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sever+a+an+agreement

  • 1 acuerdo

    m.
    1 agreement (pacto).
    llegar a un acuerdo to reach (an) agreement
    acuerdo General sobre Aranceles y Comercio General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
    acuerdo tácito tacit agreement
    2 resolution.
    3 settlement of a claim.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: acordar.
    * * *
    1 agreement
    \
    ¡de acuerdo! all right!, O.K.!
    de acuerdo con in accordance with
    de común acuerdo by mutual agreement, by common consent
    estar de acuerdo to agree ( con, with)
    llegar a un acuerdo to come to an agreement
    acuerdo marco framework agreement
    * * *
    noun m.
    agreement, deal, understanding
    - de acuerdo con
    - estar de acuerdo
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=decisión conjunta) agreement; [implícito, informal] understanding; [de negocios] deal

    • de común acuerdo — by mutual agreement, by mutual consent

    • de o por mutuo acuerdo — by mutual agreement, by mutual consent

    • tomar un acuerdo, no tomaron ni un solo acuerdo en la reunión — nothing was agreed on in the meeting

    acuerdo de desarme — disarmament agreement, arms agreement

    acuerdo de pago respectivo — (Com) knock-for-knock agreement, no-fault agreement (EEUU)

    acuerdo tácito — unspoken agreement, tacit agreement

    2)

    • de acuerdo —

    a) [independiente] OK, all right

    sí, de acuerdo — yes, OK, yes, all right

    cada uno pondremos 40 euros ¿de acuerdo? — we'll each put in 40 euros, OK o all right?

    b)

    • estar de acuerdo — to agree, be in agreement frm

    en eso estamos de acuerdo — we agree on that, we're in agreement on that frm

    c)

    • ponerse de acuerdo — to come to an agreement, reach (an) agreement

    aún no nos hemos puesto de acuerdo — we still haven't come to an agreement, we still haven reached (an) agreement

    d)

    • de acuerdo con — according to, in accordance with frm

    todo se hizo de acuerdo con las reglas — everything was done according to o frm in accordance with the regulations

    de acuerdo con el artículo 27 — as laid down in article 27, in accordance with article 27 frm

    de acuerdo con estas fuentes, las dos mujeres fueron secuestradas — according to these sources, the two women were kidnapped

    * * *
    1)
    a) ( arreglo) agreement

    llegar a or alcanzar un acuerdo — to reach an agreement

    b) ( pacto) agreement

    acuerdo de paz — peace agreement o (frml) accord

    a)

    de acuerdo: estar de acuerdo to agree; ponerse de acuerdo to come to o reach an agreement; estar de acuerdo en algo to agree on something; estamos de acuerdo en que... we all agree o we're all agreed that...; estar de acuerdo con alguien/algo to agree with somebody/something; no estoy de acuerdo con pagarle tanto I don't think we should pay him so much; ¿mañana a las ocho? - de acuerdo — (indep) tomorrow at eight? - OK o all right

    b)

    de acuerdo con or a — in accordance with

    * * *
    = agreement, arrangement, compromise, convention, partnership, understanding, covenant, accord, partnering, pact, accommodation, bargaining, settlement.
    Ex. Complete agreement had not been possible, but the numbers of rules where divergent practices were evident is limited.
    Ex. This arrangement is faster than waiting until documents are ordered.
    Ex. A compromise between expressive and non-expressive notation is to be found in the Second Edition of the Bliss Bibliographic Classification Scheme.
    Ex. Enter a concordat, 'modus vivendi', convention, or other formal agreement between the Holy See and a national government or other political jurisdiction under the party whose catalogue entry heading is first in English alphabetic order.
    Ex. The partnership between the CLT and industry is considered in some detail.
    Ex. A basic understanding in the concept of these libraries was the desire to confront the user with shelved books on entering and while moving through the building.
    Ex. The article 'Public library: the Trojan Horse covenant' argues that too much emphasis is now placed on the privatisation of libraries, their transformation into information centres and collections which mirror current demands.
    Ex. Only then, within the framework of inter-institutional accord, will academic library cooperative activities move forward more rapidly and purposefully.
    Ex. These include partnering with: principals, teachers, community members, public librarians and businesses.
    Ex. Issues discussed at some length included problems arising from a recent copyright pact with the USA and how each country can obtain access to the best literature of the other.
    Ex. Whatever structure emerges will be one of accommodation and acceptance by the various stakeholders both in and outside the library.
    Ex. The article is entitled 'Participatory something or other through bargaining'.
    Ex. These settlements require the tobacco companies to make annual payments to the states in perpetuity, with total payments estimated at $246.
    ----
    * aceptar los términos de un acuerdo = enter into + agreement.
    * acuerdo bilateral = bilateral agreement.
    * acuerdo con el fiscal = plea bargaining.
    * acuerdo con el juez = plea bargaining, plea bargaining.
    * acuerdo contractual = contractual agreement.
    * acuerdo de colaboración = collaborative partnership, partnership agreement.
    * acuerdo de cooperación = collaborative partnership.
    * acuerdo de licencia = licensing agreement, licensing arrangement.
    * acuerdo de paz = peace agreement.
    * acuerdo económico = financial arrangement.
    * acuerdo escrito = written agreement.
    * acuerdo financiero = financial arrangement.
    * Acuerdo General sobre Aranceles y Comercio (GATT) = General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).
    * acuerdo internacional = modus vivendi.
    * acuerdo legal = legal agreement, legal settlement.
    * acuerdo multilateral = multilateral agreement.
    * acuerdo muto = meeting of (the) minds.
    * acuerdo salarial = salary agreement.
    * acuerdo secreto = secret deal.
    * acuerdo sindical = union contract.
    * acuerdo sobre el precio mínimo de los libros = net book agreement.
    * acuerdo verbal = verbal agreement.
    * alcanzar un acuerdo = reach + agreement, reach + compromise, hammer out + agreement.
    * celebrar un acuerdo = enter into + agreement.
    * cerrar un acuerdo = conclude + agreement, conclude + deal.
    * compras fuera de acuerdos con proveedores = maverick spending.
    * concertar un acuerdo = conclude + agreement, conclude + deal.
    * contraer un acuerdo = contract + agreement.
    * creación de acuerdo de colaboración = partnership building.
    * crear un acuerdo = work out + agreement.
    * críticos + no estar de acuerdo = critics + be divided.
    * cumplir (con) un acuerdo = honour + commitment, honour + agreement, fill + Posesivo + agreement.
    * de acuerdo = okay, granted, all right, in concert, in agreement, okeydokey! [okidoki], in consort.
    * de acuerdo a = according to.
    * de acuerdo con = according to, consistent with, in harmony with, in accordance with, in concert with, in keeping with, in line with, in step with, in tune with, by, pursuant to, in concurrence with, based on, in agreement with, as far as + Sujeto + Verbo, in consonance with, in accord with, judging by, to judge by, in conformity with, judging from.
    * de acuerdo con este documento = hereunder.
    * de acuerdo con esto = accordingly.
    * de acuerdo con la búsqueda de cadenas de caracteres = on a string search basis.
    * de acuerdo con la estación del año = seasonally.
    * de acuerdo con la ley = according to law.
    * de acuerdo con la tendencia hacia = in the trend towards.
    * de acuerdo con + Nombre = as far as + Nombre + be + concerned, going on + Nombre.
    * de acuerdo con + Posesivo + bolsillo = according to + Posesivo + pocket.
    * de acuerdo con + Posesivo + opinión = in + Posesivo + view, in + Posesivo + opinion.
    * de acuerdo con + Posesivo + parecer = in + Posesivo + view, in + Posesivo + opinion.
    * de acuerdo con + Pronombre = in + Posesivo + view.
    * dependiendo del acuerdo = subject to + agreement.
    * elaborar un acuerdo = draw up + agreement.
    * establecer un acuerdo = work out + agreement.
    * estando de acuerdo = approvingly.
    * estar completamente de acuerdo con = agree + wholeheartedly with.
    * estar de acuerdo = approve, be in agreement, concur (with), be agreed.
    * estar de acuerdo con = accord with, conform to, fit, go along with, fit with, be in conformity with, mesh with, jive with.
    * estar de acuerdo (con = see + eye to eye (with/on).
    * estar de acuerdo en que no + estar + de acuerdo = agree to + disagree.
    * estar de acuerdo sobre = agree (on/upon).
    * estar de acuerdo unánimemente = agree on + all hands.
    * estar totalmente de acuerdo con = be all for.
    * firmar acuerdo = write + agreement.
    * firmar un acuerdo = tie + the knot.
    * llegar a acuerdo = make + arrangements.
    * llegar a un acuerdo = conclude + agreement, reach + agreement, make + an undertaking, make + bargain, come to + consensus, reach + understanding, have + meeting of the minds, reach + consensus, hammer out + agreement, develop + compromise, work out + agreement, strike + deal, conclude + deal.
    * negociar un acuerdo = negotiate + agreement.
    * no estar de acuerdo = be at variance, disagree, beg to differ.
    * no estar de acuerdo (con) = disapprove (of).
    * no estar de acuerdo con la idea de = disapprove of + the idea of.
    * ponerse de acuerdo sobre = agree (on/upon).
    * ratificar un acuerdo = ratify + convention.
    * renegociar un acuerdo = renegotiate + agreement.
    * respetar un acuerdo = honour + commitment, honour + agreement.
    * romper un acuerdo = sever + arrangement.
    * si se llega a un acuerdo = subject to + agreement.
    * si todo va de acuerdo a lo planeado = all (other) things being equal.
    * tener acuerdos con = have + deals with.
    * todos + estar de acuerdo = agree on + all hands.
    * vivir de acuerdo con + Posesivo + ideales = live up to + Posesivo + ideals.
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( arreglo) agreement

    llegar a or alcanzar un acuerdo — to reach an agreement

    b) ( pacto) agreement

    acuerdo de paz — peace agreement o (frml) accord

    a)

    de acuerdo: estar de acuerdo to agree; ponerse de acuerdo to come to o reach an agreement; estar de acuerdo en algo to agree on something; estamos de acuerdo en que... we all agree o we're all agreed that...; estar de acuerdo con alguien/algo to agree with somebody/something; no estoy de acuerdo con pagarle tanto I don't think we should pay him so much; ¿mañana a las ocho? - de acuerdo — (indep) tomorrow at eight? - OK o all right

    b)

    de acuerdo con or a — in accordance with

    * * *
    = agreement, arrangement, compromise, convention, partnership, understanding, covenant, accord, partnering, pact, accommodation, bargaining, settlement.

