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101 Bramah, Joseph
SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering, Domestic appliances and interiors, Land transport, Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering, Public utilities[br]b. 2 April 1749 Stainborough, Yorkshire, Englandd. 9 December 1814 Pimlico, London, England[br]English inventor of the second patented water-closet, the beer-engine, the Bramah lock and, most important, the hydraulic press.[br]Bramah was the son of a tenant farmer and was educated at the village school before being apprenticed to a local carpenter, Thomas Allot. He walked to London c.1773 and found work with a Mr Allen that included the repair of some of the comparatively rare water-closets of the period. He invented and patented one of his own, which was followed by a water cock in 1783. His next invention, a greatly improved lock, involved the devising of a number of special machine tools, for it was one of the first devices involving interchangeable components in its manufacture. In this he had the help of Henry Maudslay, then a young and unknown engineer, who became Bramah's foreman before setting up business on his own. In 1784 he moved his premises from Denmark Street, St Giles, to 124 Piccadilly, which was later used as a showroom when he set up a factory in Pimlico. He invented an engine for putting out fires in 1785 and 1793, in effect a reciprocating rotary-vane pump. He undertook the refurbishment and modernization of Norwich waterworks c.1793, but fell out with Robert Mylne, who was acting as Consultant to the Norwich Corporation and had produced a remarkably vague specification. This was Bramah's only venture into the field of civil engineering.In 1797 he acted as an expert witness for Hornblower \& Maberley in the patent infringement case brought against them by Boulton and Watt. Having been cut short by the judge, he published his proposed evidence in "Letter to the Rt Hon. Sir James Eyre, Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas…etc". In 1795 he was granted his most important patent, based on Pascal's Hydrostatic Paradox, for the hydraulic press which also incorporated the concept of hydraulics for the transmission of both power and motion and was the foundation of the whole subsequent hydraulic industry. There is no truth in the oft-repeated assertion originating from Samuel Smiles's Industrial Biography (1863) that the hydraulic press could not be made to work until Henry Maudslay invented the self-sealing neck leather. Bramah used a single-acting upstroking ram, sealed only at its base with a U-leather. There was no need for a neck leather.He also used the concept of the weight-loaded, in this case as a public-house beer-engine. He devised machinery for carbonating soda water. The first banknote-numbering machine was of his design and was bought by the Bank of England. His development of a machine to cut twelve nibs from one goose quill started a patent specification which ended with the invention of the fountain pen, patented in 1809. His coach brakes were an innovation that was followed bv a form of hydropneumatic carriage suspension that was somewhat in advance of its time, as was his patent of 1812. This foresaw the introduction of hydraulic power mains in major cities and included the telescopic ram and the air-loaded accumulator.In all Joseph Bramah was granted eighteen patents. On 22 March 1813 he demonstrated a hydraulic machine for pulling up trees by the roots in Hyde Park before a large crowd headed by the Duke of York. Using the same machine in Alice Holt Forest in Hampshire to fell timber for ships for the Navy, he caught a chill and died soon after at his home in Pimlico.[br]Bibliography1778, British patent no. 1177 (water-closet). 1784, British patent no. 1430 (Bramah Lock). 1795, British patent no. 2045 (hydraulic press). 1809, British patent no. 3260 (fountain pen). 1812, British patent no. 3611.Further ReadingI.McNeil, 1968, Joseph Bramah, a Century of Invention.S.Smiles, 1863, Industrial Biography.H.W.Dickinson, 1942, "Joseph Bramah and his inventions", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 22:169–86.IMcN -
102 maden sodası
n. sparkling water, mineral water, soda water, seltzer water, Seltzer -
103 Tafelwasser
n1. bottled water2. carbonated water3. soda water4. table water -
104 натрий
1) General subject: soda (в хим. формулах), soda-water (в хим. формулах), sodium (а не сода)2) Engineering: Na -
105 Sodaeis
((American) a drink made with flavoured soda-water and usually ice-cream.) soda -
106 sifó
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107 소다
n. soda, drink made with soda water combined with syrup and ice cream -
108 sifone sm
[si'fone]Tecn siphon, (per seltz) (soda) siphon Brit, soda-water siphon Am -
109 sodow|y
The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > sodow|y
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110 المياه الغازية
n. soda, soda water -
111 sifone
sm [si'fone]Tecn siphon, (per seltz) (soda) siphon Brit, soda-water siphon Am -
112 siphon
[ˈsaɪfən]1. noun1) a bent pipe or tube through which liquid can be drawn off from one container to another at a lower level:أُنْبو، ��ِحْقَن، سيفونHe used a siphon to get some petrol out of the car's tank.
