sign+in+some+manner

sum, fui, esse (2d pers. es, but usu. es in Plaut and Ter; old forms, indic. pres. esum for sum, acc. to Varr. L. L. 9, § 100 Mull.: essis for es, Att. ap. Non. 200, 30, or Trag. Rel. p. 283 Rib.: simus for sumus, used by Augustus, acc. to Suet. Aug. 87; fut. escit for erit, XII. Tab. ap. Gell. 20, 1, 25:

esit, XII. Tab. ap. Fest. s. v. nec, p. 162 Mull.: escunt for erunt,

Cic. Leg. 2, 24, 60, 3, 3, 9; Lucr. 1, 619; perf. fuvimus for fuimus, Enn. ap. Cic. de Or. 3, 42, 168:

FVVEIT, C. I. L. 1, 1051: fuit,

Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 23; id. Mil. 3, 1, 159:

fuerim,

id. ib. 4, 8, 54:

fuerit,

id. As. 4, 1, 37; subj. pres. siem, sies, siet, etc., very freq., esp. in Plaut.; e. g. siem, Am. prol. 57; Ter. And. 3, 4, 7:

sies,

Plaut. Am. 3, 2, 43; Ter. And. 2, 5, 13:

siet,

Plaut. Am. prol. 58; Ter. And. 1, 4, 7; Lucr. 3, 101:

sient,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 54; Ter. And. 2, 3, 16; cf. Cic. Or. 47, 157; also,

fuam, fuas, etc., regarded by G. Curtius, de Aorist. Lat. Rel. in Studien zur Gr. u. Lat. Gram. 1, 431 sqq., as an aorist: fuam,

Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 48; id. Mil. 2, 6, 112: fuas, Liv. Andron. ap. Non 111, 13; Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 71; 2, 3, 83; id. Pers. 1, 1, 52; id. Trin. 2, 1, 32: fuat, Pac. ap. Non. 111, 8; Carm. ap. Liv. 25, 12; Plaut. Am. 3, 4, 2; id. Aul. 2, 2, 56; id. Capt. 2, 2, 10 et saep.; Ter. Hec. 4, 3, 4; Lucr. 4, 639; Verg. A. 10, 108:

fuant,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 9, 110; id. Ep. 5, 1, 13; id. Ps. 4, 3, 12: fuvisset, Enn. ap. Gell. 12, 4, 4; part. pres. ens, used by Caesar, acc. to Prisc. p. 1140 P.; and by Sergius Flavius, acc. to Quint. 8, 3, 33; fut. inf. fore for futurum esse, very freq., and so always with partt.; cf. Madv. Gram. § 108; whence, subj. imperf. forem fores, etc., for essem; esp. in conditional sentences and in the histt., but very rare in Cic.; v. Neue, Formenl. 2, 597 sqq.), v. n. [root es; Sanscr. as-mi, and the Greek es-mi, whence eimi; perf. fui; root in Sanscr. bhu, to become; bhavas, condition; Gr. phuô, to beget; cf.: fetus, futuo, etc.], to be, as a verb substantive or a copula.

As a verb substantive, to be.

In gen.

Asserting existence, to be, exist, live:

definitionum duo sunt genera prima: unum earum rerum quae sunt: alterum earum quae intelleguntur. Esse ea dico, quae cerni tangive possunt, ut fundum, aedes, parietem, cetera. Non esse rursus ea dico, quae tangi demonstrarive non possunt, cerni tamen animo atque intellegi possunt, ut si usucapionem, si tutelam, etc.... definias,

Cic. Top. 5, 26 sq.:

si abest, nullus est,

Plaut. Bacch. 2, 2, 16:

nunc illut est, quom me fuisse quam esse nimio mavelim,

id. Capt. 3, 3, 1:

ita paene nulla sibi fuit Phronesium ( = paene mortuus est),

id. Truc. 1, 2, 95:

omne quod eloquimur sic, ut id aut esse dicamus aut non esse,

Cic. de Or. 2, 38, 157:

non statim, quod esse manifestum est, etiam quid sit apparet,

Quint. 3, 6, 81: est locus, Hesperiam quam mortales perhibebant, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 23 Vahl.):

flumen est Arar, quod, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 1, 12:

homo nequissimus omnium qui sunt, qui fuerunt, qui futuri sunt!

Cic. Fam. 11, 21, 1; cf. id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 15, § 43:

si quos inter societas aut est aut fuit aut futura est,

id. Lael. 22, 83:

nec enim, dum ero, angar ulla re, cum omni vacem culpa: et, si non ero, sensu omnino carebo,

id. Fam. 6, 3, 4:

si modo futuri sumus, erit mihi res opportuna,

id. Att. 11, 4, 1:

si quando erit civitas, erit profecto nobis locus: sin autem non erit, etc.,

id. Fam. 2, 16, 6:

nolite arbitrari, me cum a vobis discessero, nusquam aut nullum fore,

id. Sen. 22, 79:

si erit ulla res publica... sin autem nulla erit,

id. Fam. 2, 16, 5:

fuimus Troes, fuit Ilium,

Verg. A. 2, 325:

sive erimus seu nos fata fuisse volunt,

Tib. 3, 5, 32: per quinquennia decem fuimus, Prud. Cath. praef. 2.—

Of events, to be, happen, occur, befall, take place:

illa (solis defectio) quae fuit regnante Romulo,

Cic. Rep. 1, 16, 25:

neque enim est periculum, ne, etc.,

id. ib. 1, 23, 37:

amabo, quid tibi est?

Ter. Heaut. 2, 4, 24:

quid se futurum esset,

Liv. 33, 27. —

Of location, to be present, to be at a place.

With adv., or other expressions of place:

cum non liceret quemquam Romae esse, qui, etc.,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 41, § 100:

cum Athenis decem ipsos dies fuissem,

id. Fam. 2, 8, 3; id. de Or. 2, 7, 27:

cum Africanus constituisset in hortis esse,

id. Rep. 1, 9, 14:

cum essemus in castris,

id. ib. 1, 15:

nonne mavis sine periculo tuae domi esse quam cum periculo alienae?

id. Fam. 4, 7, 4:

vos istic commodissime sperem esse,

id. ib. 14, 7, 2: te hic tutissime puto fore, Pompon. ap. Cic. Att. 8, 11, A.—

Of passages in a book or writing, with in and abl., to be, stand, be written, etc.:

deinceps in lege est, ut, etc.,

Cic. Leg. 2, 16, 40:

quid enim in illis (litteris) fuit praeter querelam temporum,

id. Fam. 2, 16, 1.—

Of personal relations, with ad or apud and acc., or cum and abl. of person:

cum esset (Sulpicius Gallus) casu apud M. Marcellum,

Cic. Rep. 1, 14, 21:

eram cum Stoico Diodoto: qui cum habitavisset apud me mecumque vixisset, etc.,

id. Brut. 90, 309:

erat nemo, quicum essem libentius quam tecum et pauci, quibuscum essem aeque libenter,

id. Fam. 5, 21, 1:

qui me admodum diligunt multumque mecum sunt,

id. ib. 4, 13, 6; cf. with simul:

Smyrnae cum simul essemus complures dies,

id. Rep. 1, 8, 13.—Hence, esp.: esse cum aliquo (aliqua), to be with, i. e. live with, associate with, as husband or wife:

cujus soror est cum P. Quintio,

Cic. Quint. 24, 77:

ea nocte mecum illa hospitis jussu fuit,

Plaut. Merc. 1, 1, 101; Ov. A. A. 3, 664:

cum hac (meretrice) si qui adulescens forte fuerit,

Cic. Cael. 20, 49; Ov. Am. 2, 8, 27: tum ad me fuerunt, qui, etc., Varr. ap. Non. 133, 28:

Curio fuit ad me sane diu,

Cic. Att. 10, 4, 8:

cum ad me bene mane Dionysius fuit,

id. ib. 10, 16, 1; cf.:

esse sub uno tecto atque ad eosdem Penates,

Liv. 28, 18.—

Of relations analogous to place, of dress, condition, position, office, etc., to be, live, be found, etc., with in and abl.:

cum est in sagis civitas,

Cic. Phil. 8, 11, 32:

in laxa toga,

Tib. 2, 3, 78: sive erit in Tyriis, Tyrios laudabis amictus;

Sive erit in Cois, Coa decere puta,

Ov. A. A. 2, 297: hominem non modo in aere alieno nullo, sed in suis nummis multis esse et semper fuisse, Cic. Verr [p. 1798] 2, 4, 6, §

11: in servitute,

id. Clu. 7, 21:

in illa opinione populari,

id. ib. 51, 142:

in magno nomine et gloria,

id. Div. 1, 17, 31:

in spe,

id. Fam. 14, 3, 2:

in tanta moestitia,

id. Phil. 2, 15, 37:

in odio,

id. Att. 2, 22, 1:

in probris, in laudibus,

id. Off. 1, 18, 61:

in officio,

id. ib. 1, 15, 49:

in injustitia,

id. ib. 1, 14, 42:

in vitio,

id. ib. 1, 19, 62; id. Tusc. 3, 9, 19:

ne in mora quom opus sit, sies,

Ter. And. 2, 5, 13:

ne in mora illi sis,

id. ib. 3, 1, 9:

hic in noxia'st,

id. Phorm. 2, 1, 36:

quae (civitas) una in amore atque in deliciis fuit,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 1, § 3:

in ingenti periculo,

Liv. 5, 47:

in pace,

id. 31, 29.—So with abl. without in, when qualified by an adj.:

(statua) est et fuit tota Graecia summo propter ingenium honore et nomine,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 35, § 87:

si quis asperitate ea est et inmanitate naturae,

id. Lael. 23, 87:

ne quo periculo proprio existimares esse,

id. Fam. 4, 15, 2 (B. and K. ex conj.:

in periculo): ego sum spe bona,

id. ib. 12, 28, 3:

res nunc difficili loco mihi videtur esse,

id. ib. 12, 28, 3:

incredibili sum sollicitudine de tua valetudine,

id. ib. 16, 15, 1; esp. in phrase periculo alicujus esse, to be at the risk of any one:

rem illam suo periculo esse,

id. Att. 6, 1, 6:

ut quae in naves inposuissent, ab hostium tempestatisque vi publico periculo essent,

Liv. 23, 49, 2 Weissenb. ad loc.:

dare nummos meo periculo,

Dig. 46, 1, 24:

communi periculo,

ib. 13, 6, 21, § 1 (cf. II. B. 1. b. infra).—

To depend upon, rest with, with in and abl.:

res erat non in opinione dubia,

Cic. Dom. 5, 11:

sed totum est in eo, si, etc.,

id. Att. 2, 22, 5:

omnem reliquam spem in impetu esse equitum,

Liv. 10, 14, 12:

quoniam totum in eo sit, ne contrectentur pocula,

Col. 12, 4, 3. —

In partic.