    Ex: Complete agreement had not been possible, but the numbers of rules where divergent practices were evident is limited.

    Ex: This arrangement is faster than waiting until documents are ordered.
    Ex: A compromise between expressive and non-expressive notation is to be found in the Second Edition of the Bliss Bibliographic Classification Scheme.
    Ex: Enter a concordat, 'modus vivendi', convention, or other formal agreement between the Holy See and a national government or other political jurisdiction under the party whose catalogue entry heading is first in English alphabetic order.
    Ex: The partnership between the CLT and industry is considered in some detail.
    Ex: A basic understanding in the concept of these libraries was the desire to confront the user with shelved books on entering and while moving through the building.
    Ex: The article 'Public library: the Trojan Horse covenant' argues that too much emphasis is now placed on the privatisation of libraries, their transformation into information centres and collections which mirror current demands.
    Ex: Only then, within the framework of inter-institutional accord, will academic library cooperative activities move forward more rapidly and purposefully.
    Ex: These include partnering with: principals, teachers, community members, public librarians and businesses.
    Ex: Issues discussed at some length included problems arising from a recent copyright pact with the USA and how each country can obtain access to the best literature of the other.
    Ex: Whatever structure emerges will be one of accommodation and acceptance by the various stakeholders both in and outside the library.
    Ex: The article is entitled 'Participatory something or other through bargaining'.
    Ex: These settlements require the tobacco companies to make annual payments to the states in perpetuity, with total payments estimated at $246.
    * aceptar los términos de un acuerdo = enter into + agreement.
    * acuerdo bilateral = bilateral agreement.
    * acuerdo con el fiscal = plea bargaining.
    * acuerdo con el juez = plea bargaining, plea bargaining.
    * acuerdo contractual = contractual agreement.
    * acuerdo de colaboración = collaborative partnership, partnership agreement.
    * acuerdo de cooperación = collaborative partnership.
    * acuerdo de licencia = licensing agreement, licensing arrangement.
    * acuerdo de paz = peace agreement.
    * acuerdo económico = financial arrangement.
    * acuerdo escrito = written agreement.
    * acuerdo financiero = financial arrangement.
    * Acuerdo General sobre Aranceles y Comercio (GATT) = General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).
    * acuerdo internacional = modus vivendi.
    * acuerdo legal = legal agreement, legal settlement.
    * acuerdo multilateral = multilateral agreement.
    * acuerdo muto = meeting of (the) minds.
    * acuerdo salarial = salary agreement.
    * acuerdo secreto = secret deal.
    * acuerdo sindical = union contract.
    * acuerdo sobre el precio mínimo de los libros = net book agreement.
    * acuerdo verbal = verbal agreement.
    * alcanzar un acuerdo = reach + agreement, reach + compromise, hammer out + agreement.
    * celebrar un acuerdo = enter into + agreement.
    * cerrar un acuerdo = conclude + agreement, conclude + deal.
    * compras fuera de acuerdos con proveedores = maverick spending.
    * concertar un acuerdo = conclude + agreement, conclude + deal.
    * contraer un acuerdo = contract + agreement.
    * creación de acuerdo de colaboración = partnership building.
    * crear un acuerdo = work out + agreement.
    * críticos + no estar de acuerdo = critics + be divided.
    * cumplir (con) un acuerdo = honour + commitment, honour + agreement, fill + Posesivo + agreement.
    * de acuerdo = okay, granted, all right, in concert, in agreement, okeydokey! [okidoki], in consort.
    * de acuerdo a = according to.
    * de acuerdo con = according to, consistent with, in harmony with, in accordance with, in concert with, in keeping with, in line with, in step with, in tune with, by, pursuant to, in concurrence with, based on, in agreement with, as far as + Sujeto + Verbo, in consonance with, in accord with, judging by, to judge by, in conformity with, judging from.
    * de acuerdo con este documento = hereunder.
    * de acuerdo con esto = accordingly.
    * de acuerdo con la búsqueda de cadenas de caracteres = on a string search basis.
    * de acuerdo con la estación del año = seasonally.
    * de acuerdo con la ley = according to law.
    * de acuerdo con la tendencia hacia = in the trend towards.
    * de acuerdo con + Nombre = as far as + Nombre + be + concerned, going on + Nombre.
    * de acuerdo con + Posesivo + bolsillo = according to + Posesivo + pocket.
    * de acuerdo con + Posesivo + opinión = in + Posesivo + view, in + Posesivo + opinion.
    * de acuerdo con + Posesivo + parecer = in + Posesivo + view, in + Posesivo + opinion.
    * de acuerdo con + Pronombre = in + Posesivo + view.
    * dependiendo del acuerdo = subject to + agreement.
    * elaborar un acuerdo = draw up + agreement.
    * establecer un acuerdo = work out + agreement.
    * estando de acuerdo = approvingly.
    * estar completamente de acuerdo con = agree + wholeheartedly with.
    * estar de acuerdo = approve, be in agreement, concur (with), be agreed.
    * estar de acuerdo con = accord with, conform to, fit, go along with, fit with, be in conformity with, mesh with, jive with.
    * estar de acuerdo (con = see + eye to eye (with/on).
    * estar de acuerdo en que no + estar + de acuerdo = agree to + disagree.
    * estar de acuerdo sobre = agree (on/upon).
    * estar de acuerdo unánimemente = agree on + all hands.
    * estar totalmente de acuerdo con = be all for.
    * firmar acuerdo = write + agreement.
    * firmar un acuerdo = tie + the knot.
    * llegar a acuerdo = make + arrangements.
    * llegar a un acuerdo = conclude + agreement, reach + agreement, make + an undertaking, make + bargain, come to + consensus, reach + understanding, have + meeting of the minds, reach + consensus, hammer out + agreement, develop + compromise, work out + agreement, strike + deal, conclude + deal.
    * negociar un acuerdo = negotiate + agreement.
    * no estar de acuerdo = be at variance, disagree, beg to differ.
    * no estar de acuerdo (con) = disapprove (of).
    * no estar de acuerdo con la idea de = disapprove of + the idea of.
    * ponerse de acuerdo sobre = agree (on/upon).
    * ratificar un acuerdo = ratify + convention.
    * renegociar un acuerdo = renegotiate + agreement.
    * respetar un acuerdo = honour + commitment, honour + agreement.
    * romper un acuerdo = sever + arrangement.
    * si se llega a un acuerdo = subject to + agreement.
    * si todo va de acuerdo a lo planeado = all (other) things being equal.
    * tener acuerdos con = have + deals with.
    * todos + estar de acuerdo = agree on + all hands.
    * vivir de acuerdo con + Posesivo + ideales = live up to + Posesivo + ideals.

    * * *
    A
    1 (arreglo) agreement
    llegar a or alcanzar un acuerdo to reach an agreement
    se separaron de común acuerdo they separated by mutual agreement
    2 (pacto) agreement
    un acuerdo verbal a verbal agreement
    los acuerdos de paz the peace agreements o ( frml) accords
    Compuestos:
    (UE) association agreement
    outline agreement
    prenuptial agreement
    wage settlement
    B ( en locs)
    1
    al final se pusieron de acuerdo in the end they came to o reached an agreement
    de acuerdo EN algo:
    están de acuerdo en todo they agree on everything
    estamos de acuerdo en que va a ser difícil we all agree o we're all agreed that it's going to be difficult
    estar de acuerdo CON algn/algo to agree WITH sb/sth
    sobre ese punto estoy de acuerdo con ellos I agree with them on that point
    no estoy de acuerdo contigo I don't agree with you, I disagree with you
    no estoy de acuerdo con pagarle tanto I don't agree o I disagree with paying him so much
    no estoy de acuerdo con lo que acabas de decir I don't agree with what you've just said
    2
    de acuerdo ( indep) OK, okay
    ¿mañana a las ocho? — de acuerdo tomorrow at eight? — OK o all right
    salimos a las 6 ¿de acuerdo? we leave at 6, OK o okay?
    3
    de acuerdo con or a ( loc prep) in accordance with
    de acuerdo con lo establecido en el contrato in accordance with what is laid down in the contract ( frml), as laid down in the contract
    * * *

     

    Del verbo acordar: ( conjugate acordar)

    acuerdo es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    acordar    
    acuerdo
    acordar ( conjugate acordar) verbo transitivo ‹ términos› to agree;
    ‹precio/fecha› to agree (on)
    ■ verbo intransitivo (Andes) ( recordar) acuerdole a algn de hacer algo/que haga algo to remind sb to do sth
    acordarse verbo pronominal
    to remember;

    acuerdose de algn/algo to remember sb/sth;
    no quiero ni acuerdome I don't even want to think about it;
    acuerdose de hacer algo (de una acción que hay/había que realizar) to remember to do sth;

    ( de una acción que ya se realizó) to remember o recall doing sth;
    ◊ se acordó de haberlo visto allí she remembered o recalled seeing him there;

    acuerdose (de) que … to remember that …
    acuerdo sustantivo masculino
    a) (arreglo, pacto) agreement;

