * en el que se puede buscar = searchable.
    * en el quinto coño = in the arse of nowhere.
    * en el quinto pino = in the arse of nowhere.
    * en el quirófano = under the knife.
    * en el resto = everywhere else.
    * en el resto de = elsewhere.
    * en el seguimiento de = in the pursuit of.
    * en el segundo caso = in the latter case.
    * en el seno de = within, among.
    * en el sentido de las agujas del reloj = clockwise.
    * en el sentido de que = in the sense that, along the lines that, in that.
    * en el sentido más amplio = in the broadest sense, in the widest sense.
    * en el sentido más general = in the broadest sense.
    * en el sentido que = in which.
    * en el timón = in the saddle.
    * en el trabajo = on-the-job, at work.
    * en el transcurso de = throughout the course of, throughout the course of, in the course of, during the course of, over the course of, throughout.
    * en el transcurso de algunos años = over a period of years.
    * en el transcurso de la historia = in the course of history.
    * en el transcurso de los siglos = over the course of the centuries.
    * en el transcurso normal de + Posesivo + vida(s) = in the normal course of + Posesivo + life/lives.
    * en el trasfondo de = at the root of.
    * en el último caso = in the latter case.
    * en el último minuto = last minute [last-minute], at the last minute.
    * en el último momento = at the eleventh hour, at the very last minute, at the very last moment, at the very last, at the last minute.
    * en el umbral de = on the threshold of.
    * en el vuelo = in-flight.
    * en entrante = recessed.
    * en entredicho = under challenge.
    * en episodios = episodic.
    * en época de carnaval = carnivalistically.
    * en época de feria = carnivalistically.
    * en época de paz = in peacetime, during peacetime.
    * en épocas anteriores = in former times, in past eras.
    * en épocas de = in times of.
    * en épocas de guerra = in time(s) of war.
    * en épocas de paz = in time(s) of peace.
    * en épocas de prosperidad económica = in affluent times.
    * en épocas difíciles = in times of need.
    * en épocas pasadas = in past ages.
    * en escamas = flaky.
    * en ese caso = in that case.
    * en ese mismo instante = at that very moment.
    * en ese mismo momento = at that very moment.
    * en ese momento = at that point, at this point, at that time, just then, at that point in time.
    * en esencia = in essence, essentially.
    * en ese sentido = on that score, to that effect.
    * en esos casos = in those cases.
    * en espacios cerrados = indoors.
    * en especial = especially (specially), notably, specially (especially).
    * en especie = in kind.
    * en espera = on hold.
    * en espiga = herringbone.
    * en esta coyuntura = at this juncture.
    * en estado = pregnant, in the family way.
    * en estado de abandono = decaying, dilapidated, dilapidated.
    * en estado de alerta = on alert.
    * en estado de alerta, de guardia = on standby.
    * en estado de buena esperanza = pregnant, in the family way.
    * en estado de cambio = in a state of flux.
    * en estado de descomposición = decaying.
    * en estado de deterioro = decaying, dilapidated.
    * en estado de reserva = on standby.
    * en estado de reserva, en estado de alerta, de guardia = on standby.
    * en estado de sitio = in a state of siege, under siege.
    * en estado embrionario = embryo, embryonic, in embryonic stage, in embryo, in the embryo stage.
    * en esta época del año = around this time of year.
    * en esta ocasión = on this occasion.
    * en estas circunstancias = under these circumstances.
    * en esta situación = at this juncture.
    * en este caso = in this case.
    * en este contexto = against this background.
    * en este documento = herein, herewith, hereto.
    * en este extremo = to this extent.
    * en este grado = to this extent.
    * en este mismo sentido = along the same lines.
    * en este momento = at this point, at this stage, at this juncture, at this time, at this moment in time, right now.
    * en este período = in the course of events, during the course of events.
    * en este sentido = along these lines, in this connection, in this direction, in this sense, in this vein, in this spirit, in this regard, in this effort, in that spirit, on this score, to that effect.
    * en estos casos = in these cases.
    * en estos días = today, these days.
    * en estos tiempos = in these times, in this day and age.
    * en estrecha colaboración = in close collaboration.
    * en estrecha colaboración con = hand-in-glove with.
    * en estuche = boxed.
    * en excelente estado = in tip-top condition, in tip-top form.
    * en excelentes condiciones = in tip-top condition, in tip-top form.
    * en exceso = overflow, overflowing, excessively, excess, to excess.
    * en exclusiva = exclusively.
    * en existencia = in existence.
    * en expansión = expanded.
    * en exposición = on exhibit, on show, on display.
    * en + Expresión Temporal = as of + Expresión Temporal, come + Expresión Temporal.
    * en extensión = in length.
    * en extenso = at length, in full.
    * en extremo = no end, to no end.
    * en fase terminal = terminally ill.
    * en favor de = in favour of.
    * en flor = in full blossom, in blossom.
    * en forma = fit [fitter -comp., fittest -sup.], toned.
    * en forma de = in the form of, in the shape of.
    * en forma de A = A-shaped.
    * en forma de arco = arched, bowed.
    * en forma de capa = cape-like.
    * en forma de cruz = cross-shaped.
    * en forma de cuadrado = square-shaped.
    * en forma de cuña = wedge-shaped.
    * en forma de cúpula = dome-shaped, domed.
    * en forma de D = d-shaped.
    * en forma de estrella = star-shaped [star shaped].
    * en forma de L = L-shaped.
    * en forma de libro = in book form.
    * en forma de medialuna = crescent-shaped.
    * en forma de parásito = parasitically.
    * en forma de pera = pear-shaped.
    * en forma de pirámide = pyramidal-shaped.
    * en forma de trompeta = trumpet-shaped.
    * en forma de U = U-shaped.
    * en forma de V = V-shaped.
    * en forma física = physically fit.
    * en forma física y mental = physically and mentally fit.
    * en forma ovalada = oval-shaped.
    * en forma piramidal = pyramidal-shaped.
    * en formato de libro moderno = in codex form.
    * en formato digital = digitally.
    * en formato electrónico = in electronic form.
    * en formato MARC = in MARC form.
    * en formato papel = paper-based, in hard copy.
    * en frente = ahead, in front.
    * en frente de = in front of.
    * en funcionamiento = in operation.
    * en función de = according to, as a function of, depending on/upon.
    * en general = at large, by and large, for the most part, generally, in general, in the main, on balance, on the whole, overall, all in all, broadly, as a whole, generally speaking.
    * en germinación = budding.
    * en gestación = in the making.
    * en grado mínimo = minimally.
    * en gran cantidad = prodigiously.
    * en grandes cantidades = en masse, in good number, in record numbers, in bulk.
    * en grandes números = in record numbers.
    * en gran formato = oversize, oversized.
    * en gran medida = broadly, by and large, extensively, greatly, heavily, largely, to a considerable extent, to a high degree, to a large extent, tremendously, vastly, very much, keenly, in no small way, to any great degree, in many ways, in large part, in large measure, in no small measure, to a great extent, to a large degree, to a great degree.
    * en gran número = numerously.
    * en gran parte

    * * *
    en
    1
    (refiriéndose a una ciudad, un edificio): viven en París/en una granja/en el número diez/en un hotel they live in Paris/on a farm/at number ten/in a hotel
    en el quinto piso on the sixth ( AmE) o ( BrE) fifth floor
    viven en la calle Goya they live on o ( BrE) in Goya Street
    nos quedamos en casa we stayed home ( AmE), we stayed at home ( BrE)
    métete en la cama get into bed
    lo puso en una caja he put it in a box
    metió la mano en el conducto she stuck her hand into ( o down etc) the pipe
    3 (sobre) on
    lo puso en la mesa/pared he put it on the table/wall
    se sentó en una silla/en un sillón she sat down on a chair/in an armchair
    tendrás que dormir en el suelo you'll have to sleep on the floor
    se le nota en la cara you can see it in his face
    B
    1 (expresando circunstancias, ambiente, medio) in
    vivir en armonía con la naturaleza to live in harmony with nature
    2
    de … en …: van de casa en casa/de puerta en puerta pidiendo dinero they go from house to house/from door to door asking for money
    nos tienes de sorpresa en sorpresa you're full of surprises
    C
    1 ‹un tema/una especialidad/una cualidad›
    es licenciado en filosofía he has a degree in philosophy
    es un experto en la materia he's an expert on the subject
    es muy bueno en historia he's very good at history
    supera a su hermana en inteligencia she surpasses her sister in intelligence
    2 ‹una proporción/un precio›
    ha aumentado en un diez por ciento it has gone up by ten per cent
    me lo vendió en $30 he sold it to me for $30
    las pérdidas se calcularon en $50.000 the losses were calculated at $50,000
    D
    1 ‹un estado/una manera› in
    en buenas/malas condiciones in good/bad condition
    un edificio en llamas a building in flames o on fire
    nos recibió en camisón he received us in his nightshirt
    con los músculos en tensión with (his) muscles tensed
    en posición vertical in an upright position
    2
    (con forma de): termina en punta it's pointed, it ends in o comes to a point
    colóquense en círculo get into o in a circle
    Luis Girón en el Alcalde Luis Girón as the Mayor
    pensamos ir en taxi/en coche/en barco we plan to go by taxi/by car/by boat
    ¿fueron en tren? — no, en avión did you go by train? — no, by plane o no, we flew
    fueron en bicicleta they cycled, they went on their bikes
    fuimos a dar una vuelta en coche we went for a drive o we went for a ride in the car
    E
    1
    (expresando el material): un modelo realizado en seda natural an outfit in natural silk
    ¿lo tienen en azul/(un) 38? do you have it in blue/a 38?
    una obra en tres actos a play in three acts
    ¿cuánto pesas en kilos? how much do you weigh in kilos?
    en ruso/en el código Morse in Russian/in Morse Code
    F
    (en expresiones de tiempo): en verano in (the) summer
    en mayo/1947 in May/1947
    en varias ocasiones on several occasions
    llegó justo en ese momento she arrived just at that moment, just then she arrived
    en la mañana/tarde ( esp AmL); in the morning/afternoon
    en la noche ( esp AmL); at night
    no vi a nadie en todo el día I didn't see anybody all day
    G
    no hay nada de malo en lo que hacen there's nothing wrong in what they're doing
    en + INF:
    tardó media hora en resolverlo it took her half an hour to work it out
    siempre es el último en salir he's always the last to leave
    2
    (con complementos de persona): en él ha encontrado un amigo she's found a friend in him
    problemas que se dan en las personas de edad problems which affect old people
    * * *

     

    Multiple Entries:
    en    
    en.
    en preposición
    1 ( en expresiones de lugar)
    a) (refiriéndose a ciudad, edificio):

    viven en París/en el número diez/en un hotel they live in Paris/at number ten/in a hotel;

    en el último piso on the top floor;
    está en la calle Goya it's on o (BrE) in Goya Street;
    en casa at home
    b) ( dentro de) in;


    c) ( sobre) on;


    se le nota en la cara you can see it in his face
    2 (expresando circunstancias, ambiente) in;

