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121 straordinario
straordinario I. agg. 1. extraordinaire, exceptionnel: avvenimento straordinario événement extraordinaire. 2. ( insolito) extraordinaire, insolite, inhabituel. 3. ( grandissimo) extraordinaire, remarquable, prodigieux: forza straordinaria force extraordinaire; un miglioramento straordinario une amélioration remarquable. 4. ( speciale) spécial: recita straordinaria représentation spéciale; treno straordinario train spécial, train supplémentaire. 5. ( burocr) supplémentaire, temporaire: impiegato straordinario employé temporaire. 6. (rif. a bilanci, spese) hors bilan, extraordinaire. II. s.m. 1. extraordinaire: non c'è niente di straordinario il n'y a rien d'extraordinaire. 2. ( lavoro straordinario) heures f.pl. supplémentaires: fare sei ore di straordinario faire six heures supplémentaires. 3. ( compenso) extra, heures f.pl. supplémentaires, ( colloq) heures f.pl. sup. 4. ( impiegato straordinario) extra, employé temporaire. -
122 льготный
favourable, preferentialльго́тный биле́т — discount / reduced-fare ticket
льго́тные катего́рии гра́ждан — groups entitled to (special) benefits
льго́тная цена́ — special price
по льго́тной цене́ — at a cut / reduced price
льго́тные усло́вия — favourable terms
на льго́тных усло́виях — on favourable / preferential terms
льго́тные по́шлины — preferential duties
льго́тный пери́од (для уплаты налогов, процентов и т.п.) — grace period
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123 trattamento
sm [tratta'mento]1) (gen) treatment, (servizio in ristorante) servicericevere un buon trattamento — (cliente) to get good service
2) Tecn, Med treatment -
124 дополнительный
1. accessorial2. auxiliary3. marginal4. repeatдополнительный заказ; повторный заказ — repeat order
5. secondary6. side-line7. specialдовыборы, дополнительные выборы — special election
8. subsidiary9. accessory10. contrast11. supplementary12. add-in13. addedдополнительная, добавленная часть упражнения — added part
14. adjunctly15. adscititious16. anytime more17. complementary18. in addition to those19. more20. optional21. supplemental22. supplementally23. additional; supplementary; extra; in addition; more24. extraСинонимический ряд:добавочный (прил.) добавочный; лишний; прибавочный -
125 Psychology
We come therefore now to that knowledge whereunto the ancient oracle directeth us, which is the knowledge of ourselves; which deserveth the more accurate handling, by how much it toucheth us more nearly. This knowledge, as it is the end and term of natural philosophy in the intention of man, so notwithstanding it is but a portion of natural philosophy in the continent of nature.... [W]e proceed to human philosophy or Humanity, which hath two parts: the one considereth man segregate, or distributively; the other congregate, or in society. So as Human philosophy is either Simple and Particular, or Conjugate and Civil. Humanity Particular consisteth of the same parts whereof man consisteth; that is, of knowledges which respect the Body, and of knowledges that respect the Mind... how the one discloseth the other and how the one worketh upon the other... [:] the one is honored with the inquiry of Aristotle, and the other of Hippocrates. (Bacon, 1878, pp. 236-237)The claims of Psychology to rank as a distinct science are... not smaller but greater than those of any other science. If its phenomena are contemplated objectively, merely as nervo-muscular adjustments by which the higher organisms from moment to moment adapt their actions to environing co-existences and sequences, its degree of specialty, even then, entitles it to a separate place. The moment the element of feeling, or consciousness, is used to interpret nervo-muscular adjustments as thus exhibited in the living beings around, objective Psychology acquires an additional, and quite exceptional, distinction. (Spencer, 1896, p. 141)Kant once declared that psychology was incapable of ever raising itself to the rank of an exact natural science. The reasons that he gives... have often been repeated in later times. In the first place, Kant says, psychology cannot become an exact science because mathematics is inapplicable to the phenomena of the internal sense; the pure internal perception, in which mental phenomena must be constructed,-time,-has but one dimension. In the second place, however, it cannot even become an experimental science, because in it the manifold of internal observation cannot be arbitrarily varied,-still less, another thinking subject be submitted to one's experiments, comformably to the end in view; moreover, the very fact of observation means alteration of the observed object. (Wundt, 1904, p. 6)It is [Gustav] Fechner's service to have found and followed the true way; to have shown us how a "mathematical psychology" may, within certain limits, be realized in practice.... He was the first to show how Herbart's idea of an "exact psychology" might be turned to practical account. (Wundt, 1904, pp. 6-7)"Mind," "intellect," "reason," "understanding," etc. are concepts... that existed before the advent of any scientific psychology. The fact that the naive consciousness always and everywhere points to internal experience as a special source of knowledge, may, therefore, be accepted for the moment as sufficient testimony to the rights of psychology as science.... "Mind," will accordingly be the subject, to which we attribute all the separate facts of internal observation as predicates. The subject itself is determined p. 17) wholly and exclusively by its