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  • 61 Ч-184

    ЧТO ЛИ coll (Particle Invar
    1. used to express uncertainty, indecisiveness, hesitation, assumption
    perhaps
    maybe or something or whatever I suppose.
    ...На Западе (мор) удивительным образом задержался как раз на польской и румынской границах. Климат, что ли, там был иной или сыграли роль заградительные кордонные меры, принятые соседними правительствами, но факт тот, что мор дальше не пошёл (Булгаков 10). In the west, it (the plague) halted miraculously exactly on the Polish and Rumanian borders. Perhaps the climate in these countries was different, or perhaps the quarantine established by the neighboring governments had done its job, but the fact remains that the plague had gone no further (10a).
    (Спиридоньевна:) Да где сам-то: дома, видно, нет? (Матрёна:) К священнику, что ли, пошёл - не знаю... (Писем- ский 1). (S.:) And where is he? I see he's not home. (M.:) I don't know....Maybe he's gone to the priest (1a).
    Что она там делает? Гладит, что ли? (Трифонов 4). What was she doing there? Ironing or something? (4a).
    Рассказ, следовательно, о разладе между чистыми устремлениями юности и последующим попаданием, что ли, в плен житейской суете, заставляющей терять эту чистоту... (Олеша 3). The story, it follows, is about the conflict between the pure strivings of youth and the subsequent fall, or whatever, into bondage to a daily routine which forces one to lose that purity... (3a).
    Атуева:)...А вы, говорит, заодно с Кречииским-то, что ли? (Сухово-Кобылин 1). (А.:)...Не says to me, Well, I suppose you and Krechinsky see eye to eye, eh? (1a).
    2. (used in questions, rhet questions, exclamations) used to express doubt, bewilderment, incredulity etc
    or what?
    what? (in limited contexts) what am I (are you etc)...? is that it? (may be translated as part of general context).
    «Откуда угрозыску стало известно, что я в „Орбите" гулял? Следили за мной, что ли?» (Черненок 1). "How did CID find out that I was partying at the Orbit? Were you watching me, or what?" (1a).
    «Вот чудаки! — воскликнул Покисен. — Что же, я вам врать, что ли, буду?» (Федин 1). "What fools!" exclaimed Pokisen. "What, d'you think I'm going to lie to you?" (1a).
    Маша:) Тебя исключают из университета... (Колесов:) Да он (ректор) что, озверел, что ли? (Вампилов 3). (М.:) You're being expelled from the university.... (K.:) What happened, did he (the Provost) go wild, is that it? (3b).
    Но, спрашивается, зачем нам этот мракобес, что, у нас нет своих забот, что ли? (Искандер 4). But, I ask you, what do we want with this obscurantist, don't we have enough troubles of our own? (4a).
    3. ( usu. used with imper
    used to express exhortation
    do (foil. by imper
    why don't you...?;..., will you? (in limited contexts) shall we...?
    «Отсаживай, что ли, нижегородская ворона!» - кричал чужой кучер (Гоголь 3). "Back up, why don't you, you Nizhni Novgorod crow!" shouted the strange coachman (3c).
    (Пепел:) Барон! Идём в трактир... (Барон:) Готов! Ну, прощай, старик... Шельма ты! (Лука:) Всяко бывает, милый... (Пепел (у двери в сени):) Ну, идём, что ли! (Горький 3). (Р:) Baron, come on to the tavern!(В.:) I'm ready! Well, good-by, old man!...You're a rascal! (L.:) There are all sorts of folks, my friend. (P (at the door of the halt):) Well, come on, will you! (3f).
    Так что ж, матушка, по рукам, что ли?» - говорил Чичиков (Гоголь 3). "Well, my dear lady, shall we call it a deal?" Chichikov was saying (3c).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > Ч-184

  • 62 в некотором роде

    [PrepP; Invar; usu. nonagreeing modif or adv; fixed WO]
    =====
    ⇒ to a certain degree, in some respect:
    - in a manner (of speaking).
         ♦ Быть принятым в салоне графини Безуховой считалось дипломом ума... секретари посольства, и даже посланники, поверяли ей дипломатические тайны, так что Элен была сила в некотором роде (Толстой 5). То be received in the Countess Bezukhova's salon was regarded as a diploma of intellect....Secretaries of the embassy, and even ambassadors, confided diplomatic secrets to her, so that in a way Helene was a power (5b).
         ♦ "Я имел настолько свинства в душе и своего рода честности, чтоб объявить ей [Марфе Петровне] прямо, что совершенно верен ей быть не могу. Это признание привело ее в исступление, но, кажется, моя грубая откровенность ей в некотором роде понравилась..." (Достоевский 3). "I had enough swinishness in my soul, and honesty of a sort, to announce to her [Marfa Petrovna] straight off that I could not be completely faithful to her This admission drove her into a frenzy, but I think she in some way liked my crude frankness.. " (3c).
         ♦ "Но любишь ли ты меня?" - "То, что говорю, и есть в некотором роде объяснение в любви", - ответил Федор Константинович. "Мне мало "некоторого рода"" (Набоков 1). "But do you love me?" "What I am saying is in fact a kind of declaration of love," replied Fyodor. "A 'kind of' is not enough" (1a).
         ♦ Я стал в некотором роде знаменитостью... (Катаев 3). I had become something of a celebrity... (3a).
         ♦...Там из окна выглядывает, в некотором роде, семга эдакая, вишенки по пяти рублей штучка, арбуз-громадище... - словом, на всяком шагу соблазн такой, слюнки текут... (Гоголь 3)... He'd catch sight of a huge salmon staring out of the window at him, in a manner of speaking, lovely cherries at five roubles apiece, an enormous watermelon...-in short, such temptation at every step that his mouth watered.. (3a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > в некотором роде