Esse (est, sunt, etc.) often stands without a subject expressed, or with an indef. subj., as antecedent of a rel.-clause, whose verb may be in the indic. or subj.; the former only when the subject is conceived as particular or limited, and actually existing; the latter always when it is conceived as indefinite; cf. Zumpt, Gram. § 562 sq.; Roby, Gram. § 1686 sq.; Madv. Gram. § 365; but the distinctions usually drawn by grammarians are not always observed by the best writers; and the subjunctive is always admissible, being the prevailing construction after sunt qui in class. prose, and nearly universal in postAug. writers: sunt, qui (quae), there are those ( people or things) who ( that), or simply some.

With indic.

Without subject expressed:

mulier mane: sunt Qui volunt te conventam,

Plaut. Cist. 4, 2, 37:

sunt hic quos credo inter se dicere,

id. Cas. prol. 67:

sunt quae te volumus percontari,

id. Ps. 1, 5, 47:

quid est, quod tu gestas tabellas?

id. ib. 1, 1, 10:

quid est, quod tu me nunc optuere?

id. Most. 1, 1, 69; cf.:

quid hoc est, quod foris concrepuit?

id. ib. 5, 1, 15:

tun' is es, Qui in me aerumnam obsevisti?

id. Ep. 4, 1, 34:

quid est, quod tuo animo aegre est?

id. Cas. 2, 2, 9; id. Cist. 4, 1, 3:

at ego est quod volo loqui,

id. As. 1, 3, 79:

est quod te volo secreto,

id. Bacch. 5, 2, 30:

sunt quos scio amicos esse, sunt quos suspicor,

id. Trin. 1, 2, 54:

ita subitum'st, quod eum conventum volo,

id. ib. 5, 2, 51:

sunt quae ego ex te scitari volo,

id. Capt. 2, 2, 13:

sed est quod suscenset tibi,

Ter. And. 2, 6, 17:

est quod me transire oportet,

id. Hec. 2, 2, 31:

quid sit quapropter te jussi, etc.,

id. ib. 5, 1, 7:

sunt item quae appellantur alces,

Caes. B. G. 6, 27 init.:

(nationes) ex quibus sunt qui ovis vivere existimantur,

id. ib. 4, 10 fin.:

sunt qui putant posse te non decedere,

Cic. Fam. 1, 9, 25:

sunt autem, qui putant non numquam complexione oportere supersederi,

id. Inv. 1, 40, 72:

quamquam sunt, qui propter utilitatem modo petendas putant amicitias,

id. ib. 2, 55, 167:

sunt autem quae praeterii,

id. Att. 10, 4, 11:

sunt, qui abducunt a malis ad bona, ut Epicurus. Sunt, qui satis putant ostendere, nihil inopinati accidisse... Sunt etiam qui haec omnia genera consolandi colligunt,

id. Tusc. 3, 31, 76 Kuhn. N. cr.:

sunt, qui, quod sentiunt, non audent dicere,

id. Off. 1, 24, 84:

Argiletum sunt qui scripserunt ab Argola, etc.,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 157 Mull.:

sunt qui ita dicunt,

Sall. C. 19, 4:

sunt qui spiritum non recipiunt sed resorbent,

Quint. 11, 3, 55:

sunt, quos curriculo pulverem Olympicum Collegisse juvat,

Hor. C. 1, 1, 3; cf. id. S. 1, 4, 24: sunt quibus unum opus est, etc., id. C. 1, 7, 5:

sunt quibus in satira videor nimis acer,

id. S. 2, 1, 1:

sunt quorum ingenium nova tantum crustula promit,

id. ib. 2, 4, 47.—

With a subject expressed by an indefinite word or clause:

sunt alii qui te volturium vocant,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 64:

est genus hominum qui se primos omnium esse volunt,

Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 17:

multae sunt causae, quam ob rem cupio abducere,

id. ib. 1, 2, 65 Fleck. (Ussing, cupiam):

erat quidam eunuchus, quem mercatus fuerat,

id. ib. 3, 5, 21:

multaeque res sunt in quibus de suis commodis viri boni multa detrahunt,

Cic. Lael. 16, 57:

sunt ejus aliquot orationes, ex quibus lenitas ejus perspici potest,

id. Brut. 48, 177:

fuerunt alia genera philosophorum, qui se omnes Socraticos esse dicebant,

id. de Or. 3, 17, 62:

nonnulli sunt, qui aluerunt, etc.,

id. Cat. 1, 12, 301:

sunt quidam, qui molestas amicitias faciunt, cum ipsi se contemni putant,

id. Lael. 20, 72:

sunt vestrum, judices, aliquam multi, qui L. Pisonem cognoverunt,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 25, § 56:

multae et pecudes et stirpes sunt, quae sine procuratione hominum salvae esse non possunt,

id. N. D. 2, 52, 130:

sunt bestiae quaedam, in quibus inest aliquid simile virtutis, etc.,

id. Fin. 5, 14, 38:

permulta sunt, quae dici possunt, quare intellegatur, etc.,

id. Rosc. Am. 33, 94; cf. id. Div. in Caecil. 7, 22; id. Off. 1, 14, 43; 1, 20, 69; id. Div. 1, 54, 123:

fuere complures, qui ad Catilinam initio profecti sunt,

Sall. C. 39, 5: haec sunt, quae clamores et admirationes in bonis oratoribus efficiunt. Cic. de Or. 1, 33, 152:

alia fuere, quae illos magnos fecere,

Sall. C. 52, 21.—

With. subj.: sunt, qui discessum animi a corpore putent esse mortem;

sunt qui nullum censeant fieri discessum,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 9, 18:

sunt qui in rebus contrariis parum sibi constent,

id. Off. 1, 21, 71:

de impudentia singulari sunt qui mirentur,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 2, § 6:

est eisdem de rebus quod dici potest subtilius,

id. Tusc. 3, 15, 32:

praesto est qui neget rem ullam percipi esse sensibus,

id. Ac. 2, 32, 101:

quicquid est quod deceat, id, etc.,

id. Off. 1, 27, 94:

sunt qui nolint tetigisse nisi illas, etc.,

Hor. S. 1, 2, 28:

sunt qui Crustis et pomis viduas venentur avaras,

id. Ep. 1, 1, 78:

vestes Gaetulo murice tinctas Sunt qui non habeant, est qui non curet habere,

id. ib. 2, 2, 182 et saep.—

With a more or less indefinite expression of the subject:

sunt quidam e nostris, qui haec subtilius velint tradere et negent satis esse, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 1, 9, 31:

rarum est quoddam genus eorum, qui se a corpore avocent,

id. Div. 1, 49, 111:

quotus igitur est quisque qui somniis pareat?

id. ib. 2, 60, 125; id. de Or. 2, 50, 196:

solus est hic, qui numquam rationes ad aerarium referat,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 38, § 98:

quae quibusdam admirabilia videntur, permulti sunt, qui pro nihilo putent,

id. Lael. 23, 86:

erat nemo in quem ea suspicio conveniret,

id. Rosc. Am. 23, 65, cf.:

quis enim miles fuit, qui Brundisii illam non viderit? quis, qui nescierit, etc.,

id. Phil. 2, 25, 61:

sit aliquis, qui nihil mali habeat,

id. Tusc. 1, 35, 85:

sunt nonnullae disciplinae, quae officium omne pervertant,

id. Off. 1, 2, 5:

est quaedam animi sanitas quae in insipientem quoque cadat,

id. Tusc. 4, 13, 30:

Syracusis lex est de religione, quae jubeat,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 51, § 126:

unus est qui curet constantia magis quam consilio,

id. Att. 1, 18, 7:

si est una ex omnibus quae sese moveat,

id. Rep. 6, 26, 28:

multi sunt, qui non acerbum judicent vivere, sed supervacuum,

Sen. Ep. 24, 26:

erant sententiae quae castra Vari oppugnanda censerent,

Caes. B. C. 2, 30:

fuere cives qui seque remque publicam obstinatis animis perditum irent,

Sall. C. 36, 4:

sunt verba et voces, quibus hunc lenire dolorem Possis,

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 34:

sunt delicta tamen, quibus ignovisse velimus,

id. A. P. 347.—

Poet.: est, quibus (acc. to the Gr. estin hois):

est quibus Eleae concurrit palma quadrigae: est quibus in celeres gloria nata pedes,

Prop. 3, 9 (4, 8), 17.—

With dat., to belong or pertain to; or, rendering the dative as the subject of the verb, to have ( possess, = the Fr. etre a used of property, and of permanent conditions or characteristics, not of temporary states, feelings, etc.; cf. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 417 sq.): aliquid reperiret, fingeret fallacias, Unde esset adulescenti, amicae quod daret, Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 23:

nomen Mercurio'st mihi, Plaut Am. prol. 19: nisi jam tum esset honos elo quentiae,

Cic. Brut. 10, 40:

est igitur homini cum deo similitudo,

id. Leg. 1, 8, 25:

familiaritas, quae mihi cum eo est,

id. Att. 8. 3, 2:

privatus illis census erat brevis,

Hor. C. 2, 15, 13; cf.:

Trojae et huic loco nomen est,

Liv. 1, 1, 5:

Hecyra est huic nomen fabulae,

Ter. Hec. prol. 1:

cui saltationi Titius nomen esset,

Cic. Brut. 62, 225:

cui (fonti) nomen Arethusa est,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 118:

Scipio, cui post Africano fuit cognomen,

Liv. 25, 2, 6.—With ellips. of dat. ( poet.):

nec rubor est emisse palam (sc. ei),

nor is she ashamed, Ov. A. A. 3, 167:

neque testimonii dictio est (sc. servo),

has no right to be a witness, Ter. Phorm. 2, 1, 63.—

Esse alicui cum aliquo, to have to do with, to be connected with a person:

tecum nihil rei nobis, Demipho, est,

Ter. Phorm. 2, 3, 74:

sibi cum illa mima posthac nihil futurum,

Cic. Phil. 2, 31, 77:

jussit bona proscribi ejus, quicum familiaritas fuerat, societas erat,

id. Quint. 6, 25:

si mihi tecum minus esset, quam est cum tuis omnibus,

id. Fam. 15, 10, 2.—

Esse with certain prepp. and their cases (cf. also I. A. 2. 3. 4. supra).

