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61 structure
структура (1. строение; внутренняя организация 2. схема; система; конструкция 3. интегральная структура; интегральная схема 4. форма; вид) || образовывать структуру; структурировать; организовывать || структурный- air-isolation monolithic structure
- antiasperomagnetic structure
- antiferromagnetic structure
- array structure
- asperomagnetic structure
- asymmetric-chevron bubble propagating structure
- backward-wave structure
- band structure
- base-centered structure
- beam-lead structure
- bias-pin resonator structure
- biperiodic structure
- BIST structure
- block structure
- branch control structure
- bubble array structure
- bubble-domain array structure
- bucket-brigade structure
- built-in self-test structure
- built-in self-testing structure
- buried-collector structure
- BW structure
- canted magnetic structure
- CCD structure
- cell structure
- charge-coupled-device structure
- charge-sloshing structure
- charge-transfer structure
- chevron layer structure
- cholesteric structure
- class structure
- close-packed structure
- cluster spin glass structure
- collinear structure
- comb structure
- commensurate magnetic structure
- complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor structure
- computing structure
- conceptual structure
- cone magnetic structure
- contiguous data structure
- continuous slow-wave structure
- control structure
- coordination structure
- coplanar-electrode structure
- crystal structure
- cubic structure
- current-induced magnetic-flux structure
- data structure
- decision structure
- deep structure
- dendrite structure
- diamagnetic structure
- dielectric-anisotropic electrooptic crystal sandwich structure
- dielectric-isolated structure
- directory structure
- disordered structure
- dissipative structure
- distributed data structure
- domain structure
- domain-wall structure
- double-drift structure
- dual-base structure
- electronic band structure
- endohedral structure
- energy-band structure
- epitaxial structure
- extended-interaction structure
- face-centered structure
- FAMOS structure
- fan magnetic structure
- feed-backward lattice structure
- feed-forward lattice structure
- ferrimagnetic spiral structure
- ferrimagnetic structure
- ferromagnetic spiral structure
- ferromagnetic structure
- file structure
- fine structure
- flat antiferromagnetic spiral structure
- floating-gate avalanche-injection MOS structure
- forward-wave structure
- fractal structure
- generic structure
- graded-base structure
- graphic data structure
- gross crystal structure
- guard-ring structure
- half-disk bubble propagating structure
- Hamiltonian structure
- helicoidal magnetic structure
- heterodesmic structure
- heterojunction structure
- hexagonal structure
- hill-and-valley structure
- homodesmic structure
- honeycomb domain structure
- honeycomb structure
- hybrid ferromagnet-semiconductor structure
- hyperfine structure
- I2-PLASA structure
- ideal spin glass structure
- IF-THEN-ELSE structure
- incommensurate magnetic structure
- integrated-circuit structure
- intellectual structure
- interdigital structure
- interdigitated structure
- internally striped planar structure
- intracell charge-transfer structure
- inverted structure
- ion-implanted planar mesa structure
- ion-implanted structure
- island structure
- isomorphic structures
- iteration control structure
- junction-isolated structure
- ladder-line slow-wave structure
- lag structure
- lateral complementary-transistor structure
- lattice structure
- leapfrog multi-feedback structure
- light-guiding structure
- line injecting structure
- linear structure
- local periodic structure
- logic control structure
- logic structure
- log-periodic structure
- long-periodic magnetic structure
- loop structure
- LP structure
- lyotropic structure
- major-minor loop memory structure
- MAS structure
- meander-line slow-wave structure
- merged structure
- mesa structure
- mesh structure
- metal-alumina-semiconductor structure
- metal-ferroelectric-semiconductor structure
- metal-insulator-metal structure
- metal-insulator-metal-insulator-metal structure
- metal-insulator-metal-insulator-semiconductor structure
- metal-insulator-oxide-semiconductor structure
- metal-insulator-semiconductor annular structure
- metal-insulator-semiconductor structure
- metal-insulator-semiconductor-insulator-semiconductor structure
- metal-nitride-oxide-semiconductor structure
- metal-nitride-semiconductor structure
- metal-oxide-metal structure
- metal-oxide-semiconductor structure
- metal-oxide-silicon structure
- metal-silicon nitride-silicon oxide-silicon structure
- metal-thick oxide-nitride-silicon structure
- metal-thick oxide-silicon structure
- MFS structure
- microwave structure
- mictomagnetic structure
- MIM structure
- MIMIM structure
- MIMIS structure
- MIOS structure
- MIS annular structure
- MIS structure
- MISIS structure
- MNOS structure
- MNS structure
- modular structure
- modulated magnetic structure
- modulated structure
- molecular structure
- monoclinic structure
- monolithic structure
- MOS structure
- MQW structure
- MSNSOS structure
- multidomain structure
- multiemitter structure
- multijunction structure
- multilevel structure
- multilevel-metallized structure
- multimode structure
- multiple-base structure
- multiple-junction structure
- multipole structure
- multiquantum-well structure
- n on p structure
- n on p substrate structure
- narrow-gap structure
- nematic structure
- nested structure
- n-i-p-i structure
- noncollinear structure
- non-contiguous data structure
- nonuniform-base structure
- n-p-n structure
- object structure
- one-element failure permissible structure
- optical-waveguide structure
- ordered structure
- organizational structure
- orthorhombic structure
- overlapping-gate structure
- overlay structure
- p on n structure
- p on n substrate structure
- paramagnetic structure
- percolation structure
- periodic domain structure
- periodic magnetic focusing structure
- periodic permanent-magnet structure
- perovskite structure
- phase slip structure
- photoconductor-elastomer structure
- planar structure
- plane-injection structure
- p-n structure
- p-n-i-p structure
- pnotojunction structure
- p-n-p structure
- polycrystalline structure
- position-dependent zone structure
- PPM structure
- program structure
- p-si-n structure
- punch-through structure
- radar absorbing structure
- Read structure
- rearrangeable multistage structure
- record structure
- redundant structure
- reflexive structure
- relational structure
- rhombohedral structure
- RM structure
- sandwich structure
- sectorial structure of crystal
- selection structure
- self-referent structure
- self-similar structure
- semiconductor-metal-semiconductor structure
- sequence structure
- sequential data structure
- signal structure
- silicon-on-insulated substrate structure
- silicon-on-insulator structure
- silicon-on-spinel structure
- simple cubic structure
- simple spiral magnetic structure
- slowing structure
- slow-wave propagation structure
- slow-wave structure
- smectic structure
- SMS structure
- social structure
- space-antenna support structure
- sperimagnetic structure
- speromagnetic structure
- spin structure
- spin-screw structure
- spiral magnetic structure
- spiral structure
- staggered-electrode structure
- standard buried-collector structure
- star structure
- stripe domain structure
- structure of management information
- sub-band structure
- supercritically doped structure
- superlattice structure
- surface structure
- symbol structure
- tape helix slow-wave structure
- technical structure
- tesselation structure
- test structure
- tetragonal structure
- T-I-bar structure
- transverse-tape slow-wave structure
- tree structure
- triclinic structure
- trigonal structure
- twin structure