    3
    a) (indicando tema, especialidad):


    doctor en derecho Doctor of Law
    b) (indicando proporción, precio):


    en dólares in dollars
    4
    a) (indicando estado, manera) in;


    en llamas in flames, on fire


    colóquense en círculo get into o in a circle


    fueron en bicicleta they cycled, they went on their bikes;
    dimos una vuelta en coche we went for a ride in the car
    5


    una escultura en bronce a bronze (sculpture)

    en azul/ruso in blue/Russian

    6 ( con expresiones de tiempo):

    en varias ocasiones on several occasions;
    en la mañana/noche (esp AmL) in the morning/at night
    7


    fuí el último en salir I was the last to leave


    en preposición
    1 (lugar) in, on, at: nos encontramos en el autobús, we met on the bus
    en Barcelona/Río, in Barcelona/Rio
    en el cajón, in the drawer
    en casa/el trabajo, at home/work
    (sobre) en la mesa, on the table
    2 (tiempo) in, on, at: cae en lunes, it falls on a Monday
    en 1975, in 1975
    en ese preciso instante, at that very moment
    en un minuto, in a minute
    en primavera, in spring
    LAm en la mañana, in the morning
    3 (modo) en bata, in a dressing gown
    en francés, in French
    en serio, seriously
    4 (medio) by, in: puede venir en avión/ coche/metro/tren, she can come by air/car/tube/train
    ¿por qué no vienes en avión?, why don't you fly?
    5 (movimiento) into: entró en la habitación, he went into the room
    entró en escena, he went on stage
    6 (tema, materia) at, in
    es muy bueno en matemáticas, he's very good at maths
    experto en finanzas, expert in finances
    7 (partición, fases) in: hicimos el viaje en dos etapas, we did the journey in two stages
    8 (de... en...) entraremos de tres en tres, we shall go in three by three
    9 (con infinitivo) fue rápido en desenfundar, he was quick to pull out
    se le nota la timidez en el hablar, you can notice his shyness by the way he speaks
    'en' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    A
    - abajo
    - abarrotada
    - abarrotado
    - abasto
    - abatimiento
    - abdicar
    - abierta
    - abierto
    - abogar
    - abogada
    - abogado
    - abominar
    - abonada
    - abonado
    - abordar
    - abrir
    - abreviar
    - absoluta
    - absoluto
    - absorta
    - absorto
    - abstracta
    - abstracto
    - abstraída
    - abstraído
    - abuela
    - abundar
    - abundancia
    - abundante
    - abusar
    - acabar
    - academia
    - acariciar
    - acceder
    - acentuar
    - achantarse
    - achatamiento
    - achuchar
    - acoger
    - acomodar
    - acompañar
    - aconsejar
    - acontecer
    - acordar
    - acordarse
    - acostada
    - acostado
    - acostumbrada
    - acostumbrado
    English:
    A
    - aback
    - abdicate
    - abide
    - ablaze
    - able
    - above
    - above-board
    - abreast
    - abroad
    - abscess
    - absence
    - absent
    - absolutely
    - absorbed
    - abstract
    - abundant
    - academic
    - academy
    - accent
    - access
    - account
    - accustom
    - acknowledgement
    - acquiesce
    - acquire
    - act
    - acting
    - action
    - active
    - actually
    - add
    - add in
    - addition
    - adept
    - adequate
    - administration
    - admission
    - admit
    - advance
    - advantage
    - adventure
    - advertise
    - advertising
    - affair
    - affect
    - afford
    - afloat
    - afraid
    - after
    * * *
    EN nm (abrev de Encuentro Nacional)
    = Paraguayan political party
    * * *
    en
    prp
    1 ( dentro de) in;
    en un mes in a month;
    en junio in June;
    en casa at home;
    en el cielo in heaven
    2 ( sobre) on;
    en la mesa on the table;
    en la calle on the street, Br tb in the street
    :
    en coche/tren by car/train
    4
    :
    en inglés in English;
    póngamelo en la cuenta put it on my account;
    aumentar en un 10 % grow (by) 10%, increase (by) 10%
    * * *
    en prep
    1) : in
    en el bolsillo: in one's pocket
    en una semana: in a week
    2) : on
    en la mesa: on the table
    3) : at
    en casa: at home
    en el trabajo: at work
    en ese momento: at that moment
    * * *
    en prep
    ¿en qué calle vives? which street do you live in?
    2. (edificios, fiestas específicas) at
    3. (superficies, días concretos) on

