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101 социальное обеспечение
(national liberation movement) social security / social welfare -
102 социальное страхование
(national liberation movement) social insurance / social security -
103 Раушенбуш, Уолтер
(1861-1918; амер. религ. и общественный деятель, баптист, идеолог амер. социального христ-ва ( social gospel movement), которое критиковало пороки экономической системы США; автор монументального труда "Христианство и социальный кризис" (1907) ( Christianity and the Social Crisis)) Rauschenbusch, WalterРусско-английский словарь религиозной лексики > Раушенбуш, Уолтер
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104 право прав·о
юр.аннулировать права — to annul / to nullify rights
восстанавливать в правах — to rehabilitate (smb.)
давать право одному государству совершать действия на территории другого государства — to give to a state the right to perform certain acts on the territory of another state
дать (кому-л.) право — to give (smb.) a title
затрагивать (чьи-л.) права — to involve (smb.'s) rights
злоупотреблять (своими) правами — to abuse the rights
иметь право — to have / to possess the right (to), to be entitled (to), to be eligible (for); to be vested with the right
иметь право исповедовать любую религию или не исповедовать никакой — to have the right to profess or not to profess any religion
иметь право стать членом (какой-л. организации) — to be eligible for membership
лишиться / утрачивать права — to forfeit
наносить ущерб (чьим-л.) правам — to prejudice (smb.'s) rights
не иметь права вмешиваться в обсуждение (какого-л.) вопроса — to have no say in the matter, not to be entitled to the discussion
обладать правами — to enjoy / to have rights
обрести право — to qualify (for)
оговаривать право в отношении (чего-л.) — to reserve the right with regard (to smth.)
ограничивать права — to curtail / to restrict (smb.'s) rights
оспаривать право — to dispute / to contest a right
оставить (за собой) право сделать (что-л.) — to reserve the right to do (smth.)
осуществлять (свои) права — to exercise (one's) rights
отказать (кому-л.) в праве — to deny (smb.) the right
отказаться от (своего) права — to renounce / to resign / to abandon / to surrender (one's) right (to)
отказаться от права выступить — to forgo / to waive one's right to speak
отстаивать (свои) права — to assert / to stand upon (one's) rights
подтвердить права (жителей) — to underpin the rights (of inhabitants)
пользоваться правами — to exercise / to enjoy one's rights поступаться (своим) правом to waive (one's) right
посягать на (чьи-л.) права — to invade (smb's) rights, to infringe on / upon (smb.'s) rights
предоставлять права — to confer rights (upon), to grant / to accord / to give rights (to), to entitle, to enable, to empower
предоставлять (кому-л.) право сделать что-л. (преим. о законодательстве) — to enable (smb.) to do smth.
присваивать (себе) право — to arrogate (to oneself) a right
расширять права — to broaden / to expand the rights
реализовать (своё) право — to exercise (one's) right
сохранять (за собой) право сделать что-л. — to reserve the right (to do smth.)
требовать причитающегося по праву — to claim a / one's right
уважать права и законные интересы (других) лиц — to respect the rights and lawful interests of (other) persons
уравнивать в право ах — to give / to grand equal rights (to smb.), to equalize (smb.) in rights
урезать права — to curtail (smb.'s) rights
ущемлять права — to derogate from (smb.'s) right
ущемлять законные права и интересы — to infringe (on) ligitimate rights and interests
"бумажное право" (право, существующее на бумаге) — paper title
естественное право — natural law / right
законное право — legitimate right, valid title
борьба за законные права — struggle for (one's) legitimate rights
избирательное право — vote, electoral right, suffrage, elective franchise, electorship
всеобщее, равное и прямое избирательное право при тайном голосовании — universal, equal and direct suffrage by secret ballot
лишённый избирательного права — voteless, nonvoter
избирательное право для женщин — female / women's suffrage
лишение избирательных прав — deprivation of electoral rights, disenfranchisement
имеющий право быть избранным — electable, eligible
имеющий право выбирать — elective, eligible
имеющий право выдвижения собственной кандидатуры или избрания самого себя (на какой-л. пост, в члены организации) — self-elective
имущественные права — property rights, vested interests
исключительное право — exclusive / sole / prerogative right, monopoly, prerogative, absolute title
исключительное право на учреждение предприятия / фирмы — exclusive right of establishment
монопольное право — exclusive / monopoly / sole right
неотъемлемое право — inalienable / inherent / undeniable right
облекающий правом (преим. о законе) — enabling
общее / совместное право — right of common
основные права — basic / fundamental rights
особое право, предоставленное правительством или монархом — franchise
лишать политических прав — to denude / to deprive (smb.) of political rights
преимущественное право — preference, priority / underlying, preferential right, right of priority
признанные права — acquired / vested rights
на равных правах — enjoying / exercising equal rights
предоставить специальные права — to confer (on smb.) special rights
осуществлять (свои) суверенные права — to exercise (one's) sovereign rights
феодальное право ист. — feudal law
защита прав — defence / protection of rights
коллизия права (противоречие между нормами различных правовых систем по одному и тому же вопросу) — conflict of laws
лицо, имеющее право на обратный переход к нему имущества — reversioner
лица, ограниченные в праве передвижения — restrictees
лицо, отказавшееся от (каких-либо) прав в пользу другого лица — releasor
лицо, получившее право на возмещение ущерба — recoveror
нарушение / ущемление прав — infringement / violation of rights
отказ от прав — abandonment of rights, quitclaim
положение, принадлежащее по праву — rightful position
право ангарии, право воюющей стороны на захват — right of angary
право беспрепятственного / мирного прохода — right of innocent passage
право вето — right of veto, veto power, negative voice
право владения, пользования и распоряжения — right of possession, enjoyment and disposal
право выбирать (свой собственный) путь (развития) — right of nations to choose their own path / way (of development)
право выгрузки пассажиров, багажа, грузов и почты — right to discharge passengers, baggage, cargo and mail
право выезда / выхода — egress
право, выработанное судами — judge-made law
право, вытекающее из (факта) владения — title by possession
права, вытекающие из данного договора — rights under the treaty
право вышестоящего суда пересмотреть приговор или решение нижестоящего суда — appellate jurisdiction
право голоса / участия в выборах / голосовании — voting right, franchise one's right to vote
лишать права голоса — to exclude (smb.) from the poll, to deprive of the right to vote, to disfranchise
лишать выборщика права голоса — to disqualify an elector, to disfranchise
право государств на суверенитет над своими природными ресурсами — right of nations of sovereignty over their natural resources
равные права граждан всех рас и национальностей — equal rights of citizens of all races and nationalities
права заимствования / на получение кредита (в МВФ) — drawing rights (in IMF)
специальные права заимствования, СПЗ — special drawing rights, SDR
право заключать коллективные договоры — right to collective bargaining, right to conclude collective agreements
право законодательной инициативы — right of legislative initiative, power to initiate legislation
социально-экономические, политические и личные права и свободы — social, economic, political and personal rights and freedoms
право инспекции / осмотра — right of inspection
право мирного прохода через территориальные воды — freedom of inoffensive passage through the maritime belt
право на вмешательство / на интервенцию — right of intervention
право на возвращение (своих) природных ресурсов — right to reclaim (one's) natural resources
право на выход из состава участников (соглашения, договора и т.п.) — right of withdrawal
право на гражданство — right to citizenship / nationality
право на домовую церковь (для посла) / свободного отправления религиозного культа в особом помещении посольства или миссии — right of Chapel
право на жизнь, свободу и личную неприкосновенность — right to life, liberty and security of person
права на интеллектуальную и промышленную собственность — intellectual and industrial property rights
право на материальное обеспечение в старости в случае болезни и потери трудоспособности — right to material security in old age, sickness and disability
право на национализацию или передачу владения своим гражданам — right to nationalization or transfer of ownership to its nationals
право на ответ / на ответное слово — right of reply
используя право на ответ / в порядке осуществления права на ответ — in exercise of (one's) right of reply
отказаться от права на ответ — to waive (one's) right to reply
право на получение информации (журналистами) / право быть осведомлённым — right to know разг.