    ◊ llegar a un acuerdo to reach an agreement; acuerdo de paz peace agreement o (frml) accord

    b)


    ponerse de acuerdo to come to o reach an agreement;
    estar de acuerdo en algo to agree on something;
    estar de acuerdo con algn/algo to agree with sb/sth;
    ¿mañana a las ocho? — de acuerdo ( indep) tomorrow at eight? — OK o all right
    c) de acuerdo con or a in accordance with

    acordar verbo transitivo to agree: los sindicatos acordaron convocar una huelga, the trade unions agreed to call a strike ➣ Ver nota en agree
    acuerdo sustantivo masculino
    1 agreement
    acuerdo marco, framework agreement
    2 (conformidad) estoy de acuerdo contigo, I agree with you
    estoy de acuerdo en que es un disparate, I agree that it's ridiculous
    estábamos de acuerdo en vender la casa, we agreed to sell the house
    nunca se ponen de acuerdo, they never agree ➣ Ver nota en agree
    3 excl (asentimiento) ¡de acuerdo!, all right!, O.K.! ➣ Ver nota en all right
    ♦ Locuciones: de acuerdo con, (según) in accordance with
    de común acuerdo, by common consent
    ' acuerdo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acordarse
    - aunar
    - bien
    - bilateral
    - botepronto
    - cerrar
    - cierta
    - cierto
    - coincidir
    - compromisaria
    - compromisario
    - compromiso
    - comulgar
    - común
    - concesión
    - conforme
    - cumplir
    - dialogar
    - dinamitar
    - entendimiento
    - entorpecer
    - estar
    - excepto
    - luego
    - misma
    - mismo
    - prematrimonial
    - refrendar
    - saldar
    - según
    - sellar
    - suscribir
    - tácita
    - tácito
    - tardía
    - tardío
    - tratado
    - tripartita
    - tripartito
    - unitaria
    - unitario
    - vendedor
    - vendedora
    - verificarse
    - vulnerar
    - acordar
    - alcanzar
    - aplicar
    - aprobación
    - aprobar
    English:
    accord
    - accordance
    - advantageous
    - affirm
    - agree
    - agreeable
    - agreement
    - all right
    - altogether
    - amicable
    - approve
    - approve of
    - arms control
    - arrangement
    - assent
    - back away
    - beg
    - blank
    - bond
    - compromise
    - concur
    - convenient
    - deadlock
    - deal
    - disagree
    - enter into
    - equitable
    - fall through
    - few
    - formalize
    - fulfillment
    - fulfilment
    - full
    - go along with
    - grant
    - hammer out
    - honourable
    - hope
    - horn
    - how
    - informal
    - issue
    - keep
    - keeping
    - lip
    - long-standing
    - many
    - most
    - OK
    - okay
    * * *
    ♦ nm
    1. [determinación, pacto] agreement;
    un acuerdo verbal a verbal agreement;
    llegar a un acuerdo to reach (an) agreement;
    tomar un acuerdo to make a decision;
    no hubo acuerdo they did not reach (an) agreement;
    de común acuerdo by common consent
    acuerdo arancelario tariff agreement;
    acuerdo comercial trade agreement;
    Acuerdo General sobre Aranceles y Comercio General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade;
    Informát acuerdo de licencia licence agreement;
    acuerdo marco general o framework agreement;
    acuerdo de paz peace agreement o deal;
    Fin acuerdo de recompra repurchase agreement;
    acuerdo salarial pay agreement, pay deal;
    acuerdo tácito tacit agreement
    2. Am [recuerdo]
    hazme acuerdo de comprar pan remind me to buy some bread
    3. Méx [reunión] staff meeting
    ♦ de acuerdo loc adv
    1. [conforme]
    estar de acuerdo (con algo/alguien) to agree (with sth/sb);
    estar de acuerdo en algo to agree on sth;
    estamos de acuerdo en que es necesario encontrar una solución we agree that we have to find a solution;
    ponerse de acuerdo (con alguien) to agree (with sb), to come to an agreement (with sb)
    2. [bien, vale] all right;
    lo traeré mañana – de acuerdo I'll bring it tomorrow – all right o fine;
    de acuerdo, me has convencido, lo haremos a tu manera all right, you've convinced me, we'll do it your way
    3.
    de acuerdo con [conforme a] in accordance with;
    de acuerdo con cifras oficiales… according to official figures…
    * * *
    m
    1 agreement;
    acuerdo comercial trade agreement;
    estar de acuerdo con agree with, be in agreement with;
    llegar a un acuerdo, ponerse de acuerdo come to o reach an agreement ( con with);
    tomar un acuerdo reach an agreement;
    de común acuerdo by mutual agreement;
    ¡de acuerdo! all right!, OK!
    2
    :
    de acuerdo con algo in accordance with sth
    * * *
    1) : agreement
    2)
    estar de acuerdo : to agree
    3)
    de acuerdo con : in accordance with
    4)
    de acuerdo : OK, all right
    * * *
    acuerdo n agreement
    de acuerdo all right / OK

    Spanish-English dictionary > acuerdo

  • 2 romper

    v.
    1 to break.
    romper algo en pedazos to break/smash/tear something to pieces
    Eso rompe huesos That breaks bones.
    Su voz rompe el silencio His voice breaks the silence.
    2 to break.
    3 to break (empezar) (día).
    al romper el alba o día at daybreak
    romper a hacer algo to suddenly start doing something
    romper a llorar to burst into tears
    romper a reír to burst out laughing
    4 to break (olas).
    5 to wear out.
    6 to break (interrumpir) (monotonía, silencio, hábito).
    7 to break off.
    Su ira rompe nuestra amistad His anger breaks off our friendship.
    8 to tear, to tear up.
    Ellos rompieron los papeles They tore the papers.
    * * *
    (pp roto,-a)
    1 (gen) to break; (papel, tela) to tear; (cristal, loza) to smash, shatter
    2 (rajar, reventar) to split
    3 (gastar) to wear out
    4 (relaciones) to break off
    5 figurado (ley) to break, violate; (contrato) to break
    6 figurado (cerca, límite) to break through, break down
    7 (empezar) to initiate, begin
    8 figurado (interrumpir) to break, interrupt
    9 (mar, aire) to cleave
    1 (acabar - con algo) to break; (- con alguien) to split up, US break up
    2 (olas, día) to break
    3 (flores) to bloom, blossom
    4 romper a + inf figurado (empezar) to burst out
    5 romper en + sust figurado (prorrumpir) to burst into
    1 (gen) to break
    2 (papel, tela) to tear, rip
    3 (rajarse, reventarse) to split
    4 (desgastarse) to wear out
    5 (coche) to break down
    \
    de rompe y rasga familiar resolute, determined
    romper con alguien to quarrel with somebody, fall out with somebody
    romper el fuego MILITAR to open fire
    romper el hielo figurado to break the ice
    romperle la cara a alguien / romperle las narices a alguien familiar to smash somebody's face in
    romperse la cabeza (pensar) to rack one's brains 2 (herirse) to split one's head open
    romperse por la mitad to break in half, split in half
    * * *
    verb
    2) smash, shatter
    3) rip, tear
    •
    * * *
    (pp roto)
    1. VT
    1) (=partir, destrozar)
    a) [intencionadamente] [+ juguete, mueble, cuerda] to break; [+ rama] to break, break off; [+ vaso, jarrón, cristal] to break, smash
    b) (=rasgar) [+ tela, vestido, papel] to tear, rip

    ¡cuidado, que vas a romper las cortinas! — careful, you'll tear o rip the curtains!

    c) [por el uso] [+ zapatos, ropa] to wear out
    d) [+ barrera] (lit) to break down, break through; (fig) to break down
    e)

    romper aguas —

    - romper la cara a algn

    no haber roto un plato —

    de rompe y rasga —

    esquema, molde
    2) (=terminar) [+ equilibrio, silencio, maleficio, contrato] to break; [+ relaciones, amistad] to break off

    romper el servicio a algn — (Tenis) to break sb's service

    3) (Mil) [+ línea, cerco] to break, break through

    ¡rompan filas! — fall out!

    4) (Agr) [+ tierra] to break, break up
    5) Arg, Uru *** (=molestar) to piss off ***
    2. VI
    1) [olas] to break
    2) (=salir) [diente] to come through; [capullo, flor] to come out

    romper entre algo — to break through sth, burst through sth

    3) [alba, día] to break

    al romper el alba — at crack of dawn, at daybreak

    4) (=empezar)

    romper a hacer algo — to (suddenly) start doing sth, (suddenly) start to do sth

    5) (=separarse) [pareja, novios] to split up

    romper con — [+ novio, amante] to split up with, break up with; [+ amigo, familia] to fall out with; [+ aliado] to break off relations with; [+ tradición, costumbre, pasado] to break with; [+ imagen, tópico, leyenda] to break away from

    ha roto con su novio — she has broken o split up with her boyfriend

    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) <loza/mueble> to break; < ventana> to break, smash; <lápiz/cuerda> to break, snap
    b) < puerta> ( tirándola abajo) to break down; ( para que quede abierta) to break open
    c) <hoja/póster> ( rasgar) to tear; ( en varios pedazos) to tear up
    d) < camisa> to tear, split
    2)
    a) <silencio/monotonía> to break; < tranquilidad> to disturb
    b) <promesa/pacto> to break; <relaciones/compromiso> to break off
    2.
    romper vi
    1)
    a) olas to break
    b) (liter) alba to break; flores to open, burst open

    al romper el día — at daybreak, at the crack of dawn

    c) ( empezar)

    romper A + INF — to begin o start to + inf

    rompió a llorar/reír — she burst into tears/burst out laughing

    2) novios to break up, split up

    romper CON algn — con novio to split o break up with sb

    romper CON algo — con el pasado to break with sth; con tradición to break away from sth

    de rompe y rasga — < decidir> suddenly

    3.
    romperse verbo pronominal
    a) vaso/plato to break, smash, get broken o smashed; papel to tear, rip, get torn o ripped; televisor/ascensor (RPl) to break down
    b) pantalones/zapatos to wear out
    c) (refl) <brazo/pierna> to break
    * * *
    = break, break down, rupture, rip off, fracture, rip.
    Ex. The document arrangement adopted is often broken, in the sense that documents in libraries are rarely shelved in one single and self-evident sequence.
    Ex. It describes our experience in combatting mould which grew as a result of high humidity and temperatures when the air conditioning system broke down for several days after several days of rain.
    Ex. In conversing with her you hadn't got to tread lightly and warily, lest at any moment you might rupture the relationship, and tumble into eternal disgrace.
    Ex. Within the social sciences psychology journals are the most ripped off.
    Ex. He will miss a month after fracturing his hand in practice.
    Ex. He punched her in the head and forced her to another room where he pinned her to the floor and ripped her shirt trying to remove it.
    ----
    * algo que rompe la armonía = a blot on the landscape.
    * al romper el día = at the crack of dawn.
    * día + romper = day + break.
    * que no se rompe en mil pedazos = shatterproof.
    * que rompe la armonía = eyesore.
    * romper a carcajadas = break out with + laugh.
    * romper Algo en pedazos = tear + Nombre + to bits.
    * romper a reír = bubble over in + laugh, burst out + laughing, explode into + laughter.
    * romper barreras = break down + boundaries, break down + borders.
    * romper completamente = break off.
    * romper completamente con = make + a clean break with.
    * romper con = break out of, break through, step away from, break away from.
    * romper con la tradición = make + break with tradition, break with + tradition.
    * romper con una amenaza = slay + dragon.
    * romper el equilibrio = tip + the scales.
    * romper el hielo = break + the ice.
    * romper el molde tradicional = break out of + the traditional mould.
    * romper el silencio = break + the hush, break + silence, crack + the silence.
    * romper filas = break + ranks.
    * romper la barrera del sonido = break + the sound barrier.
    * romper la huelga = cross + the picket line.
    * romper la monotonía = relieve + monotony.
    * romper las barreras = breach + boundaries, breach + barriers.
    * romper las cadenas de la esclavitud = cast off + Posesivo + chains.
    * romper las ilusiones = shatter + Posesivo + hopes.
    * romper los esquemas = think out(side) + (of) the box.
    * romper los lazos con = sever + Posesivo + links with, sever + Posesivo + ties with, break + ties with.
    * romperse = snap off.
    * romperse el cuello = break + Posesivo + neck.
    * romperse la cabeza = puzzle + Reflexivo, scratch + Posesivo + head, rack + Posesivo + brains.
    * romper tajantemente con = make + a clean break with.
    * romper un acuerdo = sever + arrangement.
    * romper una lanza en favor de = stick up for.
    * romper una promesa = go back on, break + Posesivo + promise.
    * romper una relación = break off + relationship, sever + connection.
    * romper un lazo = sever + connection.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) <loza/mueble> to break; < ventana> to break, smash; <lápiz/cuerda> to break, snap
    b) < puerta> ( tirándola abajo) to break down; ( para que quede abierta) to break open
    c) <hoja/póster> ( rasgar) to tear; ( en varios pedazos) to tear up
    d) < camisa> to tear, split
    2)
    a) <silencio/monotonía> to break; < tranquilidad> to disturb
    b) <promesa/pacto> to break; <relaciones/compromiso> to break off
    2.
    romper vi
    1)
    a) olas to break
    b) (liter) alba to break; flores to open, burst open