    Spanish-English dictionary > en

  • 3 un2

    = a (an).
    Ex. A good example is the British Catalogue of Music Classification.
    ----
    * a uno u otro lado de = on either side of.
    * a un paso asombroso = at an astounding pace.
    * cada uno = apiece, each.
    * cambiar de una vez a otra = vary + from time to time.
    * cercano uno del otro = in close proximity.
    * cerca uno del otro = in close proximity.
    * dedicar unos minutos = take + a few minutes.
    * de uno a otro = across.
    * en unos momentos = momentarily, at any moment.
    * estar hecho el uno para el otro = be well suited to each other, be two of a kind, be a right pair.
    * estar un poco anticuado = be some years old.
    * los unos a costa de los otros = at each other's expense.
    * lo uno es tan malo como lo otro = one is as bad as the other.
    * más de unos cuantos + Nombre = not a few + Nombre.
    * ni lo uno ni lo otro = in-between, betwixt and between.
    * por mencionar sólo unos pocos = to name but a few.
    * por mencionar unos pocos = just to name a few.
    * por nombrar sólo unos cuantos = to name only some.
    * pospuesto una y otra vez = ever-postponed.
    * ser complementario el uno del otro = be integral one to another.
    * ser uno de entre varios + Nombre = be one of a number of + Nombre.
    * todos y cada uno = all and sundry, each and everyone.
    * todos y cada uno de = any and every, any and all.
    * tropezar los unos con los otros = trip over + each other.
    * una amplia gama de = a wide band of, a wide variety of, a wide range of, a broad variety of, a broad range of.
    * una amplia variedad de = a broad variety of, a wide range of, a broad range of.
    * una apuesta segura = a sure bet.
    * una avalancha de = a flood of, a flood tide of.
    * un abanico de = a palette of.
    * una bobadita = a little something.
    * una buena alternativa a = the next best thing to.
    * una buena cantidad de = a fair amount of.
    * una buena cosa = a good thing.
    * una buena forma de empezar = a good way to start.
    * una buena parte de = a large measure of, a good deal of, a great deal of.
    * una buena pesca = a good catch.
    * una cadena de = a necklace of.
    * una cadena de + Montañas = a range of + Montañas.
    * una cantidad ingente de = a wealth of.
    * una capa fina de = a skim of.
    * una causa perdida = a dead dog.
    * una cierta cantidad de = a measure of, a proportion of.
    * una clase de = a kind of.
    * una colección desordenada de = a scrapbook of.
    * una combinación de = a mixture of, a mix of, a rollup of.
    * una comparsa de = a cavalcade of.
    * una constelación de = a galaxy of.
    * una convocatoria de = a call for.
    * una cosa no + tener + nada que ver con la otra = one thing + have + nothing to do with the other.
    * una cosita = a little something.
    * una cubeta llena de = a pailful of.
    * una cucharadita de = a teaspoon of.
    * una cuestión de principios = a matter of principle.
    * una cuestión de vida o muerte = a matter of life and death.
    * una desgracia = a crying shame.
    * una de varios = one of a variety of.
    * una diversidad de = a variety of, an array of, a mosaic of, a diversity of, a menu of.
    * una escasez de = a dearth of.
    * una especie de = a kind of.
    * una especie de + Nombre = Nombre + of sorts.
    * una espléndida variedad de = a panoply of.
    * una estaca en el corazón = a stake in the heart.
    * una estructura de = a pattern of.
    * una eternidad = ages and ages (and ages).
    * una fortuna = a king's ransom.
    * una fuente de = a treasure trove of.
    * una gama de = a suite of, a palette of.
    * una gama de posibilidades = a palette of possibilities.
    * una gama muy variada de = a whole gamut of.
    * una gama variada de = a trawling of.
    * una gran = a large measure of.
    * una gran cantidad de = a good deal of, a great deal of, a large degree of, a mass of, a plethora of, a supply of, a vast amount of, a city of, a wealth of, a sea of, a cascade of, an army of, a good many, a huge number of, a great number of, a multitude of, scores of, a host of, a vast corpus of, a whole host of.
    * una gran cantidad y variedad de = a wealth and breadth of.
    * una gran diversidad de = a wide range of, a broad variety of, a wide variety of.
    * una gran experiencia = a wealth of experience.
    * una gran extensión de = a sea of.
    * una gran gama de = a wide range of, a rich tapestry of, a wide band of, a broad variety of, a wide variety of, a broad range of, a whole gamut of.
    * una gran mayoría de = a large proportion of.
    * una gran parte de = a broad population of, a lion's share of.
    * una gran pérdida = a great loss.
    * una gran proporción de = a large proportion of.
    * una gran variedad de = a wide range of, a multiplicity of, a rich tapestry of, a plurality of, a broad variety of, a broad range of, a whole gamut of.
    * una grupo impreciso de = a cloud of.
    * una guía general = a rough guide.
    * una idea general = a rough guide.
    * una inmensa cantidad de = a treasure chest of, a huge number of.
    * una intentona de = attempted.
    * un aire de = an air of, a whiff of.
    * una joya = a little gem.
    * una lotería = hit (and/or) miss.
    * un alto en el camino = a stop on the road, a pit stop on the road.
    * un aluvión de = a flood of, a rash of, a barrage of, a flurry of.
    * una manera de empezar = a foot in the door.
    * una mayor variedad de = a wider canvas of.
    * una mejor ocasión = a better time.
    * una mezcla de = a mixture of, a blend of, a mix of, a rollup of.
    * una mina de = a treasure trove of.
    * una mina de información = a mine of information.
    * una mina inagotable de = a treasure house of.
    * una minoría de = a minority of.
    * una minoría selecta = a select few.
    * una miscelánea de = a miscellany of.
    * una misma cosa = one and the same.
    * una montaña de = a mountain of.
    * un amplio espectro de = a broad band of, a broad spectrum of, a wide band of.
    * una muestra variada de = a mosaic of.
    * una mujer de mundo = a woman of the world.
    * una multidud de = a host of.
    * una multiplicidad de = a multiplicity of.
    * una multitud de = a swarm of.
    * una necesidad cada vez mayor = a growing need.
    * una negociación justa = a square deal.
    * una noche tras otra = night after night.
    * una nube de = a haze of, a cloud of, a swarm of.
    * un año tras otro = year after year.
    * una ola de = a wave of, a tide of.
    * una oleada de = an army of, a flurry of, a swell of.
    * una oportunidad casi segura = a sporting chance.
    * una oportunidad como es debido = a fair chance.
    * una oportunidad de triunfar = a fighting chance.
    * una oportunidad única en la vida = once in a lifetime opportunity.
    * una organización de = a pattern of.
    * una palmada en la espalda = a pat on the back.
    * una palmadita en la espala = a pat on the back.
    * una pareja ideal = a match made in heaven.
    * una pareja perfecta = a match made in heaven.
    * una parte de = a share of, a snatch of.
    * una pequeña minoría de = a marginal fringe of.
    * una pérdida constante de = a haemorrhage of.
    * una pila de = a pile of, a stack of, a sackful of, a whole slew of, a raft of, a mass of.
    * una pincelada de = a splash of, a hint of.
    * una pizca de = a dash of, a grain of, a pinch of.
    * una pizca de verdad = a grain of truth.
    * una plena convicción de = a strong sense of.
    * una posibilidad muy remota = a long shot.
    * una primera y última vez = a first and last time.
    * una probabilidad muy alta = a sporting chance.
    * una profusión de = a profusion of.
    * una provisión constante de = a diet of.
    * una racha de = a rash of, a stretch of.
    * una retahíla de = a volley of, a string of.
    * una ristra de = a long tail of, a volley of.
    * un arraigado sentido de = a strong sense of.
    * un arte = a fine art.
    * un arte en extinción = a dying art.
    * un arte que se está perdiendo = a dying art.
    * una salva de = a volley of.
    * una sarta de = a volley of.
    * una sarta de mentiras = a sackful of lies, a pack of lies.
    * unas cuantas ideas = a rough guide.
    * una segunda opinión = a second opinion.
    * una segunda vez = a second time around, a second time.
    * una selecta minoría, una minoría selecta, unos pocos elegidos = a select few.
    * una semblanza de = an air of.
    * una serie de = a choice of, a number of, a range of, a series of, a suite of, an array of, a string of, a pattern of, a stream of, a battery of, a succession of.
    * una serie de + Nombre + organizados por turnos = a rota of + Nombre.
    * un aspecto de = an air of.
    * una sucesión de = a succession of.
    * una tanda de = a flurry of.
    * un ataque de = an access of, a shock of.
    * una tentativa de = attempted.
    * una tira de = a raft of.
    * un atisbo de = a hint of.
    * una tontería = a little something.
    * una tormenta en un vaso de agua = a tempest in a teapot.
    * una última vez = one last time.
    * una única fuente para Algo = one-stop, one-stop shopping, one stop shop.
    * un auténtico infierno = a living hell.
    * una variada gama de = a whole gamut of.
    * una variedad de = a range of, a variety of, an array of, an assortment of, a spectrum of, a menu of, a diversity of, a palette of.
    * una variedad muy rica de = a treasure of.
    * una vasta cantidad de = a vast amount of.
    * una verdadera lástima = a crying shame.
    * una verdadera pena = a crying shame.
    * una vez cada quincena = once a fortnight.
    * una vez cumplimentado = completed.
    * una vez + Participio = upon + Nombre.
    * una vez + Participio Pasado = having + Participio Pasado, having + just + Participio Pasado.
    * una vez + Participio Pasado + Nombre = with + Nombre + Participio Pasado.
    * una vez que + Frase = once + Frase.
    * una vez quincenalmente = once a fortnight.
    * una vez relleno = completed.
    * una vista digna de contemplar = a sight to behold.
    * una vista digna de ver = a sight to behold.
    * una yarda de largo = a yard long.
    * una zona de = a stretch of.
    * un bariburrillo de = a welter of.
    * un bebé = a babe in arms.
    * un bocadito = a little something.
    * un bombardeo de = a barrage of.
    * un buen lugar de partida = a good place to start.
    * un buen número de = a good number of.
    * un buen partido = a good catch.
    * un camino largo y difícil = a long haul.
    * un camión de = a truckload of.
    * un caso perdido = a dead dog.
    * un caudal de experiencia = a wealth of experience.
    * un centro único = one stop shop.
    * un chorreón de = a splash of, a hint of.
    * un chorretón de = a splash of, a hint of.
    * un cierto grado de = a certain amount of, a modicum of.
    * un cierto número de = a number of.
    * un conglomerado de = a conglomeration of.
    * un conjunto cada vez mayor de = a growing body of.
    * un conjunto de = a set of, a suite of, a pool of, an assembly of, a pattern of, a universe of, a harvest of, a complement of.
    * un corpus de = a body of.
    * un costal de = a sackful of.
    * un cuarto = one in four.
    * un cuarto de = a quarter of.
    * un cúmulo de = a treasure trove of.
    * un detalle = a little something.
    * un día de descanso = a day away from.
    * un día fuera = a day out.
    * un día haciendo algo diferente = a day away from.
    * un día normal = on a typical day.
    * un día sí y otro no = every other day.
    * un día sí y otro también = day in and day out.
    * un día tras otro = day after day.
    * un día y medio = one and a half days.
    * un dineral = a king's ransom, a huge amount of money.
    * un donnadie = a nobody.
    * un ejemplo claro = a case in question, a case in point.
    * un ejército de = an army of.
    * un enjambre de = a swarm of.
    * un equipo de = a team of.
    * un espectáculo digno de contemplar = a sight to behold.
    * un espectáculo digno de ver = a sight to behold.
    * un fuerte sentimiento de = a strong sense of.
    * un gran diversidad de = a broad range of.
    * un gran espectro de = a wide band of, a wide band of.
    * un gran número de = a good deal of, a great deal of, a plethora of, a wide range of, a full roster of, a fair number of, a great number of, a broad variety of, a wide variety of, a broad range of, a vast corpus of.
    * un grano de arena en el desierto = a drop in the ocean, a drop of water in a bucket.
    * un gran repertorio de = an arsenal of, an armoury of [armory].
    * un gran volumen de = a vast corpus of.
    * un grupo aferrado de = a hard core of.
    * un grupo cada vez mayor de = a growing body of.
    * un grupo de = a set of, a bunch of, a crop of, a pool of, a cadre of, a cluster of, a galaxy of, a clutch of, a company of.
    * un grupo de gente variada = a cast of people.
    * un grupo incondicional de = a hard core of.
    * un grupo variado de = a collection of.
    * un halo de bruma = a veil of mist.
    * un hombre de gentes = a man of the people.
    * un hombre de mundo = a man of the world.
    * un hombre de palabra = a man of his word.
    * un hombre de pocas palabras = a man of few words, a man of few words.
    * un intento de = an exercise in, attempted.
    * un juego de = a battery of.
    * un kaleidoscopio de = a mosaic of.
    * un lecho de rosas = a bed of roses.
    * un lujo asiático = the lap of luxury.
    * un manojo de llaves = a set of + keys.
    * un manojo de nervios = a bundle of nerves.
    * un mar de = a sea of.
    * un mar de papel = a sea of + paper.
    * un medio para alcanzar un fin = a means to an end.
    * un medio para conseguir un fin = a means to an end.
    * un medio para llegar a fin = a means to an end.
    * un mejor momento = a better time.
    * un mequetrefe = a nobody.
    * un minuto en los labios, para siempre en las caderas = a minute on the lips, forever on the hips.
    * un momento bueno de = a peak of.
    * un momento determinado = a frozen moment in time, a given moment in time.
    * un montón = like crazy, like mad.
    * un montonazo = like crazy, like mad.
    * un montonazo de = a truckload of, a whole slew of, a raft of.
    * un montonazo de dinero = a huge amount of money.
    * un montón de = a pile of, a stack of, a bundle of, a truckload of, a sackful of, a raft of.
    * un montón de dinero = a huge amount of money.
    * un mundo aparte = a world apart, a breed apart.
    * un + Nombre + a altas horas de la noche = a late night + Nombre.
    * un + Nombre + a primera hora de la mañana = an early morning + Nombre.
    * un + Nombre + a última hora de la mañana = a late morning + Nombre.
    * un + Nombre + por la mañana temprano = an early morning + Nombre.
    * un no sé qué = a je ne sais quoi.
    * un nuevo comienzo = a fresh start.
    * un nuevo impulso = a new lease of life.
    * un número cada vez mayor = growing numbers.
    * un número cada vez mayor de = a growing number of, a growing body of.
    * un número de = a series of.
    * un número reducido de = a residue of, a small number of.
    * un número variado de + Nombre = any number of + Nombre.
    * un oásis de = an oasis of.
    * uno de los + Nombre + más + Adjetivo = not the least + Adjetivo + Nombre, not the least of the + Adjetivo + Nombre.
    * uno de los + Nombre + más importante = not the least + Nombre.
    * uno de los + Nombre + más importantes = not the least of + Nombre.
    * uno de tantos = little fish in a big pond.
    * uno más = one of equals.
    * unos + Cantidad = around + Cantidad.
    * unos con otros = one another.
    * unos cuantos = a few, a smattering of + Nombre Contable, a sprinkling of.
    * unos de otros = one another.
    * unos días más tarde = a few days later.
    * unos encima de los otros = one on another.
    * unos + Fecha = about + Fecha.
    * unos + Número = some + Número.
    * unos pocos elegidos = a select few.
    * unos segundos de reflexión = a moment's thought, a moment's reflection.
    * uno u otro = one or another.
    * un paquete de = a suite of.
    * un paquete integrado de programas = a suite of + programmes.
    * un paquete ofimático integrado = a suite of office automation software.
    * un par de = a couple of.
    * un par de minutos = a couple of moments.
    * un pasado oscuro = a dark past.
    * un paso por delante de = one step ahead of.
    * un pequeño puntito = just a little dot.
    * un período de = a stretch of.
    * un período determinado = a frozen moment in time.
    * un periodo intenso de = a flurry of.
    * un pilón de = a raft of, a mass of, a stack of.
    * un poco = a bit, somewhat, slightly, something of, a little bit, kinda [kind of].
    * un poco áspero = roughish.
    * un poco como = kind of like.
    * un poco de = a measure of, a touch (of), a bit of, a piece of, a spot of, a splash of, a hint of.
    * un poco + Nombre = a shade + Nombre.
    * un poco obscuro = dusky.
    * un poco perdido = a bit at sea.
    * un poco rugoso = roughish.
    * un popurrí de = a potpourri of, a welter of.
    * un poquito = a wee bit.
    * un poquito (de) = a dash of, a tiny bit of, a splash of, a hint of, a touch (of).
    * un porrón de tiempo = donkey's years.
    * un puñado de = a bunch of, a handful of, a clutch of.
    * un rato = awhile.
    * un rayo de = a shimmer of.
    * un rayo de esperanza = a faint glimmer of light.
    * un rayo de luz esperanzador = a faint glimmer of light, a peep of light.
    * un regalito = a little something.
    * un revoltijo de = a jumble of, a welter of.
    * un rosario de = a rash of.
    * un saco de = a sackful of.
    * un saco lleno de = a sackful of.
    * un servicio las 24 horas = a 24-hour service.
    * un sinfín de = a myriad of, a host of, a whole host of.
    * un sinnúmero de = a myriad of, a host of, a whole host of.
    * un sueño hecho realidad = a dream come true.
    * un surtido de = an assortment of.
    * un tanto + Adjetivo = vaguely + Adjetivo.
    * un tiempo = awhile.
    * un tipo de = a kind of.
    * un toque de = a touch of, a splash of, a hint of.
    * un torrente de = a cascade of.
    * un total de = a universe of, a total of.
    * un trabajo bien hecho = a job well done.
    * un trabajo cualquiera = casual job.
    * un tramo de = a stretch of.
    * un trato justo = a square deal.
    * un trozo de = a piece of, a snatch of, a stretch of.
    * un velo de bruma = a veil of mist.
    * un viso de = a whiff of.
    * variar de una vez a otra = vary + from time to time.