право на разработку минеральных ресурсов / полезных ископаемых — mineral rights
права на репатриацию иностранных капиталовложений / прибылей — repatriation right
право на самооборону — right of / to self-defence
право на свободу убеждений и свободное их выражение / свободу слова — right to freedom of opinion and expression
право на связь / на использование связи — right of communication
право на социальное обеспечение — right to social security / insurance
право на существование — right to exist, right of existence
иметь право на что-л. (в силу собственных заслуг, способностей, создавшегося положения) — in one's own right
право навигации / судоходства — navigation right
право народов на свободное и независимое развитие — right of nations to free and independent development
право наследования — right of succession / to inherit
право наций на самоопределение вплоть до государственного отделения — right of nations to self-determination up to and including separation
право обжаловать действия должностных лиц — the right to lodge a complaint against the actions of officials
право, основанное на давности (его использования) — prescriptive right
права, осуществляемые (по чьему-л.) полномочию — vicarious power / authority
права, относящиеся к предоставлению убежища — rights relating to asylum
право погрузки пассажиров, багажа, грузов и почты — right to pick up passengers, baggage, cargo and mail
право покидать любую страну, включая свою собственную, и возвращаться в свою страну — right to leave any country including one's own and to return to one's country
право по рождению / в силу происхождения — birthright
право посольства / представительства — right of legation
право, признанное судом справедливости — equities
право принимать и назначать дипломатических представителей — right of reception and mission of diplomatic envoys
право принимать пассажиров, направляющихся на территорию (какого-л.) государства — privilege to take on passengers for the territory of a state
право проезда / прохода — right of passage
право рыболовства — right of fishery / fishing
право свободно выбирать (себе) местожительство — right to freedom of residence
право свободного доступа (к чему-л.) — freedom of access (to smth.)
право собственности — title, property right, right of ownership
права собственности или квазисобственности — proprietary or quasi-proprietary rights
неоспоримое право собственности — marketable / merchantable / good title
право собственности, приобретённое завладением — title by occupancy
право ссылаться на основание недействительности договора — right to invoke a ground for invalidating a treaty
право ссылаться на основание прекращения договора — right to invoke a ground for terminating a treaty
право ссылаться на основание приостановления действия договора — right to invoke a ground for suspending the operation of a treaty
право транзита / транзитного прохода — right of transit
право убежища — right of asylum, rights of sanctuary, sanctuary rights
права человека — human rights, rights of mankind
защита прав человека — defence / protection of human rights
нарушение прав человека — repsession / supression / violation of human rights
право (на осуществление) юрисдикции — right of jurisdiction
утрата права на... — loss of a right to...
2) мн. (свидетельство) licence3) (совокупность законов и постановлений) law, ruleвнутригосударственное право — national law, municipal jurisprudence
государственное право — state / political / public / constitutional law
нарушения государственных или общественных прав и интересов — public wrongs
применяемое в вооружённых конфликтах гуманитарное право — humanitarian rules relating to armed conflicts
договорное право — law of treaties, contract law
дополнительное, субсидиарное право — appendant
каноническое право — canon law, the Canon
космическое право — outer space / cosmic law
крепостное право ист. — serfdom
кулачное право, право сильного — fist law
международное право — international law, law of nations
игнорировать общепризнанные нормы международного права — to disregard generally recognized norms of international law
несовместимость с нормами международного права — incompatibility with the norms / rules of international law
морское право — law of the sea, maritime / naval law
морское призовое право — maritime / naval prize
общее / обычное право — common / customary / consuetudinary law
прецедентное право — law of precedent, case law
торговое право — merchant / commercial law, law-merchant
уголовное право — criminal / penal law
нарушение / несоблюдение норм права — contempt of the law
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105 Sá Carneiro, Francisco Lumbralles
(1934-1980)Important political leader in the early years of post-1974 Portugal. Trained and educated as a lawyer at the University of Lisbon Law School, he was an up-and-coming young lawyer and liberal Catholic activist in the 1960s. A practicing lawyer in Oporto, Sá Carneiro was selected to be one of a number of younger deputies in the National Assembly during the brief "opening" phase of Prime Minister Marcello Caetano's period of the Estado Novo. He became a deputy upon consenting to adhere to two conditions for his selection; namely, maintaining Portugal's colonial policy in Africa and advocating "social peace" through reforms. But he refused to join the regime's official movement, the União Nacional. Soon discouraged by the continued intransigence of the conservative forces still controlling regime policy, despite the efforts of Caetano during 1968-70, Sá Carneiro and several others of the recently appointed deputies resigned their posts and went into opposition.Following the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Sá Carneiro and colleagues founded the Social Democrat Party (PSD). The highly respected lawyer and spokesman for centrist views became fully involved in the unstable politics of the early Revolutionary period. Named prime minister in January 1980, Sá Carneiro became the political man of the hour in Portugal. The PSD under Sá Carneiro leadership formed the core of a right of center electoral coalition named the Democratic Alliance (AD), which was composed of the PSD, Christian Democratic Party (CDS), and PPM during theDecember 1979 interim parliamentary elections. The AD won the election and Sá Carneiro became prime minister. The regular October 1980 legislative elections, which the AD won, reaffirmed the AD's strength as a coalition. Anxious to consolidate political power by having a president who favored AD policies in office and eager to have the AD candidate, General Soares Carneiro, defeat the incumbent, President Ramalho Eanes, Sá Carneiro undertook a vigorous campaign in the presidential elections set for 7 December 1980. On 4 December, bound for Oporto campaign stops, Sá Carneiro's plane crashed and burned only a short distance from the Lisbon airport. Seven official investigations of the crash have not reached definitive conclusions, and the cause of the crash remains a mystery.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Sá Carneiro, Francisco Lumbralles
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106 объединяться