    al romper el día — at daybreak, at the crack of dawn

    c) ( empezar)

    romper A + INF — to begin o start to + inf

    rompió a llorar/reír — she burst into tears/burst out laughing

    2) novios to break up, split up

    romper CON algn — con novio to split o break up with sb

    romper CON algo — con el pasado to break with sth; con tradición to break away from sth

    de rompe y rasga — < decidir> suddenly

    3.
    romperse verbo pronominal
    a) vaso/plato to break, smash, get broken o smashed; papel to tear, rip, get torn o ripped; televisor/ascensor (RPl) to break down
    b) pantalones/zapatos to wear out
    c) (refl) <brazo/pierna> to break
    * * *
    = break, break down, rupture, rip off, fracture, rip.

    Ex: The document arrangement adopted is often broken, in the sense that documents in libraries are rarely shelved in one single and self-evident sequence.

    Ex: It describes our experience in combatting mould which grew as a result of high humidity and temperatures when the air conditioning system broke down for several days after several days of rain.
    Ex: In conversing with her you hadn't got to tread lightly and warily, lest at any moment you might rupture the relationship, and tumble into eternal disgrace.
    Ex: Within the social sciences psychology journals are the most ripped off.
    Ex: He will miss a month after fracturing his hand in practice.
    Ex: He punched her in the head and forced her to another room where he pinned her to the floor and ripped her shirt trying to remove it.
    * algo que rompe la armonía = a blot on the landscape.
    * al romper el día = at the crack of dawn.
    * día + romper = day + break.
    * que no se rompe en mil pedazos = shatterproof.
    * que rompe la armonía = eyesore.
    * romper a carcajadas = break out with + laugh.
    * romper Algo en pedazos = tear + Nombre + to bits.
    * romper a reír = bubble over in + laugh, burst out + laughing, explode into + laughter.
    * romper barreras = break down + boundaries, break down + borders.
    * romper completamente = break off.
    * romper completamente con = make + a clean break with.
    * romper con = break out of, break through, step away from, break away from.
    * romper con la tradición = make + break with tradition, break with + tradition.
    * romper con una amenaza = slay + dragon.
    * romper el equilibrio = tip + the scales.
    * romper el hielo = break + the ice.
    * romper el molde tradicional = break out of + the traditional mould.
    * romper el silencio = break + the hush, break + silence, crack + the silence.
    * romper filas = break + ranks.
    * romper la barrera del sonido = break + the sound barrier.
    * romper la huelga = cross + the picket line.
    * romper la monotonía = relieve + monotony.
    * romper las barreras = breach + boundaries, breach + barriers.
    * romper las cadenas de la esclavitud = cast off + Posesivo + chains.
    * romper las ilusiones = shatter + Posesivo + hopes.
    * romper los esquemas = think out(side) + (of) the box.
    * romper los lazos con = sever + Posesivo + links with, sever + Posesivo + ties with, break + ties with.
    * romperse = snap off.
    * romperse el cuello = break + Posesivo + neck.
    * romperse la cabeza = puzzle + Reflexivo, scratch + Posesivo + head, rack + Posesivo + brains.
    * romper tajantemente con = make + a clean break with.
    * romper un acuerdo = sever + arrangement.
    * romper una lanza en favor de = stick up for.
    * romper una promesa = go back on, break + Posesivo + promise.
    * romper una relación = break off + relationship, sever + connection.
    * romper un lazo = sever + connection.

    * * *
    romper [ E30 ]
    vt
    A
    1 ‹taza› to break; ‹ventana› to break, smash; ‹lápiz/cuerda› to break, snap; ‹juguete/radio/silla› to break
    2 ‹puerta› (tirándola abajo) to break down; (para que quede abierta) to break open
    3 ‹hoja/póster› (rasgar) to tear; (en varios pedazos) to tear up
    4 ‹camisa› to tear, split
    B
    1 ‹silencio/monotonía› to break; ‹tranquilidad› to disturb
    2 ‹promesa/pacto› to break; ‹relaciones/compromiso› to break off
    C
    1 ( fam) ‹servicio› (en tenis) to break
    2 ( esp AmL) ‹récord› to break
    ■ romper
    vi
    A
    1 «olas» to break
    2 ( liter); «alba/día» to break; «flores» to open, burst open, come out
    salimos al romper el día we left at daybreak o at the crack of dawn
    3
    (empezar): cuando rompa el hervor when it reaches boiling point, when it comes to the boil o starts to boil
    romper A + INF to begin o start to + INF
    rompió a llorar/reír she burst into tears/burst out laughing
    romper EN algo:
    romper en llanto to burst into tears
    romper en sollozos to break into sobs, start sobbing
    B «novios» to break up, split up romper CON algn ‹con un novio› to split o break up WITH sb; ‹con un amigo› to fall out WITH sb romper CON algo ‹con el pasado› to break WITH sth; ‹con una tradición› to break away FROM sth, break WITH sth
    hay que romper con esas viejas creencias we have to break away from those old beliefs
    este verso rompe con la estructura general del poema this verse departs from the general structure of the poem
    de rompe y rasga: me lo dijo así, de rompe y rasga he told me like that, straight out ( colloq)
    no se puede decidir así de rompe y rasga you can't just decide like that on the spur of the moment
    mujeres de rompe y rasga strong-minded women
    C ( RPl vulg) (molestar) to bug ( colloq)
    1 «vaso/plato» to break, smash, get broken o smashed; «papel» to tear, rip, get torn o ripped; «televisor/lavadora/ascensor» ( RPl) to break down
    2 «pantalones/zapatos» to wear out
    se me rompieron los calcetines por el talón my socks have worn through o gone through at the heel
    3 ‹brazo/pierna/muñeca› to break
    se rompió el tobillo he broke his ankle
    4
    ( RPl fam) (esforzarse): no te rompas demasiado don't kill yourself ( colloq)
    no se rompieron mucho con el regalo they didn't go to much trouble o expense over the gift ( colloq)
    * * *

     

    romper ( conjugate romper) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) ‹loza/mueble› to break;

    ‹ ventana› to break, smash;
    ‹lápiz/cuerda› to break, snap
    b) ‹hoja/póster› ( rasgar) to tear;

    ( en varios pedazos) to tear up
    c) ‹ camisa› to tear, split

    2
    a) ‹silencio/monotonía› to break;

    ‹ tranquilidad› to disturb
    b) ‹promesa/pacto› to break;

    ‹relaciones/compromiso› to break off
    verbo intransitivo
    1

    b) (liter) [ alba] to break;


    c) ( empezar):

    ◊ rompió a llorar/reír she burst into tears/burst out laughing

    2 [ novios] to break up, split up;
    romper CON algn ‹ con novio› to split o break up with sb;
    romper CON algo ‹ con el pasado› to break with sth;
    ‹ con tradición› to break away from sth
    romperse verbo pronominal
    a) [vaso/plato] to break, smash, get broken o smashed;

    [ papel] to tear, rip, get torn o ripped;
    [televisor/ascensor] (RPl) to break down
    b) [pantalones/zapatos] to wear out