    Spanish-English dictionary > un2

  • 4 un

    adj.
    one.
    art.
    an, a.
    * * *
    un
    1 a, an
    1 (numeral) one
    2 (indef) some
    un día volverá he'll come some day Table 1 NOTA See also uno,-a/Table 1
    * * *
    1. adj. 2. = una, art.
    a, an
    - unos I
    - unas I
    * * *
    un, -a
    1. ART INDEF
    1) [en singular] [refiriéndose a algo no conocido o de forma imprecisa] a; [antes de vocal o de h] an; [dando mayor énfasis, con expresiones temporales] one
    2) [en plural]
    a) [uso indefinido] (=algunos) some; (=pocos) a few

    hay unas cervezas en la neverathere are a few o some beers in the fridge

    b) [con partes del cuerpo]
    c) [con objetos a pares] some
    d) [con cantidades, cifras] about, around

    había unas 20 personasthere were about o around 20 people, there were some 20 people

    unos 80 dólaresabout o around 80 dollars, some 80 dollars

    3) [enfático]

    ¡se dio un golpe...! — he banged himself really hard!

    ¡había una gente más rara...! — there were some real weirdos there! *

    ¡sois unos vagos! — you're so lazy!

    2.
    ADJ [numeral] one

    una excursión de un día — a one-day trip, a day trip

    uno
    * * *
    (pl unos), una (pl unas) articulo
    [the masculine article un is also used before feminine nouns which begin with stressed a or ha e.g. un arma poderosa, un hambre feroz]
    1) (sing) a; (delante de sonido vocálico) an; (pl) some

    tú haces unas preguntas... — you do ask some questions!

    me dio una vergüenza... — I was so embarrassed!

    4) (sing) ( como genérico)
    5) (pl) ( expresando aproximación) about
    * * *
    (pl unos), una (pl unas) articulo
    [the masculine article un is also used before feminine nouns which begin with stressed a or ha e.g. un arma poderosa, un hambre feroz]
    1) (sing) a; (delante de sonido vocálico) an; (pl) some

    tú haces unas preguntas... — you do ask some questions!

    me dio una vergüenza... — I was so embarrassed!

    4) (sing) ( como genérico)
    5) (pl) ( expresando aproximación) about
    * * *
    un2

    Ex: A good example is the British Catalogue of Music Classification.

    * a uno u otro lado de = on either side of.
    * a un paso asombroso = at an astounding pace.
    * cada uno = apiece, each.
    * cambiar de una vez a otra = vary + from time to time.
    * cercano uno del otro = in close proximity.
    * cerca uno del otro = in close proximity.
    * dedicar unos minutos = take + a few minutes.
    * de uno a otro = across.
    * en unos momentos = momentarily, at any moment.
    * estar hecho el uno para el otro = be well suited to each other, be two of a kind, be a right pair.
    * estar un poco anticuado = be some years old.
    * los unos a costa de los otros = at each other's expense.
    * lo uno es tan malo como lo otro = one is as bad as the other.
    * más de unos cuantos + Nombre = not a few + Nombre.
    * ni lo uno ni lo otro = in-between, betwixt and between.
    * por mencionar sólo unos pocos = to name but a few.
    * por mencionar unos pocos = just to name a few.
    * por nombrar sólo unos cuantos = to name only some.
    * pospuesto una y otra vez = ever-postponed.
    * ser complementario el uno del otro = be integral one to another.
    * ser uno de entre varios + Nombre = be one of a number of + Nombre.
    * todos y cada uno = all and sundry, each and everyone.
    * todos y cada uno de = any and every, any and all.
    * tropezar los unos con los otros = trip over + each other.
    * una amplia gama de = a wide band of, a wide variety of, a wide range of, a broad variety of, a broad range of.
    * una amplia variedad de = a broad variety of, a wide range of, a broad range of.
    * una apuesta segura = a sure bet.
    * una avalancha de = a flood of, a flood tide of.
    * un abanico de = a palette of.
    * una bobadita = a little something.
    * una buena alternativa a = the next best thing to.
    * una buena cantidad de = a fair amount of.
    * una buena cosa = a good thing.
    * una buena forma de empezar = a good way to start.
    * una buena parte de = a large measure of, a good deal of, a great deal of.
    * una buena pesca = a good catch.
    * una cadena de = a necklace of.
    * una cadena de + Montañas = a range of + Montañas.
    * una cantidad ingente de = a wealth of.
    * una capa fina de = a skim of.
    * una causa perdida = a dead dog.
    * una cierta cantidad de = a measure of, a proportion of.
    * una clase de = a kind of.
    * una colección desordenada de = a scrapbook of.
    * una combinación de = a mixture of, a mix of, a rollup of.
    * una comparsa de = a cavalcade of.
    * una constelación de = a galaxy of.
    * una convocatoria de = a call for.
    * una cosa no + tener + nada que ver con la otra = one thing + have + nothing to do with the other.
    * una cosita = a little something.
    * una cubeta llena de = a pailful of.
    * una cucharadita de = a teaspoon of.
    * una cuestión de principios = a matter of principle.
    * una cuestión de vida o muerte = a matter of life and death.
    * una desgracia = a crying shame.
    * una de varios = one of a variety of.
    * una diversidad de = a variety of, an array of, a mosaic of, a diversity of, a menu of.
    * una escasez de = a dearth of.
    * una especie de = a kind of.
    * una especie de + Nombre = Nombre + of sorts.
    * una espléndida variedad de = a panoply of.
    * una estaca en el corazón = a stake in the heart.
    * una estructura de = a pattern of.
    * una eternidad = ages and ages (and ages).
    * una fortuna = a king's ransom.
    * una fuente de = a treasure trove of.
    * una gama de = a suite of, a palette of.
    * una gama de posibilidades = a palette of possibilities.
    * una gama muy variada de = a whole gamut of.
    * una gama variada de = a trawling of.
    * una gran = a large measure of.
    * una gran cantidad de = a good deal of, a great deal of, a large degree of, a mass of, a plethora of, a supply of, a vast amount of, a city of, a wealth of, a sea of, a cascade of, an army of, a good many, a huge number of, a great number of, a multitude of, scores of, a host of, a vast corpus of, a whole host of.
    * una gran cantidad y variedad de = a wealth and breadth of.
    * una gran diversidad de = a wide range of, a broad variety of, a wide variety of.
    * una gran experiencia = a wealth of experience.
    * una gran extensión de = a sea of.
    * una gran gama de = a wide range of, a rich tapestry of, a wide band of, a broad variety of, a wide variety of, a broad range of, a whole gamut of.
    * una gran mayoría de = a large proportion of.
    * una gran parte de = a broad population of, a lion's share of.
    * una gran pérdida = a great loss.
    * una gran proporción de = a large proportion of.
    * una gran variedad de = a wide range of, a multiplicity of, a rich tapestry of, a plurality of, a broad variety of, a broad range of, a whole gamut of.
    * una grupo impreciso de = a cloud of.
    * una guía general = a rough guide.
    * una idea general = a rough guide.
    * una inmensa cantidad de = a treasure chest of, a huge number of.
    * una intentona de = attempted.
    * un aire de = an air of, a whiff of.
    * una joya = a little gem.
    * una lotería = hit (and/or) miss.
    * un alto en el camino = a stop on the road, a pit stop on the road.
    * un aluvión de = a flood of, a rash of, a barrage of, a flurry of.
    * una manera de empezar = a foot in the door.
    * un amante = a little something on the side.
    * una mayor variedad de = a wider canvas of.
    * una mejor ocasión = a better time.
    * una mezcla de = a mixture of, a blend of, a mix of, a rollup of.
    * una mina de = a treasure trove of.
    * una mina de información = a mine of information.
    * una mina inagotable de = a treasure house of.
    * una minoría de = a minority of.
    * una minoría selecta = a select few.
    * una miscelánea de = a miscellany of.
    * una misma cosa = one and the same.
    * una montaña de = a mountain of.
    * un amplio espectro de = a broad band of, a broad spectrum of, a wide band of.
    * una muestra variada de = a mosaic of.
    * una mujer de mundo = a woman of the world.
    * una multidud de = a host of.
    * una multiplicidad de = a multiplicity of.
    * una multitud de = a swarm of.
    * una necesidad cada vez mayor = a growing need.
    * una negociación justa = a square deal.
    * una noche tras otra = night after night.
    * una nube de = a haze of, a cloud of, a swarm of.
    * un año tras otro = year after year.
    * una ola de = a wave of, a tide of.
    * una oleada de = an army of, a flurry of, a swell of.
    * una oportunidad casi segura = a sporting chance.
    * una oportunidad como es debido = a fair chance.
    * una oportunidad de triunfar = a fighting chance.
    * una oportunidad única en la vida = once in a lifetime opportunity.
    * una organización de = a pattern of.
    * una palmada en la espalda = a pat on the back.
    * una palmadita en la espala = a pat on the back.
    * una pareja ideal = a match made in heaven.
    * una pareja perfecta = a match made in heaven.
    * una parte de = a share of, a snatch of.
    * una pequeña minoría de = a marginal fringe of.
    * una pérdida constante de = a haemorrhage of.
    * una pila de = a pile of, a stack of, a sackful of, a whole slew of, a raft of, a mass of.
    * una pincelada de = a splash of, a hint of.
    * una pizca de = a dash of, a grain of, a pinch of.
    * una pizca de verdad = a grain of truth.
    * una plena convicción de = a strong sense of.
    * una posibilidad muy remota = a long shot.
    * una primera y última vez = a first and last time.
    * una probabilidad muy alta = a sporting chance.
    * una profusión de = a profusion of.
    * una provisión constante de = a diet of.
    * una racha de = a rash of, a stretch of.
    * una retahíla de = a volley of, a string of.
    * una ristra de = a long tail of, a volley of.
    * un arraigado sentido de = a strong sense of.
    * un arte = a fine art.
    * un arte en extinción = a dying art.
    * un arte que se está perdiendo = a dying art.
    * una salva de = a volley of.
    * una sarta de = a volley of.
    * una sarta de mentiras = a sackful of lies, a pack of lies.
    * unas cuantas ideas = a rough guide.
    * una segunda opinión = a second opinion.
    * una segunda vez = a second time around, a second time.
    * una selecta minoría, una minoría selecta, unos pocos elegidos = a select few.
    * una semblanza de = an air of.
    * una serie de = a choice of, a number of, a range of, a series of, a suite of, an array of, a string of, a pattern of, a stream of, a battery of, a succession of.
    * una serie de + Nombre + organizados por turnos = a rota of + Nombre.
    * un aspecto de = an air of.
    * una sucesión de = a succession of.
    * una tanda de = a flurry of.
    * un ataque de = an access of, a shock of.
    * una tentativa de = attempted.
    * una tira de = a raft of.
    * un atisbo de = a hint of.
    * una tontería = a little something.
    * una tormenta en un vaso de agua = a tempest in a teapot.
    * una última vez = one last time.
    * una única fuente para Algo = one-stop, one-stop shopping, one stop shop.
    * un auténtico infierno = a living hell.
    * una variada gama de = a whole gamut of.
    * una variedad de = a range of, a variety of, an array of, an assortment of, a spectrum of, a menu of, a diversity of, a palette of.
    * una variedad muy rica de = a treasure of.
    * una vasta cantidad de = a vast amount of.
    * una verdadera lástima = a crying shame.
    * una verdadera pena = a crying shame.
    * una vez cada quincena = once a fortnight.
    * una vez cumplimentado = completed.
    * una vez + Participio = upon + Nombre.
    * una vez + Participio Pasado = having + Participio Pasado, having + just + Participio Pasado.
    * una vez + Participio Pasado + Nombre = with + Nombre + Participio Pasado.
    * una vez que + Frase = once + Frase.
    * una vez quincenalmente = once a fortnight.
    * una vez relleno = completed.
    * una vista digna de contemplar = a sight to behold.
    * una vista digna de ver = a sight to behold.
    * una yarda de largo = a yard long.
    * una zona de = a stretch of.
    * un bariburrillo de = a welter of.
    * un bebé = a babe in arms.
    * un bocadito = a little something.
    * un bombardeo de = a barrage of.
    * un buen lugar de partida = a good place to start.
    * un buen número de = a good number of.
    * un buen partido = a good catch.
    * un camino largo y difícil = a long haul.
    * un camión de = a truckload of.
    * un caso perdido = a dead dog.
    * un caudal de experiencia = a wealth of experience.
    * un centro único = one stop shop.
    * un chorreón de = a splash of, a hint of.
    * un chorretón de = a splash of, a hint of.
    * un cierto grado de = a certain amount of, a modicum of.
    * un cierto número de = a number of.
    * un conglomerado de = a conglomeration of.
    * un conjunto cada vez mayor de = a growing body of.
    * un conjunto de = a set of, a suite of, a pool of, an assembly of, a pattern of, a universe of, a harvest of, a complement of.
    * un corpus de = a body of.
    * un costal de = a sackful of.
    * un cuarto = one in four.
    * un cuarto de = a quarter of.
    * un cúmulo de = a treasure trove of.
    * un detalle = a little something.
    * un día de descanso = a day away from.
    * un día fuera = a day out.
    * un día haciendo algo diferente = a day away from.
    * un día normal = on a typical day.
    * un día sí y otro no = every other day.
    * un día sí y otro también = day in and day out.
    * un día tras otro = day after day.
    * un día y medio = one and a half days.
    * un dineral = a king's ransom, a huge amount of money.
    * un donnadie = a nobody.
    * un ejemplo claro = a case in question, a case in point.
    * un ejército de = an army of.
    * un enjambre de = a swarm of.
    * un equipo de = a team of.
    * un espectáculo digno de contemplar = a sight to behold.
    * un espectáculo digno de ver = a sight to behold.
    * un fuerte sentimiento de = a strong sense of.
    * un gran diversidad de = a broad range of.
    * un gran espectro de = a wide band of, a wide band of.
    * un gran número de = a good deal of, a great deal of, a plethora of, a wide range of, a full roster of, a fair number of, a great number of, a broad variety of, a wide variety of, a broad range of, a vast corpus of.
    * un grano de arena en el desierto = a drop in the ocean, a drop of water in a bucket.
    * un gran repertorio de = an arsenal of, an armoury of [armory].
    * un gran volumen de = a vast corpus of.
    * un grupo aferrado de = a hard core of.
    * un grupo cada vez mayor de = a growing body of.
    * un grupo de = a set of, a bunch of, a crop of, a pool of, a cadre of, a cluster of, a galaxy of, a clutch of, a company of.
    * un grupo de gente variada = a cast of people.
    * un grupo incondicional de = a hard core of.
    * un grupo variado de = a collection of.
    * un halo de bruma = a veil of mist.
    * un hombre de gentes = a man of the people.
    * un hombre de mundo = a man of the world.
    * un hombre de palabra = a man of his word.
    * un hombre de pocas palabras = a man of few words, a man of few words.
    * un intento de = an exercise in, attempted.
    * un juego de = a battery of.
    * un kaleidoscopio de = a mosaic of.
    * un lecho de rosas = a bed of roses.
    * un lujo asiático = the lap of luxury.
    * un manojo de llaves = a set of + keys.
    * un manojo de nervios = a bundle of nerves.
    * un mar de = a sea of.
    * un mar de papel = a sea of + paper.
    * un medio para alcanzar un fin = a means to an end.
    * un medio para conseguir un fin = a means to an end.
    * un medio para llegar a fin = a means to an end.
    * un mejor momento = a better time.
    * un mequetrefe = a nobody.
    * un minuto en los labios, para siempre en las caderas = a minute on the lips, forever on the hips.
    * un momento bueno de = a peak of.
    * un momento determinado = a frozen moment in time, a given moment in time.
    * un montón = like crazy, like mad.
    * un montonazo = like crazy, like mad.
    * un montonazo de = a truckload of, a whole slew of, a raft of.
    * un montonazo de dinero = a huge amount of money.
    * un montón de = a pile of, a stack of, a bundle of, a truckload of, a sackful of, a raft of.
    * un montón de dinero = a huge amount of money.
    * un mundo aparte = a world apart, a breed apart.
    * un + Nombre + a altas horas de la noche = a late night + Nombre.
    * un + Nombre + a primera hora de la mañana = an early morning + Nombre.
    * un + Nombre + a última hora de la mañana = a late morning + Nombre.
    * un + Nombre + por la mañana temprano = an early morning + Nombre.
    * un no sé qué = a je ne sais quoi.
    * un nuevo comienzo = a fresh start.
    * un nuevo impulso = a new lease of life.
    * un número cada vez mayor = growing numbers.
    * un número cada vez mayor de = a growing number of, a growing body of.
    * un número de = a series of.
    * un número reducido de = a residue of, a small number of.
    * un número variado de + Nombre = any number of + Nombre.
    * un oásis de = an oasis of.
    * uno de los + Nombre + más + Adjetivo = not the least + Adjetivo + Nombre, not the least of the + Adjetivo + Nombre.
    * uno de los + Nombre + más importante = not the least + Nombre.
    * uno de los + Nombre + más importantes = not the least of + Nombre.
    * uno de tantos = little fish in a big pond.
    * uno más = one of equals.
    * unos + Cantidad = around + Cantidad.
    * unos con otros = one another.
    * unos cuantos = a few, a smattering of + Nombre Contable, a sprinkling of.
    * unos de otros = one another.
    * unos días más tarde = a few days later.
    * unos encima de los otros = one on another.
    * unos + Fecha = about + Fecha.
    * unos + Número = some + Número.
    * unos pocos elegidos = a select few.
    * unos segundos de reflexión = a moment's thought, a moment's reflection.
    * uno u otro = one or another.
    * un paquete de = a suite of.
    * un paquete integrado de programas = a suite of + programmes.
    * un paquete ofimático integrado = a suite of office automation software.
    * un par de = a couple of.
    * un par de minutos = a couple of moments.
    * un pasado oscuro = a dark past.
    * un paso por delante de = one step ahead of.
    * un pequeño puntito = just a little dot.
    * un período de = a stretch of.
    * un período determinado = a frozen moment in time.
    * un periodo intenso de = a flurry of.
    * un pilón de = a raft of, a mass of, a stack of.
    * un poco = a bit, somewhat, slightly, something of, a little bit, kinda [kind of].
    * un poco áspero = roughish.
    * un poco como = kind of like.
    * un poco de = a measure of, a touch (of), a bit of, a piece of, a spot of, a splash of, a hint of.
    * un poco + Nombre = a shade + Nombre.
    * un poco obscuro = dusky.
    * un poco perdido = a bit at sea.
    * un poco rugoso = roughish.
    * un popurrí de = a potpourri of, a welter of.
    * un poquito = a wee bit.
    * un poquito (de) = a dash of, a tiny bit of, a splash of, a hint of, a touch (of).
    * un porrón de tiempo = donkey's years.
    * un puñado de = a bunch of, a handful of, a clutch of.
    * un querido = a little something on the side.
    * un rato = awhile.
    * un rayo de = a shimmer of.
    * un rayo de esperanza = a faint glimmer of light.
    * un rayo de luz esperanzador = a faint glimmer of light, a peep of light.
    * un regalito = a little something.
    * un revoltijo de = a jumble of, a welter of.
    * un rosario de = a rash of.
    * un saco de = a sackful of.
    * un saco lleno de = a sackful of.
    * un servicio las 24 horas = a 24-hour service.
    * un sinfín de = a myriad of, a host of, a whole host of.
    * un sinnúmero de = a myriad of, a host of, a whole host of.
    * un sueño hecho realidad = a dream come true.
    * un surtido de = an assortment of.
    * un tanto + Adjetivo = vaguely + Adjetivo.
    * un tiempo = awhile.
    * un tipo de = a kind of.
    * un toque de = a touch of, a splash of, a hint of.
    * un torrente de = a cascade of.
    * un total de = a universe of, a total of.
    * un trabajo bien hecho = a job well done.
    * un trabajo cualquiera = casual job.
    * un tramo de = a stretch of.
    * un trato justo = a square deal.
    * un trozo de = a piece of, a snatch of, a stretch of.
    * un velo de bruma = a veil of mist.
    * un viso de = a whiff of.
    * variar de una vez a otra = vary + from time to time.