- two-element failure permissible structure
- two-sleeve spiral magnetic structure
- umbrella magnetic structure
- undercut mesa structure
- uniform-base structure
- unipolar structure
- vertical p-n-p structure
- V-groove metal-oxide-semiconductor structure
- volume-centered structure
- vortex structure
- wide-gap structure
- Y-bar structure
- Y-I-bar structure
- zig-zag line slow-wave structureThe New English-Russian Dictionary of Radio-electronics > structure
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62 F02.0
рус Деменция при болезни Пикаeng Dementia in Pick's disease ( G31.0+). A progressive dementia, commencing in middle age, characterized by early, slowly progressing changes of character and social deterioration, followed by impairment of intellect, memory, and language functions, with apathy, euphoria and, occasionally, extrapyramidal phenomena. -
63 prac|ować
impf vi 1. (trudnić się) to work; (ciężko) to labour, to toil; (być zajętym) to be busy- pracować fizycznie/umysłowo to do physical/intellectual work- pracować zawodowo/zarobkowo to have a career/a paid job- pracować społecznie to do voluntary work- pracuję zawodowo od dwudziestu lat I’ve been working for twenty years- pracować sezonowo/dorywczo to do seasonal work/odd jobs- pracować jako tymczasowo zatrudniony to temp, to work as a temp- nie mógł znaleźć stałej pracy, więc pracował dorywczo he couldn’t find a permanent job, so he was temping a. doing odd jobs- pracować bez wytchnienia/ze wszystkich sił/od świtu do nocy to work without respite/as hard as one can/from dawn to dusk- pracował w pocie czoła, aby wyżywić liczną rodzinę he worked his fingers to the bone to provide for his large family- pracować jak wół to work like a Trojan- pracować w godzinach nadliczbowych to work overtime- pracować na akord/na dniówkę to be on piecework/be paid on a daily basis- pracować na czyjeś utrzymanie a. na kogoś to work to support sb- pracuję na samochód/nowe mieszkanie I’m working to get enough money to buy a car/a new flat- bogate kraje długo pracowały na swój dobrobyt it took rich countries many years of hard work to become prosperous- pracować dla kogoś/czegoś to work for sb/sth- pracuję od lat dla ich firmy I’ve been working for their company for years- pracować nad kimś to work on sb- dużo pracował nad sobą, żeby wyćwiczyć pamięć he had to work hard to train his memory- pracować nad czymś to work at a. on sth- pisarz pracował nad nową książką the author was working on a new book- komisja sejmowa pracuje nad ustawą budżetową/o ubezpieczeniach społecznych a parliamentary committee is working on the budget bill/the social insurance bill- musisz pracować nad backhandem you must practise your backhand2. (zarobkować) to work- pracować jako nauczyciel/listonosz to work as a teacher/a postman- pracować w fabryce/w szpitalu to work at a factory/hospital- pracować w przemyśle/reklamie/ubezpieczeniach to work in industry/advertising/insurance- pracować na budowie to work as a builder a. on a building site- pracować etatowo/na pół etatu to have a full-time/part-time job- pracować w systemie zmianowym to work shifts- pracować na dziennej/nocnej zmianie to work days/nights- pracować przy sortowaniu listów to have a job sorting letters- pracować na komputerze/tokarce to work at the computer/lathe- pracować zawodowo przy domowym terminalu to telecommute- pracować głową to do intellectual work- pracować piórem to live by the pen- pracować łopatą to be a labourer- kobieta pracująca a working woman- pracujące matki working mothers3. (współpracować) to work, to cooperate (z kimś/czymś with sb/sth)- dobrze mi się z nim pracuje I like working with him- komisja pracuje z zespołem doradców the commission cooperates with a team of advisers- pracować z młodzieżą to work with young people4. (funkcjonować) [serce, płuca, nerki] to work; [biuro, sklep] to work; [maszyna, silnik] to work, to operate, to run- serce pracuje prawidłowo the heart is functioning normally- podczas pływania pracują wszystkie mięśnie when you swim, all your muscles work- jego umysł pracował sprawnie he was of sound mind- poczta dzisiaj nie pracuje the post office is closed today- sądy pracują opieszale the courts are slow in dealing with the business in hand- szpitale pracują bez przerwy hospitals work non-stop- sklepy pracują do dwudziestej shops stay open till 8 p.m.- wytwórnia pracuje na eksport/na rynek wewnętrzny the plant manufactures for export/for the home market- maszyna pracuje bez zarzutu the machine is running smoothly- tylko dwa z czterech silników pracują only two of the four engines work a. are working- pracować na zwolnionych obrotach to work a. be working at a slow pace- pracować za dwóch a. trzech to work like nobody’s business pot., to do the work of two a. three (men) pot.- czas pracuje dla niego a. na jego korzyść/przeciw niemu a. na jego niekorzyść time is on his side/against him- kto nie pracuje, ten nie je przysł. if you don’t work you shan’t eat przysł.The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > prac|ować
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64 interface
1) нечто, по определённым правилам соединяющее две отдельные сущности и/или позволяющее им взаимодействовать. Имеется множество видов интерфейсов: аппаратные, программные, пользовательские, связные, цифровые, аналоговые, внешние, внутренние и т. п.см. тж. adaptive interface, back-end interface, communications interface, drop-side interface, electrical interface, glueless interface, high-level interface, iconic interface, interface standard, memory interface, network interface, object interface, optical interface, physical interface, public interface, social interface, user interface, visual interface, wireless interface2) программные и/или аппаратные средства преобразования входных/выходных данных или сигналов, например, для соединения компьютера с периферийными устройствами. Для аппаратных интерфейсовSyn:см. тж. API, bus interface, digital interface, GUI, hardware interface, infrared interface, I/O Interface, parallel interface, serial port3) программа или часть программы, взаимодействующая с пользователем4) в некоторых ЯВУ - часть программы, в которой определяются константы, переменные и структуры данных5) в ООП - видимая часть класса, т. е. переменные и методы, объявленные в секции public. Интерфейс содержит только имена и списки параметров методов, но не их реализацииАнгло-русский толковый словарь терминов и сокращений по ВТ, Интернету и программированию. > interface
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65 устройство
с.1) ( действие) arrangement [-eɪn-]; organization [-naɪ-]для устро́йства свои́х дел — to settle one's affairs
он за́нят устро́йством кварти́ры — he is busy putting his apartment in order
2) ( оборудование) equipment; facilities pl; ( механизм) device; ( приспособление) arrangementаппара́тное устро́йство информ. — hardware device
заря́дное устро́йство аккумуля́тора — battery charger
перегово́рное устро́йство (для внутренней связи) — intercom
печа́тающее устро́йство — printer
постоя́нное запомина́ющее устро́йство (сокр. ПЗУ) информ. — read-only memory (сокр. ROM)
госуда́рственное устро́йство — state / government system
обще́ственное устро́йство — social order
4) ( расположение) arrangement, layoutудо́бное устро́йство кварти́ры — good layout of the flat брит. / apartment амер.
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66 corporate
['kɔːp(ə)rət]прил.1) объединённый в корпорацию, зарегистрированный как корпорацияSyn:2) корпоративный (относящийся к корпорации; производственному коллективу)- corporate memoryHe planned to reorganize the corporate structure. — Он планировал провести реорганизацию корпоративной структуры.
- corporate social responsibility3) общий, совместный; объединённыйThey made a corporate effort to finish the job. — Они объединили свои усилия, чтобы закончить работу.