Esse ab aliquo, to be of a person, to be the servant, disciple, adherent, partisan, etc., of:

es ne tu an non es ab illo milite e Macedonia?

do you belong to? Plaut. Ps. 2, 2, 21:

ab Andria est ancilla haec,

Ter. And. 3, 1, 3; 4, 4, 17:

erat enim ab isto Aristotele,

Cic. de Or. 2, 38, 160:

sed vide ne hoc, Scaevola, totum sit a me,

makes for me, id. de Or 1, 13, 55 (cf. ab, I. B. 3., II. B. 2. o.). —

Esse pro aliquo, to be in favor of, make for:

(judicia) partim nihil contra Habitum valere, partim etiam pro hoc esse,

Cic. Clu. 32, 88.—

Esse ex aliqua re, to consist of, be made up of:

(creticus) qui est ex longa et brevi et longa,

Cic. de Or. 3, 47, 183; cf.:

duo extremi chorei sunt, id est, e singulis longis et brevibus,

id. Or. 63, 212:

etsi temeritas ex tribus brevibus et longa est,

id. ib. 63, 214; 64, 215 (v. also 6. infra). —

Euphem., in perf. tempp., of one who has died or a thing that has perished, to be no more, to be gone, departed, dead ( poet.):

horresco misera, mentio quoties fit partionis: Ita paene tibi fuit Phronesium,

i. e. had almost died, Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 92:

nunc illud est, cum me fuisse quam esse nimio mavelim,

id. Capt. 3, 3, 1:

sive erimus, seu nos fata fuisse velint,

Tib. 3, 5, 32:

fuimus Troes, fuit Ilium et ingens Gloria Teucrorum,

Verg. A. 2, 325:

certus in hospitibus non est amor: errat ut ipsi, Cumque nihil speres firmius esse, fuit,

Ov. H. 16, (17), 192.—

Pregn., to be real or a fact, to be the case; so esp.: est, esto, it is even so, be it so, such is or let such be the case, granted, well, etc.:

quid tibi vis dicam, nisi quod est?

Plaut. Ep. 1, 1, 17:

sunt ista, Laeli,

Cic. Lael. 2, 6:

ista esse credere,

id. Tusc. 1, 6, 10: est vero, inquit, Africane, id. Fragm. ap. Lact. 1, 18:

est ut dicis, inquam,

id. Fin. 3, 5, 19:

sit quidem ut sex milia seminum intereant,

Col. 3, 3, 13:

esto: ipse nihil est, nihil potest,

Cic. Div. in Caecil. 15, 47; cf.:

verum esto,

id. Fin. 2, 23, 75:

esto,

Verg. A. 7, 313; 10, 67; Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 81; 1, 17, 37 al.—Hence,

The connections est ut, ubi, cum, quod, or with a subject-clause, it happens or chances that, it is the case that, there is cause or reason why, there is a time when, it is allowed or permissible that, one may, etc.

Est ut, it is the case or fact, that, etc.:

sin est, ut velis Manere illam apud te, dos hic maneat,

Ter. Phorm. 5, 7 (8), 32:

si est, ut dicat velle se, Redde,

id. Hec. 4, 1, 43:

si est, culpam ut Antipho in se admiserit,

id. Phorm. 2, 1, 40:

est, ut id maxime deceat,

Cic. Or. 59, 199:

quando fuit, ut, quod licet, non liceret?

id. Cael. 20, 48:

non est igitur, ut mirandum sit, ea praesentiri, etc.,

id. Div 1, 56, 128:

non erat, ut fieri posset, mirarier umquam,

Lucr. 5, 979:

futurum esse ut omnes pellerentur,

Caes. B. G. 1, 31:

non est, ut copia major Ab Jove donari possit tibi,

Hor. Ep. 1, 12, 2:

est ut viro vir latius ordinet Arbusta sulcis,

id. C. 3, 1, 9; Dig. 38, 7, 2.—Cf. esse after a neg., with quin:

numquam est enim, quin aliquid memoriae tradere velimus,

Auct. Her. 3, 24, 40.—Also, est ut, there is reason, that, etc.:

magis est ut ipse moleste ferat errasse se, quam ut, etc.,

Cic. Cael. 6, 14 fin.: ille erat ut odisset primum defensorem salutis meae, he had good reason for hating [p. 1799] id. Mil. 13, 35; cf.:

quid erat cur Milo optaret,

id. ib. 13, 34:

neque est ut putemus ignorari ea ab animalibus,

Plin. 18, 1, 1, § 3. —

Est ubi, sometime or another, sometimes:

erit, ubi te ulciscar, si vivo,

Plaut. Ps. 5, 2, 26:

est, ubi id isto modo valeat,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 8, 23.—

Est cum, sometimes:

est cum non est satius, si, etc.,

Auct. Her. 4, 26, 36.—

Est quod, there is reason to, I have occasion:

est quod visam domum,

Plaut. Aul. 2, 2, 26:

etsi magis est, quod gratuler tibi quam quod te rogem,

I have more reason to, Cic. Att. 16, 5, 2:

est quod referam ad consilium: sin, etc.,

Liv. 30, 31, 9:

quod timeas non est,

Ov. H. 19, 159:

nil est illic quod moremur diutius,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 7, 6:

non est quod multa loquamur,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 30.—Cf. with cur:

non est cur eorum spes infragatur,

Cic. Or. 2, 6:

nihil est cur,

id. Fam. 6, 20, 1.—

Est, sit, etc., with infin. in Gr. constr., it is possible, is allowed, permitted, one may, etc. (mostly poet. and post-class.):

est quadam prodire tenus, si non datur ultra,

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 32:

Cato, R. R. prooem. § 1: scire est liberum Ingenium atque animum,

Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 42:

nec non et Tityon terrae omniparentis alumnum Cernere erat,

Verg. A. 6, 596; 8, 676; Sil. 2, 413:

neque est te fallere quicquam,

Verg. G. 4, 447:

unde Plus haurire est,

Hor. S. 1, 2, 79:

est Gaudia prodentem vultum celare,

id. ib. 2, 5, 103:

quod versu dicere non est,

id. ib. 1, 5, 87:

quod tangere non est,

Ov. M. 3, 478:

quae verbo objecta, verbo negare sit,

Liv. 42, 41, 2 Weissenb. ad loc.:

ut conjectare erat intentione vultus,

Tac. A. 16, 34:

est videre argentea vasa,

id. G. 5; Val. Max. 2, 6, 8; v. Zumpt, Gram. § 227.— With dat.:

ne tibi sit frigida saxa adire,

Prop. 1, 20, 13; Tib. 1, 6, 24 (32):

tu procul a patria (nec sit mihi credere tantum!) Alpinas nives Me sine vides,

Verg. E. 10, 46:

fuerit mihi eguisse aliquando amicitiae tuae,

Sall. J. 110, 3; Dig. 46, 3, 72, § 4.—

In eo ease ut, etc., to be in a condition to reach the point that, to be possible, etc., to be about to, on the point of, etc. ( impers. or with res, etc., as subj.):

cum jam in eo esset, ut in muros evaderet miles,

Liv. 2, 17, 5:

si viderent in eo jam esse ut urbs caperetur,

id. 28, 22, 8:

jamque in eo rem fore, ut Romani aut hostes aut domini habendi sint,

id. 8, 27, 3:

cum res non in eo essent ut, etc.,

id. 33, 41, 9:

non in eo esse Carthaginiensium res, ut, etc.,

id. 30, 19, 3; 34, 41. —With person. subj. (late Lat.):

cum ab Ulixe adducta Iphigenia in eo esset, ut immolaretur,

Hyg. Fab. 261. —

Like the Engl. to be, for to come, fall, reach, to have arrived, etc. (hence also with in and acc.):

ecquid in mentem est tibi, Patrem tibi esse?

Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 54:

nam numero mi in mentem fuit,

id. Am. 1, 1, 26:

ex eo tempore res esse in vadimonium coepit,

Cic. Quint. 5, 22:

portus in praedonum fuisse potestatem sciatis,

id. Imp. Pomp. 12, 33:

ut certior fieret, quo die in Tusculanum essem futurus,

id. Att. 15, 4, 2:

qui neque in provinciam cum imperio fuerunt,

id. Fam. 8, 8, 8:

quae ne in potestatem quidem populi Romani esset,

Liv. 2, 14, 4:

nec prius militibus in conspectum fuisse,

Suet. Aug. 16:

esse in amicitiam populi Romani dicionemque,

Cic. Div. in Caecil. 20, 66; cf.:

in eorum potestatem portum futurum,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 38, § 98; v. Gell. 1, 7, 16 sq.; Zumpt, Gram. § 316.—

Of time, to pass, elapse (rare but class.):

diem scito nullum esse, quo, etc.,

Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 3, 1.

As a copula, to be any thing or in any manner.

In gen.