    * * *
    UN
    (en Col) = Universidad Nacional
    * * *

     

    un (pl
    unos), una (pl unas) art the masculine article un is also used before feminine nouns which begin with stressed a or ha e.g. un arma poderosa, un hambre feroz

    1 ( sing) a;
    ( delante de sonido vocálico) an;
    (pl) some;

    un asunto importante an important matter;
    hay unas cartas para ti there are some letters for you;
    tiene unos ojos preciosos he has lovely eyes
    2 ( con valor ponderativo):
    tú haces unas preguntas … you do ask some questions!

    3 ( con nombres propios) a;

    4 (pl) ( expresando aproximación) about;

    un, una
    I art indet
    1 a
    una azafata, a hostess
    (antes de vocal) an
    un paraguas, an umbrella
    2 unos,-as, some: pasamos unos días en la playa, we spent some days by the sea
    II adj (cardinal) one: solo queda una, there is only one
    un kilo de azúcar, one kilo of sugar ➣ tb uno,-a
    'un' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    A
    - abajo
    - abanderar
    - abandonar
    - abandono
    - abanico
    - abatirse
    - aberración
    - abertura
    - abierta
    - abierto
    - abismo
    - ablandar
    - abogada
    - abogado
    - abordar
    - abrir
    - abrazar
    - abrazo
    - abreviar
    - abrigar
    - abrochar
    - abrupta
    - abrupto
    - absoluta
    - absoluto
    - absurda
    - absurdo
    - abusar
    - abusiva
    - abusivo
    - abusón
    - abusona
    - acá
    - acabada
    - acabado
    - acariciar
    - acaudillar
    - accidental
    - accidente
    - acelerón
    - acento
    - achatamiento
    - achicar
    - acidez
    - acierto
    - aclimatarse
    - acoger
    - acogida
    - acompañar
    English:
    A
    - abandon
    - abandoned
    - about
    - abridged
    - abroad
    - abrupt
    - absent
    - absolute
    - abuse
    - academy
    - accent
    - accept
    - acceptable
    - accepted
    - accidentally
    - accommodation
    - accomplishment
    - accuracy
    - accurate
    - accustom
    - achievement
    - acknowledgement
    - across
    - act
    - action
    - actual
    - addicted
    - adjourn
    - adjust
    - administer
    - administration
    - admission
    - admit
    - advance
    - advertise
    - advice
    - advise
    - adviser
    - afford
    - Afro
    - after
    - after-sales
    - aged
    - agent
    - aggravating
    - aggregate
    - aggressive
    - agree
    - agreement
    * * *
    un, una1 (mpl unos, fpl unas) art indeterminado Un is used instead of una before feminine nouns which begin with a stressed “a” or “ha” (e.g. un águila an eagle; un hacha an axe).
    1. [singular] a;
    [ante sonido vocálico] an;
    un hombre/tren a man/train;
    una mujer/mesa a woman/table;
    una hora an hour;
    tengo un hambre enorme I'm extremely hungry;
    un Picasso auténtico a genuine Picasso;
    un niño necesita cariño children need o a child needs affection
    2. [plural] some;
    tengo unos regalos para ti I have some presents for you;
    llegaremos en unos minutos we will arrive in a few minutes;
    había unos coches mal estacionados there were some badly parked cars;
    son unas personas muy amables they are very kind people;
    tiene unas ganas enormes de viajar he is extremely keen to travel;
    unas tijeras/gafas a pair of scissors/glasses;
    llevaba unas gafas de sol she was wearing sunglasses
    3. [ante números] [indica aproximación]
    había unos doce muchachos there were about o some twelve boys there
    4. [con valor enfático]
    ¡me dio una pena! I felt so sorry for her!;
    se te ocurren unas ideas you have some really odd ideas
    * * *
    un, una
    art indet a; antes de vocal y h muda an;
    unos coches/pájaros some cars/birds
    * * *
    un uno
    un, una art, mpl unos
    1) : a, an
    2) unos or unas pl
    : some, a few
    hace unas semanas: a few weeks ago
    3) unos or unas pl
    : about, approximately
    unos veinte años antes: about twenty years before
    * * *
    un det a / an

    Spanish-English dictionary > un

  • 5 квадрупольный

    Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > квадрупольный

  • 6 квадрупольный

    Русско-английский новый политехнический словарь > квадрупольный

  • 7 квадрупольный

    Русско-английский военно-политический словарь > квадрупольный

  • 8 относительно

    Relatively high values of are attained.