Syn:4) относящийся к муниципальным учреждениям, органам местного самоуправления -
67 display
1. n показ, демонстрацияmilitary display, display of troops — военный парад
2. n выставка3. n экспонатin the local museum many rooms were devoted to displays about the war — в местном музее многие залы были отведены под военные экспонаты
4. n проявление, демонстрация5. n выставление напоказ; хвастовство6. n полигр. выделение особым шрифтом7. n воспроизводящее устройствоdisplay unit — устройство отображения; дисплей
8. n спец. дисплей; экран дисплея; монитор9. n индикация, отображение10. v показывать, демонстрировать11. v проявлять, демонстрировать12. v выказывать, выдавать; обнаруживать13. v выставлять напоказ; кичиться, хвастать14. v полигр. выделять, особым шрифтом15. v вчт. воспроизводить на дисплееСинонимический ряд:1. array (noun) array; fanfare; fireworks; panoply; parade; pomp; shine; spectacle2. exhibition (noun) circus; demonstration; exhibit; exhibition; exposition; manifestation; pageant; presentation; scene; show3. ostentation (noun) bravura; exposure; flash; flaunting; flourish; ostentation; splendor; splendour; state4. exhibit (verb) demonstrate; evidence; evince; exhibit; make visible; proclaim; publicise; publicize5. expose (verb) bare; betray; disclose; expose; lay open; open; reveal; unclothe; uncover; unmask; unveil6. express (verb) communicate; convey; express; manifest7. have (verb) bear; carry; have; possess8. show (verb) brandish; disport; flash; flaunt; flourish; offer; parade; show; show off; sport; trot out9. unfold (verb) open out; spread; spread out; unfold; unfurl; unrollАнтонимический ряд:cloak; conceal; cover; curtain; disguise; hide; secrete; suppress; veil -
68 number
1. номер, выпуск2. экземпляр3. номер; нумеровать4. колонцифра, номер страницыpriority number — приоритетный номер; указатель приоритета
5. цифра, числоoctane number booster — присадка, повышающая октановое число
6. цифровой индекс на корешке7. старый номерclassification number — классификационный знак, индекс
8. номер записи9. номер статьи10. индекс для входа в системуpage number — колонцифра, номер страницы
index number — индекс, показатель
11. очередной номер12. номер выпуска в серии13. порядковый номерseries number — номер серии, серийный номер
signature number — цифра сигнатуры, сигнатура
volume number — номер тома; знак тома
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69 call
A n1 Telecom appel m (téléphonique) (from de) ; business call appel professionnel ; private ou personal call appel privé ; (tele)phone call appel m (téléphonique) ; I have a call for you j'ai un appel pour vous ; to make a call appeler, téléphoner ; to make a call to Italy appeler l'Italie, téléphoner en Italie ; to receive/take a call recevoir/prendre un appel ; to give sb a call appeler qn ; to return sb's call rappeler qn ; to put a call through to sb passer un appel à qn ;3 ( summons) appel m, this is the last call for passengers to Berlin Aviat ceci est le dernier appel pour les passagers à destination de Berlin ; this is your ten minute call Theat en scène dans dix minutes ; to put out a call for sb ( over public address) faire appeler qn ; ( over radio) lancer un appel à qn ; the Red Cross has put out a call for blankets la Croix Rouge a lancé un appel pour obtenir des couvertures ;4 ( visit) visite f ; social call visite f de courtoisie ; to make ou pay a call lit rendre visite (on à) ; to pay a call euph aller aux toilettes ; to return sb's call rendre sa visite à qn ;5 ( demand) demande f ; the strikers' call for a pay rise la demande d'augmentation de salaire de la part des grévistes ; there were calls for his resignation sa démission a été réclamée ; a call for reform une demande de réforme ; she has many calls on her time elle est très sollicitée ; there's no call for it Comm il n'y a pas de demande (pour cet article) ; we don't get much call for that nous n'avons guère de demande pour cela ; to have first call on sth avoir la priorité sur qch ;6 ( need) there's no call for sth/to do il n'y a pas de raison pour qch/de faire ; there was no call for her to say that elle n'avait aucune raison or aucun besoin de dire cela ;8 Sport décision f ;9 Fin ( for repayment of loan) demande f de remboursement ; ( request) appel m ; ( right to buy) option f d'achat ; money at ou on call argent à court terme or au jour le jour ; on three months' call à trois mois ; payable at call remboursable sur présentation or à vue ; a call for capital/tenders un appel de fonds/d'offres ;B vtr1 ( say loudly) ( also call out) appeler [name, number] ; crier [answer, instructions] ; annoncer [result] ; Games parier [heads, tails] ; annoncer [flight] ; to call the register Sch faire l'appel ; he called (out) ‘Goodbye’ il a crié ‘au revoir’ ;2 ( summon) appeler [lift] ; ( by shouting) appeler [person, animal, witness] ; ( by phone) appeler [person, police, taxi] ; ( by letter) convoquer [applicant, candidate] ; he was called before the committee il a été convoqué devant la commission ; the boss called me into his office le chef m'a fait venir dans son bureau ; the police were called to the scene la police a été appelée sur les lieux ; I've called you a taxi je vous ai appelé un taxi ; come when you're called venez quand on vous appelle ; call the next witness appelez le témoin suivant ; you may be called to give evidence il se peut que vous soyez convoqué pour témoigner ;3 ( telephone) ( also call up) appeler [person, institution, number] (at à ; from de) ; don't call us, we'll call you hum (n'appelez pas) nous vous appellerons ;4 ( give a name) appeler [person, baby, animal, place, product] (by par) ; intituler [book, film, music, play] ; she prefers to be called by her maiden name elle préfère qu'on l'appelle par son nom de jeune fille ;6 ( waken) réveiller [person] ; what time shall I call you in the morning? à quelle heure voulez-vous que je vous réveille? ;7 ( describe as) to call sb stupid/a liar traiter qn d'imbécile/de menteur/-euse ; I wouldn't call it spacious/beautiful je ne dirais pas que c'est vaste/beau ; do you call that plate clean? tu appelles ça une assiette propre? ; it's not what you'd call an exciting film on ne peut pas dire que ce film soit passionnant ; it's what you might call a delicate situation c'est ce qui s'appelle une situation délicate ; call that a garden ○ ! tu appelles ça un jardin! ; call it what you will appelle ça comme tu veux ; parapsychology or whatever they ou you call it ○ la métapsychologie ou quelque chose dans ce goût-là ○ ; (let's) call it £5 disons cinq livres sterling ; he hasn't a place to call his own il n'a pas de chez-lui ;8 Sport [referee, linesman] déclarer ; the linesman called the ball in le juge de ligne a déclaré que la balle était bonne ;9 Fin demander le remboursement de [loan] ;10 Comput appeler [file, program].C vi1 ( cry out) ( also call out) [person, animal] appeler ; ( louder) crier ; [bird] crier ; London calling Radio ici Londres ;2 ( telephone) appeler ; where are you calling from? d'où appelez-vous? ; I'm calling about your advertisement j'appelle au sujet de votre annonce ; thank you for calling merci d'avoir appelé ; please call back in an hour rappelez dans une heure s'il vous plaît, veuillez rappeler dans une heure fml ; to call home appeler chez soi or à la maison ; who's calling? qui est à l'appareil? ;3 ( visit) passer ; to call at [person] passer chez [person, shop] ; [person] passer à [bank, library, town] ; [train] s'arrêter à [town, station] ; [boat] faire escale à [port] ; the London train calling at Reading and Slough le train à destination de Londres desservant les gares de Reading et Slough ;4 (tossing coins, racquet) parier ; you call, heads or tails? à toi de parier, pile ou face?D v refl to call oneself se faire appeler [Smith, Bob] ; ( claim to be) se dire, se prétendre [poet, designer] ; he calls himself a writer but… il se dit or se prétend écrivain mais… ; call yourself a sailor ○ ? et tu te prétends marin? ; I am proud to call myself European je suis fier d'être européen.it was a close call c'était de justesse.■ call away:▶ call [sb] away appeler ; to be called away être obligé de s'absenter.■ call back:1 ( on phone) rappeler ;2 ( return) repasser ;▶ call [sb] back1 (summon by shouting, phone back) rappeler [person] ;2 ( recall) rappeler [representative, diplomat].