  • 63 что ли

    • ЧТО ЛИ coll
    [Particle; Invar]
    =====
    1. used to express uncertainty, indecisiveness, hesitation, assumption:
    - I suppose.
         ♦...На Западе [мор] удивительным образом задержался как раз на польской и румынской границах. Климат, что ли, там был иной или сыграли роль заградительные кордонные меры, принятые соседними правительствами, но факт тот, что мор дальше не пошёл (Булгаков 10). In the west, it [the plague] halted miraculously exactly on the Polish and Rumanian borders. Pferhaps the climate in these countries was different, or perhaps the quarantine established by the neighboring governments hid done its job, but the fact remains that the plague had gone no further (10a).
         ♦ [Спиридоньевна:] Да где сам-то: дома, видно, нет? [Матрёна:] К священнику, что ли, пошёл - не знаю... (Писемский 1). [S.:] And where is he? I see he's not home. [М.:] I don't know....Maybe he's gone to the priest (1a).
         ♦ Что она там делает? Гладит, что ли? (Трифонов 4). What was she doing there? Ironing or something? (4a).
         ♦ Рассказ, следовательно, о разладе между чистыми устремлениями юности и последующим попаданием, что ли, в плен житейской суете, заставляющей терять эту чистоту... (Олеша 3). The story, it follows, is about the conflict between the pure strivings of youth and the subsequent fall, or whatever, into bondage to a daily routine which forces one to lose that purity... (3a).
         ♦ [Атуева:]...А вы, говорит, заодно с Кречииским-то, что ли? (Сухово-Кобылин 1). [ А.:]... He says to me, Well, I suppose you and Krechinsky see eye to eye, eh? (1a).
    2. [used in questions, rhet questions, exclamations]
    ⇒ used to express doubt, bewilderment, incredulity etc:
    - or what?;
    - what?;
    - [in limited contexts] what am I (are you etc)...?;
    - is that it?;
    - [may be translated as part of general context].
         ♦ "Откуда угрозыску стало известно, что я в "Орбите" гулял? Следили за мной, что ли?" (Чернёнок 1). "How did CID find out that I was partying at the Orbit? Were you watching me, or what?" (1a).
         ♦ "Вот чудаки! - воскликнул Покисен. - Что же, я вам врать, что ли, буду?" (Федин 1). "What fools!" exclaimed Pokisen. "What, d'you think I'm going to lie to you?" (1a).
         ♦ [Маша:] Тебя исключают из университета... [Колесов:] Да он [ректор] что, озверел, что ли? (Вампилов 3). [М.:] You're being expelled from the university.... [K.:] What happened, did he [the Provost] go wild, is that it? (3b).
         ♦ Но, спрашивается, зачем нам этот мракобес, что, у нас нет своих забот, что ли? (Искандер 4). But, I ask you, what do we want with this obscurantist, don't we have enough troubles of our own? (4a).
    3. [usu. used with imper]
    ⇒ used to express exhortation:
    - do [foll by imper];
    - why don't you...?;
    - ..., will you?;
    - [in limited contexts] shall we...?
         ♦ "Отсаживай, что ли, нижегородская ворона!" - кричал чужой кучер (Гоголь 3). "Back up, why don't you, you Nizhni Novgorod crow!" shouted the strange coachman (3c).
         ♦ [Пепел:] Барон! Идём в трактир... [Барон:] Готов! Ну, прощай, старик... Шельма ты! [Лука:] Всяко бывает, милый... [Пепел (у двери в сени):] Ну, идём, что ли! (Горький 3). [R:] Baron, come on to the tavern! [В.:] I'mready! Well, good-by, old man!...You're a rascal! [L.:] There are all sorts of folks, my friend. [P (at the door of the halt):] Well, come on, will you! (3f).
         ♦ "Так что ж, матушка, по рукам, что ли?" - говорил Чичиков (Гоголь 3). "Well, my dear lady, shall we call it a deal?" Chichikov was saying (3c).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > что ли

  • 64 Plan

    I Adj. level
    II Adv.: plan liegen lie flat ( auf + Dat on, against)
    * * *
    der Plan
    (Bauplan) plan; layout; blueprint;
    (Vorhaben) proposition; scheme; plan;
    (Zeitplan) schedule
    * * *
    I [plaːn]
    m -(e)s, -e
    ['plɛːnə]
    1) plan

    die Pläne zur Renovierung der Häuser — the plans for the renovation of the houses

    den Plán fassen, etw zu tun — to form the intention of doing sth, to plan to do sth

    wir haben den Plán,... — we're planning to...

    Pläne machen or schmieden — to make plans, to plan

    nach Plán verlaufen — to run or go according to plan

    das passt mir nicht in den Plán (inf) — it doesn't suit me, it's inconvenient

    2) (= Stadtplan) (street) map, town plan; (= Grundriss, Bauplan) plan, blueprint; (= Zeittafel) schedule, timetable; (= Wirtschaftsplan) economic plan
    II
    m -(e)s, -e
    ['plɛːnə] (obs = ebene Fläche) plain

    auf dem Plán erscheinen, auf den Plán treten (fig) — to arrive or come on the scene

    jdn auf den Plán rufen (fig) — to bring sb into the arena

    * * *
    der
    1) (an idea of how to do something; a method of doing something: If everyone follows this plan, we will succeed; I have worked out a plan for making a lot of money.) plan
    2) (an intention or arrangement: My plan is to rob a bank and leave the country quickly; What are your plans for tomorrow?) plan
    3) (a drawing, diagram etc showing a building, town etc as if seen from above: These are the plans of/for our new house; a street-plan.) plan
    4) (a plan or scheme: a programme of reforms.) programme
    5) (a plan or scheme: a building project.) project
    6) (a list showing the work, duties etc that people are to do: a duty roster.) roster
    7) (a statement of details, especially of timing of activities, or of things to be done: a work schedule for next month.) schedule
    8) (a (usually secret) dishonest plan: His schemes to steal the money were discovered.) scheme
    * * *
    <-[e]s, Pläne>
    [pla:n, pl ˈplɛ:nə]
    m
    1. (geplantes Vorgehen) plan
    Pläne koordinieren/abstimmen to coordinate/harmonize plans
    nach \Plan laufen [o verlaufen] to go according to plan
    2. meist pl (Absicht) plan
    jds Pläne durchkreuzen to thwart sb's plans
    einen \Plan fassen to [make a] plan
    den \Plan fassen, etw zu tun to plan to do [or form the intention of doing] sth
    Pläne machen [o schmieden] to make plans
    auf dem \Plan stehen to be planned [or on the agenda
    3. (zeichnerische Darstellung) plan, blueprint
    4. GEOG, TRANSP map
    5. JUR
    städtebaulicher \Plan urban development plan
    6.
    ▶ jdn auf den \Plan bringen/rufen to bring sb on to the scene
    ▶ auf dem \Plan erscheinen, auf den \Plan treten to appear/arrive on the scene
    * * *
    I
    der; Plan[e]s, Pläne
    1) plan
    2) (Karte) map; plan; (StadtPlan) [street] plan
    II
    der in

    auf den Plan rufen — bring < person> on to the scene; bring < opponent> into the arena; arouse < curiosity>