With an adj., subst., or pron.:

et praeclara res est et sumus otiosi,

Cic. Lael. 5, 17:

quod in homine multo est evidentius,

id. ib. 8, 27:

sperare videor Scipionis et Laelii amicitiam notam posteritati fore,

id. ib. 4, 15:

non sum ita hebes, ut istud dicam,

id. Tusc. 1, 6, 12:

cum, ignorante rege, uter esset Orestes, Pylades Orestem se esse diceret, Orestes autem ita ut erat, Orestem se esse perseveraret,

id. Lael. 7, 24:

consul autem esse qui potui? etc.,

id. Rep. 1, 6, 10:

nos numerus sumus et fruges consumere nati,

are a mere number, Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 27:

pars non minima triumphi est victimae praecedentes,

Liv. 45, 49:

nobile erit Romae pascua vestra forum,

Prop. 4 (5), 9, 20:

sanguis erant lacrimae,

Luc. 9, 811:

ego tu sum, tu es ego: unanimi sumus,

Plaut. Stich. 5, 4, 49:

tuos sum,

id. Bacch. 1, 1, 60: domus non ea est, quam parietes nostri cingunt, Cic. Rep. 1, 13, 19:

is enim fueram, cui, etc.,

id. ib. 1, 4, 7.—

Less freq. with adv. (esp. in colloq. language): Am. Satin' tu sanus es? Sos. Sic sum ut vides, Plaut. Am. 2, 1, 57:

sic, inquit, est,

Cic. Rep. 1, 38, 60:

est, inquit, ut dicis,

id. ib. 1, 40, 63:

quod ita cum sit,

id. ib. 1, 45, 69:

quia sunt haud procul ab hujus aetatis memoria,

id. ib. 1, 1, 1 B. and K.:

nec vero habere virtutem satis est,

id. ib. 1, 2, 2: frustra id inceptum Volscis fuit. Liv. 2, 25:

dato qui bene sit: ego, ubi bene sit, tibi locum lepidum dabo,

Plaut. Bacch. 1, 1, 51:

apud matrem recte est,

Cic. Att. 1, 7:

cum in convivio comiter et jucunde fuisses,

id. Deiot. 7, 19:

omnes hanc quaestionem haud remissius sperant futuram,

id. Rosc. Am. 5, 11:

dicta impune erant,

Tac. A. 1, 72.—Esp.: facile alicubi (in aliqua re) esse, with pleasure, glad to be:

quod in maritimis facillime sum,

Cic. Fam. 2, 16, 2:

locum habeo nullum ubi facilius esse possum,

id. Att. 13, 26, 2 (on esse with an adverb, v. Haase ap. Reisig, Vorles. p. 394; cf. also bene under bonus fin.).—

In partic.

With gen. part., to be of, belong to a class, party, etc.:

in republica ita est versatus, ut semper optimarum partium et esset et existimaretur,

Nep. Att. 6, 1:

qui ejusdem civitatis fuit,

id. Them. 9, 1:

qui Romanae partis erant, urbe excesserunt,

Liv. 35, 51, 7: ut aut amicorum aut inimicorum Campani simus;

si defenditis, vestri, si deseritis, Samnitium erimus,

id. 7, 30, 9 sq. —

With gen. or abl. denoting quality.

With gen.:

nimium me timidum, nullius animi, nullius consilii fuisse confiteor,

Cic. Sest. 16, 36:

disputatio non mediocris contentionis est,

id. de Or. 1, 60, 257:

magni judicii, summae etiam facultatis esse debebit,

id. Or. 21, 70:

(virtus) nec tantarum virium est, ut se ipsa tueatur,

id. Tusc. 5, 1, 2; id. Fin. 5, 12, 36:

Sulla gentis patriciae nobilis fuit,

Sall. J. 95, 3:

summi ut sint laboris,

Caes. B. G. 4, 2:

civitas magnae auctoritatis,

id. ib. 5, 54:

refer, Cujus fortunae (sit),

Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 54:

se nullius momenti apud exercitum futurum,

Nep. Alcib. 8, 4:

qui ejusdem aetatis fuit,

id. ib. 11, 1:

invicti ad laborem corporis erat,

Liv. 9, 16:

nec magni certaminis ea dimicatio fuit,

id. 21, 60:

somni brevissimi erat,

Suet. Claud. 33.—So of extent, number, etc.:

classis centum navium,

Nep. Them. 2, 2; 2, 5:

annus trecentarum sexaginta quinque dierum,

Suet. Caes. 40.—

With abl.:

bono animo es,

Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 4:

jam aetate ea sum, ut, etc.,

id. Hec. 5, 1, 11:

bellum varia victoria fuit,

Sall. J. 5, 1:

L. Catilina nobili genere natus fuit magna vi et animi et corporis, set ingenio malo,

id. C. 5, 1:

Sulla animo ingenti,

id. J. 95, 3:

esse magna gratia,

Caes. B. G. 1, 8:

tenuissima valetudine esse,

id. ib. 5, 40:

si fuerit is injustus, timidus, hebeti ingenio atque nullo,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 15, 45:

mira sum alacritate ad litigandum,

id. Att. 2, 7, 2:

bono animo sint et tui et mei familiares,

id. Fam. 6, 18, 1:

ut bono essent animo,

id. Rep. 1, 17, 29:

ut uxores eodem jure sint quo viri,

id. ib. 1, 43, 67:

qui capite et superciliis semper est rasis,

id. Rosc. Com. 7, 20:

abi, quaere, unde domo quis, Cujus fortunae, quo sit patre quove patrono,

Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 54 (cf. I. A. 4. supra). —

With gen. or abl. of price or value.

With gen.:

pluris est oculatus testis quam auriti decem,

Plaut. Truc. 2, 6, 8:

videtur esse quantivis pretii,

Ter. And. 5, 2, 15:

a me argentum, quanti (servus) est, sumito,

id. Ad. 5, 9, 20:

si ullo in loco frumentum tanti fuit, quanti iste aestimavit,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 84, § 194:

ager nunc multo pluris est, quam tunc fuit,

id. Rosc. Com. 12, 33:

ut quisque, quod plurimi sit, possideat, ita, etc.,

id. Par. 6, 2, 48:

magni erunt mihi tuae litterae,

id. Fam. 15, 15, 4:

parvi sunt foris arma, nisi, etc.,

id. Off. 1, 22, 76:

an emat denario quod sit mille denarium,

id. ib. 3, 23, 92:

parvi pretii est quod nihili est,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 4:

mea mihi conscientia pluris est quam omnium sermo,

is worth more to me, weighs more with me, id. Att. 12, 28, 2:

neque pluris pretii cocum quam vilicum habeo,

Sall. J. 85, 39:

erat (agellus) centum milium nummum,

Plin. Ep. 6, 3, 1. —

With abl.: sextante sal et Romae et per totam I i aliam erat, was worth, stood at, Liv. 29, 37.—

With gen. of possession, etc., it belongs, pertains to; or it is the part, property, nature, mark, sign, custom, or duty of, etc.

In gen.:

audiant eos, quorum summa est auctoritas apud, etc.,

who possess, Cic. Rep. 1, 7, 12:

ea ut civitatis Rhodiorum essent,

Liv. 37, 55, 5:

teneamus eum cursum, qui semper fuit optimi cujusque,

Cic. Rep. 1, 2, 3:

quamobrem neque sapientis esse accipere habenas,

id. ib. 1, 5, 9; id. de Or. 2, 20, 86:

sapientis est consilium explicare suum, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 81, 333:

temeritas est florentis aetatis, prudentia senescentis,

id. Sen. 6, 20:

est adulescentis majores natu vereri,

id. Off. 1, 34, 122:

Aemilius, cujus tum fasces erant,

Liv. 8, 12, 13:

tota tribuniciae potestatis erat,

id. 3, 48:

alterius morientis prope totus exercitus fuit,

id. 22, 50:

jam me Pompeii totum esse scis,

Cic. Fam. 2, 13, 2:

hominum, non causarum, toti erant,

Liv. 3, 36:

plebs novarum, ut solet, rerum atque Hannibalis tota esse,

were devoted to, favored, id. 23, 14:

Dolopes numquam Aetolorum fuerant: Philippi erant,

id. 38, 3:

Ptolemaeus propter aetatem alieni arbitrii erat,

id. 42, 29:

est miserorum ut malevolentes sint,

Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 51:

quod alterum divinitatis mihi cujusdam videtur,

Cic. de Or. 2, 20, 86:

negavit moris esse Graecorum, ut, etc.,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 26, § 66:

non est gravitatis ac sapientiae tuae, ferre immoderatius casum incommodorum tuorum,

id. Fam. 5, 16, 5:

est hoc Gallicae consuetudinis, uti, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 4, 5.—Rarely with pronom. posses.:

est tuum, Cato, videre quid agatur,

Cic. Mur. 38, 83:

fuit meum quidem jam pridem rem publicam lugere,

id. Att. 12, 28, 2.—

Esp., with gerundive, to denote tendency, effect, etc.:

quae res evertendae rei publicae solerent esse,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 53, § 132:

regium inperium, quod initio conservandae libertatis fuerat,

Sall. C. 6, 7:

qui utilia ferrent, quaeque aequandae libertatis essent,

Liv. 3, 31, 7:

ea prodendi imperii Romani, tradendae Hannibali victoriae esse,

id. 27, 9, 12:

nihil tam aequandae libertatis esse quam potentissimum quemque posse dicere causam,

id. 38, 51, 8:

frustrationem eam legis tollendae esse,

id. 3, 24, 1 Weissenb. ad loc.; 3, 39, 8; 5, 3, 5; 40, 29, 11.—

With dat. of the end, object, purpose, etc.:

vitam hanc rusticam tu probro et crimini putas esse oportere,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 17, 48:

etiam quae esui potuique non sunt, contineri legato,

Dig. 33, 9, 3; Gell. 4, 1, 20:

ut divites conferrent, qui essent oneri ferendo,

Liv. 2, 9:

magis vis morbi curae esset, maxime quod, etc.,

id. 4, 21, 5:

cum solvendo aere (i. e. aeri) alieno res publica non esset,

id. 31, 13:

iniciuntur ea, quae umori extrahendo sunt,

Cels. 4, 10 fin. — Esp. in phrase solvendo esse, to be solvent, able to pay:

tu nec solvendo eras,

Cic. Phil. 2, 2, 4:

cum solvendo civitates non essent,

id. Fam. 3, 8, 2 (v. solvo).—

With predicative dat. sing., denoting that which the subject is, becomes, appears to be, etc.