■ call by passer.■ call down:▶ call down ( shout from above) appeler ;▶ call down [sth], call [sth] down appeler [blessing, curse, vengeance] (on sur).■ call for:▶ call for [sth]2 ( demand) [person] demander [food, drink, equipment, tool] ; [report, article, politician, protesters] réclamer [changes, improvements] ; they are calling for talks to be extended ils réclament la prolongation des négociations ;3 ( require) [situation, problem, conditions] exiger [treatment, skill, action, understanding] ; nécessiter [change, intervention, improvements] ; this calls for a celebration! ça se fête! ; that was not called for c'était déplacé ;■ call forth littér:▶ call forth [sth], call [sth] forth susciter.■ call in:▶ call in1 ( visit) passer ;▶ call in [sb], call [sb] in2 ( send for) faire appel à [expert, police, engineer] ;▶ call in [sth], call [sth] in1 ( recall) demander le retour de [library book, ticket, surplus, supplies] ; retirer [qch] de la circulation [currency] ; retirer [qch] du commerce [product] ;2 Fin demander le remboursement de [loan].■ call off:▶ call off [sth], call [sth] off1 lit rappeler [dog, attacker] ;2 fig ( halt) interrompre [arrangement, deal, plan, search, investigation, strike] ; ( cancel) annuler [show, meeting, wedding] ; to call off one's engagement rompre ses fiançailles ; to call off a strike annuler un ordre de grève ; let's call the whole thing off laissons tomber.■ call on:▶ call on [sb/sth]2 ( invite) demander à [speaker, lecturer] (to do de faire) ;3 ( urge) demander à (to do de faire) ; ( stronger) enjoindre fml (to do de faire) ; he called on his colleagues to oppose it il a demandé à ses collègues de s'y opposer ;4 (appeal to, resort to) s'adresser à [person] ; avoir recours à [services] ; faire appel à [moral quality] ; neighbours she can call on des voisins à qui elle peut s'adresser ; we will call on your services nous aurons recours à vos services ; you will have to call on all your patience and courage il faudra faire appel à toute ta patience et tout ton courage.■ call out:▶ call out [sb], call [sb] out1 ( summon outside) appeler ; the teacher called me out to the front of the class le professeur m'a fait venir devant le reste de la classe ;2 ( send for) appeler [expert, doctor, emergency service, repairman, troops] ;3 Ind [union] lancer un ordre de grève à [members] ; to call sb out on strike lancer un ordre de grève à qn ;▶ call [sth] out, call out [sth] appeler [name, number].■ call over:▶ call over to [sb] appeler ;▶ call [sb] over appeler.■ call round ( visit) venir.■ call up:▶ call up appeler ;▶ call up [sb/sth], call [sb/sth] up1 ( on phone) appeler ;2 ( summon) appeler [reserves, reinforcements] ; appeler [qn] sous les drapeaux [soldier] ; invoquer [ghost, spirit] ;3 ( evoke) rappeler [memory, past event, scene] ;4 Comput appeler (à l'écran), afficher [data, file, menu] ;5 Sport sélectionner [player]. -
70 live
I.A vtr1 ( conduct) vivre ; to live one's life vivre sa vie ; to live a normal/peaceful/healthier life vivre normalement/paisiblement/plus sainement ; to live a life of luxury/crime vivre dans le luxe/crime ; to live the life of a recluse/a saint vivre en reclus/comme un saint ; if I could live my life over again si je pouvais revivre ma vie ; you can't live your children's lives for them vous ne pouvez pas vivre à la place de vos enfants ; to live one's faith/one's politics vivre sa foi/sa politique ;2 ( undergo) vivre [experience].B vi1 ( dwell) [animal] vivre ; [person] gen vivre, habiter (with avec) ; ( in permanent dwelling) habiter ; they live at number 7 ils habitent au numéro 7 ; three sons still living at home trois fils qui vivent encore à la maison ; animals that live underground des animaux qui vivent sous terre ; to live together/apart/alone vivre ou habiter ensemble/séparément/seul ; to live in vivre dans, habiter [house, apartment] ; it isn't fit to live in c'est insalubre ; he's not very easy to live with il n'est pas très facile à vivre ; Devon is a nice place to live il fait bon vivre dans le Devon ; have you found anywhere to live yet? avez-vous trouvé à vous loger? ; he lives at the library/doctor's iron il est toujours fourré ○ à la bibliothèque/chez le médecin ; he lives in his jeans il est toujours en jean ;2 ( lead one's life) vivre ; to live happily/extravagantly vivre heureux/de manière extravagante ; to live in luxury/poverty vivre dans le luxe/la pauvreté ; we live in the computer age nous vivons à l'ère de l'informatique ; to live for ne vivre que pour [sport, work, family] ; to live in hope/fear/etc (of sth/of doing) vivre dans l'espoir/la peur (de qch/de faire) ; to live through sth vivre [experience, period] ; to live without vivre sans [person] ; se passer de [drugs, TV, electricity] ; they lived happily ever after ( in story) ils vécurent heureux et eurent beaucoup d'enfants ;3 ( remain alive) gen, fig vivre ; ( survive) survivre ; to live to be eighty/ninety vivre jusqu'à l'âge de quatre-vingts/quatre-vingt-dix ans ; nothing can live in this environment rien ne peut vivre dans ce milieu ; his grandfather is still living son grand-père vit toujours ; as long as I live, I'll… tant que je vivrai, je… ; you'll regret this for as long as you live vous le regretterez toute votre vie ; she 's only got two months to live il ne lui reste que deux mois à vivre ; I don't think he'll live je ne pense pas qu'il survive ; the memory will live in my heart forever le souvenir vivra toujours dans mon cœur ; these plants live through the hardest of winters ces plantes survivent à l'hiver le plus rude ; she'll not live through the night elle ne passera pas la nuit ; I'll live! hum je n'en mourrai pas! ; I've got nothing left to live for je n'ai plus de raison de vivre ; to live to regret sth en venir à regretter qch ; long live democracy/the King! vive la démocratie/le roi! ;4 (subsist, maintain existence) vivre ; to live by hunting/begging vivre en chassant/en mendiant ; to live by one's pen vivre de sa plume ; to live by one's wits vivre d'expédients ; to live on ou off vivre de [fruit, interest, profits, charity, promises] ; vivre sur [wage, capital] ; to live off sb se faire entretenir par qn ; his wages aren't enough to live on son salaire ne suffit pas pour le faire vivre ; her children live on junk food ses enfants ne mangent que des cochonneries ○ ; enough food to live on for a week assez de nourriture pour une semaine ; to live out of tins/the freezer vivre de conserves/de surgelés ;5 ( put up with) to live with accepter [illness, situation, consequences] ; supporter [noise, décor] ; to learn to live with sth apprendre à accepter qch ; to live with oneself vivre en paix avec soi-même ; to live with the fact that admettre que ; ‘Living with Aids’ journ ‘au cœur du sida’ ;6 ( experience life) vivre ; this is what I call living c'est ce que j'appelle vivre ; come on! live a little! allez viens! laisse-toi vivre! ; she's really lived elle a beaucoup vécu ; you haven't lived until you've been to… tu n'as rien vu tant que tu n'es pas allé à…live and let live il faut être tolérant ; to live it up ○ faire la fête ○ ; to live on fresh air vivre d'amour et d'eau fraîche ; you live and learn on apprend tous les jours ; I'll never live it down! je ne pourrai plus marcher la tête haute! ; to live sth down faire oublier qch.■ live in [teacher, caretaker] avoir un logement de fonction ; [pupil] être interne ; [care assistant] résider sur place ; [nanny, maid] être logé et nourri.■ live on:■ live out:▶ live out [cook, nanny] ne pas être logé ; [care assistant, teacher] vivre en ville ; [pupil] être externe ;▶ live out [sth]1 ( survive) passer [winter, day] ; I don't think he'll live out the week je ne crois pas qu'il passera la semaine ;2 ( spend) to live out the rest of one's days somewhere finir ses jours quelque part ;3 ( enact) vivre [fantasies].■ live up to [person] être fidèle à [principles, standards] ; [person] répondre à [expectations] ; [person] se montrer digne de [name, social position] ; [person] être à la hauteur de [reputation] ; [product] ne pas démentir [advertising].II.A adj1 ( not dead) [person, animal, bait] vivant ; live birth naissance f d'un enfant viable ; real live en chair et en os ;2 Radio, TV ( not recorded) [band, broadcast, orchestra] en direct ; [concert, performance, show, recording] sur scène ; [theatre] vivant ; [album] enregistré sur scène ; [communications] public/-ique ; before a live audience devant un public ;3 Elec sous tension ;6 ( topical) [issue] d'actualité. -