    * * *
    Plan1 m; -(e)s, Pläne
    1. plan; (Absicht) auch intention; (Vorhaben) project, scheme;
    einen Plan fassen devise a plan;
    voller Pläne stecken have all sorts of plans ( oder ideas);
    ich habe noch keine konkreten Pläne I haven’t made any definite plans yet;
    jemandes Pläne durchkreuzen/zunichtemachen thwart/ruin ( oder wreck) sb’s plans
    2. (Entwurf) plan; (Zeichnung) auch draft, design; (grafische Darstellung) diagram
    3. (Karte) map; (Lage-, Stadtplan) auch plan
    4. (Zeitplan etc) schedule, plan;
    es (ver)läuft alles nach Plan it’s all going according to plan
    5. hist DDR: (Soll) plan;
    den Plan erfüllen fulfil(l) the plan
    Plan2 m fig:
    auf den Plan treten turn up, come onto the scene;
    auf den Plan rufen call into action
    * * *
    I
    der; Plan[e]s, Pläne
    1) plan
    2) (Karte) map; plan; (StadtPlan) [street] plan
    II
    der in

    auf den Plan rufen — bring < person> on to the scene; bring < opponent> into the arena; arouse < curiosity>

    * * *
    ¨-e m.
    concept n.
    conception n.
    idea n.
    plan n.
    scheme n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Plan

  • 65 gra|ć

    impf Ⅰ vt 1. (rozgrywać) to play [partię, spotkanie]
    - gramy dzisiaj mecz we’re playing a game today
    - gramy już trzeci set we are playing the third set
    - graliśmy dzisiaj świetną koszykówkę pot. we played great basketball tonight
    - (w) co gramy? pot. what’s trumps?
    - gramy (w) piki pot. spades are trumps ⇒ zagrać
    2. Kino, Teatr [aktor] to play [rolę, Hamleta]
    - grać w teatrze to act on stage
    - grać u Altmana to appear in an Altman film
    - grał postać księdza he played a priest
    - role żeńskie grane przez mężczyzn female roles played by men
    - świetnie grana sztuka a very well-acted play
    - aktorzy grali fatalnie/świetnie the acting was terrible/great
    - kto gra Bonda w „Goldeneye”? who plays Bond in ‘Goldeneye’? ⇒ zagrać
    - grać głupka/niewiniątko to play the fool/the innocent
    - grać przed kimś komedię to put on an act for sb
    - grać rolę dobrego przyjaciela to play the good friend ⇒ zagrać
    4. (spełniać funkcję) grać rolę czegoś to serve as sth
    - grać rolę klasowego wesołka to be the classroom clown
    - walory estetyczne grają drugorzędną rolę the aesthetic merit is of secondary importance
    - największą rolę grają pieniądze money is the key factor
    - pieniądze nie grają roli money is no object ⇒ zagrać
    5. Kino, Teatr (wystawiać, wyświetlać) to play
    - gramy teraz „Sen nocy letniej” we are playing ‘A Midsummer Night’s Dream’
    - nasz teatr często gra Szekspira our theatre often plays Shakespeare
    - co dzisiaj grają w kinie? what’s on at the cinema?
    - w Odeonie grają dzisiaj „Gwiezdne Wojny” ‘Star Wars’ is playing at the Odeon
    - tego już nie grają it’s not playing any more
    6. Muz. to play [utwór, Mozarta]
    - często gracie Bacha? do you often play Bach? ⇒ zagrać
    7. pot. (odtwarzać) to play
    - w radiu bez przerwy grają tę piosenkę they play the song all the time on the radio
    Ⅱ vi 1. (brać udział w grze) to play vt
    - grać w piłkę nożną/karty/szachy to play football/cards/chess
    - dobrze grać w brydża/tenisa to be good at bridge/tennis
    - grać w ataku/na bramce to play attack/(in) goal
    - grać z kimś w tenisa to play tennis with sb
    - grać na wyścigach to bet at the races, to put money on a. to play the horses
    - grać na pieniądze to play for money
    - grać o mistrzostwo to play for the title
    - grać środkiem boiska to play down the centre
    - grać skrzydłami to play down the wings
    - grać w Bayernie/reprezentacji to play for Bayern/one’s country
    - Real gra dziś z Barceloną Real takes on a. plays Barcelona today
    - z kim dzisiaj gramy? who are we playing today?
    - grasz z nami? do you want to play with us? ⇒ zagrać
    2. Muz. to play vt
    - grać na skrzypcach/gitarze/fortepianie to play the violin/guitar/piano
    - grać do tańca to play music for dancing
    - grać na cztery ręce to play duets ⇒ zagrać
    3. (dźwięczeć) [muzyka, instrument, radio] to play
    - w tle cicho grała muzyka some music was playing softly in the background
    - radio grało na cały regulator the radio was going at full blast
    - grający zegar a musical clock
    - monotonne granie silnika the monotonous hum of an engine
    - aż jej w piersiach a. płucach grało przen. she was panting and wheezing ⇒ zagrać
    4. pot. (być włączonym, działać) to be on
    - telewizor gra na okrągło the TV is on all the time
    - magnetofon nie chce grać the tape recorder is out of order
    5. Ekon., Fin. to play vt
    - grać na giełdzie to play the stock market ⇒ zagrać
    6. przen. (rywalizować) to play
    - grać uczciwie to play fair
    - gramy o wysoką stawkę we’re playing for high stakes ⇒ zagrać
    7. (wykorzystywać coś) to play
    - grać na czyichś emocjach to play on sb’s emotions
    - politycy umiejętnie grający na uczuciach narodowych politicians who skilfully play on national sentiments ⇒ zagrać
    8. książk. (być obecnym) ciepłe tony grały w jego głosie there was a caring note in his voice
    - jej twarz grała tysiącem uczuć all sorts of emotions flickered across her face; ⇒ zagrać
    9. książk. (mienić się) jego pejzaże grają wszystkimi kolorami his landscapes are full of ever-changing colours
    - kolory grały w słońcu the colours danced in the sunlight ⇒ zagrać
    10. pot. (współgrać) to match
    - te kolory świetnie ze sobą grają the colours match perfectly
    11. Myślis. [pies myśliwski] to bay
    - psy grały w oddali the hounds were baying in the distance
    - granie cietrzewi mating calls of black grouse ⇒ zagrać
    ■ grać na czas Sport to waste time
    - grać na zwłokę to play for time
    - w to mi graj! pot. it couldn’t be better!, I love it!
    - konkurencji tylko w to graj our competitors would love it
    - coś tu nie gra pot. something’s wrong here
    - wszystko gra! pot. everything is shipshape! pot.
    - co jest grane? pot. what’s going on?
    - czas gra na naszą korzyść/niekorzyść time is on our side/we’re running out of time