predicates. (Wundt, 1904,The study of animal psychology may be approached from two different points of view. We may set out from the notion of a kind of comparative physiology of mind, a universal history of the development of mental life in the organic world. Or we may make human psychology the principal object of investigation. Then, the expressions of mental life in animals will be taken into account only so far as they throw light upon the evolution of consciousness in man.... Human psychology... may confine itself altogether to man, and generally has done so to far too great an extent. There are plenty of psychological text-books from which you would hardly gather that there was any other conscious life than the human. (Wundt, 1907, pp. 340-341)The Behaviorist began his own formulation of the problem of psychology by sweeping aside all medieval conceptions. He dropped from his scientific vocabulary all subjective terms such as sensation, perception, image, desire, purpose, and even thinking and emotion as they were subjectively defined. (Watson, 1930, pp. 5-6)According to the medieval classification of the sciences, psychology is merely a chapter of special physics, although the most important chapter; for man is a microcosm; he is the central figure of the universe. (deWulf, 1956, p. 125)At the beginning of this century the prevailing thesis in psychology was Associationism.... Behavior proceeded by the stream of associations: each association produced its successors, and acquired new attachments with the sensations arriving from the environment.In the first decade of the century a reaction developed to this doctrine through the work of the Wurzburg school. Rejecting the notion of a completely self-determining stream of associations, it introduced the task ( Aufgabe) as a necessary factor in describing the process of thinking. The task gave direction to thought. A noteworthy innovation of the Wurzburg school was the use of systematic introspection to shed light on the thinking process and the contents of consciousness. The result was a blend of mechanics and phenomenalism, which gave rise in turn to two divergent antitheses, Behaviorism and the Gestalt movement. The behavioristic reaction insisted that introspection was a highly unstable, subjective procedure.... Behaviorism reformulated the task of psychology as one of explaining the response of organisms as a function of the stimuli impinging upon them and measuring both objectively. However, Behaviorism accepted, and indeed reinforced, the mechanistic assumption that the connections between stimulus and response were formed and maintained as simple, determinate functions of the environment.The Gestalt reaction took an opposite turn. It rejected the mechanistic nature of the associationist doctrine but maintained the value of phenomenal observation. In many ways it continued the Wurzburg school's insistence that thinking was more than association-thinking has direction given to it by the task or by the set of the subject. Gestalt psychology elaborated this doctrine in genuinely new ways in terms of holistic principles of organization.Today psychology lives in a state of relatively stable tension between the poles of Behaviorism and Gestalt psychology.... (Newell & Simon, 1963, pp. 279-280)As I examine the fate of our oppositions, looking at those already in existence as guide to how they fare and shape the course of science, it seems to me that clarity is never achieved. Matters simply become muddier and muddier as we go down through time. Thus, far from providing the rungs of a ladder by which psychology gradually climbs to clarity, this form of conceptual structure leads rather to an ever increasing pile of issues, which we weary of or become diverted from, but never really settle. (Newell, 1973b, pp. 288-289)The subject matter of psychology is as old as reflection. Its broad practical aims are as dated as human societies. Human beings, in any period, have not been indifferent to the validity of their knowledge, unconcerned with the causes of their behavior or that of their prey and predators. Our distant ancestors, no less than we, wrestled with the problems of social organization, child rearing, competition, authority, individual differences, personal safety. Solving these problems required insights-no matter how untutored-into the psychological dimensions of life. Thus, if we are to follow the convention of treating psychology as a young discipline, we must have in mind something other than its subject matter. We must mean that it is young in the sense that physics was young at the time of Archimedes or in the sense that geometry was "founded" by Euclid and "fathered" by Thales. Sailing vessels were launched long before Archimedes discovered the laws of bouyancy [ sic], and pillars of identical circumference were constructed before anyone knew that C IID. We do not consider the ship builders and stone cutters of antiquity physicists and geometers. Nor were the ancient cave dwellers psychologists merely because they rewarded the good conduct of their children. The archives of folk wisdom contain a remarkable collection of achievements, but craft-no matter how perfected-is not science, nor is a litany of successful accidents a discipline. If psychology is young, it is young as a scientific discipline but it is far from clear that psychology has attained this status. (Robinson, 1986, p. 12)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Psychology
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126 diet
̈ɪˈdaɪət I
1. сущ.