71 board
[̈ɪbɔ:d]administrative board административный совет administrative board правление advisory board комиссия экспертов arbitration board арбитражная комиссия bare board вчт. пустая плата board доска; bed of boards нары board борт (судна); on board на корабле, на пароходе, на борту; амер. тж. в вагоне (железнодорожном, трамвайном) board ист. брать на абордаж board мор. галс; to make boards лавировать board граница board департамент board доска; bed of boards нары board полигр. крышка переплета board крышка переплета board мор. лавировать board министерство board настилать пол; обшивать досками board уст. стол, особ. обеденный; groaning board стол, уставленный яствами board орган управления board панель board питание, харчи, стол; board and lodging квартира и стол; пансион board вчт. плата board полигр. плотный картон board pl подмостки, сцена; to go on the boards стать актером; to tread boards быть актером board полка board правление; совет; коллегия; департамент; министерство; board of Directors правление; board of trustees совет попечителей board правление board предоставлять питание (жильцу и т. п.) board пульт board сесть на корабль; амер. тж. сесть в поезд, в трамвай, на самолет board совет, комитет, управление, департамент, коллегия, министерство, правление board совет board столоваться (with - у кого-л.) board управление board горн. широкая выработка в угольном пласте board щит Board: Board: Big board Нью-Йоркская фондовая биржа board: board: bulletin board доска для афиш Board: Board: Environmental Appeal board Комиссия по рассмотрению жалоб на загрязнение окружающей среды board: board: evaluation board вчт. макет платы Board: Board: National Housing board Национальное управление по жилищному строительству board: board: nature conservancy board управление охраны природы Board: Board: Traffic Accident board Управление по разбору дорожно-транспортых происшествий board: board: two-sided board двусторонняя плата board питание, харчи, стол; board and lodging квартира и стол; пансион board and lodging пансион board and lodging стол и квартира board and management правление и руководители board of administration совет администрации board of administrators дирекция board of appeal апелляционный совет board of arbitration арбитражная комиссия board of assessment комитет по налогообложению board правление; совет; коллегия; департамент; министерство; board of Directors правление; board of trustees совет попечителей board of directors правление board of directors правление директоров board of directors совет директоров, правление board of directors совет директоров board of education министерство просвещения (в Великобритании) board of Education уст. министерство просвещения board of Education амер. (местный) отдел народного образования; board of Health отдел здравоохранения board of examiners совет экзаменаторов board of examiners экзаменационная комиссия board of governors совет управляющих board of health отдел здравоохранения board of Education амер. (местный) отдел народного образования; board of Health отдел здравоохранения board of investigation управление по расследованиям board of management отдел управления board of management правление board of management совет директоров board of managers совет менеджеров board of representatives совет представителей board of social affairs and health управление (дирекция, секретариат) по социальным вопросам и здравоохранению board of supervision орган надзора board of trade торговая палата board of Trade министерство торговли (в Англии) board of Trade торговая палата (в США) board правление; совет; коллегия; департамент; министерство; board of Directors правление; board of trustees совет попечителей board of trustees опекунский совет board of trustees попечительский (опекунский) совет board of trustees совет доверенных лиц trustee: trustee член правления (совета и т. п.); Board of trustees совет попечителей board: bulletin board доска для афиш bulletin board доска объявлений bulletin: board attr.: board board доска объявлений caution board предупреждающая (об опасности) надпись central board центральное правление chip board вчт. плата с кристаллами chip board вчт. плата с микросхемами circuit board вчт. монтажная плата city executive board городское правительство; мэрия to come (или to go) on board сесть на корабль; to go by the board падать за борт; перен. быть выброшенным за борт conciliation board согласительный совет consumer complaint board управление по разбору жалоб потребителей consumers' complaints board бюро претензий потребителей control board контрольный орган control board орган надзора district board окружной совет diving board трамплин для прыжков в воду double-sided board вчт. двухсторонняя плата draft board призывная комиссия edge board вчт. плата с печатным соединителем edge-connector board вчт. плата с печатным соединителем board: evaluation board вчт. макет платы executive board исполнительный комитет executive board руководящий орган executive: board board правление expanded board вчт. расширительная плата extender board вчт. удлинительная плата gage board приборная доска to come (или to go) on board сесть на корабль; to go by the board падать за борт; перен. быть выброшенным за борт board pl подмостки, сцена; to go on the boards стать актером; to tread boards быть актером board уст. стол, особ. обеденный; groaning board стол, уставленный яствами guardianship board попечительский совет industrial development board совет по промышленному развитию input/output board вчт. плата ввода-вывода instrument board приборная доска interconnect board вчт. соединительная плата interface board вчт. интерфейсная плата junction board тел. коммутатор junction board коммутатор known-good board вчт. контрольная плата labour market board совет рынка труда listing board электронное табло с данными о курсах ценных бумаг local board местный совет local board (амер.) участковая призывная комиссия local: board board амер. участковая призывная комиссия local building board местное строительное управление local government board местный орган власти local government board муниципальный совет local government board совет местного управления; исполнительный орган местного управления local: Local Government Board департамент, ведающий местным самоуправлением board мор. галс; to make boards лавировать managing board правление marketing board совет по маркетингу memory board вчт. плата памяти mother board вчт. объединительная плата multifunction board вчт. многофункциональная плата municipal board муниципальный совет national board национальное управление national board национальный совет board: nature conservancy board управление охраны природы notice board доска объявлений board борт (судна); on board на корабле, на пароходе, на борту; амер. тж. в вагоне (железнодорожном, трамвайном) parole board комиссия по условно-досрочному освобождению patch board коммутационная доска peg board штекерная панель plotting board вчт. планшет plug-in board вчт. схемная плата plug-in board вчт. съемная плата populated board вчт. плата с интегральными схемами present board действующее правление printed-wiring board вчт. плата с печатным монтажом problem board коммутационная доска prototyping board макетная плата provincial board провинциальный совет, провинциальный орган управления quotation board табло с курсом биржевых акций random logic board вчт. плата с произвольной логикой rent control board орган регулирования арендной платы returning board счетная комиссия (при выборах) revocation board комиссия по аннулированию патентов sandwich board комбинированный рекламный щит school board школьный совет single-sided board односторонняя плата spare board запасная плата stock-exchange board правление фондовой биржи supervisory board контрольная комиссия supervisory board контрольный совет supervisory board наблюдательный совет to sweep the board карт. забрать все ставки to sweep the board завладеть всем system board вчт. системная плата tack board доска объявлений trade board комиссия по вопросам заработной платы Trade: Trade Board комиссия по вопросам заработной платы (в какой-л. отрасли промышленности) trade development board совет по развитию торговли board pl подмостки, сцена; to go on the boards стать актером; to tread boards быть актером board: two-sided board двусторонняя плата voluntary appeals board добровольный апелляционный совет wire board коммутационная панель wire board монтажная панель wire board монтажная плата wiring board монтажная панель woven circuit board вчт. плата с тканой матрицей -