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > gra|ć

  • 66 Artificial Intelligence

       In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)
       Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)
       Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....
       When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)
       4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually
       Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)
       What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)
       The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)
       9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form
       The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)
       There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:
        Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."
        Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)
       Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)
       Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)
       The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)
        14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation
       It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)
       We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.
       Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.
       Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.
    ... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)
       Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)
        16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts
       Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)
       Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System
       Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence
       The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.
       The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)
       The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....
       AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)
        21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions
       In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)
       Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)
       Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)
       The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence

  • 67 С-434

    НИ СНОМ НИ ДУХОМ не виноват в чём, не причастен к чему, не знает, не ведает о чём coll NP instrum Invar adv (intensif) fixed WO
    one is absolutely and completely not guilty of, involved in, knowledgeable about etc sth.: X — не виноват (в Y-e) - X is not at all guilty (of Y)
    X is not at all to blame (for Y)
    X — не причастен к Y-y = it ( Y) has nothing whatever (whatsoever) to do with X
    X - не ведает об Y-e - X doesn't know a (single) thing about Y
    X has never (even) heard of Y.
    Николай Васильевич (Ганчук) был в тот день не в духе, мрачноват и вовсе ничего не замечал... Глебов подумал: уж не его ли присутствие мешает разговору? Шепнул Соне: уехать? Соня замотала головой. «Ни в коем случае! Он чем-то расстроен. Ты здесь ни сном ни духом» (Трифонов 2). Nikolai Vasilievich (Ganchuk) was out of sorts that day, gloomy and unaware of anything around him....Glebov wondered whether the Ganchuks felt unable to talk freely because he was there. He whispered to Sony a: "Should I go?" Sonya shook her head. "No, of course not. He's just worried about something. It's nothing whatever to do with you" (2a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > С-434

  • 68 Т-142

    СБИВАТЬ/СБИТЬ С ТОЛКУ кого coll VP subj: human or abstr
    1. (more often pfv) to perplex s.o., throw s.o. into a state of (uneasy) confusion, make s.o. unable to see the situation clearly
    X сбил Y-a с толку = X confused (nonplussed, bewildered, muddled, disconcerted, derailed) Y
    X got Y confused (flustered) X got Y all mixed up (screwed up, shook up etc) X knocked Y off track (course) X rattled Y thing X threw Y off.
    Его рассуждения опять сбили Надю с толку (Дудинцев 1). His reasoning had again confused Nadia (1a).
    (Говорящий - мул) Молодец мой старик. Что мне в нём нравится, так это то, что никто его не может сбить с толку. Если уж он что-то сам решил, так пусть хоть всем селом навалятся на него, он всё равно будет делать по-своему (Искандер 3). (The speaker is а mule) Good for my old man. What I like is that no one can muddle him. Once he's made up his mind to something, even if the whole village puts pressure on him, he'll still do it his own way (3a).
    Гусев мне надоел, и я нарочно болтал разную ерунду, чтобы сбить его с толку (Войнович 5). I was fed up with Gusev and I was purposely babbling all sorts of nonsense to derail him (5a).
    «Да у тебя белая горячка, что ль! - заревел взбесившийся наконец Разумихин. - Чего ты комедии-то разыгрываешь! Даже меня сбил с толку...» (Достоевский 3). "Have you got brain fever or what?" Razumikhin bellowed, finally enraged. "What is this farce you're playing? You've even got me all screwed up..." (3c).
    «Когда вас спрашивают, вы должны отвечать», - тоном педагога сказал Радов. «Я вам вообще ничего не должен, - сказал я. - Если бы я пришёл вступать в Союз писателей, тогда был бы должен. А я пришёл с вами прощаться». Это их как-то сбило с толку... (Войнович 1). "When you're asked a question, you should answer it," said Radov in a teacherly tone of voice. "I don't have to do anything of the sort," I said. "I would if I were here trying to join the Writers' Union, but I'm here to say good-bye." Somehow that knocked them off course... (1a).
    Вы - не Достоевский», - сказала гражданка, сбиваемая с толку Коровьевым. «Ну, почём знать, почём знать», - ответил тот (Булгаков 9). "You are not Dostoevsky," said the woman, somewhat rattled by Koroviev's logic. "You never can tell, you never can tell," he answered (9a).
    2. by serving as a bad example or exerting some influence on s.o., to induce s.o. to change his behavior for the worse, drive s.o. to do sth. wrong
    X сбивает Y-a с толку - X is leading Y astray (into temptation, down the wrong path).
    Чёрт сбил с толку обоих чиновников: чиновники, говоря попросту, перебесились и перессорились ни за что (Гоголь 3). The Devil led the two officials astray: the officials, to put it plainly, went crazy and fell out with each other for no reason whatsoever (3c).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > Т-142

  • 69 ни сном ни духом

    • НИ СНОМ НИ ДУХОМ не виноват в чём, не причастен к чему, не знает, не ведает о чём coll
    [NPinstrum; Invar; adv (intensif); fixed WO]
    =====
    ⇒ one is absolutely and completely not guilty of, involved in, knowledgeable about etc sth.:
    || X - непричастен к Y-y ≈ it <Y> has nothing whatever (whatsoever) to do with X;
    - X has never (even) heard of Y.
         ♦ Николай Васильевич [Ганчук] был в тот день не в духе, мрачноват и вовсе ничего не замечал... Глебов подумал: уж не его ли присутствие мешает разговору? Шепнул Соне: уехать? Соня замотала головой. "Ни в коем случае! Он чем-то расстроен. Ты здесь ни сном ни духом" (Трифонов 2). Nikolai Vasilievich [Ganchuk] was out of sorts that day, gloomy and unaware of anything around him....Glebov wondered whether the Ganchuks felt unable to talk freely because he was there. He whispered to Sonya: "Should I go?" Sonya shook her head. "No, of course not. He's just worried about something. It's nothing whatever to do with you" (2a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > ни сном ни духом