Without second dat. of pers.:

auxilio is fuit,

Plaut. Am. prol. 94:

magis curae'st,

id. Bacch. 4, 10, 3; id. Curc. 4, 2, 15; id. As. 1, 3, 23; id. Capt. 5, 2, 13 sq.:

cui bono fuerit,

Cic. Phil. 2, 14, 35:

eo natus sum ut Jugurthae scelerum ostentui essem,

Sall. J. 24, 10: cupis me esse nequam;

tamen ero frugi bonae,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 51:

magnoque esse argumento, homines scire pleraque antequam nati sint, quod, etc.,

Cic. Sen. 21, 78:

multi Indicioque sui facti persaepe fuere, Lucr 4, 1019: ejus rei ipsa verba formulae testimonio sunt,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 4, 11:

haec res ad levandam annonam impedimento fuit,

Liv. 4, 13:

cujus rei Demosthenes atque Aeschines possunt esse documento,

Quint. 7, 1, 2.—

With second dat. of pers.:

obsecro vos ego mi auxilio sitis,

Plaut. Aul. 4, 9, 5; id. Ep. 5, 2, 11; id. Most. 1, 2, 68:

ne quid Captioni mihi sit,

id. ib. 3, 3, 19:

mihi cordi est,

id. Cist. 1, 1, 110:

ubi eris damno molestiae et dedecori saepe fueris,

id. As. 3, 2, 25:

metuo illaec mihi res ne malo magno fuat,

id. Mil. 2, 6, 12:

nec Salus nobis saluti jam esse potest,

id. Most. 2, 1, 4:

bono usui estis nulli,

id. Curc. 4, 2, 15:

quae sint nobis morbo mortique,

Lucr. 6, 1095:

quo magis quae agis curae sunt mihi,

Ter. Ad. 4, 5, 46:

omitto innumerabiles viros, quorum singuli saluti huic civitati fuerunt,

Cic. Rep. 1, 1, 1: ut mihi magnae curae tuam vitam ac dignitatem esse scires, Anton. ap. Cic. Att. 10, 8, A fin.:

accusant ei, quibus occidi patrem Sex. Roscii bono fuit,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 5, 13: haec tam parva [p. 1800] civitas praedae tibi et quaestui fuit, id. Verr. 2, 3, 37, § 85:

ea dictitare, quae detrimento, maculae, invidiae, infamiae nobis omnibus esse possint,

id. ib. 2, 3, 62, §

144: minus ea bella curae patribus erant, quam, etc.,

Liv. 35, 23, 1:

sciant patribus aeque curae fuisse, ne, etc.,

id. 4, 7, 6:

si hoc perinde curae est tibi quam illud mihi,

Plin. Ep. 6, 8, 9:

quantaeque curae tibi fuit, ne quis, etc.,

id. Pan. 25, 3:

quantae sit mihi curae,

id. Ep. 6, 8, 2:

si judicibus ipsis aut gloriae damnatio rei aut deformitati futura absolutio,

Quint. 6, 1, 12.—Rarely with dat. gerund:

nec tamen impedimento id rebus gerundis fuit,

Liv. 26, 24 (for a full account of this dative, v. Roby, Gram. 2, praef. pp. xxv.-lvi., and § 1158 sq.).—

Esse ad aliquid, to be of use for, to serve for:

vinum murteum est ad alvum crudam,

Cato, R. R. 125:

completae naves taeda et pice reliquisque rebus quae sunt ad incendia,

Caes. B. C. 3, 101:

valvae, quae olim ad ornandum templum erant maxime,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 56, § 124.—

Id est or hoc est, with predic.-clause by way of explanatory addition, that is, that is to say; sometimes also with a climax in the sense, which is as much as to say, or which is the same thing:

sed domum redeamus, id est ad nostros revertamur,

Cic. Brut. 46, 172:

quodsi in scena, id est in contione verum valet, etc.,

id. Lael. 26, 97:

meos amicos, in quibus est studium, in Graeciam mitto, id est ad Graecos ire jubeo,

id. Ac. 1, 2, 8:

si Epicurum, id est si Democritum probarem,

id. ib. 1, 2, 6:

ut (sapiens) aegritudine opprimatur, id est miseria,

id. Tusc. 3, 13, 27: a parte negotiali, hoc est pragmatikêi, Quint. 3, 7, 1:

cum in bona tua invasero, hoc est, cum te docuero,

id. 8, 3, 89.—

Poet., with Greek inf. pleonastically:

esse dederat monumentum,

Verg. A. 5, 572 (cf.: dôke xeinêion einai, Hom. Il. 10, 269).

sum = eum, Enn. ap. Fest., v. is.

sum- in composition, for sub before m; v. sub fin.

air [eə(r)]

1 noun

(a) (gen) air m;

∎ I need some (fresh) air j'ai besoin de prendre l'air;

∎ I went out for a breath of (fresh) air je suis sorti prendre l'air;

∎ literary to take the air prendre le frais;

∎ the divers came up for air les plongeurs sont remontés à la surface pour respirer;

∎ figurative I need a change of air j'ai besoin de changer d'air;

∎ to disappear or vanish into thin air se volatiliser, disparaître sans laisser de traces

(b) (sky) air m, ciel m;

∎ the smoke rose into the air la fumée s'éleva vers le ciel;

∎ to throw sth up into the air lancer qch en l'air;

∎ to fly through the air voler ou voltiger en l'air;

∎ seen from the air, the fields looked like a chessboard vus d'avion, les champs ressemblaient à un échiquier;

∎ to take to the air (bird) s'envoler; (plane) décoller

(c) Aviation

∎ to travel by air voyager par avion;

∎ mail that is sent by air le courrier (envoyé) par avion

(d) Radio & Television

∎ to be on (the) air (person) être à ou avoir l'antenne; (programme) être à l'antenne; (station) émettre;

∎ to go on the air (person) passer à l'antenne; (programme) passer à l'antenne, être diffusé;

∎ you're on the air vous avez l'antenne;

∎ to go off the air (person) rendre l'antenne; (programme) se terminer; (station) cesser d'émettre;

∎ the station goes off the air at midnight les programmes finissent à minuit

(e) (manner, expression) air m;

∎ he has an air about him il en impose;

∎ there is an air of mystery about her elle a un air mystérieux;

∎ with a triumphant air d'un air triomphant;

∎ she smiled with a knowing air elle sourit d'un air entendu

(f) Music air m

2 compound-forming noun

Aviation & Military (piracy, traffic, attack, defence) aérien; (travel, traveller) par avion

3 transitive verb

(a) (ventilate → room, bed) aérer; (dry → linen) faire sécher

(b) (express → opinion, grievance) exprimer, faire connaître; (→ suggestion, idea) exprimer, avancer

(c) American Radio & Television diffuser

4 intransitive verb

American Radio & Television

∎ the film airs next week le film sera diffusé la semaine prochaine

5 airs plural noun

∎ to put on or to give oneself airs se donner de grands airs;

∎ British airs and graces minauderies fpl

6 in the air adverb

∎ there's a rumour in the air that they're going to sell le bruit court qu'ils vont vendre;

∎ there's something in the air il se trame quelque chose;

∎ everything's up in the air (uncertain) rien n'a été décidé pour l'instant;

∎ our holiday plans are still (up) in the air nos projets de vacances sont encore assez vagues;

∎ the project is still very much (up) in the air le projet n'est encore qu'à l'état d'ébauche ou est encore vague

►► air alert alerte f aérienne;

air ambulance avion m sanitaire;

air bladder vessie f natatoire;

Building industry air brick brique f creuse;

air bubble (in wallpaper, liquid) bulle f d'air; (in plastic, metal) soufflure f;

air cargo fret m aérien;

Technology air chamber chambre f à air;

British Military air chief marshal ≃ général m d'armée aérienne;

British Military air commodore ≃ général m de brigade aérienne, French Canadian ≃ brigadier-général m;

air compressor compresseur m d'air;

Aviation air corridor couloir m aérien;

Military & Aviation air cover couverture f aérienne;

Meteorology air current courant m atmosphérique;

Technology air curtain store m d'air (chaud ou froid);

air cushion (gen) coussin m pneumatique; Technology coussin m ou matelas m d'air;

Technology air cylinder cylindre m à air comprimé;

Technology air duct conduite f d'air, amenée f d'air;

Aviation air ferry avion m transbordeur;

air filter filtre m à air;

Aviation air freighter avion-cargo m;

Chemistry air freshener désodorisant m (pour la maison);

Technology air gauge micromètre m pneumatique;

air hostess hôtesse f de l'air;

Aviation air lane couloir m aérien ou de navigation aérienne;

Aviation air letter aérogramme m;

Aviation air link liaison f aérienne;

British Military air marshal ≃ général m de corps aérien, French Canadian & Belgian ≃ lieutenant-général m;

Meteorology air mass masse f d'air;

air mattress matelas m pneumatique;

Aviation air mile mille m marin;

air miles = points que l'on peut accumuler lors de certains achats et qui permettent de bénéficier de réductions sur des billets d'avion;

∎ to collect air miles accumuler des points;

History Air Ministry ≃ Ministère m de l'Air;

Aviation air miss quasicollision f (aérienne);

Technology air passage conduit m aérifère;

Technology air pistol pistolet m à air comprimé;

Botany air plant plante f aéricole, (plante f) épiphyte m;

air pocket Meteorology & Aviation (affecting plane) trou m d'air; Technology (in pipe) poche f d'air;

Ecology air pollution pollution f atmosphérique;

Military & Aviation air power puissance f aérienne;

Meteorology & Technology air pressure pression f atmosphérique;

Technology air pressure gauge manomètre m;

Technology air pump compresseur m, pompe f à air;

Meteorology Air Quality Index indice m de pollution de l'air;