72 protection
[prəˈtekʃən]advance protection гарантия займа boundary protection вчт. защита памяти child protection охрана ребенка coastal protection укрепление берегов complementary protection дополнительная защита (пособия) consumer protection защита потребителей consumer protection защита потребителя copyright protection охрана авторского права data protection вчт. защита данных depositor protection защита интересов вкладчика design protection охрана промышленного образца diskette protection вчт. защита дискеты environmental protection защита окружающей среды environmental protection охрана окружающей среды error protection вчт. защита от ошибок file protection вчт. защита файла fire protection защита от огня fire protection пожарная охрана insurance protection защита путем страхования insurance protection объем страховой ответственности labour protection защита труда legal protection правовая защита protection эк. протекционизм; to live under the protection (of smb.) быть (чьей-л.) содержанкой memory protection вчт. защита памяти password protection вчт. защита с паролем patent protection охрана патентных прав patent protection патентная охрана police protection защита силами полиции police protection охрана силами полиции product protection защита продукции protection акцептование (тратты) protection защита, охрана; ограждение; прикрытие protection защита, охрана protection защита protection оплата (чека, тратты) protection охрана protection охранная грамота; пропуск; паспорт protection паспорт, свидетельство о гражданстве (в США выдается государственными нотариусами лицам, выезжающим за границу) protection покровительственная система в торговле protection покровительство protection эк. протекционизм; to live under the protection (of smb.) быть (чьей-л.) содержанкой protection протекционизм protection of anonymity сохранение анонимности protection of buildings охрана зданий protection of consumers защита прав потребителей protection of data privacy вчт. обеспечение секретности данных protection of design охрана промышленного образца protection of environment охрана окружающей среды protection of minorities защита прав национальных меньшинств protection of monuments охрана памятников protection of nature охрана природы protection of patented invention охрана запатентованного изобретения protection of privacy сохранение тайны protection of trade marks охрана товарных знаков protection of transfer охрана передачи права read protection вчт. защита от чтения regional protection региональная защита shore protection укрепление берегов social protection социальная защита (общий термин, охватывающий все гарантии, социальное страхование, социальное обеспечение и т. д.) software protection comp. разработка программного обеспечения statutory protection покровительство закона storage protection вчт. защита памяти storage protection comp. защита памяти surface protection вчт. защита поверхности tariff protection тарифный протекционизм trade mark protection охрана торговой марки write protection вчт. защита данных от записи write protection вчт. защита от записи -
73 χάρις
χάρις, ιτος, ἡ (Hom.+) acc. quite predom. χάριν, but χάριτα Ac 24:27; 25:9 v.l.; Jd 4 and pl. χάριτας Ac 24:27 v.l.; 1 Cl 23:1 (Eur., Hel. 1378; Hdt. 6, 41; X., Hell. 3, 5, 16; ins, pap; Zech 4:7; 6:14; EpArist 272, pl. 230.—B-D-F §47, 3; W-S. §9, 7; Mayser 271f; Thackeray 150; Helbing 40f; Mlt-H. 132.—It seems that χάρις is not always clearly differentiated in mng. fr. χαρά; Apollodorus [II B.C.]: 244 Fgm. 90 Jac. says in the second book περὶ θεῶν: κληθῆναι δὲ αὐτὰς ἀπὸ μὲν τ. χαρᾶς Χάριτας• καὶ γὰρ πολλάκις … οἱ ποιηταὶ τ. χάριν χαρὰν καλοῦσιν ‘the [deities] Charites are so called from χαρά [joy], for poets freq. equate χάρις with χαρά’. Cp. the wordplay AcPl Ha 8, 7 χαρᾶς καὶ χάριτος the house was filled with gaiety and gratitude.).① a winning quality or attractiveness that invites a favorable reaction, graciousness, attractiveness, charm, winsomeness (Hom.+; Jos., Ant. 2, 231) of human form and appearance παῖς λίαν εὐειδής ἐν χάριτι an exceptionally fine-looking and winsome youth AcPl Ha 3, 13. Of speech (Demosth. 51, 9; Ps.-Demetr. [I A.D.], Eloc. §127; 133; 135 al.; Eccl 10:12; Sir 21:16; Jos., Ant. 18, 208) οἱ λόγοι τῆς χάριτος (gen. of quality) the gracious words Lk 4:22. ὁ λόγος ὑμῶν πάντοτε ἐν χάριτι let your conversation always be winsome Col 4:6 (cp. Plut., Mor. 514f; s. also HAlmqvist, Plut. u. das NT ’46, 121f; Epict. 3, 22, 90). τὸ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ χάριτος ἐπληροῦτο MPol 12:1 can also be placed here in case χάρις means nothing more than graciousness (s. 4 below); prob. also GJs 7:3 (s. 3b).② a beneficent disposition toward someone, favor, grace, gracious care/help, goodwill (almost a t.t. in the reciprocity-oriented world dominated by Hellenic influence [cp. e.g. OGI 669, 29] as well as by the Semitic sense of social obligation expressed in the term חֶסֶד [NGlueck, Das Wort ḥesed in alttestamentlichen Sprachgebrauche etc. 1927]. Of a different order and spirit is the subset of reciprocity known as Roman patronage, in which superiority of the donor over the client is clearly maintained)ⓐ act., that which one grants to another, the action of one who volunteers to do someth. not otherwise obligatory χάρις θεοῦ ἦν ἐπʼ αὐτό Lk 2:40. ἡ χάρις τοῦ θεοῦ (cp. τῇ τοῦ θεοῦ Κλαυδίου χάριτι OGI 669, 29) Ac 11:2 D; 14:26. τοῦ κυρίου 15:40.—Esp. of the beneficent intention of God (cp. χ. in reference to God: Apollon. Rhod. 3, 1005 σοὶ θεόθεν χάρις ἔσσεται; Dio Chrys. 80 [30], 40 χ. τῶν θεῶν; Ael. Aristid. 13 p. 320 D.; 53 p. 620; Sextus 436b; likew. in LXX, Philo, Joseph.; SibOr 4, 46=189; 5, 330; Ezk. Trag. 162 [Eus., PE 9, 29, 12].—χ. to denote beneficent dispensations of the emperor: OGI 669, 44 [I A.D.]; BGU 19 I, 21 [II A.D.] χάρ. τοῦ θεοῦ Αὐτοκράτορος; 1085 II, 4) and of Christ, who give (undeserved) gifts to people; God: δικαιούμενοι δωρεὰν τῇ αὐτοῦ χάριτι Ro 3:24. Cp. 5:15a, 20f; 6:1; 11:5 (ἐκλογή 1), 6abc; Gal 1:15 (διά A 3e); Eph 1:6f (KKuhn, NTS 7, ’61, 337 [reff. to Qumran lit.]); 2:5, 7, 8; cp. Pol 1:3; 2 Th 1:12; 2:16; 2 Ti 1:9; Tit 2:11 (ἡ χάρ. τοῦ θεοῦ σωτήριος; s. Dibelius, Hdb. exc. after Tit 2:14); 3:7; Hb 2:9 (χωρίς 2aα); 4:16a (DdeSilva, JBL 115, ’96, 100–103); 1 Cl 50:3; ISm 9:2; IPol 7:3. ἐν χάρ[ιτι θεοῦ] AcPl Ha 7, 23 (restoration uncertain). κατὰ χάριν as a favor, out of goodwill (cp. Pla., Leg. 740c; schol. on Soph., Oed. Col. 1751 p. 468 Papag.) Ro 4:4 (opp. κατὰ ὀφείλημα), 16.—The beneficence or favor of Christ: διὰ τῆς χάριτος τοῦ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ πιστεύομεν σωθῆναι Ac 15:11. Cp. Ro 5:15b; 2 Cor 8:9; 1 Ti 1:14; IPhld 8:1. On Ac 2:47 in this sense s. TAnderson, NTS 34, ’88, 604–10.ⓑ pass., that which one experiences fr. another (Arrian, Anab. Alex. 3, 26, 4) χάριν ἔχειν have favor 3J 4 v.l. πρός τινα with someone=win his respect Ac 2:47 (cp. 2a end; cp. Pind., O. 7, 89f χάριν καὶ ποτʼ ἀστῶν καὶ ποτὶ ξείνων grant him respect in the presence of his townfolk as well as strangers); παρά τινι (Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 89 §376) Hm 10, 3, 1, cp. 5, 1, 5. εὑρεῖν χάριν παρά τινι (Philo, Leg. All. 3, 77, end) Lk 1:30; Hs 5, 2, 10; ἐνώπιόν τινος Ac 7:46; GJs 11:2 (JosAs 15:14). ἐν τοῖς μέλλουσι μετανοεῖν among those who are about to repent Hm 12, 3, 3. Ἰησοῦς προέκοπτεν χάριτι παρὰ θεῷ καὶ ἀνθρώποις Lk 2:52 (an indication of exceptional ἀρετή, cp. Pind. above). Cp. Ac 4:33; 7:10 (ἐναντίον Φαραώ); Hb 4:16b.—ποία ὑμῖν χάρις ἐστίν; what credit is that to you? Lk 6:32–34; s. D 1:3; 2 Cl 13:4. Cp. 1 Cor 9:16 v.l. In these passages the mng. comes close to reward (s. Wetter [5 below] 209ff w. reff.).—Also by metonymy that which brings someone (God’s) favor or wins a favorable response fr. God 1 Pt 2:19, 20.