  • 70 сбивать с толку

    • СБИВАТЬ/СБИТЬ С ТОЛКУ кого coll
    [VP; subj: human or abstr]
    =====
    1. [more often pfv]
    ⇒ to perplex s.o., throw s.o. into a state of (uneasy) confusion, make s.o. unable to see the situation clearly:
    - X сбил Y-а с толку≈ X confused <nonplussed, bewildered, muddled, disconcerted, derailed> Y;
    - X got Y confused < flustered>;
    - X got Y all mixed up (screwed up, shook up etc);
    - thing X threw Y off.
         ♦ Его рассуждения опять сбили Надю с толку (Дудинцев 1). His reasoning had again confused Nadia (1a).
         ♦ [Говорящий - мул] Молодец мой старик. Что мне в нём нравится, так это то, что никто его не может сбить с толку. Если уж он что-то сам решил, так пусть хоть всем селом навалятся на него, он всё равно будет делать по-своему (Искандер 3). [The speaker is a mule] Good for my old man. What I like is that no one can muddle him. Once he's made up his mind to something, even if the whole village puts pressure on him, he'll still do it his own way (3a).
         ♦ Гусев мне надоел, и я нарочно болтал разную ерунду, чтобы сбить его с толку (Войнович 5). I was fed up with Gusev and I was purposely babbling all sorts of nonsense to derail him (5a).
         ♦ "Да у тебя белая горячка, что ль! - заревел взбесившийся наконец Разумихин. - Чего ты комедии-то разыгрываешь! Даже меня сбил с толку..." (Достоевский 3). "Have you got brain fever or what?" Razumikhin bellowed, finally enraged. "What is this farce you're playing? You've even got me all screwed up..." (3c).
         ♦ "Когда вас спрашивают, вы должны отвечать", - тоном педагога сказал Радов. "Я вам вообще ничего не должен, - сказал я. - Если бы я пришёл вступать в Союз писателей, тогда был бы должен. А я пришёл с вами прощаться". Это их как-то сбило с толку... (Войнович 1). "When you're asked a question, you should answer it," said Radov in a teacherly tone of voice. "I don't have to do anything of the sort," I said. "I would if I were here trying to join the Writers' Union, but I'm here to say good-bye." Somehow that knocked them off course... (1a).
         ♦ "Вы - не Достоевский", - сказала гражданка, сбиваемая с толку Коровьевым. "Ну, почём знать, почём знать", - ответил тот (Булгаков 9). "You are not Dostoevsky," said the woman, somewhat rattled by Koroviev's logic. "You never can tell, you never can tell," he answered (9a).
    2. by serving as a bad example or exerting some influence on s.o., to induce s.o. to change his behavior for the worse, drive s.o. to do sth. wrong:
    - X сбивает Y-а с толку≈ X is leading Y astray (into temptation, down the wrong path).
         ♦ Чёрт сбил с толку обоих чиновников: чиновники, говоря попросту, перебесились и перессорились ни за что (Гоголь 3). The Devil led the two officials astray: the officials, to put it plainly, went crazy and fell out with each other for no reason whatsoever (3c).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > сбивать с толку

  • 71 сбить с толку

    • СБИВАТЬ/СБИТЬ С ТОЛКУ кого coll
    [VP; subj: human or abstr]
    =====
    1. [more often pfv]
    ⇒ to perplex s.o., throw s.o. into a state of (uneasy) confusion, make s.o. unable to see the situation clearly:
    - X сбил Y-а с толку≈ X confused <nonplussed, bewildered, muddled, disconcerted, derailed> Y;
    - X got Y confused < flustered>;
    - X got Y all mixed up (screwed up, shook up etc);
    - thing X threw Y off.
         ♦ Его рассуждения опять сбили Надю с толку (Дудинцев 1). His reasoning had again confused Nadia (1a).
         ♦ [Говорящий - мул] Молодец мой старик. Что мне в нём нравится, так это то, что никто его не может сбить с толку. Если уж он что-то сам решил, так пусть хоть всем селом навалятся на него, он всё равно будет делать по-своему (Искандер 3). [The speaker is a mule] Good for my old man. What I like is that no one can muddle him. Once he's made up his mind to something, even if the whole village puts pressure on him, he'll still do it his own way (3a).
         ♦ Гусев мне надоел, и я нарочно болтал разную ерунду, чтобы сбить его с толку (Войнович 5). I was fed up with Gusev and I was purposely babbling all sorts of nonsense to derail him (5a).
         ♦ "Да у тебя белая горячка, что ль! - заревел взбесившийся наконец Разумихин. - Чего ты комедии-то разыгрываешь! Даже меня сбил с толку..." (Достоевский 3). "Have you got brain fever or what?" Razumikhin bellowed, finally enraged. "What is this farce you're playing? You've even got me all screwed up..." (3c).
         ♦ "Когда вас спрашивают, вы должны отвечать", - тоном педагога сказал Радов. "Я вам вообще ничего не должен, - сказал я. - Если бы я пришёл вступать в Союз писателей, тогда был бы должен. А я пришёл с вами прощаться". Это их как-то сбило с толку... (Войнович 1). "When you're asked a question, you should answer it," said Radov in a teacherly tone of voice. "I don't have to do anything of the sort," I said. "I would if I were here trying to join the Writers' Union, but I'm here to say good-bye." Somehow that knocked them off course... (1a).
         ♦ "Вы - не Достоевский", - сказала гражданка, сбиваемая с толку Коровьевым. "Ну, почём знать, почём знать", - ответил тот (Булгаков 9). "You are not Dostoevsky," said the woman, somewhat rattled by Koroviev's logic. "You never can tell, you never can tell," he answered (9a).
    2. by serving as a bad example or exerting some influence on s.o., to induce s.o. to change his behavior for the worse, drive s.o. to do sth. wrong:
    - X сбивает Y-а с толку≈ X is leading Y astray (into temptation, down the wrong path).
         ♦ Чёрт сбил с толку обоих чиновников: чиновники, говоря попросту, перебесились и перессорились ни за что (Гоголь 3). The Devil led the two officials astray: the officials, to put it plainly, went crazy and fell out with each other for no reason whatsoever (3c).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > сбить с толку