Aviation air rage = comportement agressif de certains passagers d'avion;

Military air raid attaque f aérienne, raid m aérien;

Technology air rifle carabine f à air comprimé;

Aviation air route route f aérienne;

Aviation air service liaison f aérienne;

Golf air shot air-shot m;

air show Commerce (exhibition) salon m de l'aéronautique; Aviation (display) meeting m aérien;

Astrology air sign signe m d'air;

air speed vitesse f du vol;

Military air supremacy suprématie f aérienne;

Aviation air tanker avitailleur m;

Aviation air taxi avion-taxi m;

Meteorology air temperature température f ambiante;

Aviation air terminal aérogare f;

Aviation air ticket billet m d'avion;

Aviation air traffic circulation f aérienne, trafic m aérien;

Aviation air transport transport m aérien ou par avion;

Aviation air travel voyages mpl en avion;

air travel organiser organisateur m de voyages par avion;

Technology air valve soupape f (pour l'air);

British Military air vice-marshal ≃ général m de division aérienne, French Canadian ≃ major-général m, Belgian ≃ général-major;

Military air war guerre f aérienne;

Commerce air waybill lettre f de transport aérien, connaissement m aérien

λέγω (Hom.+; on the mng. of the word ADebrunner, TW IV 71–73) impf. ἔλεγον (3 pl. ἔλεγαν s. B-D-F §82 app.; Mlt-H. 194; KBuresch, RhM 46, 1891, 224). Only pres. and impf. are in use; the other tenses are supplied by εἶπον (q.v., also B-D-F §101 p. 46; Mlt-H. 247), but the foll. pass. forms occur: fut. 3 sg. λεχθήσεται; aor. ptc. fem. sg. λεχθεῖσα (SyrBar 14:1), neut. pl. τὰ λεχθέντα (Jos. 24, 27; Esth 1:18; Papias, Just.), 3 sg. ἐλέχθη and pl. ἐλέχθησαν; pf. 3 sg. λέλεκται; plupf. ἐλέλεκτο; pf. ptc. λελεγμένος (all Just.; B-D-F §101) ‘say’ (beginning w. Hes. [Hom. uses the word in the senses ‘gather, collect’, as Il. 11, 755 al., and mid. ‘select’, as Il. 21, 27, and esp. of stories that one elects to ‘tell over’ or ‘recount’, as Od. 14, 197] and more freq. in Pind.; the usual word since the Attic writers; ins, pap, LXX, pseudepigr., Philo, Joseph., apolog.).

① to express oneself orally or in written form, utter in words, say, tell, give expression to, the gener. sense (not in Hom., for this εἶπον, ἐν[ν]έπω, et al.)

ⓐ w. an indication of what is said

α. in the acc. ταύτην τ. παραβολήν Lk 13:6. (τὴν) ἀλήθειαν (Teles p. 4, 14; TestAbr A 16 p. 97, 27 [Stone p. 42]) J 8:45f; Ro 9:1; 1 Ti 2:7. ἀληθῆ (cp. Herodian 4, 14, 4) J 19:35. παροιμίαν οὐδεμίαν 16:29. τὶ καινότερον Ac 17:21 (w. ἀκούω as Pla., Prot. 310a; Dio Chrys. 3, 28; 4, 37). τί λέγουσιν what they say Mt 21:16; cp. Lk 18:6; 1 Cor 14:16. τί λέγω; what shall I say? Hb 11:32. ὸ̔ λέγει Lk 9:33; cp. 2 Ti 2:7; Phlm 21. ἃ λέγουσιν 1 Ti 1:7; AcPlCor 1:9. ταῦτα (τοῦτο) λ. (Jos., Vi. 291) Lk 9:34; 11:45b; 13:17; J 2:22; τοιαῦτα λ. Hb 11:14. τὸ αὐτὸ λέγειν be in agreement (not only in words: Thu. 4, 20, 4; 5, 31, 6; Polyb. 2, 62, 4; 5, 104, 1; Jos., Ant. 18, 375; 378) 1 Cor 1:10.—Also τινί τι tell someone someth. παραβολὴν αὐτοῖς Lk 18:1. μυστήριον ὑμῖν 1 Cor 15:51. τ. ἀλήθειαν ὑμῖν J 16:7. ὸ̔ λέγω ὑμῖν Mt 10:27. μηδενὶ λ. τοῦτο Lk 9:21. οὐδὲν αὐτῷ λέγουσιν they say nothing to him J 7:26. ταῦτα ἔλεγον ὑμῖν 2 Th 2:5.—τὶ πρός τινα (Pla, Gorg. 465a) παραβολὴν πρὸς αὐτούς Lk 5:36; cp. 14:7; 20:9.—24:10; 11:53 v.l. W. double acc. ἀδύνατα ταῦτα εἴρηκας Hm 11:19.

β. by direct discourse or direct question foll., mostly abs. (extremely freq.) Mt 9:34; 12:44; Mk 3:30; Lk 5:39; J 1:29, 36; 1 Cor l2:3; Js 4:13. Also oft. introduced by recitative ὅτι Mt 9:18; Mk 1:15; 2:12; 3:21f; 5:28; 6:14f (on the textual problem s. FNeirynck, ETL 65, ’89, 110–18), 35; 7:20; Lk 1:24; 4:41; 17:10; 21:8 v.l.; J 6:14; 7:12; 8:33; Ac 2:13; 11:3 and oft.—καὶ ἔλεγεν Mk 4:21, 24, 26, 30 may = he used to say (so that they might memorize): WEssame, ET 77, ’66, 121.

γ. by indirect discourse or indirect question foll.; abs. Mt 21:27; Mk 11:33c; Lk 20:8.—Introduced by ὅτι (Diod S 11, 4, 3; 11, 6, 2; 14, 4, 3; Petosiris, Fgm. 14c; Jos., Bell. 4, 543) Lk 22:70; Ac 20:23.—In acc. w. inf. τίνα λέγουσιν οἱ ἄνθρωποι εἶναι τ. υἱὸν τ. ἀνθρώπου; Mt 16:13; cp. vs. 15; Lk 9:20; 11:18; 23:2b; 24:23b; J 12:29a; Ac 4:32; 8:9; 17:7.—W. the inf. only Lk 24:23a; Js 2:14; 1J 2:6, 9.

ⓑ w. indication of the pers. or thing about which someth. is said, or that is meant by someth.

α. by a prep. περί τινος (Soph., Thu. et al.) οἱ Φαρισαῖοι ἔγνωσαν ὅτι περὶ αὐτῶν λέγει the Pharisees perceived that he was talking about them Mt 21:45. λέγει περὶ αὐτοῦ he said concerning him J 1:47; cp. 2:21; 11:13; 13:18, 22. εἴς τινα (Eur., Med. 453; X., Mem. 1, 5, 1) Ac 2:25; Eph 5:32. ἐπί τινα Hb 7:13. πρός τινα Lk 12:41; Hb 1:7.

β. by the acc. alone mean someone or someth. (Demosth. 18, 88; Diod S 15, 23, 5; Phalaris, Ep. 142, 1 ἣν λέγω; Ael. Aristid. 48, 35 K.=24 p. 474 D.: τὸν Φιλάδελφον λέγων; Aelian, NA 8, 3 ὸ̔ δὲ λέγω, τοιοῦτόν ἐστιν, VH 3, 36; Lucian, Dial. Deor. 3; 10, 2; 2 Macc 14:7; Jos., Ant. 6, 86; TestSol 4:6 D τὸν δύστηνον λέγω γέροντα; Just., D. 130, 2 μετὰ τοῦ λαοῦ αὐτοῦ, λέγω Ἀβραὰμ καὶ Ἰσαὰκ …) τ. ἄνθρωπον τοῦτον ὸ̔ν λέγετε this man whom you mean Mk 14:71. ἔλεγεν τὸν Ἰούδαν J 6:71. συνείδησιν λέγω οὐχὶ τὴν ἑαυτοῦ I mean not your own conscience 1 Cor 10:29. τοῦτο δὲ λέγω but this is what I mean Gal 3:17; cp. 1 Cor 1:12a (Ptolem., Apotel. 2, 3, 12; 2, 11, 1 λέγω δέ … but I mean).—Mt 26:70; Mk 14:68; Lk 22:60. Cp. 4 end.

γ. w. an indication of the one to whom someth. is said (on the synoptics and Ac s. WLarfeld, Die ntl. Ev. 1925, 237f); mostly in dat. (Aeschyl., Ag. 103; Herodas 4, 42 σοί; POxy 413, 99; s. also 1aα above) Mt 8:7; Mk 2:8, 17f; Lk 3:7; 5:24; J 1:39, 41, 43 and oft.—πρός τινα (Epict. 2, 17, 34 πρὸς ἄλλους ἐρεῖς; TestSol 1:6 D λέγει Νάθαν πρὸς τὸν ἄγγελον; ApcEsdr 6:16; s. also 1aα above) Mk 4:41; 16:3; Lk 4:21; 8:25 (λ. πρὸς ἀλλήλους as Jos., Ant. 2, 108; 9, 239); 9:23; 12:1; 16:1; J 2:3; 3:4; Ac 2:12; 28:4. μετά τινος: ἔλεγον μετʼ ἀλλήλων they said to each other J 11:56.

δ. in other (s. 1aα, 1bα, 1bγ) prep. uses ἀφʼ ἑαυτοῦ (=ἀπὸ σεαυτοῦ v.l.) σὺ τοῦτο λέγεις; do you say this of your own accord? J 18:34 (TestAbr A 15 p. 95, 26 [Stone p. 38] al.). εἴς τινα against someone Lk 22:65. τὶ περί τινος say someth. about or concerning someone J 1:22; Ac 8:34; Tit 2:8. λ. περὶ τοῦ ἱεροῦ, ὅτι say, with reference to the temple, that Lk 21:5. τί σὺ λέγεις περὶ αὐτοῦ, ὅτι; what have you to say about him, since? J 9:17b (λ. τι περί τινος, ὅτι as Jos., Bell. 7, 215). τινὶ περί τινος say to someone about someone w. direct discourse foll. Mt 11:7. Also πρός τινα περί τινος (Jos., C. Ap. 1, 279 πρὸς αὐτὸν περὶ Μωϋσέως) Lk 7:24. πρός τινα ἐπί τινος bring charges against someone before someone Ac 23:30 (λ. ἐπί τινος as Jos., Vi. 258). λ. περί (v.l. ὑπέρ) τινος say (someth.), speak in someone’s defense 26:1.