    II
    . в отношении; колебаться относительно; мнения относительно... расходятся; по отношению к; <<симметричный относительно

    A driving force that is symmetrical about the centre of the swing...

    If the last line is not resolved its close neighbours, use...

    This spectrum is displaced the origin by...

    4xy2 is of degree 1 in x, degree 2 in ...

    This result allowed determination of the apparent velocity of any small section of the wave in reference to (or as related to, or relative to, or in relation to, or with respect to) the velocity of the stable section.

    Further interesting information relative to (or regarding, or relating to) the equation of state may be found in Ref. 24.

    The pointer oscillates with respect (or reference) to the centre point of the scale.

    There is no agreement among... regarding proper nomenclature for...

    To push the fluid relative to the stationary layer,...

    No information is available as to the mechanism involved in...

    III

    Nothing definite is known regarding (or about) these enzymes.

    Little has been said as to the speeds obtained in...

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > относительно

  • 9 разлагать

    In scanning, the picture must be broken down into lines of successive elements.

    The picture is broken into the sequence of elemental parts by the process of scanning.

    Hydrogen, oxygen,... cannot be resolved into simpler substances.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > разлагать

  • 10 centro

    m.
    1 center.
    centro de atracción center of attraction
    centro de gravedad center of gravity
    centro de interés center of interest
    centro de mesa centerpiece
    centro nervioso nerve center
    centro óptico optic center
    centro de cálculo computer center
    centro cívico community center
    centro docente o de enseñanza educational institution
    centro recreativo leisure center
    3 city/town center.
    me voy al centro I'm going to town
    centro ciudad o urbano city/town center (en letrero)
    4 center of the city, downtown, city centre.
    5 Centro.
    6 centrum.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: centrar.
    * * *
    1 centre (US center), middle
    2 (de ciudad) town centre, city centre, US downtown area
    me voy al centro I'm going into town, US I'm going downtown
    3 (asociación) centre (US center), association, institution
    4 DEPORTE cross, centre (US center)
    5 PLÍTICA centre (US center)
    \
    centro benéfico charitable organization
    centro ciudad city centre, US downtown area
    centro comercial shopping centre, US mall
    centro cultural cultural centre (US center)
    centro de atracción centre (US center) of attraction
    centro de enseñanza educational institution
    centro de gravedad centre of gravity
    centro de interés centre (US center) of interest
    centro de mesa centrepiece (US centerpiece)
    centro docente educational institution
    centro sanitario hospital, clinic
    medio centro DEPORTE centre (US center) half
    partido de centro PLÍTICA centre (US center) party
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    1. SM
    1) (=medio) centre, center (EEUU)

    las regiones del centro del país — the central areas of the country, the areas in the centre of the country

    2) [de ciudad] centre, center (EEUU)

    no se puede aparcar en el centro — you can't park in the centre (of town), you can't park downtown (EEUU)

    un edificio del centro de Madrida building in the centre of Madrid o in Madrid town centre o (EEUU) in downtown Madrid

    centro ciudad — city centre, town centre

    ir al centro — to go into town, go downtown (EEUU)

    3) (Pol) centre, center (EEUU)

    ser de centro[persona] to be a moderate; [partido] to be in the centre

    los partidos de centro izquierda — the parties of the centre left, the centre-left parties

    4) (=foco) [de huracán] centre, center (EEUU); [de incendio] seat

    ser el centro de atención o atracción o interésto be the focus o centre of attention

    Zaire fue el centro del interés internacionalZaire was the focus of o was at the centre of international attention

    ser un centro de intrigasto be a hotbed of intrigue

    ser el centro de las miradas, Roma es estos días el centro de todas las miradas — all eyes are on Rome at the moment

    5) (=establecimiento) centre, center (EEUU)

    centro comercial — shopping centre, shopping mall

    centro cultural[en un barrio, institución] (local) arts centre; [de otro país] cultural centre

    centro de acogida, centro de acogida de menores — children's home

    centro de coordinación[de la policía] operations room

    centro de enseñanza[gen] educational institution; (=colegio) school

    centro de enseñanza media, centro de enseñanza secundaria — secondary school

    centro de jardinería — garden centre, garden center (EEUU)

    centro de rastreo — (Astron) tracking centre

    centro médico[gen] medical establishment; (=hospital) hospital

    centro penitenciario — prison, penitentiary (EEUU)

    centro recreacional Cuba, Ven sports centre, leisure centre

    centro sanitario= centro médico

    centro universitario(=facultad) faculty; (=universidad) university

    6) (=población)

    centro turístico(=lugar muy visitado) tourist centre; [diseñado para turistas] tourist resort

    centro urbano — urban area, city

    7) (=ropa) CAm (=juego) trousers and waistcoat, pants and vest (EEUU); And, Caribe (=enaguas) underskirt; And (=falda) thick flannel skirt
    2.
    SMF (Ftbl) centre

    delantero centro — centre-forward

    medio centro — centre-half

    * * *
    I
    1)
    a) (Mat) center*
    b) ( área central) center*

    ir al centro de la ciudadto go downtown (AmE), to go into town o into the town centre (BrE)

    centro ciudad/urbano — downtown (AmE), city/town centre (BrE)

    2) ( foco)
    a) ( de atención) center*
    b) (de actividades, servicios) center*

    un gran centro cultural/industrial — a major cultural/industrial center

    3) (establecimiento, institución) center*
    4) (Pol) center*
    5) ( en fútbol) cross, center*
    II
    1)
    a) (Mat) center*
    b) ( área central) center*

    ir al centro de la ciudadto go downtown (AmE), to go into town o into the town centre (BrE)

    centro ciudad/urbano — downtown (AmE), city/town centre (BrE)

    2) ( foco)
    a) ( de atención) center*
    b) (de actividades, servicios) center*