  • 72 Menge

    f; -, -n
    1. quantity; amount
    2. (große Menge) lot (of); umg. lots (of); eine Menge Autos a lot (umg. lots) of cars; eine Menge zu essen a lot (umg. lots) to eat; ... in Mengen... in abundance, plenty of...; ... in großen Mengen... in large quantities, large quantities of...; stärker: vast amounts of...; Menschen etc.: a large number of..., crowds of...; jede Menge Geld oder Geld in rauen Mengen umg. piles ( oder stacks oder heaps) of money; Arbeit gibt es jede Menge there is any amount (oder umg. masses) of work
    3. (Menschenmenge) crowd; mit der Menge laufen fig. follow the crowd
    4. MATH. set
    * * *
    die Menge
    (Anzahl) amount; quantum; store; lot; multitude; quantity;
    (Haufen) pile; heap;
    (Menschenmenge) concourse; crowd;
    eine Menge
    a good many (Pron.); lots of (Pron.); plenty of (Pron.); a lot of (Pron.)
    * * *
    Mẹn|ge ['mɛŋə]
    f -, -n
    1) (= Quantum) amount, quantity

    in Mengen zu — in quantities of

    2) (inf) (= große Anzahl) lot, load (inf); (= Haufen) pile (inf), heap (inf)

    eine Menge — a lot, lots (inf)

    eine Menge Zeit/Häuser — a lot or lots (inf) of time/houses

    jede Menge — masses pl (inf), loads pl (inf)

    jede Menge Zeit/Geld — masses (inf) or loads (inf) of time/money

    wir haben jede Menge getrunken — we drank an enormous amount, we drank a hell of a lot (inf)

    es gab Wein jede Menge or jede Menge Wein — there was masses or loads of wine (inf)

    See:
    → rau
    3) (= Menschenmenge) crowd; (geh) (= Masse) mass; (= das Volk) people; (pej = Pöbel) mob

    in der Menge untertauchen — to disappear into the crowd

    4) (MATH) set
    * * *
    die
    1) (a number of things made, delivered etc, all at one time: a batch of bread; The letters were sent out in batches.) batch
    2) (a large amount of: He's got bags of money.) bags of
    3) (a very large number of people or things.) host
    4) ((usually in plural with of) many, much or plenty: We've got heaps of time; I've done that heaps of times.) heap
    5) (a great number or crowd: a multitude of reasons; multitudes of people.) multitude
    6) (the size, weight, number etc of something, especially a large size etc: What quantity of paper do you need?; I buy these goods in quantity; a small quantity of cement; large quantities of tinned food.) quantity
    7) (a crowd: Throngs of people gathered to see the queen.) throng
    * * *
    Men·ge
    <-, -n>
    [ˈmɛŋə]
    f
    1. (bestimmtes Maß)
    ▪ eine bestimmte \Menge [einer S. gen] a certain amount [or quantity] [of sth]
    eine gewisse \Menge enthalten to contain a certain amount [or quantity]
    eine große \Menge Kies/Wasser a large amount of gravel/water
    in ausreichender [o genügender] \Menge in sufficient quantities
    2. (viel)
    ▪ eine \Menge [einer S. gen] a large amount [of sth]
    eine \Menge Geld a lot of money
    eine \Menge zu sehen a lot to see
    eine ganze \Menge [einer S. gen] quite a lot [of sth]
    eine ganze \Menge Geld/Glück a large amount [or great deal] of money/luck
    in rauen [o großen] \Mengen in huge [or vast] quantities, by the ton
    in \Mengen plenty of
    Eissorten in \Mengen any amount of different sorts of ice cream
    jede \Menge einer S. gen loads [or masses] [or tons] of sth fam
    ▪ eine \Menge an etw dat a lot of sth
    3. (fam: viele)
    ▪ eine \Menge einer S. gen lots of sth fam
    5. MATH set
    * * *
    die; Menge, Mengen
    1) (Quantum) quantity; amount

    die dreifache Menge — three times or triple the amount

    2) (große Anzahl) large number; lot (coll.)

    eine Menge Leute — a lot or lots pl. of people (coll.)

    er weiß eine [ganze] Menge — (ugs.) he knows [quite] a lot (coll.) or a great deal

    sie bildet sich eine Menge ein — (ugs.) she is very conceited

    jede Menge Arbeit/Alkohol — usw. (ugs.) masses pl. or loads pl. of work/alcohol etc. (coll.); s. auch rauh 1. 8)

    3) (MenschenMenge) crowd; throng
    4) (Math.) set
    * * *
    Menge f; -, -n
    1. quantity; amount
    2. (große Menge) lot (of); umg lots (of);
    eine Menge Autos a lot (umg lots) of cars;
    eine Menge zu essen a lot (umg lots) to eat;
    … in Mengen … in abundance, plenty of …;
    … in großen Mengen … in large quantities, large quantities of …; stärker: vast amounts of …; Menschen etc: a large number of …, crowds of …;
    Geld in rauen Mengen umg piles ( oder stacks oder heaps) of money;
    Arbeit gibt es jede Menge there is any amount (oder umg masses) of work
    3. (Menschenmenge) crowd;
    mit der Menge laufen fig follow the crowd
    4. MATH set
    * * *
    die; Menge, Mengen
    1) (Quantum) quantity; amount

    die dreifache Menge — three times or triple the amount

    2) (große Anzahl) large number; lot (coll.)

    eine Menge Leute — a lot or lots pl. of people (coll.)

    er weiß eine [ganze] Menge — (ugs.) he knows [quite] a lot (coll.) or a great deal

    sie bildet sich eine Menge ein — (ugs.) she is very conceited

    jede Menge Arbeit/Alkohol — usw. (ugs.) masses pl. or loads pl. of work/alcohol etc. (coll.); s. auch rauh 1. 8)