ε. in connection w. adverbs and adv. exprs.: Λυκαονιστὶ λ. say in (the) Lycaonian (language) Ac 14:11. καλῶς correctly (X., Mem. 2, 7, 11; 3, 3, 4; TestJob 7:8; EpArist 125; 196) J 8:48; 13:13. ὡσαύτως in the same way Mk 14:31. ἀληθῶς λέγω ὑμῖν truly, I tell you Lk 12:44; 21:3. κατὰ ἄνθρωπον (s. ἄνθρωπος 2b) Ro 3:5; Gal 3:15. κατὰ συγγνώμην, οὐ κατʼ ἐπιταγήν (s. ἐπιταγή) 1 Cor 7:6; cp. 2 Cor 8:8. καθʼ ὑστέρησιν Phil 4:11.

ζ. w. emphasis on a certain kind of saying: φωνῇ μεγάλῃ in a loud voice Rv 5:12; 8:13 (cp. TestSol 16:1). Also ἐν φωνῇ μεγάλῃ 14:7; 9. ἄγγελος ἐν φωνῇ λέγων GJs 20:4 (pap, s. deStrycker p. 387f). Opp. ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ (cp. Ps 13:1) 18:7. Also ἐν ἑαυτῷ (TestAbr B 3 p. 107, 11 [Stone p. 62]; TestJob 23:8) Mt 3:9; 9:21; Lk 3:8; 7:39, 49; GJs 1:1,4; 3:1; 5:1; cp. 1:3 (codd.); 2:1 v.l.; 14:1 v.l.

η. in quotations fr. scripture (but s. also Epict. 1, 28, 4 ὡς λέγει Πλάτων with a quotation) Ἠσαί̈ας λέγει Isaiah says Ro 10:16, 20; 15:12. Μωϋσῆς λέγει 10:19. Δαυὶδ λέγει 11:9. ἡ γραφὴ λέγει (Just., D. 56, 17; cp. Paus. 2, 16, 4 τὰ ἔπη λέγει=the epic poets say) 4:3; 10:11; Gal 4:30; 1 Ti 5:18; Js 4:5; cp. 2:23; J 19:24; 2 Cl 14:2. In the case of the quot. formula λέγει without the subj. expressed, ἡ γραφή or ὁ θεός is easily understood (B-D-F §130, 3; Rob. 392.—On the omission of the subj. [Just., D. 101, 1 al.] cp. Epict. 1, 24, 12 λέγει σοι ‘θὲς κτλ.’=someone says to you ‘lay aside [this and that sign of prestige]’). It could prob. be translated indefinitely it says: Ro 15:10; 2 Cor 6:2; Gal 3:16; Eph 4:8; 5:14. ὁ θεός is obviously the subj. (Clearch., Fgm. 69c; Epict. 1, 1, 10 λέγει ὁ Ζεύς, followed by a divine revelation to Epictetus) Hb 5:6. λέγει ὁ κύριος 2 Cl 13:2; cp. Hb 8:8–10 (λέγει κύριος Am 5:27; Is 1:18; Jer 9:24; ParJer 6:16 al.). W. the passage more definitely indicated (schol. on Pind., O. 7, 66 ἐν τοῖς Μουσαίου λέγεται; schol. on Apollon. Rhod. 3, 1179 Wendel v.l. ἐν τῇ γ´ τῆς Μουσαίου Τιτανογραφίας λέγεται ὡς) ἐν Ἠλίᾳ τί λέγει ἡ γραφή Ro 11:2 (Epict. 2, 17, 34 τί λέγει Χρύσιππος ἐν τοῖς περὶ τοῦ ψευδομένου). Δαυὶδ λέγει ἐν βίβλῳ ψαλμῶν Lk 20:42 (Epict. 2, 19, 14 Ἑλλάνικος λέγει ἐν τοῖς Αἰγυπτιακοῖς with quot.). ἐν τ. Ὡσηὲ λέγει Ro 9:25. λέγει ἐν τῷ Ἠσαί̈ᾳ 2 Cl 3:5 (Just., D. 123, 8); cp. ἐν Δαυίδ Hb 4:7. ὁ νόμος λέγει (cp. Pla., Crito 12, 50c; Epict. 3, 24, 43 τί γὰρ λέγει; [i.e. ὁ νόμος θεῖος]) 1 Cor 14:34. λέγει τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον Hb 3:7 (Just., D. 124, 1). Of words of Jesus: λέγει ὁ κύριος ἐν τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ 2 Cl 8:5. λέγει ὁ κύριος 5:2; 6:1. λέγει αὐτός (i.e. ὁ Χριστός 2:7) 3:2. λέγει 4:2.

θ. Hebraistic, though by no means limited to the OT (s. EKieckers, IndogF 35, 1915, 34ff; B-D-F §420; Mlt-H. 454), is the freq. use of λ. to introduce

א. direct discourse (like לֵאמֹר), even though it is preceded by a verb of saying, or one that includes the idea of saying. Esp. λέγων is so used, as in the LXX, e.g. after ἀναβοᾶν, ἀνακράζειν Mk 1:23 (cp. Phlegon: 257 Fgm. 36, 3, 9 Jac. ἀνεκεκράγει λέγων), ἀπαγγέλλειν, ἀποκρίνεσθαι, ἀρνεῖσθαι, βοᾶν, γογγύζειν, διαγογγύζειν, διαλογίζεσθαι, διαμαρτύρεσθαι, διαστέλλεσθαι, διδάσκειν, δοξάζειν, εἰπεῖν Mt 22:1; Lk 12:16; 20:2 (s. B-D-F §101, p. 46; s. Rob. 882f; Kieckers, loc. cit. 36f), ἐμβριμᾶσθαι, ἐντέλλεσθαι, ἐπερωτᾶν, ἐπιτιμᾶν, ἐπιφωνεῖν, ἐρωτᾶν, κατηγορεῖν, κηρύσσειν, κράζειν, κραυγάζειν, λαλεῖν, μαρτυρεῖν, μεριμνᾶν, παραινεῖν, παρακαλεῖν, παρατιθέναι παραβολήν, προσεύχεσθαι, προσφωνεῖν, προφητεύειν, συζητεῖν, συλλαλεῖν, φωνεῖν, ψευδομαρτυρεῖν; s. these entries. Also after such verbs as denote an action accompanied by a statement of some kind: ἄγγελος κυρίου … ἐφάνη αὐτῷ λέγων appeared to him and said Mt 1:20; cp. 2:13; προσεκύνει αὐτῷ λ. fell before him and said 8:2; 9:18; cp. 14:33. ἅπτεσθαι 8:3; 9:29. ἔρχεσθαι Mk 5:35; Lk 18:3; 19:18 al.; cp. Lk 1:66; 5:8; 8:38; 15:9; Ac 8:10, 19; 12:7; 27:23f; 1 Cor 11:25 al.

ב. the content of a written document (2 Km 11:15; 4 Km 10:6.—1 Macc 8:31; 11:57; Jos., Ant. 11, 26) ἔγραψεν λέγων (=יִכְתֹּב לֵאמֹר) he wrote as follows Lk 1:63.

ג. orders or instructions to be carried out by other persons: ἔπεμψεν λέγων he sent and had them say Lk 7:19. ἀπέστειλεν λ. (Judg 11:14f; Jdth 3:1; JosAs 3:2; ParJer 3:21 al.) Mt 22:16; 27:19; Lk 7:20; 19:14; J 11:3. If the persons carrying out the orders are named, the ptc. can refer to them Mt 22:16 v.l.

ד. When it is used w. the ptc. λ. appears in its finite forms ἐμπαίζοντες ἔλεγον they mocked and said Mt 27:41. προσελθὼν αὐτῷ λέγει he approached him and said Mk 14:45. διαρρήξας … λέγει he tore his clothes as he said vs. 63; cp. vs. 67; 15:35; Lk 6:20; J 1:36; Hb 8:8a al.—Also pleonastically (TestSol 2:2; TestJob 23:4; cp. Homeric ἀμειβόμενος προσέειπε Il. 3, 437 al., προσηύδα 14, 270 al.) ἀποκριθεὶς λέγει he answered Mk 8:29b; 9:5, 19; 10:24; 11:22; Lk 3:11; 11:45; 13:8. κράξας λέγει he cried out Mk 5:7; 9:24 (cp. TestAbr B 6 p. 109, 29 [Stone p. 66] κράζων καὶ λέγων; ApcEsdr 1:2 κράξας λέγων).

ι. Now and then short exprs. with λ. are inserted as parentheses (B-D-F §465, 2; Rob. 434): πολλοί, λέγω ὑμῖν, ζητήσουσιν many, I tell you, will seek Lk 13:24. ἐν ἀφροσύνῃ λέγω 2 Cor 11:21b. ὡς τέκνοις λέγω 6:13.

κ. ptc. w. the article τὰ λεγόμενα what was said (EpArist 215, 298; TestSol 15:13; ApcEsdr 2:15; Jos., Ant. 3, 85; 207; Just., D. 46, 4; 115, 1) Lk 18:34. προσεῖχον τ. λεγομένοις ὑπὸ τ. Φιλίππου (προσέχω 2b) Ac 8:6 (προσέχ. τοῖς λεγ. as Jos., Ant. 13, 303; τὰ λ. ὑπό τινος as Bell. 7, 56; 423; Esth 3:3, also Nicol. Dam.: 90 Fgm. 24, p. 408, 19 ὑπὸ τῶν μάντεων; Fgm. 30 p. 417, 23 Jac.; Epict. 1, 18, 1; SIG 679, 87). τὰ ἢ λεχθέντα ἢ πραχθέντα (Ps.-Libanius, Charact. Ep. p. 48, 18; 64, 18; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 55) Papias (2:15) in Eus., HE 3, 39, 15 (=Geb., Harn., Zahn 15, p. 72, 17).

