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1 Smith
m.1 Smith, Captain John Smith.2 Smith, Joseph Smith.3 Smith, Bessie Smith.4 Smith, Julia Evelina Smith.5 Smith, Kathryn Elizabeth Smith.6 Smith, David Roland Smith.7 Smith, Ian Douglas Smith.8 Smith, Adam Smith. -
2 Smith, J.
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]fl. 1830s Scotland[br]Scottish inventor of the first endless chain of flats for carding.[br]Carding by hand required a pair of hand cards. The lump of tangled fibres was teased out by pulling one card across the other to even out the fibres and transfer them onto one of the cards from which they could be rolled up into a rollag or slubbing. When Arkwright began to use cylinder cards, the fibres were teased out as they passed from one cylinder to the next. In order to obtain a greater carding area, he soon introduced smaller cylinders and placed strips of flat card above the periphery of the main cylinder. These became clogged with short fibres and dirt, so they had to be lifted off and cleaned or "stripped" at intervals. The first to invent a self-stripping card was Archibald Buchanan, at the Catrine mills in Ayrshire, with his patent in 1823. In his arrangement each flat was turned upside down and stripped by a rotary brush. This was improved by Smith in 1834 and patented in the same year. Smith fixed the flats on an endless chain so that they travelled around the periphery of the top of the main cylinder. Just after the point where they left the cylinder, Smith placed a rotary brush and a comb to clear the brush. In this way each flat in turn was properly and regularly cleaned.Smith was an able mechanic and Managing Partner of the Deanston mills in Scotland. He visited Manchester, where he was warmly received on the introduction of his machine there at about the same time as he patented it in Scotland. The carding engine he designed was complex, for he arranged a double feed to obtain greater production. While this part of his patent was not developed, his chain or endless flats became the basis used in later cotton carding engines. He took out at least half a dozen other patents for textile machinery. These included two in 1834, the first for a self-acting mule and the second with J.C. Dyer for improvements to winding on to spools. There were further spinning patents in 1839 and 1844 and more for preparatory machinery including carding in 1841 and 1842. He was also interested in agriculture and invented a subsoil plough and other useful things.[br]Bibliography1834, British patent no. 6,560 (self-stripping card). 1834, British patent no. 656 (self-acting mule). 1839, British patent no. 8,054.1841, British patent no. 8,796 (carding machine). 1842, British patent no. 9,313 (carding machine).1844, British patent no. 10,080.Further ReadingE.Leigh, 1875, The Science of Modern Cotton Spinning Manchester (provides a good account of Smith's carding engine).W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London (covers the development of the carding engine).RLH -
3 -smith
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4 smith
حَدَّاد \ blacksmith: one who works with iron and makes horseshoes. smith: sb. who works with metals: blacksmith (who works with iron); goldsmith. -
5 smith
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6 smith
[smɪθ] noun1) a blacksmith.حَدّاد2) a person whose job is to work with a particular metal, or make a particular type of article:عامِل طَرْق المَعادِنa gunsmith.
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7 Smith-Decke
Smith-Decke f Smith (fireproof) floorDeutsch-Englisch Fachwörterbuch Architektur und Bauwesen > Smith-Decke
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8 Smith-Diagramm
Smith-Diagramm n Smith diagram [chart], circle diagram (Leitungs- bzw. Transformations-Diagramm für verlustlose Leitungen)Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch der Elektrotechnik und Elektronik > Smith-Diagramm
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9 Smith Standard Cotton
Same as Ben Smith cotton.Dictionary of the English textile terms > Smith Standard Cotton
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10 Smith, Sir Francis Pettit
SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping[br]b. 9 February 1808 Copperhurst Farm, near Hythe, Kent, Englandd. 12 February 1874 South Kensington, London, England[br]English inventor of the screw propeller.[br]Smith was the only son of Charles Smith, Postmaster at Hythe, and his wife Sarah (née Pettit). After education at a private school in Ashford, Kent, he took to farming, first on Romney Marsh, then at Hendon, Middlesex. As a boy, he showed much skill in the construction of model boats, especially in devising their means of propulsion. He maintained this interest into adult life and in 1835 he made a model propelled by a screw driven by a spring. This worked so well that he became convinced that the screw propeller offered a better method of propulsion than the paddle wheels that were then in general use. This notion so fired his enthusiasm that he virtually gave up farming to devote himself to perfecting his invention. The following year he produced a better model, which he successfully demonstrated to friends on his farm at Hendon and afterwards to the public at the Adelaide Gallery in London. On 31 May 1836 Smith was granted a patent for the propulsion of vessels by means of a screw.The idea of screw propulsion was not new, however, for it had been mooted as early as the seventeenth century and since then several proposals had been advanced, but without successful practical application. Indeed, simultaneously but quite independently of Smith, the Swedish engineer John Ericsson had invented the ship's propeller and obtained a patent on 13 July 1836, just weeks after Smith. But Smith was completely unaware of this and pursued his own device in the belief that he was the sole inventor.With some financial and technical backing, Smith was able to construct a 10 ton boat driven by a screw and powered by a steam engine of about 6 hp (4.5 kW). After showing it off to the public, Smith tried it out at sea, from Ramsgate round to Dover and Hythe, returning in stormy weather. The screw performed well in both calm and rough water. The engineering world seemed opposed to the new method of propulsion, but the Admiralty gave cautious encouragement in 1839 by ordering that the 237 ton Archimedes be equipped with a screw. It showed itself superior to the Vulcan, one of the fastest paddle-driven ships in the Navy. The ship was put through its paces in several ports, including Bristol, where Isambard Kingdom Brunel was constructing his Great Britain, the first large iron ocean-going vessel. Brunel was so impressed that he adapted his ship for screw propulsion.Meanwhile, in spite of favourable reports, the Admiralty were dragging their feet and ordered further trials, fitting Smith's four-bladed propeller to the Rattler, then under construction and completed in 1844. The trials were a complete success and propelled their lordships of the Admiralty to a decision to equip twenty ships with screw propulsion, under Smith's supervision.At last the superiority of screw propulsion was generally accepted and virtually universally adopted. Yet Smith gained little financial reward for his invention and in 1850 he retired to Guernsey to resume his farming life. In 1860 financial pressures compelled him to accept the position of Curator of Patent Models at the Patent Museum in South Kensington, London, a post he held until his death. Belated recognition by the Government, then headed by Lord Palmerston, came in 1855 with the grant of an annual pension of £200. Two years later Smith received unofficial recognition when he was presented with a national testimonial, consisting of a service of plate and nearly £3,000 in cash subscribed largely by the shipbuilding and engineering community. Finally, in 1871 Smith was honoured with a knighthood.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1871.Further ReadingObituary, 1874, Illustrated London News (7 February).1856, On the Invention and Progress of the Screw Propeller, London (provides biographical details).Smith and his invention are referred to in papers in Transactions of the Newcomen Society, 14 (1934): 9; 19 (1939): 145–8, 155–7, 161–4, 237–9.LRDBiographical history of technology > Smith, Sir Francis Pettit
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11 Smith, Oberlin
[br]b. 22 March 1840 Cincinnati, Ohio, USAd. 18 July 1926[br]American mechanical engineer, pioneer in experiments with magnetic recording.[br]Of English descent, Smith embarked on an education in mechanical engineering, graduating from West Jersey Academy, Bridgeton, New Jersey, in 1859. In 1863 he established a machine shop in Bridgeton, New Jersey, that became the Ferracute Machine Company in 1877, eventually specializing in the manufacture of presses for metalworking. He seems to have subscribed to design principles considered modern even in the 1990s, "always giving attention to the development of artistic form in combination with simplicity, and with massive strength where required" (bibliographic reference below). He was successful in his business, and developed and patented a large number of mechanical constructions.Inspired by the advent of the phonograph of Edison, in 1878 Smith obtained the tin-foil mechanical phonograph, analysed its shortcomings and performed some experiments in magnetic recording. He filed a caveat in the US Patent Office in order to be protected while he "reduced the invention to practice". However, he did not follow this trail. When there was renewed interest in practical sound recording and