ⓒ In Christian epistolary lit. fr. the time of Paul χάρις is found w. the sense (divine) favor in fixed formulas at the beginning and end of letters (Zahn on Gal 1:3; vDobschütz on 1 Th 1:1; ELohmeyer, ZNW 26, 1927, 158ff; APujol, De Salutat. Apost. ‘Gratia vobis et pax’: Verb. Dom. 12, ’32, 38–40; 76–82; WFoerster, TW II ’34, 409ff; Goodsp., Probs. 141f. S. also the lit. s.v. χαίρω 2b). At the beginning of a letter χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη (sc. εἴη; New Docs 8, 127f) Ro 1:7; 1 Cor 1:3; 2 Cor 1:2; Gal 1:3; Eph 1:2; Phil 1:2; Col 1:2; 1 Th 1:1; 2 Th 1:2; Phlm 3; Rv 1:4; without ὑμῖν Tit 1:4. χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη πληθυνθείη 1 Pt 1:2; 2 Pt 1:2; 1 Cl ins. χάρις, ἔλεος, εἰρήνη 1 Ti 1:2; 2 Ti 1:2; 2J 3 (on the triplet cp. En 5:7 φῶς καὶ χάρις καὶ εἰρήνη).—At the end ἡ χάρις (τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ etc.) μεθʼ ὑμῶν (or μετὰ πάντων ὑμῶν etc.) Ro 16:20, 23 (24) v.l.; 1 Cor 16:23; 2 Cor 13:13; Gal 6:18; Eph 6:24; Phil 4:23; Col 4:18; 1 Th 5:28; 2 Th 3:18; 1 Ti 6:21; 2 Ti 4:22; Tit 3:15; Phlm 25; Hb 13:25; Rv 22:21; 1 Cl 65:2. ἔσται ἡ χάρις μετὰ πάντων τῶν φοβουμένων τὸν Κύριον GJs 25:2. ὁ κύριος τῆς δόξης καὶ πάσης χάριτος μετὰ τοῦ πνεύματος ὑμῶν B 21:9. χάρις ὑμῖν, ἔλεος, εἰρήνη, ὑπομονὴ διὰ παντός ISm 12:2. ἔρρωσθε ἐν χάριτι θεοῦ 13:2.③ practical application of goodwill, (a sign of) favor, gracious deed/gift, benefactionⓐ on the part of humans (X., Symp. 8, 36, Ages. 4, 3; Appian, Bell. Civ. 1, 49 §213; Dionys. Hal. 2, 15, 4) χάριν (-ιτα) καταθέσθαι τινί (κατατίθημι 2) Ac 24:27; 25:9. αἰτεῖσθαι χάριν 25:3 (in these passages from Ac χ. suggests [political] favor, someth. one does for another within a reciprocity system. Cp. Appian, Bell. Civ. 1, 108 §506 ἐς χάριν Σύλλα=as a favor to Sulla; ApcSed 8:1 οὐκ ἐποίησάς μοι χάριν=you did me no favor). ἵνα δευτέραν χάριν σχῆτε that you might have a second proof of my goodwill 2 Cor 1:15 (unless χάρις here means delight [so in poetry, Pind. et al., but also Pla., Isocr.; L-S-J-M s.v. χάρις IV; cp. also the quot. fr. Apollodorus at the beg. of the present entry, and the fact that χαρά is v.l. in 2 Cor 1:15]; in that case δευτέρα means double; but s. comm.). Of the collection for Jerusalem (cp. Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 42 §173 χάριτας λαμβάνειν=receive gifts) 1 Cor 16:3; 2 Cor 8:4, 6f, 19 (DdeSilva, JBL 115, ’96, 101). Cp. B 21:7.—Eph 4:29 may suggest a demonstration of human favor (cp. Plut., Mor. 514e χάριν παρασκευάζοντες ἀλλήλοις), but a ref. to the means by which divine grace is mediated is not to be ruled out (s. b below).ⓑ on the part of God and Christ; the context will show whether the emphasis is upon the possession of divine favor as a source of blessings for the believer, or upon a store of favor that is dispensed, or a favored status (i.e. standing in God’s favor) that is brought about, or a gracious deed wrought by God in Christ, or a gracious work that grows fr. more to more (so in contrast to the old covenant Mel., P. 3, 16 al.). God is called ὁ θεὸς πάσης χάριτος 1 Pt 5:10, i.e. God, who is noted for any conceivable benefit or favor; cp. B 21:9.—χάριν διδόναι τινί show favor to someone (Anacr. 110 Diehl; Appian, Ital. 5 §10): τὸν δόντα αὐτῷ τὴν χάριν GJs 14:2. ταπεινοῖς δίδωσι χάριν (Pr 3:34) Js 4:6b; 1 Pt 5:5; 1 Cl 30:2; without a dat. Js 4:6a (Menand., Epitr. 231 S. [55 Kö.]). Perh. καὶ ἔβαλλε κύριος … χάριν ἐπʼ αὐτήν GJs 7:3 (but s. 1 above). The Logos is πλήρης χάριτος J 1:14. Those who belong to him receive of the fullness of his grace, χάριν ἀντὶ χάριτος vs. 16 (ἀντί 2). Cp. vs. 17. τὴν χάριν ταύτην ἐν ᾗ ἑστήκαμεν this favor (of God) we now enjoy Ro 5:2 (Goodsp.).—5:17; 1 Cor 1:4; 2 Cor 4:15 (divine beneficence in conversion); cp. Ac 11:23; 6:1; Gal 1:6 (by Christ’s gracious deed); 2:21; 5:4; Col 1:6; 2 Ti 2:1; Hb 12:15; 13:9; 1 Pt 1:10, 13; 3:7 (συνκληρονόμοι χάριτος ζωῆς fellow-heirs of the gift that spells life; s. ζωή 2bα); 5:12; 2 Pt 3:18; Jd 4; IPhld 11:1; ISm 6:2. Christians stand ὑπὸ χάριν under God’s gracious will as expressed in their release from legal constraint Ro 6:14f, or they come ὑπὸ τὸν ζυγὸν τῆς χάριτος αὐτοῦ 1 Cl 16:17 (ζυγός 1). The proclamation of salvation is the message of divine beneficence τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τῆς χάριτος τοῦ θεοῦ Ac 20:24 or ὁ λόγος τῆς χάριτος αὐτοῦ (=τοῦ κυρίου) 14:3; 20:32. Even the gospel message can be called ἡ χάρις τοῦ θεοῦ 13:43; cp. 18:27; MPol 2:3. τὸ πνεῦμα τῆς χάριτος the Spirit from or through whom (God’s) favor is shown Hb 10:29 (AArgyle, Grace and the Covenant: ET 60, ’48/49, 26f).—Pl. benefits, favors (Diod S 3, 2, 4; 3, 73, 6; Sb 8139, 4 [ins of I B.C.] of Isis; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 190) 1 Cl 23:1.—Nelson Glueck, Das Wort ḥesed etc. 1927, but s. FAndersen, ‘Yahweh, the Kind and Sensitive God’: God Who is Rich in Mercy, ed. PO’Brien/DPeterson ’86.④ exceptional effect produced by generosity, favor. Of effects produced by divine beneficence which go beyond those associated with a specific Christian’s status (ins μεγάλαι χάριτες τοῦ θεου: FCumont, Syria 7, 1926, 347ff), in the congregations of Macedonia 2 Cor 8:1 and Corinth 9:14; cp. vs. 8; in Rome AcPl Ha 7, 8. The Christian confessor is in full possession of divine grace ISm 11:1. Paul knows that through the χάρις of God he has been called to be an apostle, and that he has been fitted out w. the powers and capabilities requisite for this office fr. the same source: Ro 1:5; 12:3; 15:15; 1 Cor 3:10; 15:10ab (for the subject matter cp. Polyb. 12, 12b, 3 αὐτὸν [Alex. the Great] ὑπὸ τοῦ δαιμονίου τετευχέναι τούτων ὧν ἔτυχεν=whatever he has received he has received from what is divine. [For this reason he does not deserve any divine honors.]); 2 Cor 12:9; Gal 2:9; Eph 3:2, 7f; Phil 1:7.—The χάρις of God manifests itself in various χαρίσματα: Ro 12:6; Eph 4:7; 1 Pt 4:10. This brings into view a number of passages in which χάρις is evidently to be understood in a very concrete sense. It is hardly to be differentiated fr. δύναμις (θεοῦ) or fr. γνῶσις or δόξα (q.v. 1b. On this subj. s. Wetter [5 below] p. 94ff; esp. 130ff; pap in the GLumbroso Festschr. 1925, 212ff: χάρις, δύναμις, πνεῦμα w. essentially the same mng.; PGM 4, 2438; 3165; Herm. Wr. 1, 32; Just., D. 87, 5 ἀπὸ χάριτος τῆς δυνάμεως τοῦ πνεύματος). οὐκ ἐν σοφίᾳ σαρκικῇ ἀλλʼ ἐν χάριτι θεοῦ 2 Cor 1:12. οὐκ ἐγὼ δὲ ἀλλὰ ἡ χάρις τοῦ θεοῦ σὺν ἐμοί 1 Cor 15:10c. αὐξάνετε ἐν χάριτι καὶ γνώσει τοῦ κυρίου 2 Pt 3:18; cp. 1 Cl 55:3; B 1:2 (τῆς δωρεᾶς πνευματικῆς χάρις). Stephen is said to be πλήρης χάριτος καὶ δυνάμεως Ac 6:8. Divine power fills the Christian confessor or martyr w. a radiant glow MPol 12:1 (but s. 1 above). As the typical quality of the age to come, contrasted w. the κόσμος D 10:6.⑤ response to generosity or beneficence, thanks, gratitude (a fundamental component in the Gr-Rom. reciprocity system; exx. fr. later times: Diod S 11, 71, 4 [χάριτες=proofs of gratitude]; Appian, Syr. 3, 12; 13. Cp. Wetter [below] p. 206f) χάριν ἔχειν τινί be grateful to someone (Eur., Hec. 767; X., An. 2, 5, 14; Pla., Phlb. 54d; Ath. 2, 1; PLips 104, 14 [I B.C.] χάριν σοι ἔχω) foll. by ὅτι (Epict. 3, 5, 10; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 270; 2, 49) Lk 17:9 (ERiggenbach, NKZ 34, 1923, 439–43); mostly of gratitude to God or Christ; χάρις in our lit. as a whole, in the sense gratitude, refers to appropriate respone to the Deity for benefits conferred (Hom., Pind., Thu. et al.; ins, pap, LXX; Jos., Ant. 7, 208) χάριν ἔχω τῷ θεῷ (POxy 113, 13 [II A.D.] χάριν ἔχω θεοῖς πᾶσιν.—Epict. 4, 7, 9) 2 Ti 1:3; foll. by ὅτι because 1 Ti 1:12 (Herm. Wr. 6, 4 κἀγὼ χάριν ἔχω τῷ θεῷ …, ὅτι; Jos., Ant. 4, 316); χάριν ἔχειν ἐπί τινι be grateful for someth. Phlm 7 v.l. (to humans). ἔχωμεν χάριν let us be thankful (to God) Hb 12:28 (the reason for it is given by the preceding ptc. παραλαμβάνοντες). Elliptically (B-D-F §128, 6; cp. Rob. 1201f) χάρις (ἔστω) τῷ θεῷ (X., Oec. 8, 16 πολλὴ χάρις τοῖς θεοῖς; Epict. 4, 4, 7 χάρις τῷ θεῳ; BGU 843, 6 [I/II A.D.] χάρις τοῖς θεοῖς al. in pap since III B.C..—Philo, Rer. Div. Her. 309) Ro 7:25; MPol 3:1. Foll. by ὅτι (X., An. 3, 3, 14 τοῖς θεοῖς χάρις ὅτι; PFay 124, 16 τοῖς θεοῖς ἐστιν χάρις ὅτι; Epict. 