    c) ( refl) ‹brazo/pierna› to break

    romper
    I verbo transitivo
    1 to break
    (un cristal, una pieza de loza) to smash, shatter
    (una tela, un papel) to tear (up): rompió el contrato en pedazos, he tore the contract into pieces
    2 (relaciones, una negociación) to break off
    3 (una norma) to fail to fulfil, break
    (una promesa, un trato) to break
    4 (el ritmo, sueño, silencio) to break
    II verbo intransitivo
    1 (empezar el día, etc) to break: al cabo de un rato rompió a hablar, after a while she started talking
    rompió a llorar, he burst into tears
    2 (poner un fin) to break [con, with]: he roto con el pasado, I've broken with the past
    (relaciones de pareja) rompieron hace una semana, they broke up a week ago ➣ Ver nota en break
    ' romper' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acabar
    - cascar
    - congénere
    - crisma
    - dejar
    - desligarse
    - desordenar
    - destrozar
    - frágil
    - hielo
    - lanza
    - partir
    - regañar
    - reñir
    - echar
    - espuma
    - mameluco
    - pacto
    - promesa
    - quebrar
    English:
    bash in
    - break
    - break into
    - break off
    - break up
    - break with
    - bust
    - bust up
    - crack
    - dash
    - fall out
    - finish with
    - ice
    - monotony
    - oath
    - pound
    - prompt
    - rank
    - relieve
    - rupture
    - sever
    - smash
    - snap
    - snap off
    - tear
    - tear up
    - chip
    - fall
    - half
    - rip
    - rompers
    - shatter
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [partir, fragmentar] to break;
    [hacer añicos] to smash; [rasgar] to tear;
    romper algo en pedazos to break/smash/tear sth to pieces;
    Mil
    ¡rompan filas! fall out!;
    Fam
    romper la baraja to get annoyed;
    Fam
    o jugamos todos, o se rompe la baraja either we all play, or nobody does
    2. [estropear] to break
    3. [desgastar] to wear out
    4. [interrumpir] [monotonía, silencio, hábito] to break;
    [hilo del discurso] to break off; [tradición] to put an end to, to stop
    5. [terminar] to break off
    6. [incumplir] to break;
    rompió su promesa de ayudarnos she broke her promise to help us
    7.
    romper el par [en golf] to break par
    8.
    romper el servicio de alguien [en tenis] to break sb's serve
    9. RP Fam [fastidiar]
    no me rompas give me a break;
    no (me) rompas la paciencia you're trying my patience;
    muy Fam
    romper las pelotas o [m5] las bolas o [m5] los huevos a alguien to get on sb's tits;
    muy Fam
    dejá de romper las pelotas o [m5] las bolas o [m5] los huevos stop being such a pain in the Br arse o US ass
    ♦ vi
    1. [terminar una relación]
    romper (con alguien) to break up o split up (with sb);
    rompió con su novia he broke up o split up with his girlfriend;
    ha roto con su familia she has broken off contact with her family;
    romper con la tradición to break with tradition;
    rompió con el partido she broke with the party
    2. [empezar] [día] to break;
    [hostilidades] to break out;
    al romper el alba o [m5] día at daybreak;
    romper a hacer algo to suddenly start doing sth;
    romper a llorar to burst into tears;
    romper a reír to burst out laughing
    3. [olas] to break
    4. Fam [tener éxito] to be a hit;
    un cantante que rompe a singer who's all the rage;
    de rompe y rasga: es una mujer de rompe y rasga she's a woman who knows what she wants o knows her own mind
    5. RP Fam [molestar] to be a pain;
    ¡no rompas! give me a break!
    * * *
    <part roto>
    I v/t
    1 break; ( hacer añicos) smash; tela, papel tear
    2 relación break off
    II v/i
    1 break;
    romper con alguien break up with s.o.
    2
    :
    romper a hacer algo start doing sth, start to do sth;
    romper a llorar burst into tears, start crying
    3
    :
    hombre de rompe y rasga strong-minded man
    * * *
    romper {70} vt
    1) : to break, to smash
    2) : to rip, to tear
    3) : to break off (relations), to break (a contract)
    4) : to break through, to break down
    5) gastar: to wear out
    romper vi
    1) : to break
    al romper del día: at the break of day
    2)
    romper a : to begin to, to burst out with
    romper a llorar: to burst into tears
    3)
    romper con : to break off with
    * * *
    romper vb
    1. (en general) to break [pt. broke; pp. broken]
    ¿quién ha roto el cristal? who broke the window?
    2. (papel, tela) to tear [pt. tore; pp. torn]
    3. (desgastar ropa, zapatos) to wear out [pt. wore; pp. worn]
    4. (acabar una relación) to split up [pt. & pp. split]

    Spanish-English dictionary > romper

  • 3 Vertrag

    Vertrag m 1. GEN agreement, contract, pact, treaty; 2. POL treaty, accord; 3. RECHT agreement; contract, covenant, deed (schriftliche Vereinbarung) • einem Vertrag zustimmen RECHT agree to a contract • einen Vertrag aufheben RECHT cancel a contract, rescind a contract • einen Vertrag schließen mit GEN enter into a contract with • etw. in einen Vertrag einfügen RECHT build sth into a contract (Klausel, Bestimmung, Bedingung)
    * * *
    m 1. < Geschäft> agreement, contract, pact, treaty; 2. < Pol> treaty, accord; 3. < Recht> agreement, schriftliche Vereinbarung contract, covenant, deed ■ einem Vertrag zustimmen < Recht> agree to a contract ■ einen Vertrag aufheben < Recht> cancel a contract, rescind a contract ■ einen Vertrag schließen mit < Geschäft> enter into a contract with ■ etw. in einen Vertrag einfügen < Recht> Klausel, Bestimmung, Bedingung build sth into a contract
    * * *
    Vertrag
    contract, covenant, (Geschäftsabschluss) transaction, (Staatsvertrag) treaty, pact, (Übereinkommen) convention, (Urkunde) deed, instrument, document, indenture, indent, (Vereinbarung) agreement, composition, compact;
    • aufgrund eines Vertrages under an agreement (indenture);
    • bei Wirksamwerden des Vertrages when the contract is effected;
    • durch Vertrag gebunden bound by contract;
    • kraft Vertrages by virtue of a treaty;
    • laut Vertrag according to (as may be required by) contract, according to the treaty;
    • während der Dauer des Vertrages during the life of a contract;
    • abgeänderter Vertrag modified (amended) contract;
    • zugunsten der Gläubiger abgeschlossener Vertrag deed for the benefit of creditors;
    • abhängiger Vertrag dependent contract;
    • akzessorischer Vertrag accessory contract;
    • aleatorischer Vertrag aleatory contract;
    • anfechtbarer Vertrag voidable (impeachable) contract;
    • annullierter Vertrag cancelled (rescinded) contract;
    • aufhebbarer Vertrag determinable contract;
    • mit Preisgleitklausel ausgestatteter Vertrag cost-of-living escalator contract;
    • auslaufender Vertrag expiring contract;
    • bedingter Vertrag conditional contract;
    • befristeter Vertrag temporary contract;
    • einseitig begünstigender Vertrag contract of benevolence;
    • beurkundeter Vertrag special contract, contract under seal;
    • bindender Vertrag binding agreement;
    • wechselseitig bindender Vertrag indented deed;
    • gültig bleibender Vertrag contract that can be upheld;
    • dinglicher Vertrag real contract;
    • einfacher (formloser) Vertrag simple contract (US), contract (agreement) under hand (Br.);
    • einklagbarer Vertrag contract enforceable at law;
    • nicht einklagbarer Vertrag unenforceable contract;
    • einseitiger (einseitig bindender) Vertrag unilateral (naked, nude, one-sided) contract;
    • entgeltlicher Vertrag onerous contract;
    • beiderseits (beiderseitig) erfüllter Vertrag executed covenant (contract);
    • noch nicht erfüllter Vertrag executory (unfulfilled) contract;
    • ordnungsgemäß errichteter Vertrag contract drawn up in due form;
    • fairer Vertrag (Minderjähriger) fair and reasonable contract;
    • fehlerhafter Vertrag invalid (defective) contract;
    • fester Vertrag standing contract;
    • fiktiver Vertrag sham contract;
    • fingierter Vertrag fictitious (sham) contract;
    • formbedürftiger Vertrag specialty (formal) contract, specialty [deed];
    • formfreier (formloser) Vertrag parole agreement, simple contract (US), agreement (contract) under hand (Br.);
    • gegenseitiger Vertrag mutual (reciprocal) contract, (zweiseitiger) synallagmatic contract;
    • gemischter Vertrag mixed contract;
    • elektronisch geschlossener Vertrag electronically concluded contract;
    • außerhalb der Geschäftsräume geschlossener Vertrag contract negotiated away from business premises;
    • stillschweigend geschlossener Vertrag implied contract (covenant);
    • lästig gewordener Vertrag burdensome contract;
    • objektiv unmöglich gewordener Vertrag frustrated contract;
    • halbjährlicher Vertrag six-month contract;
    • kaufähnlicher Vertrag quasi contract;
    • kündbarer Vertrag [de]terminable contract;
    • langfristiger Vertrag long-term contract;
    • laufender Vertrag continuing (standing, running) contract;
    • lebenslänglicher Vertrag life contract;
    • zugrunde liegender Vertrag underlying contract;
    • mehrseitiger Vertrag multilateral agreement;
    • mündlicher Vertrag parol agreement, oral (parol) contract;
    • neuer Vertrag fresh (substituted) contract;
    • nichtiger Vertrag void contract;
    • notarieller Vertrag sealed contract, notarial deed, contract by speciality;
    • obligatorischer Vertrag consensual contract;
    • paraphierter Vertrag initialled contract;
    • rechtsgültiger (rechtsverbindlicher) Vertrag valid contract, [legally] binding contract;
    • amtlich registrierter Vertrag contract of record;
    • schlüsselfertiger Vertrag turnkey contract;
    • schriftlicher Vertrag written (literal) contract, contract in writing, covenant;
    • schuldrechtlicher Vertrag personal covenant;
    • schwebender Vertrag executory contract;
    • seerechtlicher Vertrag marine contract;
    • selbstständiger Vertrag independent contract;
    • sittenwidriger Vertrag contract tainted with immorality, immoral (illegal) contract;
    • teilbarer Vertrag divisible contract;
    • unanfechtbarer Vertrag unavoidable contract;
    • unentgeltlicher Vertrag gratuitous contract (deed);
    • ungeteilter Vertrag entire contract;
    • ungültiger Vertrag invalid (void) contract;
    • aufgrund Gesetzes ungültiger Vertrag contract rendered void by statute;
    • unmöglicher Vertrag impossible (frustrated) contract;
    • unrentabler Vertrag unprofitable contract;
    • unteilbarer Vertrag indivisible (entire) contract;
    • einseitig unterzeichneter Vertrag inchoate agreement;
    • unverbindlicher Vertrag naked (nude) contract;
    • mit Treu und Glauben unvereinbarer Vertrag unconscionable contract;
    • unvollständiger Vertrag incomplete contract;
    • gesetzlich verbotener Vertrag contract prohibited by statute;
    • einseitig verpflichtender Vertrag deed poll;
    • gegen die guten Sitten verstoßender Vertrag contract offending public policy;
    • vorläufiger Vertrag provisional contract, preliminary agreement;
    • wechselseitiger Vertrag commutative contract;
    • wirksamer Vertrag executed contract;
    • wucherischer Vertrag usurious contract;
    • zweiseitiger Vertrag synallagmatic (bilateral, mutual) contract, bipartite treaty;
    • Vertrag über den Abschluss eines Prämiengeschäfts option contract;
    • Vertrag auf der Basis zu erstattender Selbstkosten cost-reimbursement contract;
    • Vertrag mit fünfzigprozentiger Beteiligung an den Mehrkosten 50: 50 share contract;
    • Vertrag zugunsten Dritter third-party beneficiary contract (US), contract for benefit of a third party (in consideration of another);
    • Vertrag über Entwicklungsvorhaben developmental contract;
    • Vertrag über die Europäische Union (EUV) Treaty on European Union;
    • Vertrag zur Festlegung des Selbstbehalts (Rückversicherungsgeschäft) surplus treaty;
    • Vertrag über die Fortführung des Geschäftes unter Gläubigeraufsicht deed of inspectorship;
    • Vertrag über Gegenstände des notwendigen Lebensbedarfs contract for necessaries;
    • Vertrag mit vorkalkulierten Kosten target-cost contract;
    • Vertrag auf Lebenszeit life[time] contract;
    • Vertrag über eine geldwerte Leistung money contract;
    • Vertrag über selbstständige Leistungen independent contract;
    • Vertrag mit ungleichen Leistungen mixed contract;
    • Vertrag über mehrere Lieferungen multiple-delivery contract;
    • Vertrag eines Minderjährigen infant’s contract;
    • Vertrag mit Preisfestsetzung nach den Kosten zuzüglich Verrechnung fester Zuschläge cost-plus-a-fixed-fee contract (US);
    • Vertrag zur Sicherstellung des notwendigen Lebensunterhalts contract for necessaries;
    • Vertrag gegen die guten Sitten contract offending public policy, immoral contract;
    • Vertrag in mehreren Währungen multi-currency contract;
    • Vertrag zu Zwecken der Steuerhinterziehung contract to defraud the revenue;
    • Vertrag abändern to modify a contract;
    • Vertrag ablehnen to disaffirm a contract;
    • Vertrag abschließen to conclude (enter into) an agreement, to make (close) a contract;
    • schriftlichen Vertrag abschließen to enter into a written agreement;
    • Vertrag unter Druck abschließen to make a contract under duress;
    • Vertrag nicht anerkennen to repudiate a contract;
    • Vertrag anfechten to rescind (void, avoid) a contract;
    • ungültigen Vertrag anfechten to disaffirm an invalid contract;
    • Vertrag annehmen to adopt (assume) a contract;
    • Vertrag annullieren to invalidate a contract (Br.);
    • Vertrag automatisch annullieren to wash up a contract automatically;
    • Vertrag aufheben to annul (avoid, cancel, set aside, dissolve, evacuate, reprobate, rescind) a contract, to rescind an agreement;
    • Vertrag in gegenseitigem Einvernehmen aufheben to rescind a contract by mutual consent;
    • Vertrag auflösen to sever a contract;
    • Vertrag aufrechterhalten to keep a contract alive, to go on with a contract;
    • Vertrag aufsetzen to draw up (write, prepare) a contract;
    • Vertrag ausfertigen to draw up a contract;
    • Vertrag aushandeln to negotiate a contract (transaction);
    • Vertrag bis in die kleinsten Kleinigkeiten aushandeln to negotiate a contract in exhausting detail;
    • Vertrag auslegen to interpret a contract;
    • Vertrag beenden to determine (terminate, discharge) a contract;
    • einem bestehenden Vertrag beitreten to intervene in an (become party to an) agreement;
    • Vertrag bestätigen to affirm (ratify) a contract;
    • Vertrag nicht bestätigen to disaffirm a contract;
    • Vertrag als nichtig betrachten to consider a contract void;
    • Vertrag brechen to break (violate) a contract;
    • Vertrag genau durchlesen to read through a contract;
    • Klausel in einen Vertrag einfügen to insert a clause into a contract, to embody (put) a clause in a treaty;
    • Vertrag eingehen to enter into an agreement, to [make a] contract;
    • Vertrag einhalten to hono(u)r a contract, to abide by an agreement;
    • Vertrag entwerfen to draft a contract;
    • einem Vertrag die Geschäftsgrundlage entziehen to frustrate a contract;
    • Vertrag erfüllen to complete (execute, satisfy, fulfil(l), perform) a contract;
    • Vertrag bis zum letzten I-Tüpfelchen erfüllen to live up to the letter of a contract;
    • Vertrag für nichtig (ungültig) erklären to vitiate (invalidate) a contract, to set aside an agreement;
    • durch einen neuen Vertrag ersetzen to supersede by a new contract;
    • unter einen Vertrag fallen to fall within the scope of (be covered by, come under) an agreement;
    • Vertrag gänzlich neu fassen to completely transform a treaty;
    • Vertrag genehmigen to approbate an agreement;
    • einem Vertrag gemäß handeln to act in conformity with a contract;
    • aus einem Vertrag herauskommen to get out of a contract;
    • aus einem Vertrag (aufgrund eines Vertrag es) klagen to sue on a contract;
    • Vertrag mit vierteljährlicher Frist kündigen to denounce an agreement with three month’s notice;
    • Vertrag (nicht) fristgemäß kündigen to terminate a contract by (without) notice;
    • Vertrag aus wichtigem Grunde kündigen to terminate a contract for cause;
    • zu einem rechtsgültigen, bindenden und gesetzmäßigen Vertrag machen to constitute an indenture a valid, binding and legal agreement;
    • Vertrag ungültig machen to void (vitiate) a contract;
    • Vertrag nachträglich unmöglich machen to frustrate a contract;
    • unter Vertrag nehmen to employ, to engage, to recruit (US), to hire (US);
    • Vertrag schließen to enter into (conclude) a contract, to consummate an agreement;
    • von wesentlicher Bedeutung für einen Vertrag sein to be of essence for a contract;
    • im Vertrag vorgesehen sein to be provided for in a contract, to be covered by an agreement;
    • auf Vertrag stützen (Klage) to sound in contract;
    • Vertrag umstoßen to void (vitiate) a contract;
    • Vertrag unterschreiben (unterzeichnen) to sign an agreement;
    • internationalen Vertrag gesetzlich verankern to embody a treaty in law;
    • Vertrag verklausulieren to put hedges in a contract;
    • Vertrag verlängern to extend (prolong) a contract;
    • Vertrag verletzen to violate a contract (an agreement);
    • unterschriftsreifen Vertrag vorlegen to submit a contract all cut and dried, to draw up a contract for signature;
    • zu einem Vertrag gezwungen werden to make a contract under duress;
    • Vertrag widerrufen to revoke (rescind) a contract;
    • von einem Vertrag zurücktreten to recede (withdraw from, terminate) an agreement, to rescind a contract;
    • einem Vertrag zustimmen to assent to (ratify) a contract.
    zusammenpfuschen, Vertrag
    to huddle up an agreement.