    3) (MenschenMenge) crowd; throng
    4) (Math.) set
    * * *
    -n (Mathematik) f.
    set n. -n f.
    amount n.
    assemblage n.
    crowd n.
    heap n.
    host n.
    lot n.
    mass n.
    (§ pl.: masses)
    multitude n.
    plenty n.
    quantity n.
    quantum n.
    (§ pl.: quanta)

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Menge

  • 73 clase1

    1 = class, class, cluster, kind, nature, schedules, the, sort, type, schedule, table, ilk, class standing.
    Ex. The following highlights are what this first class of Fellows recall of their time overseas.
    Ex. A class is a set of things which share some property, or characteristic, in common.
    Ex. Various other methods of obtaining clusters have been described, including the use of fuzzy sets, but these are beyond the scope of this book.
    Ex. Document descriptions may be drafted for a wide variety of different kinds of library material, but some common principles can be established.
    Ex. Since all of the headings are alphabetical words, it is possible to interfile entries regardless of the nature of their heading.
    Ex. The list of terms, representing concepts systematically arranged and showing their relationships, constitutes the schedules of a classification scheme.
    Ex. Thoughts of this sort kept running about like clockwork mice in his head, while the murmur of chatter filled the room and outside dusk had yielded to black night.
    Ex. There are a number of types of abstracts or labels that can be applied to abstracts.
    Ex. We have now established all the information that we need to enable us to construct a schedule, or table, in a given subject area.
    Ex. We have now established all the information that we need to enable us to construct a schedule, or table, in a given subject area.
    Ex. Perhaps she would be well advised to read that book and others of its ilk to see if she could learn something about surviving in the corporate world.
    Ex. Social distance, the aloofness and unapproachability of persons of different social strata, is both a symbol of class standing.
    ----
    * análisis multidimensional de clases = multidimensional cluster analysis.
    * área de datos específicos de la clase de documento = material (or type of publication) specific details area.
    * clase acomodada = nob.
    * clase alta = upper class.
    * clase anterior = anterior numeral class.
    * clase baja = lower class, the.
    * clase business = business class.
    * clase capitalista = capitalist class.
    * clase fénix = Phoenix schedule.
    * clase general = containing class.
    * clase gobernante, la = ruling class, the, ruling elite, the.
    * clase intelectual = intellectual class.
    * clase marginada = underclass.
    * clase media = middle class.
    * clase media alta = upper-middle class.
    * clase obrera = working class.
    * clase política = political class.
    * clase principal = main class.
    * clases altas, las = upper circles, the.
    * clases auxiliares = auxiliaries.
    * clases inferiores, las = lower orders, the.
    * clase social = social class.
    * clase superior = brahmin.
    * clase trabajadora = working class, labouring class.
    * clase turista = economy class.
    * con toda clase de comodidades = with all mods and cons.
    * con toda clase de lujos = with all mods and cons.
    * correo de primera clase = first class post.
    * cultura de la clase alta = high culture.
    * cultura de la clase baja = low culture.
    * cultura de la clase media = middlebrow culture.
    * de primera clase = first class, first-rate, tip-top.
    * de segunda clase = second-rate.
    * designación específica de la clase de documento = specific material designation.
    * designación general de la clase de documento = general material designation.
    * de una clase social superior = above + Posesivo + class.
    * dimensión de clase = class dimension.
    * fuera de clase = out-of-class.
    * identidad clase-tipo = type-token identity.
    * lucha de clases = class warfare.
    * modelo en su clase = showpiece.
    * notación de clase = class notation.
    * política de clases = class politics.
    * prejuicio de clases = class prejudice.
    * relación clase-tipo = type-token ratio.
    * sin clases sociales = classless.
    * sistema de clases sociales = class system.
    * subdivisión dentro de una clase = link, step of division.
    * toda clase de = all sorts of.
    * una clase de = a kind of.

    Spanish-English dictionary > clase1

  • 74 jambe

    jambe [ʒɑ̃b]
    feminine noun
    • ça me fait une belle jambe ! a fat lot of good that does me! (inf)
    • traîner la jambe (par fatigue) to drag one's feet ; ( = boiter) to limp along
    • j'en ai eu les jambes coupées ! it knocked me sideways (inf)
    * * *
    ʒɑ̃b

    plier les jambes — ( debout) to bend one's knees; ( assis) to draw one's legs up

    aller or courir à toutes jambes — to run as fast as one's legs can carry one

    j'ai les jambes comme du coton — (colloq) I feel weak at the knees

    traîner la jambe — (colloq) to trudge along

    Phrasal Verbs:
    ••

    cela me fait une belle jambe — (colloq) a fat lot of good (colloq) that does me

    faire quelque chose par-dessus or par-dessous la jambe — to do something in a slipshod manner

    * * *
    ʒɑ̃b nf
    * * *
    jambe nf
    1 ⇒ Le corps humain Anat, Zool leg; avoir une jambe plus courte que l'autre to have one leg shorter than the other; mes jambes ne me portent plus my legs won't carry me any further; avoir des jambes bien faites to have nice ou good legs; avoir de bonnes jambes to have strong ou sturdy legs; avoir des jambes de 20 ans to have the legs of a 20-year-old; plier les jambes ( debout) to bend one's knees; ( assis) to draw one's legs up; croiser les jambes to cross one's legs; être assis les jambes croisées to be sitting with one's legs crossed; il avait les jambes écartées his legs were wide apart; aller or courir à toutes jambes to run as fast as one's legs can carry one; avoir une jambe raide to have a stiff leg; j'ai mal aux jambes my legs are hurting; j'ai les jambes lourdes my legs feel heavy; se retrouver/tomber les jambes en l'air to land/fall flat on one's back; j'ai les jambes coupées or brisées my legs feel like lead; j'ai les jambes comme du coton I feel weak at the knees; traîner la jambe○ to trudge along; ⇒ plein;
    2 Tech, Cout leg.
    cela me fait une belle jambe○ a fat lot of good○ that does me; il ne tient plus sur ses jambes he can hardly stand up; couper bras et jambes à qn to leave sb speechless; les jambes me rentrent dans le corps, je n'ai plus de jambes I'm on my last legs○, I'm very tired; prendre ses jambes à son cou to take to one's heels; parlez-lui de mariage et il prendra les jambes à son cou mention marriage and you won't see him for dust○; donner des jambes à qn to add wings to sb's heels; avoir qn dans les jambes to have sb under one's feet; tenir la jambe à qn to keep talking to sb; faire une partie de jambes en l'air◑ to have a roll in the hay○; traiter qn par-dessus or par-dessous la jambe to treat sb in an offhand manner; faire qch par-dessus or par-dessous la jambe to do sth in a slipshod manner.
    [ʒɑ̃b] nom féminin
    jambe artificielle/de bois artificial/wooden leg
    ça me/lui fait une belle jambe! (familier) a fat lot of good that does me/him!
    détaler ou s'enfuir à toutes jambes to make a bolt for it
    2. [du cheval] leg
    3. [vêtement] (trouser) leg
    4. [d'un compas] leg
    a. [d'une poutre] strut
    b. [d'un comble] joist stay