гл.1. to combine; 2. to unite; 3. to rally; 4. to merge; 5. to stand together; 6. to come together; 7. to align oneself with; 8. to pull together; 9. to stick together; 10. to group togetherРусский возвратный непереходный глагол объединяться обозначает любой вид объединения людей, не конкретизируя ни цели, ни способа объединения. Его английские эквиваленты наоборот содержат в своей семантике указания на то, кто объединяется, с какой целью, каков характер самого объединения.1. to combine — объединяться, соединяться, сочетаться: The opposition parties combined to drive the President out of office. — Оппозиционные партии объединились, чтобы добиться отставки президента. Members of the police and the army combined to keep the true details of the case from becoming public. — Полиция и армия действовали воедино, чтобы детали этого дела никогда не стали достоянием гласпости./Полиция и армия объединились, чтобы детали этого дела никогда не стали известными. Oil and water do not combine. — Масло и вода не смешиваются.2. to unite — объединяться (с другими людьми, организациями, странами для достижения поставленной цели): Не called on Western countries to unite to save the people of that country from starvation. — Он призвал западные страны объединиться, чтобы спасти народ той страны от голода./Он призвал западные страны к объединению для спасения народа той страны от голода. The forces of all panics should unite to support the extension of the social welfare program instead of fighting each other all the time. — Все партии должны объединить свои силы для расширения программы общественного благосостояния, а не вести борьбу между собой. They were able to unite against the common enemy. — Им удалось объединиться в борьбе против общего врага. Unless we unite we will never be able to defend our rights against the employers. — Мы никогда не сумеем постоять за себя в борьбе с работодателями, если мы не объединимся./Мы никогда не сумеем защитить спои права в борьбе с работодателями, пока не объединимся. In his speech the prime minister stressed the need for parties to unite. — В своей речи премьер-министр подчеркнул, что партиям необходимо обьединиться.3. to rally — объединяться, сплачиваться ( в защиту или поддержку кого-либо или чего-либо): Supporters have been quick to rally behind the team. — Болельщики быстро объединились в поддержку своей команды. Parents rallied to the defence of the school. — Родители объединились и nui гупили в защиту школы. Animal rights groups have rallied to the cause of this endangered species. — Разные группы борцов за права животных сплотились для защиты ною вида, находящегося на грани уничтожения. The people rallied in the face of real danger. — Народ сплотился перед липом реальной угрозы.4. to merge — объединяться, сливаться (как правило, об органазациях или компаниях, подчеркивается, что в результате появляется новое качество или новый объект): The two banks have announced plans to merge next year. — Оба банка объявили о своем намерении объединиться в будущем году. The Liberal Democratic Party has merged with the Social Democrats. Либеральнодемократическая партия слилась с социал-демократами./ Либеральнодемократическая и социал-демократическая партии слились в одну. II was the place where the two rivers used to merge. — Это было то место, где некогда сливались эти две реки. The hills merged into the dark sky behind them. — Горы сливались с темным небом за ними. For me life and work merge into one another. — Для меня работа и жизнь одно и то же. The new place was embarrassingly alien and she tried to merge into the background. — На этом новом месте она чувствовала себя чужой и в смущении пыталась не выделяться/слиться с окружающими.5. to stand together — объединяться, держаться вместе (стоять друг за друга для того, чтобы справиться с трудностями или опасностями): We must all stand together. I don't want anybody saying that they don't want to be involved. — Мы должны держаться вместе, и я не хочу слышать, чтобы кто-либо говорил, что он не хочет быть в этом замешан. Somehow they stood together and got the business going in spite of all that was going on. — Все же они держались вместе и сохранили фирму, несмотря на то, что происходило вокруг. So long as we all stand together we'll win. — Пока мы вместе, мы победим.6. to come together — объединяться, объединять усилия ( в работе) (особенно той, которую трудно или невозможно сделать в одиночку): The conference called on everyone to come together to resist the government's plans to reform the education system. — Конференция призвала всех объединить усилия и противостоять планам правительства реформировать существующую систему образования. Some Russian and Japanese firms came together to organize transnational electronics projects. — Несколько русских и японских фирм объединили усилия в создании транснациональных электронных проектов.7. to align oneself with — объединяться ( с кем-либо), поддерживать открыто ( кого-либо), поддерживать публично ( кого-либо), примкнуть (к кому-либо, какой-либо партии или стороне), вставать под знамена (партии, страны): Most of the major companies have publicly aligned themselves with the ruling party. — Большая часть ведущих компаний открыто поддержала правящую партию. Church leaders have aligned themselves with the opposition. — Религиозные лидеры примкнули к оппозиции./Религиозные лидеры публично поддержали оппозицию. Many women do not want toalign themselves with the movement. — Многие женщины не хотят поддерживать это движение./Многие женщины остались в стороне от этого движения./Многие женщины не присоединились к этому движению.8. to pull together — объединяться, объединять усилия, объединяться в момент опасности, объединяться невзирая на индивидуальные различия и разногласия: They all pulled together and managed to get an excellent result. — Они все сплотились и смогли добиться великолепного результата. Parents, teachers and students should all pull together to tackle the school's drug problem. — Для того чтобы справиться с проблемой наркотиков в школе, родители, учителя и ученики должны объединить свои усилия, невзирая на возможные разногласия.9. to stick together — объединяться, держаться вместе, держаться друг за друга, выступать едино: If we stick together we should be all right. — Все будет в порядке, если мы будем держаться вместе/Все будет хорошо, если мы объединимся. If only they'd stuck together maybe they could have sorted out their problems. — Если бы они держались вместе, может быть, они и смогли бы выбраться из своих затруднений./Если бы они выступали едино, они смогли бы уладить свои проблемы./Если бы они выступали заодно, может быть, они смогли бы решить свои проблемы.10. to group together — объединяться, образовывать группу (объединять несколько отдельных объектов дли того, чтобы создать что-либо сообща): College and public libraries grouped together to form an inter-library loan scheme. — Публичные библиотеки и библиотеки колледжей объединились и разработали план межбиблиотечного обмена. -
107 ESC
abbr. FinEuropean Social Charter: a charter adopted by the European Council of the EU in 1989. The 12 rights it contains are: freedom of movement, employment, and remuneration; social protection; improvement of living and working conditions; freedom of association and collective bargaining; worker information; consultation and participation; vocational training; equal treatment of men and women; health and safety protection in the workplace; pension rights; integration of those with disabilities; protection of young people. -
108 Creativity