② to express oneself in a specific way, say

ⓐ ask w. direct question foll: Mt 9:14; 15:1; 18:1; Mk 5:30f. ὁ διδάσκαλος λέγει the Master asks 14:14. W. dat. of pers. and a direct question foll.: Mt 9:28a; 15:34; 16:15; 20:6.

ⓑ answer (Lucian, Syr. Dea 18; TestSol 5:8 al.; ApcMos 5) Mt 17:25; Mk 8:24; J 1:21; 18:17b. W. dat. of pers. and direct discourse: Mt 4:10; 8:26; 9:28b; 14:17; 15:33; 18:22; 19:7, 20 al. W. dat of pers. and direct discourse introduced by ὅτι Mt 19:8.

ⓒ order, command, direct, enjoin, recommend more or less emphatically (Syntipas p. 9, 4; Num 32:27; TestSol 4:7 D; TestAbr A 17 p. 98, 21 [Stone p. 44]) τὶ someth. 2 Cl 6:4. ἃ λέγω Lk 6:46. τί τινι command someone (to do) someth. ὅ τι ἂν λέγῃ ὑμῖν J 2:5b (TestAbr A 4 p. 81, 8 [Stone p. 10]); cp. Ac 21:23 (s. Num 32:31). ὅ ὑμῖν λέγω, πᾶσιν λέγω, γρηγορεῖτε the order I give to you I give to everyone: be on your guard! Mk 13:37 (for the formal nuance cp. reff. at end of this parag.). Gener. w. dat. of pers. and direct discourse foll.: Mt 5:44; 6:25; 8:4, 9; 26:52; Mk 3:3, 5; 5:8; 6:10; Lk 6:27; 7:8; J 2:7f. W. dat. of pers. and inf. foll.: Rv 10:9; 13:14; w. an inf. and a negative forbid (X., An. 7, 1, 40) Mt 5:34, 39.—Here belongs χαίρειν τινὶ λέγειν (Epict. 3, 22, 64) extend a greeting to someone, since the greeting consists in saying χαῖρε=‘may you prosper’ 2J 10f. W. ἵνα foll. recommend that, tell to τῷ λαῷ λέγων … ἵνα πιστεύσωσιν Ac 19:4. οὐ περὶ ἐκείνης λέγω ἵνα ἐρωτήσῃ I do not recommend that anyone should pray about that (sin) 1J 5:16. W. inf. foll.: Ro 2:22.—τάδε λέγει is the formal style of one who is giving an order (introductory formula for the edicts of the Persian kings [IMagnMai 115, 4]; in the OT a favorite method of introducing a prophetic statement [Thackeray p. 11]) Ac 21:11, 8, 12, 18; 3:1, 7, 14 (s. Gerhard, Philol. 64, 1905, 27ff; Thieme 23; GRudberg, Eranos 11, 1911, 177f; LLafoscade, De epistulis imperatorum 1902, 63 and 77. Roman edicts gener. use the simple λέγει as in the praescriptio of SEG IX, 8 I, 1–3 αὐτοκράτωρ Καίσαρ Σεβαστὸς … λέγει; also by Augustus: Jos., Ant., 16, 162; s. MBenner, The Emperor Says ’75).

ⓓ assure, assert; w. direct discourse foll. Esp. in the formulas λέγω σοι, λ. ὑμῖν, ἀμὴν (ἀμὴν) λ. ὑμῖν (TestAbr A 8 p. 85, 19f [Stone p. 18]) Mt 11:22; 12:31; 19:24; 23:39; Mk 11:24; Lk 4:25; 7:9, 28; 9:27.—Mt 5:26; 6:2, 5; 8:10; Mk 3:28; 9:41; 10:15; Lk 4:24; 18:17, 29; 23:43; J 1:51; 3:3, 5, 11; 5:19, 24f; 6:26, 32 al.

ⓔ maintain, declare, proclaim as teaching, w. direct discourse foll.: Gal 4:1; 1J 2:4. Foll. by acc. and inf. (X., Symp. 5, 5) Mt 22:23; Mk 12:18; Lk 20:41; 23:2b; Ro 15:8; 2 Ti 2:18. Foll. by ὅτι and direct discourse Mk 12:35b; 1 Cor 15:12. W. dat. of pers. and direct discourse after ὅτι Mt 5:20, 22, 28, 32; 8:11 al. Someth. like interpret εἰς w. ref. to Eph 5:32.—σὺ λέγεις (that is what) you maintain Mt 27:11; Mk 15:2; Lk 23:3 (cp. σὺ εἶπας Mt 26:25 and s. εἶπον 1a). Cp. also Lk 22:70; J 18:37 (s. OMerlier, RevÉtGr 46, ’33, 204–19; Goodsp., Probs. 64–68 [strong affirmative, yes]; MSmith, JBL 64, ’45, 506–10 [intentionally ambiguous, so you say, Tannaitic Parallels to the Gospels, ’51, 27–30]; DCatchpole, NTS 17, ’70/71, 213–26). τί λέγει ἡ γνῶσις; what does Gnosis teach about this? With the answer in direct discourse B 6:9 (cp. Epict. 3, 13, 11 καὶ τί λέγει [i.e., ὁ λόγος ὁ τῶν φιλοσόφων=philosophy]; direct discourse follows).

ⓕ of written communications (Hdt. 3, 40; 122; 8, 140; UPZ 68, 5 [152 B.C.]; Jos., Ant. 13, 80) 1 Cor 6:5; 7:6; 15:51; 2 Cor 6:13; 8:8; Gal 5:2; Phil 4:11; Col 2:4; Phlm 21, al. in Paul.

③ to inform about / tell of someth., speak, report (Diog. L. 1, 31) τινί to someone Mk 7:36. τὶ about someth. (X., Cyr. 1, 2, 16 νῦν λέξομεν τὰς Κύρου πράξεις) τὴν ἔξοδον αὐτοῦ of his death (lit., departure) Lk 9:31. τὰ περὶ τ. βασιλείας Ac 1:3. τὰ γινόμενα ὑπʼ αὐτῶν αἰσχρόν ἐστιν καὶ λέγειν it is a disgrace even to speak of the things they do Eph 5:12 (Demosth. 10, 27 ὸ̔ … οὔτε λέγειν ἄξιον). τινὶ περί τινος bring a report about someone to someone Mk 1:30; 8:30. Likew. τινί τινα Phil 3:18.

④ to identify in a specific manner, call, name (Aeschyl. et al.) w. double acc. (Epict. 2, 19, 19 τί Στωικὸν ἔλεγες σεαυτόν; Diog. L. 8, 88 τὴν ἡδονὴν λέγειν τὸ ἀγαθόν=call pleasure the [real] good; 2 Macc 4:2; Just., D. 61, 1 ἀρχηστρατηγὸν ἑαυτὸν λέγει) τινά τι describe someone as someth. τί με λέγεις ἀγαθόν; why do you call me good? Mk 10:18; Lk 18:19. Δαυὶδ λέγει αὐτὸν κύριον David calls him Lord Mk 12:37. πατέρα ἴδιον ἔλεγεν τὸν θεόν he called God his Father J 5:18. οὐκέτι λέγω ὑμᾶς δούλους I no longer call you slaves 15:15; cp. Ac 10:28; Rv 2:20. Pass. be called, named Mt 13:55; Hb 11:24. ὁ λεγόμενος the so-called (Epict. 4, 1, 51 οἱ βασιλεῖς λεγόμενοι; Socrat., Ep. 14, 7 ὁ λ. θάνατος) λεγόμενοι θεοί so-called gods 1 Cor 8:5 (Herm. Wr. 2, 14 the λεγόμενοι θεοί in contrast to μόνος ὁ θεός. Somewhat differently Jos., Ant. 12, 125 Ἀντίοχος ὁ παρὰ τοῖς Ἕλλησιν θεὸς λεγόμενος). οἱ λεγόμενοι ἀκροβυστία ὑπὸ τῆς λ. περιτομῆς those who are called ‘the uncircumcised’ (i.e. gentiles) by the so-called circumcision (i.e. Jews) Eph 2:11. ὁ λεγόμενος (B-D-F §412, 2; Rob. 1107; cp. BGU 1117, 9 [13 B.C.]; PRyl 133, 11; 137, 19; 2 Macc 12:17; 14:6; 3 Macc 1:3; TestAbr B 13 p. 118, 14 [Stone p. 84]; TestJob 46:5; 47:1; Just., A I, 22, 1, D. 32, 1) who is called … Mt 1:16; 27:17; whose surname is (Appian, Liby. 49 §213 Ἄννων ὁ μέγας λεγόμενος; Jos., Ant. 13, 370, Vi. 4) 10:2; Col 4:11; by name Mt 9:9; 26:3, 14; 27:16; Mk 15:7; Lk 22:47; J 9:11.—Of things: of the name of a star Rv 8:11. Of place-names (BGU 326, 19 [II A.D.]; 2 Macc 9:2; 12:21) Mt 2:23; 26:36; J 4:5; 11:54; 19:13; Ac 3:2; 6:9; Hb 9:3. Of the local, vernacular name λ. Ἑβραϊστί J 5:2 v.l.; 19:17b.—In the transl. of foreign words (which) means: ὅ ἐστιν κρανίου τόπος λεγόμενος which means ‘Place of a Skull’ Mt 27:33b. Cp. also J 4:25; 11:16; 20:24; 21:2. Also ὸ̔ λέγεται 20:16. ὸ̔ λ. μεθερμηνευόμενον which, when translated, means 1:38. ἣ διερμηνευομένη λέγεται Ac 9:36.—Other exx. of the significance mean (Aeschyl. et al.) are Gal 4:1; 2 Cl 6:4; 8:6 Cp. 1bβ.—B. 1253f; 1257; 1277. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv. S. λόγος, ῥῆμα, λαλέω.