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > jambe

  • 75 métier

    métier [metje]
    1. masculine noun
       a. ( = travail) job ; (terme administratif) occupation ; (commercial) trade ; (artisanal) craft ; (intellectuel) profession
       b. ( = technique) skill ; ( = expérience) experience
    * * *
    metje
    nom masculin
    1) ( activité rémunérée) job; ( intellectuel) profession; ( manuel) trade; ( artisanal) craft

    apprendre un métier — ( manuel) to learn a trade

    les gens du métier — ( manuels) people in the trade; ( intellectuels) the professionals

    ne t'inquiète pas, elle est du métier — don't worry, she knows what she's doing

    2) ( rôle) job

    faire son métier de reine/mère — to do one's job as queen/a mother

    4) ( objet) loom
    ••

    faire le plus vieux métier du monde — euph to practise [BrE] the oldest profession

    * * *
    metje nm
    1) (= profession) job, trade

    un métier manuel — a manual trade, manual work

    2) (= technique, expérience) skill, technique

    avoir du métier — to have skill, to have technique

    * * *
    1 ( activité rémunérée) job; ( intellectuel) profession; ( manuel) trade; ( artisanal) craft; c'est mon métier (de faire ça)! it's my job!; il a fait tous les métiers he's tried his hand at everything, he's done all kinds of jobs; choisir un métier to decide on a job ou trade ou profession; apprendre un métier ( manuel) to learn a trade; ils sortent de l'école sans métier they come out of college without any practical skills; entrer dans le métier ( manuel) to enter the trade; bien connaître son métier to be good at one's job, to know one's stuff○; il est cuisinier/coiffeur de son métier he's a cook/hairdresser by trade; il est chirurgien/juriste/potier de son métier he is a surgeon/lawyer/potter by profession; un maçon de métier a professional mason; terme de métier specialized term; les gens du métier the professionals, people in the business; pour faire une bonne traduction, il faut être du métier it takes a professional translator to do a good translation; ne t'inquiète pas, elle est du métier don't worry, she knows what she's doing; le métier des armes the army; choisir le métier des armes to decide on a military career;
    2 ( rôle) job; faire son métier de reine/mère to do one's job as queen/a mother;
    3 ( expérience) avoir du métier to be experienced; manquer de métier to lack experience; avoir 20 ans de métier to have 20 years' experience; c'est le métier qui rentre! you learn by your mistakes!; le métier rentre? are you getting the hang of it?;
    4 ( objet) loom; métier à tisser weaving loom; remettre qch sur le métier fig to rework sth.
    faire le plus vieux métier du monde euph to practiseGB the oldest profession.
    [metje] nom masculin
    1. [profession] trade
    mon métier my job ou occupation ou trade
    faire ou exercer le métier de chimiste to work as a chemist
    la soudure ne tiendra pas, et je connais mon métier! the welding won't hold, and I know what I'm talking about ou what I'm doing!
    il n'y a pas de sot métier(, il n'y a que de sottes gens) there's no such thing as a worthless trade
    2. [expérience] skill, experience
    3. [machine]
    métier à filer/tricoter spinning/knitting machine
    ————————
    de métier locution adjectivale
    [homme, femme, armée] professional
    [argot] technical
    [technique] of the trade
    ————————
    de métier locution adverbiale
    ————————
    de son métier locution adverbiale
    être boulanger/journaliste de son métier to be a baker/journalist by trade
    ————————
    du métier locution adjectivale

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > métier

  • 76 fichu

    adj.
    1. 'Bally', 'bloody', awful. Quel fichu temps! What rotten weather we're having! Il a un fichu caractère, tu sais! He's got a lousy temper.
    2. 'Done- for', doomed. Il est fichu, c'est lafin, vous savez! He's a goner, you know, he's not long for this world!
    3. Capable. Ne pas être fichu de faire quelque chose: To be incapable of doing something useful. Il n'est même pas fichu de faire la vaisselle: He can't even be relied on to do the dishes.
    4. Il est fichu de nepas venir. It's just as likely he won't turn up.
    5. Etre malfichu: To 'feel out of sorts', to be 'off-colour', to be unwell.

    Dictionary of Modern Colloquial French > fichu

  • 77 train

    n. m.
    1. 'Arse', 'bum', behind. Botter quelqu'un dans le train: To kick someone up the jacksey. Avoir le feu au train: To 'have ants in one's pants', to be itching to get moving, to be in a great hurry.
    2. Se magner le train: To 'get one's skates on', to hurry up.
    3. Filer le train à quelqu'un: To dog someone's footsteps, to follow someone closely. On lui a dit de filer le train au maljrat He was told to tail that suspect.
    4. Remettre quelqu'un au train (Underworld slang): To 'twist someone's arm', to compel someone to do something (literally to get someone to go along with one's wishes).
    5. Manquer le train (fig.): To 'miss the boat', to fail to get what one might be entitled to.
    6. N'être pas en train (also: ne pas se sentir en train): To 'feel out of sorts', to feel below par.
    7. Etre dans le train: To be 'on the ball', to be 'in the swing of things', to be right-up-to-date with trends, etc.
    8. Faux train (Cycling and horse-racing slang): Brisk but not exceedingly fast pace set by a group of riders to enable the champion to be in the running for the critical final furlong.
    9. Sauter du train en marche (joc.): To have coïtus interruptus.

    Dictionary of Modern Colloquial French > train

  • 78 estek köstek etmek

    colloq. to make all sorts of excuses to get out of doing something.

    Saja Türkçe - İngilizce Sözlük > estek köstek etmek

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