reproduction in 1888 (the constructions of Berliner and Bell \& Tainter), Smith published an account of his experiments in the journal Electrical World. In a corrective letter three weeks later it is clear that he was aware of the physical requirements for the interaction between magnetic coil and magnetic medium, but his publications also indicate that he did not as such obtain reproduction of recorded sound.Smith did not try to develop magnetic recording, but he felt it imperative that he be given credit for conceiving the idea of it. When accounts of Valdemar Poulsen's work were published in 1900, Smith attempted to prove some rights in the invention in the US Patent Office, but to no avail.He was a highly respected member of both his community and engineering societies, and in later life became interested in the anti-slavery cause that had also been close to the heart of his parents, as well as in the YMCA movement and in women's suffrage.[br]BibliographyApart from numerous technical papers, he wrote the book Press Working of Metals, 1896. His accounts on the magnetic recording experiments were "Some possible forms of phonograph", Electrical World (8 September 1888): 161 ff, and "Letter to the Editor", Electrical World (29 September 1888): 179.Further ReadingF.K.Engel, 1990, Documents on the Invention of Magnetic Recording in 1878, New York: Audio Engineering Society, Reprint no. 2,914 (G2) (a good overview of the material collected by the Oberlin Smith Society, Bridgeton, New Jersey, in particular as regards the recording experiments; it is here that it is doubted that Valdemar Poulsen developed his ideas independently).GB-N -
12 Smith-Hurd Illinois Annotated Statutes
Law: Smith-Kurd Ann.St.Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Smith-Hurd Illinois Annotated Statutes
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13 Smith, Adam
(1723–90) Gen MgtScottish political economist and philosopher. Author of The Wealth of Nations (1776), one of the most influential books written on political economy, Smith did much to promulgate the theory of free trade in a society based on mercantilism. He is recognized for his use of the expression, “the invisible hand” which he used to describe the important role of selfinterest in a free market. -
14 Smith, Charles Shaler
SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering[br]b. 1836 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USAd. 1886 St Louis, Missouri, USA[br]American bridge engineer.[br]Smith's early career started as an assistant to Albert Fink; he later became a divisional engineer for the Louisville and Nashville Railroad. During the Civil War, he served as a Captain of Engineers in the Confederate Army. In 1886 he went into partnership with Benjamin H. and Charles H.Latrobe in the Baltimore Bridge Company; his greatest achievement was the Kentucky Railroad Bridge built for the Cincinnati Southern Railroad in 1876–7. The cantilever that he used for this bridge was entirely novel, and soon became the standard type of construction for long spans. He is also well known for the Lachine bridge across the St Lawrence River near Montreal, Quebec, which was started in 1880 and was, for many years, the only continuous-span bridge of any importance in North America.[br]Further Reading1964, Concise Dictionary of American Biography, New York: Charles Scribner.IMcN -
15 Smith, Willoughby
[br]b. 16 April 1828 Great Yarmouth, Englandd. 17 July 1891 Eastbourne, England[br]English engineer of submarine telegraph cables who observed that light reduced the resistance of selenium.[br]Smith joined the Gutta Percha Company, London, in 1848 and successfully experimented with the use of gutta-percha, a natural form of latex, for the insulation of conducting wires. As a result, he was made responsible for the laying of the first cross-Channel cable between Dover and Calais in 1850. Four years later he laid the first Mediterranean cable between Spezia, Italy, and Corsica and Sardinia, later extending it to Algeria. On its completion he became Manager of the Gutta Percha works, which in 1864 became the Telegraph and Construction Company. In 1865 he assisted on board the Great Eastern with the laying of the transatlantic cable by Bright.Clearly his management responsibilities did not stop him from experimenting practically. In 1866 he discovered that the resistance of a selenium rod was reduced by the action of incident light, an early discovery of the photoelectric effect more explicitly observed by Hertz and subsequently explained by Einstein. In 1883 he read a paper to the Society of Telegraph Engineers (later the Institution of Electrical Engineers), suggesting the possibility of wireless communication with moving trains, an idea that was later successfully taken up by others, and in 1888 he demonstrated the use of water as a practical means of communication with a lighthouse. Four years later, after his death, the system was tried between Alum Bay and the Needles in the Isle of Wight, and it was used subsequently for the Fastnet Rock lighthouse some 10 miles (16 km) off the south-west coast of Ireland.