Put in this bald way, these aims sound utopian. How utopian they areor rather, how imminent their realization-depends on how broadly or narrowly we interpret the term "creative." If we are willing to regard all human complex problem solving as creative, then-as we will point out-successful programs for problem solving mechanisms that simulate human problem solvers already exist, and a number of their general characteristics are known. If we reserve the term "creative" for activities like discovery of the special theory of relativity or the composition of Beethoven's Seventh Symphony, then no example of a creative mechanism exists at the present time. (Simon, 1979, pp. 144-145)Among the questions that can now be given preliminary answers in computational terms are the following: how can ideas from very different sources be spontaneously thought of together? how can two ideas be merged to produce a new structure, which shows the influence of both ancestor ideas without being a mere "cut-and-paste" combination? how can the mind be "primed," so that one will more easily notice serendipitous ideas? why may someone notice-and remember-something fairly uninteresting, if it occurs in an interesting context? how can a brief phrase conjure up an entire melody from memory? and how can we accept two ideas as similar ("love" and "prove" as rhyming, for instance) in respect of a feature not identical in both? The features of connectionist AI models that suggest answers to these questions are their powers of pattern completion, graceful degradation, sensitization, multiple constraint satisfaction, and "best-fit" equilibration.... Here, the important point is that the unconscious, "insightful," associative aspects of creativity can be explained-in outline, at least-by AI methods. (Boden, 1996, p. 273)There thus appears to be an underlying similarity in the process involved in creative innovation and social independence, with common traits and postures required for expression of both behaviors. The difference is one of product-literary, musical, artistic, theoretical products on the one hand, opinions on the other-rather than one of process. In both instances the individual must believe that his perceptions are meaningful and valid and be willing to rely upon his own interpretations. He must trust himself sufficiently that even when persons express opinions counter to his own he can proceed on the basis of his own perceptions and convictions. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 58)he average level of ego strength and emotional stability is noticeably higher among creative geniuses than among the general population, though it is possibly lower than among men of comparable intelligence and education who go into administrative and similar positions. High anxiety and excitability appear common (e.g. Priestley, Darwin, Kepler) but full-blown neurosis is quite rare. (Cattell & Butcher, 1970, p. 315)he insight that is supposed to be required for such work as discovery turns out to be synonymous with the familiar process of recognition; and other terms commonly used in the discussion of creative work-such terms as "judgment," "creativity," or even "genius"-appear to be wholly dispensable or to be definable, as insight is, in terms of mundane and well-understood concepts. (Simon, 1989, p. 376)From the sketch material still in existence, from the condition of the fragments, and from the autographs themselves we can draw definite conclusions about Mozart's creative process. To invent musical ideas he did not need any stimulation; they came to his mind "ready-made" and in polished form. In contrast to Beethoven, who made numerous attempts at shaping his musical ideas until he found the definitive formulation of a theme, Mozart's first inspiration has the stamp of finality. Any Mozart theme has completeness and unity; as a phenomenon it is a Gestalt. (Herzmann, 1964, p. 28)Great artists enlarge the limits of one's perception. Looking at the world through the eyes of Rembrandt or Tolstoy makes one able to perceive aspects of truth about the world which one could not have achieved without their aid. Freud believed that science was adaptive because it facilitated mastery of the external world; but was it not the case that many scientific theories, like works of art, also originated in phantasy? Certainly, reading accounts of scientific discovery by men of the calibre of Einstein compelled me to conclude that phantasy was not merely escapist, but a way of reaching new insights concerning the nature of reality. Scientific hypotheses require proof; works of art do not. Both are concerned with creating order, with making sense out of the world and our experience of it. (Storr, 1993, p. xii)The importance of self-esteem for creative expression appears to be almost beyond disproof. Without a high regard for himself the individual who is working in the frontiers of his field cannot trust himself to discriminate between the trivial and the significant. Without trust in his own powers the person seeking improved solutions or alternative theories has no basis for distinguishing the significant and profound innovation from the one that is merely different.... An essential component of the creative process, whether it be analysis, synthesis, or the development of a new perspective or more comprehensive theory, is the conviction that one's judgment in interpreting the events is to be trusted. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 59)In the daily stream of thought these four different stages [preparation; incubation; illumination or inspiration; and verification] constantly overlap each other as we explore different problems. An economist reading a Blue Book, a physiologist watching an experiment, or a business man going through his morning's letters, may at the same time be "incubating" on a problem which he proposed to himself a few days ago, be accumulating knowledge in "preparation" for a second problem, and be "verifying" his conclusions to a third problem. Even in exploring the same problem, the mind may be unconsciously incubating on one aspect of it, while it is consciously employed in preparing for or verifying another aspect. (Wallas, 1926, p. 81)he basic, bisociative pattern of the creative synthesis [is] the sudden interlocking of two previously unrelated skills, or matrices of thought. (Koestler, 1964, p. 121)11) The Earliest Stages in the Creative Process Involve a Commerce with DisorderEven to the creator himself, the earliest effort may seem to involve a commerce with disorder. For the creative order, which is an extension of life, is not an elaboration of the established, but a movement beyond the established, or at least a reorganization of it and often of elements not included in it. The first need is therefore to transcend the old order. Before any new order can be defined, the absolute power of the established, the hold upon us of what we know and are, must be broken. New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive that world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." (Ghiselin, 1985, p. 4)New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive our world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." Chaos and disorder are perhaps the wrong terms for that indeterminate fullness and activity of the inner life. For it is organic, dynamic, full of tension and tendency. What is absent from it, except in the decisive act of creation, is determination, fixity, and commitment to one resolution or another of the whole complex of its tensions. (Ghiselin, 1952, p. 13)[P]sychoanalysts have principally been concerned with the content of creative products, and with explaining content in terms of the artist's infantile past. They have paid less attention to examining why the artist chooses his particular activity to express, abreact or sublimate his emotions. In short, they have not made much distinction between art and neurosis; and, since the former is one of the blessings of mankind, whereas the latter is one of the curses, it seems a pity that they should not be better differentiated....Psychoanalysis, being fundamentally concerned with drive and motive, might have been expected to throw more light upon what impels the creative person that in fact