    un gran centro cultural/industrial — a major cultural/industrial center

    3) (establecimiento, institución) center*
    4) (Pol) center*
    5) ( en fútbol) cross, center*
    6) centro masculino y femenino ( jugador) center*
    * * *
    = centre [center, -USA], core, hub, office, locus [loci, -pl.], focal point, operation, centrepoint [centerpoint, -USA], pivot.
    Ex. Over 3,000 such centres were set up, but most had closed by 1949.
    Ex. The main list of index terms is the core of the thesaurus and defines the index language.
    Ex. And since the main entry is the hub and most exacting aspect of our cataloging process, its replacement by a title-unit entry would greatly simplify the problem and expedite the operation of cataloging.
    Ex. The principal sprang up from her chair and began to perambulate with swift, precise movements about her spacious office.
    Ex. The locus of government policy making has been shifted to the Ministry of Research and Technology.
    Ex. The library needs to be developed as the focal point of the community, a place where the public can drop in for all kinds of activities, not necessarily book-related or 'cultural'.
    Ex. When he was younger he really turned the library around, from a backwater, two-bit operation to the respected institution it is today.
    Ex. In our capacity as centerpoints for local activities, we may be equipped with card production equipment for producing catalog cards through the state division of OCLC.
    Ex. The use of decimal notation is seen as the pivot of Dewey's scheme and notational systems are analysed generally and compared with Dewey's.
    ----
    * barrios pobres del centro de la ciudad = inner city.
    * biblioteca de centro penitenciario = prison library.
    * centro accesible mediante Telnet = Telnet-accesible site.
    * centro administrativo = administrative centre.
    * centro artístico = art(s) centre.
    * Centro Bibliotecario en Línea (OCLC) = OCLC (Online Computer Library Center).
    * centro cívico = civic centre.
    * centro comercial = shopping centre, shopping precinct, mall of shops, shopping mall, mall, outlet mall, plaza.
    * centro comunitario = village hall.
    * centro coordinador = focal point, switching point, coordinating centre, hub.
    * centro coordinador de información = clearinghouse [clearing house].
    * centro cultural = cultural centre, cultural institution, cultural venue.
    * centro de acogida = runaway shelter, refuge, shelter, homeless shelter, shelter home.
    * centro de acogida de animales = animal shelter.
    * centro de acogida de mujeres = women's shelter.
    * centro de actividad = focal point.
    * centro de adquisiciones = acquisition centre.
    * centro de análisis de la información = information analysis centre.
    * centro de apoyo a los programas de estudios = curriculum material center.
    * centro de asesoramiento = counselling centre.
    * centro de asistencia social = welfare facility.
    * centro de atención = centre of attention, limelight, centrepiece [centerpiece, -USA], centre stage, focus of concern, focus of interest, focus of attention, focus.
    * centro de atención al ciudadano = advice centre.
    * centro de audio = audio centre.
    * centro de ayuda al empleo = job-help centre.
    * centro de barrio = neighbourhood centre.
    * centro de belleza = beauty centre.
    * centro de cálculo = computer centre, computing centre, central computing facility.
    * centro de catalogación = cataloguing department.
    * centro de computación = computing centre.
    * centro de comunicaciones = communications hub.
    * centro de congresos = conference centre, convention centre.
    * centro de control = locus of control, mission control.
    * centro de coordinación = re-routing centre.
    * centro de datos = data centre.
    * centro de deportes = sports centre.
    * centro de detención = detention centre.
    * centro de día = day care centre, day centre.
    * centro de día para mayores = day centre for the elderly.
    * centro de distribución = distribution centre.
    * Centro de Distribución de Documentos de la Biblioteca Británica (BLDSC) = British Library Document Supply Centre (BLDSC).
    * centro de documentación = clearinghouse [clearing house], documentation centre, information centre, information unit, research centre.
    * centro de educación de adultos = adult learning centre, adult learner centre.
    * centro de educación infantil = early education centre.
    * centro de educación sanitaria = consumer health centre, consumer health information centre.
    * centro de, el = centre of, the.
    * centro de enseñanza = education centre.
    * centro de esquí artificial = dry ski centre.
    * centro de estudios = study centre.
    * Centro de Europa = Mitteleurope.
    * centro de gravedad = centre of gravity.
    * centro de información = information agency, information centre.
    * Centro de Información al Ciudadano = Public Information Center (PIC).
    * centro de información ciudadana = community information centre, neighbourhood information centre (NIC).
    * centro de información laboral = job information centre.
    * centro de información sectorial = sectoral information centre.
    * Centro de Información sobre el Ayuntamiento = Kommune Information Centre.
    * centro de investigación = research centre, research unit.
    * centro de jardinería = garden centre.
    * centro de la ciudad = central city, downtown, city centre.
    * centro de las ciencias = science centre.
    * centro del campo = halfway line.
    * centro de Londres = Inner London.
    * centro del pueblo = town centre.
    * centro del visitante = visitor's centre.
    * centro de material didáctico escolar = school resource centre.
    * centro de menores = young offender institution.
    * centro de mesa = epergne.
    * centro de ocio = recreation centre, recreational centre.
    * centro de orientación = referral centre.
    * centro de planificación familiar = family planning clinic, planned parenthood centre.
    * centro deportivo = sports centre.
    * centro de proceso de información = clearinghouse [clearing house].
    * centro de recepción de ovejas = sheep station.
    * centro de recepción y envío = shipping point.
    * centro de reciclado = recycling centre.
    * centro de recursos = resource centre.
    * centro de recursos multimedia = media resource centre.
    * centro de recursos para el aprendizaje (CRA) = learning hub, learning resource centre (LRC).
    * centro de referencia = reference centre.
    * centro de rehabilitación = rehabilitation clinic, rehabilitation centre.
    * centro de reinserción social = half-way house.
    * centro de salud = health centre.
    * centro de trabajo = workplace.
    * centro de vacaciones = resort, tourist resort.
    * centro de vacaciones costero = coastal resort, seaside resort, seaside tourist resort.
    * centro de veraneo = summer resort.
    * centro de veraneo costero = seaside resort, coastal resort.
    * centro educativo = educational centre.
    * centro electoral = polling district.
    * centro financiero = financial centre.
    * centro industrial = manufacturing centre.
    * centro informático = computing centre.
    * Centro Internacional para la Descripción Bibliográfica del UNISIST = UNIBID.
    * centro litúrgico = church centre.
    * centro multimedia = library media centre, media centre.
    * centro multimedia escolar = school media centre, school library media centre.
    * centro municipal de información = local authority information outlet.
    * Centro Nacional de Préstamos = National Lending Centre.
    * centro neurálgico = powerhouse, power engine.
    * centro neurálgico, el = nerve centre, the.
    * centro penitenciario = penitentiary.
    * centro piloto = pilot centre.
    * centro recreativo = recreation centre, recreational centre.
    * centro regional = regional centre.
    * centro religioso = church centre.
    * centro social = community centre, village hall, social centre, drop-in centre, community hall.
    * centro social para veteranos de guerra = Veterans' centre.
    * centro turístico = tourist resort, resort, summer resort.
    * centro turístico costero = beachside resort, seaside resort, coastal resort, seaside tourist resort.
    * centro tutelar de menores = juvenile detention centre.
    * centro urbano = downtown, city centre, town centre.
    * conseguir ser el centro de atención = capture + spotlight, grab + the spotlight, grab + the limelight.
    * del centro = middle.
    * el centro de atención + ser = all eyes + be + on.
    * en el centro de = at the heart of.
    * en el mismo centro (de) = plumb in the middle (of).
    * hacia el centro de la ciudad = townward.
    * ir al centro = go + downtown.
    * justo en en centro (de) = plumb in the middle (of).
    * material del centro de recursos = resource centre material.
    * mesa de centro = coffee table.
    * mesita de centro = coffee table.
    * no tomándose a uno como el centro de referencia = ex-centric [excentric].
    * pasar a ser el centro de atención = take + centre stage.
    * pasar a ser el centro de atención = come into + focus.
    * período de prácticas en centros = practicum.
    * personal de un centro multimedia escolar = school media staff.
    * poner el centro de atención = put + focus.
    * ser el centro de atención = steal + the limelight, steal + the show, cut + a dash.
    * ser el centro de todas las miradas = cut + a dash.
    * tomándose a uno como centro de referencia = centric.
    * un centro único = one stop shop.
    * visita a centros profesionales = study tour.
    * zona del centro = midsection [mid-section].
    * zona deprimida del centro de la ciudad = inner city.
    * * *
    I
    1)
    a) (Mat) center*
    b) ( área central) center*

    ir al centro de la ciudadto go downtown (AmE), to go into town o into the town centre (BrE)

    centro ciudad/urbano — downtown (AmE), city/town centre (BrE)

    2) ( foco)
    a) ( de atención) center*
    b) (de actividades, servicios) center*

    un gran centro cultural/industrial — a major cultural/industrial center

    3) (establecimiento, institución) center*
    4) (Pol) center*
    5) ( en fútbol) cross, center*
    II
    1)
    a) (Mat) center*
    b) ( área central) center*

    ir al centro de la ciudadto go downtown (AmE), to go into town o into the town centre (BrE)

    centro ciudad/urbano — downtown (AmE), city/town centre (BrE)

    2) ( foco)
    a) ( de atención) center*
    b) (de actividades, servicios) center*

    un gran centro cultural/industrial — a major cultural/industrial center

    3) (establecimiento, institución) center*
    4) (Pol) center*
    5) ( en fútbol) cross, center*
    6) centro masculino y femenino ( jugador) center*
    * * *
    = centre [center, -USA], core, hub, office, locus [loci, -pl.], focal point, operation, centrepoint [centerpoint, -USA], pivot.

    Ex: Over 3,000 such centres were set up, but most had closed by 1949.

    Ex: The main list of index terms is the core of the thesaurus and defines the index language.
    Ex: And since the main entry is the hub and most exacting aspect of our cataloging process, its replacement by a title-unit entry would greatly simplify the problem and expedite the operation of cataloging.
    Ex: The principal sprang up from her chair and began to perambulate with swift, precise movements about her spacious office.
    Ex: The locus of government policy making has been shifted to the Ministry of Research and Technology.
    Ex: The library needs to be developed as the focal point of the community, a place where the public can drop in for all kinds of activities, not necessarily book-related or 'cultural'.
    Ex: When he was younger he really turned the library around, from a backwater, two-bit operation to the respected institution it is today.
    Ex: In our capacity as centerpoints for local activities, we may be equipped with card production equipment for producing catalog cards through the state division of OCLC.
    Ex: The use of decimal notation is seen as the pivot of Dewey's scheme and notational systems are analysed generally and compared with Dewey's.
    * barrios pobres del centro de la ciudad = inner city.
    * biblioteca de centro penitenciario = prison library.
    * centro accesible mediante Telnet = Telnet-accesible site.
    * centro administrativo = administrative centre.
    * centro artístico = art(s) centre.
    * Centro Bibliotecario en Línea (OCLC) = OCLC (Online Computer Library Center).
    * centro cívico = civic centre.
    * centro comercial = shopping centre, shopping precinct, mall of shops, shopping mall, mall, outlet mall, plaza.
    * centro comunitario = village hall.
    * centro coordinador = focal point, switching point, coordinating centre, hub.
    * centro coordinador de información = clearinghouse [clearing house].
    * centro cultural = cultural centre, cultural institution, cultural venue.
    * centro de acogida = runaway shelter, refuge, shelter, homeless shelter, shelter home.
    * centro de acogida de animales = animal shelter.
    * centro de acogida de mujeres = women's shelter.
    * centro de actividad = focal point.
    * centro de adquisiciones = acquisition centre.
    * centro de análisis de la información = information analysis centre.
    * centro de apoyo a los programas de estudios = curriculum material center.
    * centro de asesoramiento = counselling centre.
    * centro de asistencia social = welfare facility.
    * centro de atención = centre of attention, limelight, centrepiece [centerpiece, -USA], centre stage, focus of concern, focus of interest, focus of attention, focus.
    * centro de atención al ciudadano = advice centre.
    * centro de audio = audio centre.
    * centro de ayuda al empleo = job-help centre.
    * centro de barrio = neighbourhood centre.
    * centro de belleza = beauty centre.
    * centro de cálculo = computer centre, computing centre, central computing facility.
    * centro de catalogación = cataloguing department.
    * centro de computación = computing centre.
    * centro de comunicaciones = communications hub.
    * centro de congresos = conference centre, convention centre.
    * centro de control = locus of control, mission control.
    * centro de coordinación = re-routing centre.
    * centro de datos = data centre.
    * centro de deportes = sports centre.
    * centro de detención = detention centre.
    * centro de día = day care centre, day centre.
    * centro de día para mayores = day centre for the elderly.
    * centro de distribución = distribution centre.
    * Centro de Distribución de Documentos de la Biblioteca Británica (BLDSC) = British Library Document Supply Centre (BLDSC).
    * centro de documentación = clearinghouse [clearing house], documentation centre, information centre, information unit, research centre.
    * centro de educación de adultos = adult learning centre, adult learner centre.
    * centro de educación infantil = early education centre.
    * centro de educación sanitaria = consumer health centre, consumer health information centre.
    * centro de, el = centre of, the.
    * centro de enseñanza = education centre.
    * centro de esquí artificial = dry ski centre.
    * centro de estudios = study centre.
    * Centro de Europa = Mitteleurope.
    * centro de gravedad = centre of gravity.
    * centro de información = information agency, information centre.
    * Centro de Información al Ciudadano = Public Information Center (PIC).
    * centro de información ciudadana = community information centre, neighbourhood information centre (NIC).
    * centro de información laboral = job information centre.
    * centro de información sectorial = sectoral information centre.
    * Centro de Información sobre el Ayuntamiento = Kommune Information Centre.
    * centro de investigación = research centre, research unit.
    * centro de jardinería = garden centre.
    * centro de la ciudad = central city, downtown, city centre.
    * centro de las ciencias = science centre.
    * centro del campo = halfway line.
    * centro de Londres = Inner London.
    * centro del pueblo = town centre.
    * centro del visitante = visitor's centre.
    * centro de material didáctico escolar = school resource centre.
    * centro de menores = young offender institution.
    * centro de mesa = epergne.
    * centro de ocio = recreation centre, recreational centre.
    * centro de orientación = referral centre.
    * centro de planificación familiar = family planning clinic, planned parenthood centre.
    * centro deportivo = sports centre.
    * centro de proceso de información = clearinghouse [clearing house].
    * centro de recepción de ovejas = sheep station.
    * centro de recepción y envío = shipping point.
    * centro de reciclado = recycling centre.
    * centro de recursos = resource centre.
    * centro de recursos multimedia = media resource centre.
    * centro de recursos para el aprendizaje (CRA) = learning hub, learning resource centre (LRC).
    * centro de referencia = reference centre.
    * centro de rehabilitación = rehabilitation clinic, rehabilitation centre.
    * centro de reinserción social = half-way house.
    * centro de salud = health centre.
    * centro de trabajo = workplace.
    * centro de vacaciones = resort, tourist resort.
    * centro de vacaciones costero = coastal resort, seaside resort, seaside tourist resort.
    * centro de veraneo = summer resort.
    * centro de veraneo costero = seaside resort, coastal resort.
    * centro educativo = educational centre.
    * centro electoral = polling district.
    * centro financiero = financial centre.
    * centro industrial = manufacturing centre.
    * centro informático = computing centre.
    * Centro Internacional para la Descripción Bibliográfica del UNISIST = UNIBID.
    * centro litúrgico = church centre.
    * centro multimedia = library media centre, media centre.
    * centro multimedia escolar = school media centre, school library media centre.
    * centro municipal de información = local authority information outlet.
    * Centro Nacional de Préstamos = National Lending Centre.
    * centro neurálgico = powerhouse, power engine.
    * centro neurálgico, el = nerve centre, the.
    * centro penitenciario = penitentiary.
    * centro piloto = pilot centre.
    * centro recreativo = recreation centre, recreational centre.
    * centro regional = regional centre.
    * centro religioso = church centre.
    * centro social = community centre, village hall, social centre, drop-in centre, community hall.
    * centro social para veteranos de guerra = Veterans' centre.
    * centro turístico = tourist resort, resort, summer resort.
    * centro turístico costero = beachside resort, seaside resort, coastal resort, seaside tourist resort.
    * centro tutelar de menores = juvenile detention centre.
    * centro urbano = downtown, city centre, town centre.
    * conseguir ser el centro de atención = capture + spotlight, grab + the spotlight, grab + the limelight.
    * del centro = middle.
    * el centro de atención + ser = all eyes + be + on.
    * en el centro de = at the heart of.
    * en el mismo centro (de) = plumb in the middle (of).
    * hacia el centro de la ciudad = townward.
    * ir al centro = go + downtown.
    * justo en en centro (de) = plumb in the middle (of).
    * material del centro de recursos = resource centre material.
    * mesa de centro = coffee table.
    * mesita de centro = coffee table.
    * no tomándose a uno como el centro de referencia = ex-centric [excentric].
    * pasar a ser el centro de atención = take + centre stage.
    * pasar a ser el centro de atención = come into + focus.
    * período de prácticas en centros = practicum.
    * personal de un centro multimedia escolar = school media staff.
    * poner el centro de atención = put + focus.
    * ser el centro de atención = steal + the limelight, steal + the show, cut + a dash.
    * ser el centro de todas las miradas = cut + a dash.
    * tomándose a uno como centro de referencia = centric.
    * un centro único = one stop shop.
    * visita a centros profesionales = study tour.
    * zona del centro = midsection [mid-section].
    * zona deprimida del centro de la ciudad = inner city.