4, 5, 9) Ro 6:17. Foll. by ἐπί τινι for someth. (UPZ 108, 30 [99 B.C.]) 2 Cor 9:15. The reason for the thanks is given in the ptc. agreeing w. τῷ θεῷ 2:14; 8:16; 1 Cor 15:57 (cp. Jos., Ant. 6, 145; Philo, Somn. 2, 213). Thankfulness (Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 15 §51 πρός τινα=toward someone) χάριτι in thankfulness 10:30. So prob. also ἐν τῇ χάριτι in a thankful spirit Col 3:16 (Dibelius, Hdb. ad loc.). πλησθῆναι χαρᾶς καὶ χάριτος AcPl Ha 8, 7. S. εὐχαριστέω, end. Also PSchubert, Form and Function of the Pauline Thanksgivings ’39.—OLoew, Χάρις, diss., Marburg 1908; GWetter, Charis 1913; AvHarnack, Sanftmut, Huld u. Demut in der alten Kirche: JKaftan Festschr. 1920, 113ff; NBonwetsch, Zur Geschichte des Begriffs Gnade in der alten Kirche: Harnack Festgabe 1921, 93–101; EBurton, Gal ICC 1921, 423f; WWhitley, The Doctrine of Grace ’32; JMoffatt, Grace in the NT ’31; RWinkler, D. Gnade im NT: ZST 10, ’33, 642–80; RHomann, D. Gnade in d. Syn. Ev.: ibid. 328–48; JWobbe, D. Charisgedanke b. Pls ’32; RBultmann, Theologie des NT ’48, 283–310 (Paul); HBoers, Ἀγάπη and Χάρις in Paul’s Thought: CBQ 59, ’97, 693–713; on 2 Cor 8: FDanker, Augsburg Comm. 2 Cor, 116–34; PRousselot, La Grâce d’après St. Jean et d’après St. Paul: SR 18, 1928, 87–108, Christent. u. Wissensch. 8, ’32, 402–30; JMontgomery, Hebrew Hesed and Gk. Charis: HTR 32, ’39, 97–102; Dodd 61f; TTorrance, The Doctrine of Grace in the Apost. Fathers, ’48; JRenié, Studia Anselmiana 27f, ’51, 340–50; CRSmith, The Bible Doctrine of Grace, ’56; EFlack, The Concept of Grace in Bibl. Thought: Bibl. Studies in Memory of HAlleman, ed. Myers, ’60, 137–54; DDoughty, NTS 19, ’73, 163–80.—B. 1166. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq. Sv. -
74 Mind
It becomes, therefore, no inconsiderable part of science... to know the different operations of the mind, to separate them from each other, to class them under their proper heads, and to correct all that seeming disorder in which they lie involved when made the object of reflection and inquiry.... It cannot be doubted that the mind is endowed with several powers and faculties, that these powers are distinct from one another, and that what is really distinct to the immediate perception may be distinguished by reflection and, consequently, that there is a truth and falsehood which lie not beyond the compass of human understanding. (Hume, 1955, p. 22)Let us then suppose the mind to be, as we say, white Paper, void of all Characters, without any Ideas: How comes it to be furnished? Whence comes it by that vast store, which the busy and boundless Fancy of Man has painted on it, with an almost endless variety? Whence has it all the materials of Reason and Knowledge? To this I answer, in one word, from Experience. (Locke, quoted in Herrnstein & Boring, 1965, p. 584)The kind of logic in mythical thought is as rigorous as that of modern science, and... the difference lies, not in the quality of the intellectual process, but in the nature of things to which it is applied.... Man has always been thinking equally well; the improvement lies, not in an alleged progress of man's mind, but in the discovery of new areas to which it may apply its unchanged and unchanging powers. (Leґvi-Strauss, 1963, p. 230)MIND. A mysterious form of matter secreted by the brain. Its chief activity consists in the endeavor to ascertain its own nature, the futility of the attempt being due to the fact that it has nothing but itself to know itself with. (Bierce, quoted in Minsky, 1986, p. 55)[Philosophy] understands the foundations of knowledge and it finds these foundations in a study of man-as-knower, of the "mental processes" or the "activity of representation" which make knowledge possible. To know is to represent accurately what is outside the mind, so to understand the possibility and nature of knowledge is to understand the way in which the mind is able to construct such representation.... We owe the notion of a "theory of knowledge" based on an understanding of "mental processes" to the seventeenth century, and especially to Locke. We owe the notion of "the mind" as a separate entity in which "processes" occur to the same period, and especially to Descartes. We owe the notion of philosophy as a tribunal of pure reason, upholding or denying the claims of the rest of culture, to the eighteenth century and especially to Kant, but this Kantian notion presupposed general assent to Lockean notions of mental processes and Cartesian notions of mental substance. (Rorty, 1979, pp. 3-4)Under pressure from the computer, the question of mind in relation to machine is becoming a central cultural preoccupation. It is becoming for us what sex was to Victorians-threat, obsession, taboo, and fascination. (Turkle, 1984, p. 313)7) Understanding the Mind Remains as Resistant to Neurological as to Cognitive AnalysesRecent years have been exciting for researchers in the brain and cognitive sciences. Both fields have flourished, each spurred on by methodological and conceptual developments, and although understanding the mechanisms of mind is an objective shared by many workers in these areas, their theories and approaches to the problem are vastly different....Early experimental psychologists, such as Wundt and James, were as interested in and knowledgeable about the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system as about the young science of the mind. However, the experimental study of mental processes was short-lived, being eclipsed by the rise of behaviorism early in this century. It was not until the late 1950s that the signs of a new mentalism first appeared in scattered writings of linguists, philosophers, computer enthusiasts, and psychologists.In this new incarnation, the science of mind had a specific mission: to challenge and replace behaviorism. In the meantime, brain science had in many ways become allied with a behaviorist approach.... While behaviorism sought to reduce the mind to statements about bodily action, brain science seeks to explain the mind in terms of physiochemical events occurring in the nervous system. These approaches contrast with contemporary cognitive science, which tries to understand the mind as it is, without any reduction, a view sometimes described as functionalism.The cognitive revolution is now in place. Cognition is the subject of contemporary psychology. This was achieved with little or no talk of neurons, action potentials, and neurotransmitters. Similarly, neuroscience has risen to an esteemed position among the biological sciences without much talk of cognitive processes. Do the fields need each other?... [Y]es because the problem of understanding the mind, unlike the wouldbe problem solvers, respects no disciplinary boundaries. It remains as resistant to neurological as to cognitive analyses. (LeDoux & Hirst, 1986, pp. 1-2)Since the Second World War scientists from different disciplines have turned to the study of the human mind. Computer scientists have tried to emulate its capacity for visual perception. Linguists have struggled with the puzzle of how children acquire language. Ethologists have sought the innate roots of social behaviour. Neurophysiologists have begun to relate the function of nerve cells to complex perceptual and motor processes. Neurologists and neuropsychologists have used the pattern of competence and incompetence of their brain-damaged patients to elucidate the normal workings of the brain. Anthropologists have examined the conceptual structure of cultural practices to advance hypotheses about the basic principles of the mind. These days one meets engineers who work on speech perception, biologists who investigate the mental representation of spatial relations, and physicists who want to understand consciousness. And, of course, psychologists continue to study perception, memory, thought and action.... [W]orkers in many disciplines have converged on a number of central problems and explanatory ideas. They have realized that no single approach is likely to unravel the workings of the mind: it will not give up its secrets to psychology alone; nor is any other isolated discipline-artificial intelligence, linguistics, anthropology, neurophysiology, philosophy-going to have any greater success. (Johnson-Laird, 1988, p. 7)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Mind
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