it has. (Storr, 1993, pp. xvii, 3)A number of theoretical approaches were considered. Associative theory, as developed by Mednick (1962), gained some empirical support from the apparent validity of the Remote Associates Test, which was constructed on the basis of the theory.... Koestler's (1964) bisociative theory allows more complexity to mental organization than Mednick's associative theory, and postulates "associative contexts" or "frames of reference." He proposed that normal, non-creative, thought proceeds within particular contexts or frames and that the creative act involves linking together previously unconnected frames.... Simonton (1988) has developed associative notions further and explored the mathematical consequences of chance permutation of ideas....Like Koestler, Gruber (1980; Gruber and Davis, 1988) has based his analysis on case studies. He has focused especially on Darwin's development of the theory of evolution. Using piagetian notions, such as assimilation and accommodation, Gruber shows how Darwin's system of ideas changed very slowly over a period of many years. "Moments of insight," in Gruber's analysis, were the culminations of slow long-term processes.... Finally, the information-processing approach, as represented by Simon (1966) and Langley et al. (1987), was considered.... [Simon] points out the importance of good problem representations, both to ensure search is in an appropriate problem space and to aid in developing heuristic evaluations of possible research directions.... The work of Langley et al. (1987) demonstrates how such search processes, realized in computer programs, can indeed discover many basic laws of science from tables of raw data.... Boden (1990a, 1994) has stressed the importance of restructuring the problem space in creative work to develop new genres and paradigms in the arts and sciences. (Gilhooly, 1996, pp. 243-244; emphasis in original)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Creativity
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109 Международное движение апостольства в независимых социальных кругах
Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Международное движение апостольства в независимых социальных кругах
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110 движение за прогрессивное социальное законодательство
Diplomatic term: movement for progressive social legislationУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > движение за прогрессивное социальное законодательство
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111 движение социального христианства
General subject: social-gospel movement (в США)Универсальный русско-английский словарь > движение социального христианства
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112 рост
1) General subject: advancement, auxesis (особ. без деления клеток), development, escalation, excrescence (волос, рогов), gain, germination, growing, growth, height, inch, inches, increase, progress, rally, rebound, recovery, rise (влияния), shoot, size, spread, spring tide, stature, step up, step-up, the standard of height, upgrowth, upsweep, uptick, upturn (цен и т. п.), vegetation, frame (Am. E.:The gold Christian Louboutin heels added at least four inches to Serena's 5-foot-9 frame. http://sports.yahoo.com/tennis/blog/busted_racquet/post/Photos-Serena-Williams-8217-plunging-minidres?urn=ten-wp2287), upsurge2) Medicine: body height (антропометрический показатель), enlargement, expansion, standing height3) Colloquial: standard (человека)4) American: jack-up (цен, учётного процента)6) Engineering: height (высота), intumescence (при обжиге)7) Agriculture: double-Worked, double-working, stomatal pore8) Chemistry: accretion10) Mathematics: rising11) Economy: advance (цен, курсов и т.п.), hike, multiplication, runup, take-off, (продаж) uplift (... the campaign also resulted in a measurable sales uplift (A.M. Kaplan, M. Haenlein, Social Media))12) Accounting: development (предприятия)13) Metallurgy: bulge15) Psychology: developmental growth, maturation16) Oil: buildup (глинистой корки, плотности бурового раствора и т. п.)17) Silicates: afterexpansion (огнеупорного изделия при обжиге), growth (кристаллов), swelling (при обжиге)18) Business: advance19) Drilling: increment20) Investment: pickup21) Polymers: propagation (цепи)22) Automation: bulging23) Marine science: increasing24) Makarov: advance (напр. цен), building-up, coarsening (частиц, зёрен, минералов, агрегатов), elevating, elevation, growth (клеток), height (высота растения), incubation, move, movement, outgrowth (размеров, границ и т.п.), plant, springing, upgrade, upsweep (деловой активности и т.п.), zoom, zooming -
113 Т-134
РЯДИТЬСЯ В ТОГУ кого-чего lit VP subj human or collect) to try to pass o.s. off as a member of a specific social group, a representative of a specific movement or school of thought, a possessor of specific personality traits etc: X рядится в тогу Y-a - X dons the garb of Y X clothes himself in the mantle of Y X parades (himself) as Y (in Yb garments). -
114 рядиться в тогу
• РЯДИТЬСЯ В ТОГУ кого-чего lit[VP; subj; human or collect]=====⇒ to try to pass o.s. off as a member of a specific social group, a representative of a specific movement or school of thought, a possessor of specific personality traits etc:- X parades (himself) as Y < in Y's garments>.Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > рядиться в тогу
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115 justo
adj.1 just, fair, fair-minded, impartial.2 fair, equitable, just.3 tight, fitting.4 exact, proper, correct, due.adv.1 just, exactly.2 justly, rightly.3 tightly, closely.m.Justo.pres.indicat.1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: justar.* * *► adjetivo1 (persona, decisión) just, fair; (sentencia) just2 (ropa) tight3 (exacto) exact4 (escaso) just enough5 (preciso) exact, precise► nombre masculino,nombre femenino1 just person, fair person1 (en el preciso momento) just; (en el preciso lugar) right1 RELIGIÓN the just\ir justo,-a de dinero to be short of moneyir justo,-a de tiempo to be pressed for timejusto en ese momento just at that momentno es justo it isn't fair————————► adverbio1 (en el preciso momento) just; (en el preciso lugar) right* * *1. (f. - justa)adj.1) fair2) just3) exact2. adv.1) justly2) exactly* * *1. ADJ1) (=con justicia) [castigo, sentencia, solución, decisión, sociedad] fair, just; [juicio, premio, árbitro, juez] fair; [causa] justno es justo que ganen más los hombres que las mujeres — it's not fair that men should earn more than women
pero seamos justos... — but let's be fair...
un reparto más justo de la riqueza — a more equitable o just distribution of wealth
2) (=exacto) [precio, medidas] exactnació a los tres años justos de que terminara la guerra — he was born exactly three years after the war ended
3) (=preciso)encontró la palabra justa — she found exactly o just the right word
4) (=escaso)justo de: vamos un poco justos de tiempo — we're a bit pushed for time
el equipo ha llegado a estas alturas de la competición muy justo de fuerzas — the team have struggled to get this far in the competition
5) (=apretado) [ropa] tightel traje me queda o me viene o me está muy justo — the suit is very tight for o on me
entramos todos en el coche, pero muy justos — we all got into the car, but it was a real squeeze
2. ADV1) (=exactamente) [gen] just; [con cantidades] exactlyeso es justo lo que iba a decir — that's just o exactly what I was going to say
llegó justo cuando yo salía — she arrived just o exactly as I was leaving
su casa está justo enfrente del cine — his house is just o right opposite the cinema
¡justo! — that's it!, right!, exactly!