1) питание, пища;
еда, корм;
стол Syn: food, fare
2) диета, режим питания to be on diet ≈ быть на диете to follow, stick to, go on a diet ≈ быть на диете to prescribe a diet ≈ прописать диету balanced, well-balanced, steady diet ≈ сбалансированная диета bland diet ≈ нестрогая диета crash diet ≈ строга диета reducing diet ≈ восстанавливающая диета special diet ≈ индивидуальная диета high-calorie diet ≈ высококалорийная диета high-fiber, high-fibre diet ≈ диета с большим употреблением клетчатки low-sodium diet ≈ диета с употреблением минимального количества соды starvation diet ≈ голодание therapeutic diet ≈ лечебная диета milk-free diet ≈ диета с исключением молока low-salt diet ≈ диета с употреблением минимального количества соли salt-free diet ≈ бессолевая диета
2. гл.
1) устанавливать диету;
держать на диете
2) соблюдать диету
3. прил. малокалорийный diet drink ≈ напиток с пониженным содержанием калорий II сущ.
1) орган законодательной власти, национальный парламент( английское название для сейма, ландтага, рейхстага и т.п.)
2) совещание, конференция, съезд, конгресс
3) назначенная дата( для какого-л. события) diet of appearance
4) однодневное собрание;
заседание, длящееся не более одного дня питание, стол;
пища, еда - frugal * скудное питание - meat *, * of meat мясной стол - liquid * жидкая пища - short * диета диета;
пищевой режим - strict /rigid/ * строгая диета - milk and vegetable * молочно-овощная диета - starvation * голодная диета - to go on a milk * сесть /перейти/ на молочную диету - to keep /to take/ (a) *, to be on a * соблюдать диету, сидеть на диете - to put smb. on a * держать кого-л. на диете;
посадить кого-л. на диету держать на диете;
сажать на диету - to * smb. rigorously посадить кого-л. на строжайшую диету - to * oneself соблюдать диету, сидеть на диете соблюдать диету, сидеть на диете определять режим питания, устанавливать пищевой рацион питаться( редкое) кормить( редкое) столоваться парламент (неанглийский) съезд, конгресс, конференция (шотландское) однодневное заседание;
однодневная сессия( шотландское) назначенный день;
день явки в суд (тж. * of appearance) отходы золота и серебра (на монетном дворе) ~ диета;
to be on diet быть на диете;
a milk-free diet диета с исключением молока diet держать на диете;
to diet oneself соблюдать диету ~ диета;
to be on diet быть на диете;
a milk-free diet диета с исключением молока ~ диета ~ международная конференция ~ шотл. однодневное заседание ~ парламент (неанглийский) ~ пища, питание, стол;
simple diet простой стол diet держать на диете;
to diet oneself соблюдать диету ~ диета;
to be on diet быть на диете;
a milk-free diet диета с исключением молока ~ пища, питание, стол;
simple diet простой стол -
127 Sonderfahrpreis
Sonderfahrpreis
special-event fare -
128 election
n1) выборы2) избрание•to accept an election — соглашаться с избранием; принимать избрание
to be well placed to win the next general election — занимать хорошие позиции для того, чтобы победить на следующих всеобщих выборах
to bode ill for next year's election — служить плохим предзнаменованием для выборов, которые состоятся на будущий год
to bring the election forward — приближать дату проведения выборов; проводить выборы досрочно
to call an election — назначать / объявлять выборы
to call off / to cancel election — отменять выборы
to carry out one's election pledges — выполнять предвыборные обещания
to congratulate smb on his / her election — поздравлять кого-л. с избранием
to defend the strongly contested results of the election — защищать активно оспариваемые результаты выборов
to disqualify smb from taking part in the general election — лишать кого-л. права участвовать во всеобщих выборах
to give a guarded welcome to smb's election — сдержанно приветствовать чье-л. избрание
to go ahead with the election — принимать решение о проведении выборов (несмотря на что-л.)