    Business german-english dictionary > Vertrag

  • 4 auflösen

    (trennb., hat -ge-)
    I v/t
    1. (Pulver, Tablette etc.) dissolve; etw. in seine Bestandteile auflösen separate s.th. into its (constituent) parts
    2. (Rätsel, Aufgabe) solve; MATH. (Gleichung) solve; (Bruch) disintegrate; (Klammern) remove, take away; (Widerspruch) clear up; (Missverständnis) resolve
    3. (Vertrag) cancel; (Verlobung) break off; (Ehe) (annullieren) annul; (scheiden) dissolve; (Versammlung) break off; von außen: break up; (Menge) break up, disperse; (Firma, Lager) close down; (Geschäft) wind up; (Konto) close; (Haushalt, Parlament, Verein) dissolve; (Gruppe) disband
    4. (Haare) let down ( oder loose); (Knoten) undo, untie; aufgelöst II 1
    5. MUS. (Dissonanz etc.) resolve; (Vorzeichen) cancel
    6. OPT., FOT. resolve
    II v/refl
    1. Tablette, Zucker etc.: dissolve; sich in seine Bestandteile auflösen disintegrate, separate into its (constituent) parts
    2. Nebel, Wolken: disperse, disappear, lift; Menge: break up, disperse; Versammlung: break up; Parlament, Verein: dissolve; der Stau hat sich aufgelöst the traffic is flowing normally again
    3. sich auflösen in (+ Akk) turn into; sich in nichts auflösen disappear ( oder vanish) into thin air; Hoffnungen etc.: come to nothing; Pläne etc.: go up in smoke umg.; die Spannung löste sich in Gelächter auf the tension dissolved into laughter; aufgelöst, Wohlgefallen
    * * *
    (Chemie) to resolve; to dissolve;
    (Ehe) to annul;
    (Konto) to close;
    (Mathematik) to resolve;
    (Militär) to disband;
    (Parlament) to dissolve;
    (Rätsel) to solve;
    (Vertrag) to cancel;
    (aufspalten) to disintegrate;
    sich auflösen
    to dissolve; to melt; to resolve; to disband; to melt away
    * * *
    auf|lö|sen sep
    1. vt
    1) (in Flüssigkeit) to dissolve; (= in Bestandteile zerlegen, PHOT) to resolve (
    in +acc into); (MATH ) Klammern to eliminate; Gleichung to (re)solve; (MUS ) Vorzeichen to cancel; Dissonanz to resolve ( in +acc into)
    See:
    → auch aufgelöst
    2) (= aufklären) Widerspruch, Missverständnis to clear up, to resolve; Rätsel to solve
    3) (= zerstreuen) Wolken, Versammlung to disperse, to break up
    4) (= aufheben) to dissolve (AUCH PARL); Einheit, Gruppe to disband; Firma to wind up; Verlobung to break off; Vertrag to cancel; Konto to close; Haushalt to break up
    5) (geh) Haar to let down; geflochtenes Haar to let loose
    2. vr
    1) (in Flüssigkeit) to dissolve; (= sich zersetzen Zellen, Reich, Ordnung) to disintegrate; (Zweifel, Probleme) to disappear

    all ihre Probleme haben sich in nichts aufgelöst — all her problems have dissolved into thin air or have disappeared