2) (=escasamente)vivir muy justo — to just manage to make ends meet, have only just enough to live on
3.SMPLlos justos — (Rel) the just
* * *I- ta adjetivo1) <persona/castigo/sociedad> just, fair; < causa> just2)a) ( exacto) <medida/peso/cantidad> exactson 5.000 pesetas justos — that's 5,000 pesetas exactly
buscaba la palabra justa — he was searching for exactly o just the right word
b) ( apenas suficiente)tener el dinero justo or tener lo justo para vivir — to have just enough to live on
c) ( ajustado)IIa) ( exactamente) justes justo lo que quería — it's just o exactly what I wanted
vive justo al lado — he lives just o right next door
y justo hoy que pensaba salir — and today of all days, when I was planning to go out
b) ( ajustado)me cupo todo, pero muy justo — I managed to get everything in, but only just
* * *I- ta adjetivo1) <persona/castigo/sociedad> just, fair; < causa> just2)a) ( exacto) <medida/peso/cantidad> exactson 5.000 pesetas justos — that's 5,000 pesetas exactly
buscaba la palabra justa — he was searching for exactly o just the right word
b) ( apenas suficiente)tener el dinero justo or tener lo justo para vivir — to have just enough to live on
c) ( ajustado)IIa) ( exactamente) justes justo lo que quería — it's just o exactly what I wanted
vive justo al lado — he lives just o right next door
y justo hoy que pensaba salir — and today of all days, when I was planning to go out
b) ( ajustado)me cupo todo, pero muy justo — I managed to get everything in, but only just
* * *justo11 = fair [fairer -comp., fairest -sup.], rightful, salt of the earth, just.Ex: It is hardly fair to assess the British Museum code by modern standards for catalogue codes.
Ex: Use of a library is a minority event since only a small segment of rightful users of a library really makes use of it.Ex: In the novel, residents of the drought-plagued hamlet of Champaner, egged on by a salt-of-the-earth hothead leader, recklessly accept a sporting challenge thrown down by the commander of the local British troops.Ex: Since neither position, in the extreme, represents a just or workable solution, a compromise must be introduced.* causa justa = good cause.* comercio justo = fair trade.* considerar en su justa medida = see + in proportion.* justo castigo = nemesis.* justo y equitativo = fair and equitable.* oportunidad justa = sporting chance.* pagar justos por pecadores = the innocent + suffer + for the guilty, throw + the baby out with the bath water.* palabra justa, la = mot juste, the.* recibir un trato justo = treat + fairly.* recompensa justa = just reward.* ser justo = play + fair.* ser justo con todos = give the devil his due.* ser justo hasta con el diablo = give the devil his due.* ser justo que = there + be + justice in.* una negociación justa = a square deal.* un trato justo = a square deal.justo2= squarely.Ex: Surveillance licensing is one question which falls squarely into the 'free movement of goods' category and does not involve the harmonization of the laws of member states.
* el futuro + estar + justo a la vuelta de la esquina = the future + be + just around the corner.* en el momento justo = on cue.* estar en el sitio justo en el momento preciso = be on the spot.* estar justo en medio de = stand + squarely in.* justo ahora = right now, just now.* justo a la vuelta de la esquina = just around the corner.* justo antes de = on the eve of, in the run up to, during the run up to.* justo antes (de que) = immediately before.* justo a tiempo = (just) in the nick of time, just in time, not a moment too soon, not a minute too soon.* justo de la misma manera que = in just the same way as.* justo después = immediately.* justo después de = right behind, right after, on the heels of, on the coattails of.* justo después de (que) = immediately after.* justo detrás de = right behind.* justo en = right in.* justo encima de = smack right on top of.* justo en el blanco = dead on target.* justo en el medio (de) = plumb in the middle (of).* justo en en centro (de) = plumb in the middle (of).* justo en ese momento = just then.* justo en la diana = dead on target.* justo entonces = immediately.* justo hasta = down to.* justo lo contrario de = quite the opposite of.* justo lo que se necesita = just the ticket, that's the ticket!.* justo + Preposición = right + Preposición.* ser justo lo que se necesita = be just the thing, be just the ticket, be just the job.* ser justo lo que Uno necesita = be (right) up + Posesivo + alley.* venir justo después de = come on + the heels of.* vivir con lo justo = live on + a shoestring (budget).* * *A ‹decisión/castigo/sentencia› fair, just; ‹persona/sociedad› just, fair; ‹causa› justB1(exacto): quedan 200 gramos justos there are exactly 200 grams leftme dio el dinero justo he gave me the right money o the right amount o the exact moneyson 30 euros justos that's 30 euros exactlyestamos los justos para una partida de cartas there's just the right number of us here for a game of cardsbuscaba la palabra justa he was searching for exactly o just the right word2(apenas suficiente): tenemos el tiempo justo we have just enough timetenemos el dinero justo or tenemos lo justo para vivir we have just enough to live onandan muy justos de dinero they're very short of money, money's very tightla comida estuvo un poco justa there was only just enough food3(ajustado): estos zapatos me quedan demasiado justos these shoes are too tight (for me)1 (exactamente) justes justo lo que quería it's just o exactly what I wantedvive justo al lado he lives just o right next door¡qué fastidio! y justo hoy que pensaba salir what a nuisance, and today of all days, when I was planning to go outsaltó justo a tiempo he jumped just in time o ( colloq) in the nick of timellegamos a lo justo we got there just in timellegó justito en ese momento ( fam); he arrived just o right at that very moment2(ajustado): con el sueldo que gana vive muy justo he only just manages to scrape by on what he earnsme cupo todo, pero muy justo I managed to get everything in, but only just* * *
justo 1◊ -ta adjetivo
1 ‹persona/castigo/sociedad› just, fair;
‹ causa› just
2
son 40 euros justas that's 40 euros exactly;
buscaba la palabra justa he was searching for exactly o just the right wordb) ( apenas suficiente):
andan muy justos de dinero they're very short of money;
teníamos las sillas justas we had just enough chairs for everybodyc) ( ajustado):
justo 2 adverbio
es justo lo que quería it's just o exactly what I wanted;
vive justo al lado he lives just o right next door;
y justo hoy que pensaba salir and today of all days, when I was planning to go outb) ( ajustado):
me cupo todo, pero muy justo I managed to get everything in, but only just
justo,-a
I adjetivo
1 just, fair, right
un castigo justo, a fair punishment
un hombre justo, a just man
2 (adecuado, idóneo) right, accurate