    * * *
    A
    1 ( Mat) center*
    2 (área central) center*
    en el centro de la habitación in the middle o center of the room
    el terremoto afectó al centro del país the earthquake affected the central region o the center of the country
    los países del centro de Europa the countries of Central Europe
    vive en pleno centro de la ciudad she lives right in the center of the town/city
    tengo que ir al centro a hacer unas compras I have to go downtown to do some shopping ( AmE), I have to go into town o into the town centre to do some shopping ( BrE)
    [ S ] centro ciudad downtown ( AmE), city/town centre ( BrE)
    delantero3 (↑ delantero (3))
    Compuestos:
    center* of gravity
    midfield
    centerpiece*
    nerve center*
    center* of power
    1 (de atención) center*
    ha sido el centro de todos los comentarios it has been the main talking point
    se ha convertido estos días en el centro de interés it has become the focus of attention recently
    fue el centro de atracción durante la fiesta she was the center of attention at the party
    ha hecho de su marido el centro de su existencia she has centered her life around her husband
    2 (de actividades, servicios) center*
    centro administrativo administrative center
    un gran centro cultural/industrial a major cultural/industrial center
    Compuestos:
    center* of interest to tourists
    centro de llamadas or ( AmL tb) llamados
    call center*
    operations center*, operations room ( BrE)
    urban center*, population center*
    holiday center*
    ( AmL) leisure center*
    tourist resort o center*
    C (establecimiento, institución) center*
    el centro anglo-peruano the Anglo-Peruvian center
    Compuestos:
    civic center*
    shopping mall ( AmE), shopping centre ( BrE)
    (en Esp) private school o college ( which receives a state subsidy)
    ( Méx) market
    centro de acogida de refugiados reception center* for refugees
    support center*
    primary care center*
    call center*
    user support center*
    help center*
    computer center*
    control center*
    conference center*
    coordination center*
    centro de costos or ( Esp) costes
    cost center*
    cultural center*
    detention center*
    spy headquarters
    private school, academy
    management center*
    information center*
    detention center*
    research center*, research establishment
    speech therapy clinic
    ( Esp) high-tech leisure center*
    family planning clinic
    sports center*
    detention center*
    health center*
    service center*
    telecommunications center*
    ( frml); workplace ( frml)
    ( frml); educational establishment o institution ( frml)
    space center*
    ( frml); hospital
    medical center*
    ( frml); prison, penitentiary ( AmE)
    ( AmL) leisure center*
    leisure center*
    ( frml); hospital
    D ( Pol) center*
    centro chut cross, center*
    F
    * * *

     

    Del verbo centrar: ( conjugate centrar)

    centro es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    centró es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    centrar    
    centro
    centrar ( conjugate centrar) verbo transitivo
    a) imagen› to center( conjugate center)

    b) (Dep) to center( conjugate center)

    c)atención/investigación/esfuerzos› centro algo en algo to focus sth on sth

    verbo intransitivo (Dep) to center( conjugate center), cross
    centrarse verbo pronominal centrose en algo [investigación/atención/esfuerzos] to focus o center( conjugate center) on sth
    centro sustantivo masculino
    a) ( en general) center( conjugate center);

    centro ciudad/urbano downtown (AmE), city/town centre (BrE);

    ser el centro de atención to be the center of attention;
    se convirtió en el centro de interés it became the focus of attention;
    centro turístico tourist resort o center;
    centro comercial shopping mall (AmE), shopping centre (BrE);
    centro de llamadas call center (AmE) o centre (BrE);
    centro de planificación familiar family planning clinic

    ■ sustantivo masculino y femenino ( jugador) center( conjugate center);
    centro delantero center( conjugate center) forward

    centrar verbo transitivo
    1 to centre, US center
    2 (los esfuerzos, la atención) to concentrate, centre, US center
    centro sustantivo masculino
    1 middle, centre, US center
    2 (de una ciudad) town centre
    3 (institución) institution, centre, US center
    4 Pol centre party
    5 centro comercial, shopping centre

    ' centro' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    ahorrar
    - Cesid
    - CIS
    - ciudad
    - consejo
    - delantera
    - delantero
    - docente
    - foco
    - gravedad
    - media
    - medio
    - mitad
    - neurálgica
    - neurálgico
    - ombligo
    - retención
    - almendra
    - base
    - blanco
    - comercial
    - deportivo
    - diana
    - hacia
    - hípico
    - lejos
    - mesa
    - mismo
    - para
    - polo
    - posta
    - preescolar
    - rematar
    - retirado
    - señalización
    - señalizar
    - trámite
    English:
    accessible
    - barrage
    - central
    - centre
    - centre forward
    - city
    - community centre
    - core
    - delay
    - downtown
    - garden centre
    - heart
    - hub
    - inner city
    - institute
    - leisure centre
    - mall
    - middle
    - out
    - revolve
    - ROTC
    - run across
    - shopping centre
    - slap
    - space-centre
    - spotlight
    - teaching centre
    - town
    - village hall
    - walk about
    - welfare centre
    - call
    - center
    - clinic
    - coffee
    - community
    - conference
    - control
    - facility
    - focal
    - focus
    - garden
    - health
    - holiday
    - home
    - inner
    - leisure
    - midtown
    - plaza
    - polling
    * * *
    centro nm
    1. [área, punto central] centre;
    en el centro de la vía in the middle of the track;
    estaba en el centro de la muchedumbre she was in the middle of the crowd;
    las lluvias afectarán al centro del país the rain will affect the central region o centre of the country;
    la jardinería es el centro de su existencia her life revolves around gardening
    centro de atención centre of attention;
    centro de atracción centre of attraction;
    las playas son el centro de atracción para el turismo beaches are the main tourist attraction;
    centro de gravedad centre of gravity;
    centro de interés centre of interest;
    Fís centro de masa centre of mass;
    centro de mesa centrepiece;
    centro nervioso nerve centre;
    también Fig centro neurálgico nerve centre; Fís centro óptico optical centre
    2. [de ciudad] town centre;
    me voy al centro I'm going to town;
    tengo una casa en pleno centro I have a house right in the town centre;
    centro ciudad o [m5] urbano [en letrero] city/town centre
    centro histórico = old (part of) town
    3. [económico, administrativo] centre;
    un importante centro financiero/cultural an important financial/cultural centre
    centro turístico tourist resort
    4. [establecimiento, organismo] centre;
    [planta] plant, factory; [tienda] branch; [colegio] school Esp centro de acogida reception centre; Esp centro de acogida para mujeres maltratadas refuge for battered women;
    centro asistencial de día day care centre;
    centro de cálculo computer centre;
    centro cívico community centre;
    centro comercial shopping centre o US mall;
    Am centro comunal community centre; Am centro comunitario community centre;
    centro concertado state-subsidized (private) school;
    centro de control control centre;
    centro cultural cultural centre;
    centro demográfico centre of population;
    centro deportivo sports centre;
    centro de desintoxicación detoxification centre o clinic;
    centro de detención detention centre;
    centro docente educational institution;
    centro educativo educational institution;
    centro de enseñanza educational institution;
    centro espacial space centre;
    centro de estudios academy, school;
    centro excursionista hill-walking club;
    centro de información information centre;
    centro de investigación research institute;
    Esp Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas = government body responsible for conducting opinion polls, sociological surveys etc;
    centro de llamadas call centre;
    Mil centro de mando command centre;
    centro médico medical centre;
    centro meteorológico weather centre;
    centro de negocios business centre;
    centro penitenciario prison, US penitentiary;
    centro de planificación familiar family planning clinic;
    centro regional regional office;
    centro de rehabilitación rehabilitation centre;
    centro de salud clinic, Br health centre;
    centro sanitario clinic, Br health centre;
    centro social community centre;
    centro de trabajo workplace;
    Am centro de tratamiento intensivo intensive care unit
    5. [en política] centre;
    un partido de centro a centre party;
    ser de centro to be at the centre of the political spectrum
    6. Dep [posición]
    centro del campo midfield;
    juega en el centro del campo he plays in midfield
    7. Dep [pase] cross, centre;
    envió un centro al área contraria he crossed the ball into the opposition's penalty area;
    consiguió un espectacular gol con un centro chut he scored a spectacular goal with what was intended more as a cross than a shot
    8. Méx [traje] suit
    9. Hond [chaleco] Br waistcoat, US vest
    10. Cuba [enaguas] underskirt
    * * *
    m
    1 center, Br
    centre
    2 DEP cross
    3 Méx ( traje) suit (and shirt and tie)
    * * *
    centro nmf
    : center (in sports)
    centro nm
    1) medio: center
    centro de atención: center of attention
    centro de gravedad: center of gravity
    2) : downtown
    3)
    centro de mesa : centerpiece
    * * *
    centro n centre

    Spanish-English dictionary > centro

  • 11 вибрационный

    Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > вибрационный

  • 12 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

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