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFounder and Council Member of the Society of Telegraph Engineers 1871; President 1873.BibliographyThe effect of light on the resistance of selenium was reported in a letter to the Vice- Chairman of the Society of Telegraph Engineers on 4 February 1873.7 June 1897, British patent no. 8,159 (the use of water, instead of cable, as a conductor).November 1888, article in Electrician (describes his idea of using water as a conductor, rather than cable).Further ReadingE.Hawkes, 1927, Pioneers of Wireless, London: Methuen.C.T.Bright, 1898, Submarine Cables, Their History, Construction and Working.See also: Field, Cyrus WestKF -
16 Smith Falls Airport, Smith Falls, Ontario, Canada
Airports: YSHУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Smith Falls Airport, Smith Falls, Ontario, Canada
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17 Smith & Nephew P L C, American Depositary Receipts
NYSE. SNNУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Smith & Nephew P L C, American Depositary Receipts
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18 Smith And Waterman
Trademark term: SWУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Smith And Waterman
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19 Smith Bits' Integrated Dynamic Engineering Analysis System
Drilling: IDEASУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Smith Bits' Integrated Dynamic Engineering Analysis System
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20 Smith Clark Associates
Trademark term: SCAУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Smith Clark Associates
См. также в других словарях:
Smith — may refer to: *Smith (metalwork), a person involved in the shaping of metal objects *Smith (surname), an English name **People with the surname Smith * Smith (TV series) (2006), an American television series *Smith (band), a 1960s American rock… … Wikipedia
smith — /smith/, n. 1. a worker in metal. 2. a blacksmith. v.t. 3. to forge on an anvil; form by heating and pounding: to smith armor. [bef. 900; (n.) ME, OE; c. G Schmied, ON smithr, Goth smitha; (v.) ME smithen, OE smithian; c. ON smitha, Goth… … Universalium
Smith — /smith/, n. 1. Adam, 1723 90, Scottish economist. 2. Alfred E(manuel), 1873 1944, U.S. political leader. 3. Bessie, 1894? 1937, U.S. singer. 4. Charles Henry ( Bill Arp ), 1826 1903, U.S. humorist. 5 … Universalium
Smith — Smith, Adam Smith, George Smith, Hamilton O. Smith, Ian Douglas Smith, John Smith, Joseph Smith, Theobald Smith, William * * * (as used in expressions) Abigail Smi … Enciclopedia Universal
Smith — bezeichnet: Smith (Familienname), den häufigsten Familiennamen im englischsprachigen Raum die Filme Mr. und Mrs. Smith (1941) und Mr. Mrs. Smith (2005) (3351) Smith, den Asteroiden 3351 Smith (benannt nach dem Astronauten Michael John Smith)… … Deutsch Wikipedia
SMITH (C. R.) — Cyrus Rowlett SMITH 1899 1990 Pionnier de l’aviation américaine, né le 9 septembre 1899 à Minerva, au Texas, et mort le 4 avril 1990 à Washington, Cyrus Rowlett Smith joua un rôle de premier plan dans le développement de la sécurité et du service … Encyclopédie Universelle
SMITH (I.) — SMITH IAN (1919 ) Premier ministre de Rhodésie à être né dans le pays, Ian Smith représente typiquement les petits colons ou fermiers rhodésiens. Né à Selukwe, petit centre minier et agricole, et fils d’anciens émigrés écossais, exploitants… … Encyclopédie Universelle
SMITH (W. E.) — SMITH WILLIAM EUGENE (1918 1978) Gene Smith est la figure la plus légendaire du photojournalisme américain. Ses images et ses grands reportages unissent une forme expressive dramatique à une humanité extrême des thèmes, et ses méthodes de travail … Encyclopédie Universelle
Smith — Smith, Adam (1723 90) a Scottish ↑economist who strongly believed in ↑free enterprise (=an economic system in which private businesses are free to make money, and there is not much government control) .He developed his ideas in his book The… … Dictionary of contemporary English
SMITH (A.) — Adam Smith, «le père de l’économie politique»: qualification bien connue et qui, sous une forme concise, a le mérite de bien exprimer ce que cette discipline lui a dû à ses véritables débuts, c’est à dire dans le dernier tiers du XVIIIe siècle,… … Encyclopédie Universelle
SMITH (D.) — SMITH DAVID (1906 1965) La place du sculpteur David Smith, dans l’histoire de l’art américain de ce siècle, ne peut se comparer qu’à celle de l’architecte Frank Lloyd Wright ou à celle du peintre Jackson Pollock. Comme eux, il libéra l’art de son … Encyclopédie Universelle