la palabra justa en el momento justo, the right word at the right time
3 (exacto) tengo tres horas justas, I've got just three hours
la medida justa, the exact measurement
4 (preciso) very: en ese justo momento apareció ella, she turned up at that very moment
5 (apretado) (ropa, tiempo) tight: estamos justos de tiempo, we're pressed for time 6 lo justo, just enough
II sustantivo masculino y femenino just o righteous person
los justos, the just, the righteous
III adverbio justo (exactamente) exactly, precisely, just
justo ahora, just now
justo al lado, right beside
justo lo que necesitaba, it's just what I needed
' justo' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
cada
- honesta
- honesto
- justa
- parcial
- pelada
- pelado
- derecho
- después
- momento
- quedar
- sobre
English:
bang
- bustling
- come on
- cue
- dead
- dip
- directly
- due
- fair
- front
- godsend
- jack up
- just
- need
- nemesis
- nick
- nightcap
- past
- retribution
- right
- right-minded
- right-thinking
- square
- square deal
- very
- across
- beyond
- by
- immediately
- make
- plant
- plumb
- pull
- rightful
- smack
- strike
- subsistence
- turn
* * *justo, -a♦ adj1. [equitativo] fair;luchó por una sociedad justa she fought for social justice;no es justo que tenga que hacerlo todo yo it isn't fair that I should have to do it all myself2. [merecido] [recompensa, victoria] deserved;[castigo] just;fue el justo campeón he was the deserved champion4. [exacto] exact;tengo el dinero justo para comprar el libro I've got exactly the right amount of o just enough money to buy the book;estamos los justos para jugar un partido de dobles there's just enough of us for a game of doubles5. [idóneo] right;no encuentro la palabra justa I can't find the right word6. [apretado, ceñido] tight;cabemos cinco, pero un poco justos there's room for five of us, but it's a bit of a squeezeestamos justos de leche we've barely o only just got enough milk;ando justo de dinero I haven't got much money at the moment;viven con lo justo they only just have enough to live on;le quedan las fuerzas justitas he has barely enough strength left;la comida fue muy justa there was barely enough food to go round8. Rel righteous♦ nmRellos justos the righteous;pagarán justos por pecadores the innocent will suffer instead of the guilty♦ adv1. [exactamente] just;justo a tiempo just in time, in the nick of time;justo en medio right in the middle;¿al lado del puente? – justo ahí by the bridge? – exactly o Br spot on2. [precisamente] just;vaya, justo ahora que llego yo se va todo el mundo honestly, everybody's leaving just as I get here* * *I adj1 just, fair2 ( exacto) right, exact;3:este vestido me está muy justo this dress is very tightII adv1 ( exactamente):justo a tiempo just in time;justo después right after, just after;justo en aquel momento just at that moment;¡justo! right!, exactly!2:aprobó muy justo he only just passed;lo justo just enoughlos justos the just pl* * *justo adv1) : justly2) : right, exactlyjusto a tiempo: just in time3) : tightlyjusto, -ta adj1) : just, fair2) : right, exact3) : tightestos zapatos me quedan muy justos: these shoes are too tightjusto, -ta n: just personlos justos: the just* * *justo1 adj1. (razonable) fair¡no es justo! it's not fair!2. (exacto) exact / rightme dio el dinero justo she gave me the right money / she gave me the exact money3. (escaso) just enough4. (apretado) tightjusto2 adv just / exactly -
116 динамика
ж.1. ( наука) dynamics sg.2. (ход развития чего-л.) the dynamic pl.3. (движение, действие) movement; action -
117 déraper
déraper [deʀape]➭ TABLE 1 intransitive verb• ça dérape [chaussée] it's slipperyb. [prix, salaires] to soar ; [conversation] to veer onto slippery ground ; [personne] to make provocative statements* * *deʀapeverbe intransitif1) [prix, débat] to get out of control2) [couteau] to slip3) [personne, voiture] to skid4) ( à skis) to sideslip* * *deʀape vi1) [voiture] to skid2) [personne, semelles, couteau] to slip3) fig, [dépenses, déficit, prix, soirée, économie] to go out of control, [personne] (en paroles ou en actes) to get out of controlLes dépenses de la sécurité sociale dérapent. — Social security spending is going out of control.
* * *déraper verb table: aimer vi1 [prix, affaire, débat] to get out of control; le mouvement dérape à droite the movement is veering toward(s) the right;2 [outil, couteau] to slip;3 [personne, voiture] to skid;4 ( skis) to sideslip; descendre en dérapant to side-slip down.[derape] verbe intransitif1. [généralement] to skid2. [au ski] to sideslip -
118 revendication
revendication [ʀ(ə)vɑ̃dikasjɔ̃]feminine nouna. ( = action) claimingb. ( = demande) demand• revendications salariales/territoriales wage/territorial claims* * *ʀ(ə)vɑ̃dikasjɔ̃nom féminin (d'ouvrier, de catégorie sociale) demand; (de pays, population, d'héritier) claim (sur, de to)* * *ʀ(ə)vɑ̃dikasjɔ̃ nfclaim, demand* * *1 ( réclamation) (d'ouvrier, de catégorie sociale) demand; (de pays, d'héritier, de population) claim (sur, de to); revendications sociales social demands; revendications salariales wage demands ou claims; revendications territoriales territorial claims; la revendication d'un territoire par un État the claim of a state to a territory; la revendication d'un droit the demanding of a right;2 ( reconnaissance) claiming of responsibility (de for).[rəvɑ̃dikasjɔ̃] nom féminin[réclamation] demandjournée de revendication day of action ou of protestrevendications salariales wage demands ou claims -
119 sessantotto
sm[sessan'tɔtto] Cultural note: sessantotto Sessantotto refers to 1968, the year of student protests. Originating in France, unrest soon spread to other industrialized countries including Italy. What began as a purely student concern gradually came to include other parts of society and led to major political and social change. Among the changes that resulted from the protests were reform of schools and universities and the referendum on divorce. -
120 praw|o