    2) (= sich zerstreuen) to disperse; (Wolken) to break up, to disperse; (Nebel) to lift, to disperse
    3) (= auseinandergehen) (Verband) to disband; (Firma) to cease trading; (= sich formell auflösen ESP PARL) to dissolve
    4) (= sich aufklären) (Missverständnis, Problem) to resolve itself, to be resolved; (Rätsel) to be resolved or solved
    5) (geh Schleife, Haar) to become undone
    6) (PHOT) to be resolved
    * * *
    1) (to (cause a group, eg a military force to) break up: The regiment disbanded at the end of the war.) disband
    2) (to (cause to) fall to pieces: The paper bag was so wet that the bottom disintegrated and all the groceries fell out.) disintegrate
    3) (to (cause to) melt or break up, especially by putting in a liquid: He dissolved the pills in water; The pills dissolved easily in water.) dissolve
    4) (to put an end to (a parliament, a marriage etc).) dissolve
    * * *
    auf|lö·sen
    I. vt
    1. (zergehen lassen, zersetzen)
    ▪ etw [in etw dat] \auflösen to dissolve sth [in sth]
    lösen Sie die Tablette in einem Glas Wasser auf dissolve the tablet in a glass of water
    etw in seine Bestandteile \auflösen to resolve sth into its constituents
    ▪ etw \auflösen to disperse sth
    der Wind hat die Wolken aufgelöst the wind has dispersed the clouds
    ▪ etw \auflösen to disband sth
    die Organisation wurde bald wieder aufgelöst the organization was soon disbanded
    eine Demonstration \auflösen to disperse [or sep break up] a demonstration
    eine Ehe \auflösen to dissolve a marriage
    eine Gruppe \auflösen to disband a group
    eine Firma \auflösen to wind up a company sep
    einen Haushalt/eine Versammlung \auflösen to break up a household/a meeting sep
    ein Konto \auflösen to close an account
    das Parlament \auflösen to dissolve parliament
    Rückstellungen \auflösen FIN to reverse accruals spec
    eine Verlobung \auflösen to break off an engagement sep
    einen Vertrag \auflösen to terminate [or cancel] a contract
    ▪ etw \auflösen to resolve sth
    ein Rätsel \auflösen to solve a puzzle
    ein Missverständnis \auflösen to resolve [or sep clear up] a misunderstanding
    einen Widerspruch \auflösen to [re]solve a contradiction
    6. (geh: lösen)
    ▪ etw \auflösen to undo sth
    das Haar \auflösen to let down one's hair sep
    einen Haarknoten \auflösen to undo a bun
    mit aufgelösten Haaren with one's hair loose [or down]
    einen Knoten \auflösen to untie [or undo] a knot
    7. MATH
    eine Gleichung \auflösen to solve an equation
    die Klammern \auflösen to remove the brackets
    8. MUS
    eine Dissonanz \auflösen to resolve a discord (in + akk into)
    Vorzeichen [o Versetzungszeichen] \auflösen to cancel accidentals
    9. FOTO
    ▪ etw \auflösen to resolve sth
    II. vr
    ▪ sich akk \auflösen
    1. (zergehen, sich zersetzen) to dissolve
    der Zucker hat sich aufgelöst the sugar has dissolved
    2. (sich zerstreuen) to disperse; Nebel a. to lift; Wolken a. to break up
    3. (nicht mehr bestehen) Verband to disband; (auseinandergehen) Versammlung to disperse; Demonstration, Menschenmenge a. to break up; Firma to cease trading; Parlament to dissolve
    der Verein löste sich bald wieder auf the club was soon disbanded
    4. (fig: zerfallen) Reich, Ordnung to disintegrate
    5. (sich klären) Missverständis, Widerspruch to resolve itself, to be resolved; Rätsel to be solved
    die Probleme haben sich [in nichts/in Luft] aufgelöst the problems have disappeared [or dissolved into thin air]
    das Missverständnis wird sich \auflösen the misunderstanding will resolve itself
    6. (geh: sich entwirren) Haar, Schleife to become undone
    7. FOTO to be resolved
    * * *
    1.
    transitives Verb dissolve; resolve <difficulty, contradiction>; solve < puzzle, equation>; break off < engagement>; terminate, cancel < arrangement, contract, agreement>; dissolve, disband < organization>; break up < household>
    2.
    1) dissolve (in + Akk. into); < parliament> dissolve itself; <crowd, demonstration> break up; <fog, mist> disperse, lift; < cloud> break up; < empire, kingdom, social order> disintegrate
    2) (sich aufklären) <misunderstanding, difficulty, contradiction> be resolved; <puzzle, equation> be solved
    * * *
    auflösen (trennb, hat -ge-)
    A. v/t
    1. (Pulver, Tablette etc) dissolve;
    etwas in seine Bestandteile auflösen separate sth into its (constituent) parts
    2. (Rätsel, Aufgabe) solve; MATH (Gleichung) solve; (Bruch) disintegrate; (Klammern) remove, take away; (Widerspruch) clear up; (Missverständnis) resolve
    3. (Vertrag) cancel; (Verlobung) break off; (Ehe) (annullieren) annul; (scheiden) dissolve; (Versammlung) break off; von außen: break up; (Menge) break up, disperse; (Firma, Lager) close down; (Geschäft) wind up; (Konto) close; (Haushalt, Parlament, Verein) dissolve; (Gruppe) disband
    4. (Haare) let down ( oder loose); (Knoten) undo, untie; → aufgelöst B 1
    5. MUS (Dissonanz etc) resolve; (Vorzeichen) cancel
    6. OPT, FOTO resolve
    B. v/r
    1. Tablette, Zucker etc: dissolve;
    sich in seine Bestandteile auflösen disintegrate, separate into its (constituent) parts
    2. Nebel, Wolken: disperse, disappear, lift; Menge: break up, disperse; Versammlung: break up; Parlament, Verein: dissolve;
    der Stau hat sich aufgelöst the traffic is flowing normally again
    3.
    sich auflösen in (+akk) turn into;
    sich in nichts auflösen disappear ( oder vanish) into thin air; Hoffnungen etc: come to nothing; Pläne etc: go up in smoke umg;
    die Spannung löste sich in Gelächter auf the tension dissolved into laughter; → aufgelöst, Wohlgefallen
    * * *
    1.
    transitives Verb dissolve; resolve <difficulty, contradiction>; solve <puzzle, equation>; break off < engagement>; terminate, cancel <arrangement, contract, agreement>; dissolve, disband < organization>; break up < household>
    2.
    1) dissolve (in + Akk. into); < parliament> dissolve itself; <crowd, demonstration> break up; <fog, mist> disperse, lift; < cloud> break up; <empire, kingdom, social order> disintegrate
    2) (sich aufklären) <misunderstanding, difficulty, contradiction> be resolved; <puzzle, equation> be solved
    * * *
    (Geschäft) v.
    to liquidate v. (Versammlung) v.
    to break up v. v.
    to disband v.
    to disintegrate v.
    to dissolve v.
    to resolve v.
    to sever v.
    to solve v.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > auflösen

  • 5 cuerda

    f.
    cuerda floja tightrope
    2 string.
    3 spring.
    4 chord (geometry).
    5 rope, string, cord.
    6 voice.
    7 chorda, tendon cord.
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: cordar.
    * * *
    1 (cordel) rope, string
    2 MÚSICA (instrumento) string, cord; (voz) voice
    3 (de reloj) spring
    5 DEPORTE (interior) interior
    1 (boxeo) ropes
    2 MÚSICA strings
    \
    bailar en la cuerda floja figurado to be hanging from a thread
    bajo cuerda figurado dishonestly, under the counter
    contra las cuerdas on the ropes
    dar cuerda a alguien familiar to encourage somebody (to speak)
    rompérsele a uno la cuerda to be at the end of one's tether
    cuerda de la ropa clothesline
    cuerda de presos chain gang
    cuerda floja tightrope
    cuerdas vocales vocal chords
    * * *
    noun f.
    cord, rope, string
    * * *
    SF
    1) [gruesa] rope; [fina] string, cord; [para saltar] skipping rope, jump rope (EEUU)

    bajo cuerda —

    han llegado a un acuerdo bajo cuerda — they have reached an agreement in secret, they have made a secret agreement

    estirar la cuerda —

    2) (Mec) [de reloj] winder; [de juguete] clockwork mechanism

    no para de hablar, parece que le han dado cuerda — he never stops talking, you'd think he'd been wound up

    después de dos años sin verse, estos tienen cuerda para rato — * after two years apart, those two have got enough to keep them going for a while yet

    3) (Mús) [de instrumento] string

    sección de cuerda — string section, strings pl

    4) (Anat)
    5) pl cuerdas (Boxeo) ropes; (Hípica) rails
    6) (Mat, Arquit) chord
    7) (Pesca) style of fishing with three or more flies mounted on struts tied to the main line
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( gruesa) rope; ( delgada) string
    b) (Jueg) jump rope (AmE), skipping rope (BrE)

    saltar a la cuerda — to jump rope (AmE), to skip (BrE)

    c) ( para tender ropa) washing line, clothes line
    d) ( de arco) bowstring

    aflojar la cuerda — to ease up

    bajo cuerda — < pago> under-the-counter; (before n)

    contra las cuerdas — (fam) on the ropes

    llevarle or seguirle la cuerda a alguien — (AmL fam) to humor* somebody, play along with somebody (colloq)

    una cuerda de — (Ven fam) loads of (colloq)

    2) (Mús)
    a) (de guitarra, violín) string
    b) cuerdas femenino plural ( instrumentos) strings (pl)
    3)
    a) (de reloj, juguete)

    la cuerda de la caja de música — the spring o the clockwork mechanism in the music box

    son de la misma cuerda — they are very alike

    b) (impulso, energía)

    no le des cuerda, que luego no hay quien lo haga callar — don't encourage him or you'll never get him to shut up (colloq)

    c) ( de tornillo) thread
    * * *
    = cord, rope, string, halter, twine.
    Ex. The cord which trips its shutter may reach down a man's sleeve within easy reach of his fingers.
    Ex. The second title may be indexed under: wire, rope, lubrication, corrosion, protection.
    Ex. For example, violins, cellos, harps, guitars and lutes are all musical instruments which produce sound through the bowing or plucking of strings.
    Ex. The author studies medieval representations of Saint Anthony Abbot and his accompanying piglet on a halter.
    Ex. This type of twine is thick and strong enough for most necklaces and bracelets, but still thin enough to accomodate many different bead sizes.
    ----
    * andar por la cuerda floja = walk + the tight wire, walk + the tightrope.
    * caminar por la cuerda floja = walk + a tightrope, walk + the tightrope, walk + the tight wire.
    * contra las cuerdas = against the ropes.
    * cuerda de colgar la ropa = clothesline [clothes line].
    * cuerda de saltar = skipping rope, skip rope, jump rope.
    * cuerda de tender = clothesline [clothes line], washing line.
    * cuerda de tender la ropa = washing line, clothesline [clothes line].
    * cuerda floja = tightrope [tight-rope].
    * cuerdas = cordage.
    * cuerda Sol = G-string.
    * cuerdas vocales = vocal cords.
    * dar cuerda a un reloj = wind + clock.
    * escalera de cuerda = Jacob's ladder.
    * estar contra las cuertas = be against the ropes.
    * instrumento de cuerda = stringed instrument (string instrument), string instrument [stringed instrument].
    * juguete de cuerda = clockwork toy.
    * mecanismo de cuerda = clockwork.
    * orquesta de cuerda = string orchestra.
    * poner a Alguien contra las cuerdas = put + Nombre + on the spot.
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( gruesa) rope; ( delgada) string
    b) (Jueg) jump rope (AmE), skipping rope (BrE)

    saltar a la cuerda — to jump rope (AmE), to skip (BrE)

    c) ( para tender ropa) washing line, clothes line
    d) ( de arco) bowstring

    aflojar la cuerda — to ease up

    bajo cuerda — < pago> under-the-counter; (before n)

    contra las cuerdas — (fam) on the ropes

    llevarle or seguirle la cuerda a alguien — (AmL fam) to humor* somebody, play along with somebody (colloq)

    una cuerda de — (Ven fam) loads of (colloq)

    2) (Mús)
    a) (de guitarra, violín) string
    b) cuerdas femenino plural ( instrumentos) strings (pl)
    3)
    a) (de reloj, juguete)

    la cuerda de la caja de música — the spring o the clockwork mechanism in the music box

    son de la misma cuerda — they are very alike

    b) (impulso, energía)

    no le des cuerda, que luego no hay quien lo haga callar — don't encourage him or you'll never get him to shut up (colloq)

    c) ( de tornillo) thread
    * * *
    = cord, rope, string, halter, twine.