to hold election under one's own terms — проводить выборы на своих условиях
to lead the government into the next general election — руководить правительством до следующих всеобщих выборов
to lose an election by a margin of the five seats — проигрывать выборы, получив на пять мест меньше соперника
to nominate smb for election — выдвигать чью-л. кандидатуру
to schedule election for January — намечать / планировать выборы на январь
to seek a second term in the presidential election — добиваться переизбрания на второй срок на президентских выборах
to stand against a party in election — выступать против какой-л. партии на выборах
to stand for election — баллотироваться на выборах, выставлять свою кандидатуру
- aftermath of an electionto trail far behind in the election — намного отставать от кого-л. на выборах
- alleged irregularities during the election
- all-out election
- all-race election
- annulment of the election
- apartheid election
- assessment of the election outcome
- bitterly contested election
- bread-and-butter election
- call for free election
- cancellation of the election
- cantonal election
- close election
- comfortable election
- coming election
- competitive election
- conclusion of the election
- Congressional election
- consequences of the election
- contested election
- contribution to the election
- controversial election
- council election
- counting continued in local government election
- crucial election
- defeat at an election
- deferment of election
- democratic election
- direct election for the presidency
- disputed election
- disruption of election
- early election
- election by proportional representation
- election comes amid increasing tension
- election goes into a second round
- election has continued into its second unscheduled day
- election has entered its final stages
- election held several months ahead of schedule
- election is far from straightforward
- election on a factory and enterprise basis
- election on a population basis
- election saw violence
- election seems to be in the bag for smb
- election was a farce
- election was a neck and neck race
- election was conducted peacefully
- election was successful
- election will be about deciding...
- election will go ahead as scheduled
- election will result in a victory for...
- elections are a day away
- elections are being held throughout the country
- elections are due
- elections to an assembly
- Euro-election
- fair election
- federal election
- fiercely fought election
- forthcoming election
- free election
- full election
- general election
- genuine election
- gubernatorial election
- hell-bent for election
- his election is already assured
- honest election
- if the next election goes against them
- illegitimate election
- impending election
- inconclusive election
- issue in the election
- leadership election
- legislative election
- local council election
- local election
- local government election
- low turnout for the election
- mayoral election
- midterm election
- mock election
- multiracial election
- national election
- national legislative election
- new-style election
- nonracial election
- nullification of the election
- off-year election
- open election
- orderly conduct of an election
- outcome of the election
- outright winner in an election
- parliamentary election
- party eligible to stand in the election
- party's poor showing in the election
- popular election
- presidential election
- pre-term election
- prompt election
- provincial election
- racially segregated election
- rehearsal for a general election
- re-run of election
- rigged election
- rigged-up election
- rigging of election
- right to vote in the election
- run-off election
- run-up to the election
- semi-free election
- sham election
- smb is well on course to win the general election
- special election
- staged election
- statute of election
- stealing of election
- strong showing in an election
- tainted election
- that could lose them the election
- the first round of election has ended inconclusively
- the scene is set for presidential election
- there is no clear outcome of the election
- this side of the general election
- tough election
- two-stage election
- unofficial results in the election
- upcoming election
- valid election
- war-torn election
- watershed election
- winning the election was the easy bit
- with the election looking in the country
- writ for a general election
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