Ⅰ n 1. sgt (ogół przepisów) law- prawo nowożytne modern law- prawo polskie/francuskie Polish/French law- reguły a. normy prawa legal norms a. principles- rządy prawa the rule of law- zgodnie z prawem in accordance with a. according to the law- zgodnie z polskim prawem under Polish law- zgodnie z duchem i literą prawa in accordance with the spirit and the letter of the law- wbrew prawu against the law, contrary to the law- stosować się do przepisów prawa to abide by a. obey the law- złamać prawo to break the law- być niezgodnym z prawem a. wbrew prawu to be against the law- uznać przerywanie ciąży za niezgodne z prawem to criminalize abortion- działać w granicach prawa/niezgodnie z prawem to operate within/outside the law- stać ponad prawem to be above the law- wejść w konflikt z prawem to fall foul of a. to come into conflict with the law- wyjąć kogoś spod prawa Hist. to outlaw sb- człowiek wyjęty spod prawa Hist. an outlaw- w imieniu prawa in the name of the law- w obliczu prawa in the eyes of the law- nieznajomość prawa nie zwalnia od odpowiedzialności ignorance of the law is no excuse a. defence, ignorance is no defence- prawo drakońskie Hist. Draconian law2. (norma prawna, ustawa) law; (zapisana) statute- zbiór praw a legal code a. code of laws- system praw a system of law, a legal system- uchwalać a. stanowić prawa to enact a. make laws- uchwalić prawo to pass a. adopt a law- uchylić prawo to revoke a. rescind a law książk.- prawo o spółdzielczości/środkach masowego przekazu a law on the cooperative movement/on the mass media- nowe prawo wchodzi w życie a. obowiązuje od 1 maja the new law comes into effect on a. applies as of 1 May- prawo o stowarzyszeniach wygasa a. traci moc 31 grudnia the law on association lapses on a. as of 31 December3. sgt (nauka) law- wydział prawa a law faculty- student/studentka prawa a law student- studiować prawo to study a. read law- ukończyć prawo to graduate in law4. (uprawnienie) right (do czegoś to sth); entitlement książk. (do czegoś to sth); eligibility U (do czegoś for sth)- prawa człowieka/zwierząt human/animal rights- działacz/kampania na rzecz obrony praw zwierząt an animal rights activist/campaign- prawa kobiet women’s rights- prawa publiczne/obywatelskie public/civil rights- prawa małżeńskie/rodzicielskie marital/parental rights- prawa i obowiązki obywatela civil rights and duties- prawo własności proprietorship, ownership- prawa spadkowe inheritance rights- prawa miejskie a (town/city) charter- nadać/odebrać prawa miejskie to grant/revoke a town/city charter- uczestniczyć w zebraniu bez prawa głosu to take part in a meeting without the right to vote- prawo pierwszeństwa przejazdu the right of way- równe prawa equal rights- prawo do emerytury pension rights- prawo do pracy/do strajku the right to work/to strike- mieć prawo do corocznego urlopu/do emerytury to be entitled to annual leave/to a retirement pension- mieć prawa do książki to have a. hold the copyright on a. in a. for a book- mieć prawo do ekranizacji powieści to own the film rights to a novel- mieć prawo coś zrobić to have the right a. to be entitled to do sth- ona nie ma prawa tak cię traktować she has no right to treat you like that- masz pełne prawo odmówić you have every right to refuse- kto ci dał prawo mnie krytykować? what gives a. who gave you the right to criticize me?- rościć/zastrzec sobie prawo do czegoś to claim/reserve the right to sth- nabyć/utracić prawo do czegoś to gain a. acquire/lose the right to sth- zrzec się prawa do czegoś to relinquish a. renounce one’s right to sth książk.- przyznać komuś prawo do czegoś to grant sb the right to sth- odmówić komuś prawa do czegoś to deny sb the right to sth- pozbawić kogoś prawa wykonywania zawodu to deprive sb of the right to practise their profession, to ban sb from practising a profession- upominać się o swoje prawa a. dochodzić swoich praw to demand a. claim one’s rights- jakim prawem? by what right?- jakim prawem wtrącasz się w moje sprawy? who gave you the right to interfere in my affairs?- wszelkie prawa zastrzeżone all rights reserved- wywiad publikowany na prawach wyłączności an exclusive interview- na równych prawach on equal terms- ona jest tu na prawach domownika she’s treated here as one of the family- prawo łaski the prerogative of mercy- skorzystać z prawa łaski to pardon, to be pardoned5. Aut. prawo jazdy driving licence GB; driver’s license US- zdawać/zdać egzamin na prawo jazdy to take/pass one’s driving test- chodzić na kurs prawa jazdy to take driving lessons6. (zasada, prawidłowość) law, principle- prawa naturalne/ekonomiczne/społeczne natural/economic/social laws- prawa fizyczne/natury the laws of physics/nature- odkryć/sformułować prawo to formulate a law a. principle- podlegać prawom materii/przyrody to be subject to the laws of matter/natureⅡ adv. 1. na a. w prawo (w prawą stronę) to the right; (po prawej stronie) on a. to the right- na prawo od budynku jest sad to the right of the building there’s an orchard- na prawo jest a. widzicie ratusz to a. on your right is a. you can see the town hall- iść/skręcić w prawo a. na prawo to go/turn right- skręć w pierwszą (ulicę) w prawo take the first (street to the) right- na prawo patrz! Wojsk. eyes right!- szastał pieniędzmi na prawo i lewo he was spending money right, left and centre pot.- w prawo i w lewo (na wszystkie sposoby) in every possible way2. pot. (w polityce) pójść na prawo to veer to the right- zwrot na prawo a turn to the right- być na prawo od kogoś to be to the right of sb- być na prawo od centrum to be right of centreⅢ z prawa pot. (po prawej stronie) from the right- z prawa rozciągały się pola to the right, there were fields- z prawa i z lewa from all sidesⅣ prawo- w wyrazach złożonych 1. (odnoszący się do strony) right- 2. (dotyczący prawa) law-- □ prawa kardynalne Hist. cardinal laws- prawo administracyjne administrative law- prawo autorskie copyright law- prawo biogenetyczne recapitulation theory; Biol. palingenesis- prawo bliższości Hist., Prawo (the right of) primogeniture- prawo budowlane building code- prawo chełmińskie Hist., Prawo Chełm Law (a charter defining terms under which Polish towns were incorporated, modelled on the Magdeburg Law)- prawo ciążenia Newtona Fiz. Newton’s law of gravitation- prawo cywilne civil law- prawo doraźne Prawo summary justice- prawo finansowe a. skarbowe revenue law- prawo handlowe commercial a. trade law- prawo kanoniczne a. kościelne canon a. church a. ecclesiastical law- prawo karne Prawo criminal law- prawo karne wykonawcze penal law- prawo karne skarbowe penal revenue law- prawo lokalowe housing law- prawo łowieckie game laws- miasto na prawie magdeburskim a town chartered according to the Magdeburg law- prawo mennicze Hist. minting rights- prawo międzynarodowe international law- prawo Murphy’ego Murphy’s a. Sod’s pot., żart. Law- prawo obywatelstwa right of citizenship- prawo państwowe constitutional law- prawo Parkinsona Parkinson’s law- prawo pracy labour legislation, employment legislation- prawo prasowe press legislation- prawo probiercze assay law- prawo procesowe adjective a. procedural law- prawo rodzinne family law- prawo rzymskie Roman law- prawo wartości Ekon. the law of value- prawo wojenne law of war- prawo wyborcze electoral a. election law- bierne prawo wyborcze eligibility to stand for election, right to be elected- czynne prawo wyborcze voting rights, suffrage, franchise- powszechne prawo wyborcze universal suffrage a. a universal franchise- prawo wyborcze dla kobiet women’s suffrage- prawo zwyczajowe common law, custom- albo w prawo, albo w lewo you can’t have your cake and eat itThe New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > praw|o
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