2) ( also ˈsoda-siphon) a glass bottle with such a tube, used for soda water.قنينَه مع أنبوب للمَص2. verbيَمُص، يَسْحَبThey siphoned the petrol into a can.
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113 Sodawasser
n1. club soda Am.2. soda water -
114 зельтерська вода
іст.mineral water, soda water, Seltzer water -
115 Seltz
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116 selz
selz s.m. soda (water).* * *[sɛlts]sostantivo maschile invariabile seltzer (water)* * *selz/sεlts/m.inv.seltzer (water). -
117 شراب
شَرَاب \ beverage: any sort of drink.. drink: (an amount of) liquid for drinking: May I have a drink of water? A fruit drink, please. syrup: a thick sweet liquid, containing boiled sugar. \ شَرَاب البُرتقال \ orangeade: a drink made from oranges. \ شَرَاب غازِيّ \ mineral water: non-alcoholic drinks containing gas (such as soda water). pop: a sweet drink that contains air bubbles. \ شَرَاب الكاكاو \ chocolate: a brown sweet or a hot drink, made from cocoa: a bar of chocolate; a box of chocolates; a cup of hot chocolate. cocoa: a hot sweet drink made from cocoa. \ شَرَاب كحوليّ \ drink: alcohol: He spends all his money on drink. \ شَرَاب كحوليّ ممزوج \ cocktail: a small mixed alcoholic drink. \ شَرَاب الليمون \ lemonade: a drink made from lemons. \ شَرَاب مُنَبِّه \ stimulant: sth. that stimulates: Coffee and alcohol are stimulants. \ See Also مثير (مُثِير) -
118 жидкое натриевое стекло
Polymers: soda water glass, sodium water glassУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > жидкое натриевое стекло
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119 מים קופצים
sparkling water, soda water -
120 Gespritzter
Ge|sprịtz|te(r) [gə'ʃprɪtstə]m decl as adj (S Ger, Aus)spritzer, wine with soda water* * *Ge·spritz·te(r)
См. также в других словарях:
soda water — ⇒SODA, SODA WATER, subst. masc. A. Vieilli. Soda water ou soda. Eau gazéifiée par une solution de bicarbonate de soude. Synon. eau de seltz. [Le milord qui arrive] ne se retourne qu une seule fois, c est pour s assurer que John le suit avec le… … Encyclopédie Universelle
Soda water — So da wat er, n. 1. originally, a beverage consisting of a weak solution of sodium bicarbonate to which an acid (such as phosphoric acid) has been added to generate carbon dioxide and thus cause effervescence; the term now is also used as a… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
soda water — n. 1. Historical an effervescent solution of water, acid, and sodium bicarbonate 2. a) water charged under pressure with carbon dioxide gas, used in ice cream sodas or as a chaser or mix b) SODA POP … English World dictionary
soda water — |soda uótèr| s. f. Refrigerante de soda. ‣ Etimologia: palavra inglesa … Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa
soda water — soda .water n [U] water that contains bubbles and is often added to alcoholic drinks … Dictionary of contemporary English
soda water — soda ,water noun count or uncount water with gas in it that you add to an alcoholic drink such as whiskey … Usage of the words and phrases in modern English
soda water — also soda water N UNCOUNT Soda water is fizzy water used for mixing with alcoholic drinks and fruit juice. Syn: soda … English dictionary
soda water — UK / US noun [countable/uncountable] Word forms soda water : singular soda water plural soda waters water with gas in it that you add to an alcoholic drink such as whisky … English dictionary
soda water — noun Water that has carbon dioxide dissolved in it and has been stored under pressure in a bottle. Usually mixed before drinking with another beverage. Scotch and soda ndash; a mixture of Scotch whisky and soda water. Syn: seltzer, seltzer water … Wiktionary
soda-water — see soda water … English dictionary
soda water — sodos vanduo statusas T sritis chemija apibrėžtis Vanduo, kuriame padidintame slėgyje ištirpinta CO₂ (kartais ir NaHCO₃). atitikmenys: angl. soda water rus. содовая вода … Chemijos terminų aiškinamasis žodynas