    Ex: The cord which trips its shutter may reach down a man's sleeve within easy reach of his fingers.

    Ex: The second title may be indexed under: wire, rope, lubrication, corrosion, protection.
    Ex: For example, violins, cellos, harps, guitars and lutes are all musical instruments which produce sound through the bowing or plucking of strings.
    Ex: The author studies medieval representations of Saint Anthony Abbot and his accompanying piglet on a halter.
    Ex: This type of twine is thick and strong enough for most necklaces and bracelets, but still thin enough to accomodate many different bead sizes.
    * andar por la cuerda floja = walk + the tight wire, walk + the tightrope.
    * caminar por la cuerda floja = walk + a tightrope, walk + the tightrope, walk + the tight wire.
    * contra las cuerdas = against the ropes.
    * cuerda de colgar la ropa = clothesline [clothes line].
    * cuerda de saltar = skipping rope, skip rope, jump rope.
    * cuerda de tender = clothesline [clothes line], washing line.
    * cuerda de tender la ropa = washing line, clothesline [clothes line].
    * cuerda floja = tightrope [tight-rope].
    * cuerdas = cordage.
    * cuerda Sol = G-string.
    * cuerdas vocales = vocal cords.
    * dar cuerda a un reloj = wind + clock.
    * escalera de cuerda = Jacob's ladder.
    * estar contra las cuertas = be against the ropes.
    * instrumento de cuerda = stringed instrument (string instrument), string instrument [stringed instrument].
    * juguete de cuerda = clockwork toy.
    * mecanismo de cuerda = clockwork.
    * orquesta de cuerda = string orchestra.
    * poner a Alguien contra las cuerdas = put + Nombre + on the spot.

    * * *
    A
    1 (gruesa) rope; (delgada) string
    tres metros de cuerda three meters of string/cord/rope
    ató el paquete con una cuerda he tied the parcel up with string o with a piece of string o cord o ( AmE) with a cord
    escalera de cuerda rope ladder
    saltar a la cuerda to jump rope ( AmE), to skip ( BrE)
    2 (para tender ropa) washing line, clothes line
    3 (de un arco) bowstring
    bajo cuerda: recibieron extras bajo cuerda they received backhanders o under-the-counter payments
    actuaba bajo cuerda para la CIA she worked undercover for the CIA
    contra las cuerdas ( fam); on the ropes
    lo tenía contra las cuerdas I had him on the ropes
    el financiero se encontraba contra las cuerdas the financier was on the ropes o ( colloq) up against it
    llevarle or seguirle la cuerda a algn ( AmL fam); to humor* sb, play along with sb ( colloq)
    se tomaron una cuerda de tragos they had loads to drink ( colloq)
    Compuesto:
    ( Espec) tightrope
    su futuro está bailando en la cuerda floja its future hangs o is in the balance
    B ( Mús)
    1 (de una guitarra, un violín) string
    su artículo tocó la cuerda exacta her article struck exactly the right chord
    novelas que tocan la cuerda sentimental novels which tug at your heartstrings
    2 cuerdas fpl (instrumentos) strings (pl)
    3 (voz) voice
    Compuesto:
    fpl vocal chords (pl)
    C
    1
    (de un reloj, juguete): la cuerda de la caja de música the spring o the clockwork mechanism in the music box
    le dio cuerda al despertador she wound up the alarm clock
    un juguete de cuerda a clockwork toy
    2
    (impulso, energía): no le des cuerda, que luego no hay quien lo haga callar don't encourage him or you'll never get him to shut up ( colloq)
    tan viejo no es, todavía tiene cuerda para rato he's not that old, he has a good few years in him yet o there's plenty of life in him yet
    a los niños les queda cuerda para rato the children will keep going for a while yet
    * * *

     

    cuerda sustantivo femenino
    1
    a) ( gruesa) rope;

    ( delgada) string;

    b) (Jueg) jump rope (AmE), skipping rope (BrE);




    2 (Mús)
    a) (de guitarra, violín) string

    b)

    ◊ cuerdas sustantivo femenino plural ( instrumentos) strings (pl);

    cuerdas vocales vocal chords (pl)
    3 (de reloj, juguete):

    le dio cuerda al despertador she wound up the alarm clock
    cuerdo,-a adjetivo sane
    cuerda sustantivo femenino
    1 (soga gruesa) rope
    (fina, cordel) string
    2 (de instrumento) string
    3 (del reloj) spring
    4 cuerda floja, tightrope
    cuerdas vocales, vocal chords
    instrumento de cuerda, stringed instrument
    ♦ Locuciones: dar cuerda a alguien, to encourage sb
    dar cuerda al reloj, to wind up a watch
    estar contra las cuerdas, to be on the ropes
    estar en la cuerda floja, to walk the tightrope
    bajo cuerda, dishonestly
    ' cuerda' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    ceder
    - comba
    - descolgar
    - desligar
    - equilibrista
    - experimentar
    - floja
    - flojo
    - instrumento
    - maroma
    - mástil
    - pulsar
    - retorcer
    - rollo
    - seguir
    - soltar
    - soltarse
    - tensa
    - tensar
    - tenso
    - tirar
    - tirante
    - tralla
    - aflojar
    - asir
    - cordel
    - cordón
    - cortar
    - desenrollar
    - deslizar
    - diapasón
    - enredado
    - enredar
    - enrollar
    - enroscar
    - fuerte
    - lazo
    - ramal
    - reata
    - resistir
    - romper
    - saltar
    - soga
    - tendedero
    - tensión
    - tentar
    English:
    bind
    - clockwork
    - coil
    - cord
    - dicey
    - end
    - extend
    - fray
    - gut
    - haul
    - hoist
    - hold
    - hold out
    - kink
    - line
    - loop
    - pass
    - pull
    - pull in
    - quartet
    - reach
    - rope
    - rope ladder
    - sever
    - slack
    - slacken
    - start off
    - stout
    - string
    - tight
    - tighten
    - tightrope
    - tug-of-war
    - washing line
    - wind
    - wind up
    - clock
    - clothes
    - cut
    - grab
    - hang
    - high
    - jump
    - life
    - over
    - skip
    - stringed
    - tow
    - tug
    - washing
    * * *
    cuerda nf
    1. [para atar] [fina] string;
    [más gruesa] rope;
    los ataron con cuerdas they tied them up with ropes;
    Ven Fam
    una cuerda de idiotas/cobardes a bunch of idiots/cowards;
    bajo cuerda secretly, in an underhand manner;
    estar contra las cuerdas to be on the ropes;
    Fam
    de la misma cuerda of the same opinion;
    Fam
    tirar de la cuerda to go too far, to push it;
    tocar a alguien la cuerda sensible to strike a chord with sb
    cuerda floja tightrope;
    estar en la cuerda floja to be hanging by a thread
    2. [de instrumento] string;
    instrumento de cuerda string instrument
    3. [en orquesta] string section, strings;
    la sección de cuerda the string section, the strings;
    cuarteto de cuerda string quartet
    4. [de mecanismo] spring;
    un juguete de cuerda a clockwork toy;
    un reloj de cuerda a wind-up watch;
    dar cuerda a [reloj, juguete] to wind up;
    Fam
    dar cuerda a alguien [para que siga hablando] to encourage sb;
    Fam
    tener cuerda para rato: este conferenciante todavía tiene cuerda para rato this speaker looks like he's going to go on for a while yet;
    el partido en el poder tiene cuerda para rato the party in power looks as if it will be there for some time to come
    5. Geom chord
    6. Anat cuerdas vocales vocal cords
    7. Dep [de pista] curb;
    8. [en gimnasia rítmica] rope
    * * *
    f
    1 rope;
    cuerda de trepar climbing rope;
    poner a alguien contra las cuerdas get s.o. on the ropes;
    bajo cuerda on the side
    2 de guitarra, violín string;
    ser de la misma cuerda be two of a kind
    :
    dar cuerda al reloj wind the clock up;
    dar cuerda a algo fig fam string sth out fam ;
    dar cuerda a alguien encourage s.o.;
    cuando cuenta historias, mi abuelo tiene cuerda para rato when he’s telling stories, my grandfather can talk for hours
    * * *
    cuerda nf
    1) : cord, rope, string
    2)
    cuerdas vocales : vocal cords
    3)
    darle cuerda a : to wind up (a clock, a toy, etc.)
    * * *
    1. (soga) rope
    2. (hilo) string
    3. (mecanismo) spring

    Spanish-English dictionary > cuerda

  • 6 розривати угоду

    cancel an agreement, rip an agreement, sever a contract

    Українсько-англійський юридичний словник > розривати угоду

  • 7 консульский консульск·ий

    консульское должностное лицо, консульский работник — consular officer

    отзывать консульское должностное лицо — to recall / to withdraw a consular officer

    консульские функции — consular duties / functions

    выполнять консульские обязанности / функции — to esercise / to perform consular duties / functions

    разрывать консульские отношения — to break off / to rupture / to sever consular relations

    разрыв консульских отношений — rupture / severance of consular relations

    консульский патент — consular commission / patent

    консульское соглашение — consular agreement / convention

    консульский устав — consular statute / regulations

    консульское учреждение — consular establishment / office

    глава консульского учреждения — head of the consular establishment; principal consular officer

    ранг главы консульского учреждения — class of the head of the consular, establishment

    местонахождение консульского учреждения — seat / location of a consular establishment / post

    выполнять консульские функции — to discharge / to exercise / to perform consular functions

    затруднять выполнение / мешать выполнению консульских функций — to impede the performance of consular functions

    Russian-english dctionary of diplomacy > консульский консульск·ий

  • 8 расторгать

    (что-л.)
    несовер. - расторгать; совер. - расторгнуть
    break (off), annul; abrogate, cancel, dissolve, sever

    расторгать соглашение, контракт — to annul/cancel an agreement, a contract

    расторгать договор — to abrogate/dissolve a treaty/convention

    Русско-английский словарь по общей лексике > расторгать

  • 9 расторгнуть

    1. terminated
    2. break; annul; dissolve; sever
    3. dissolve
    4. undo

    Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > расторгнуть

  • 10 расторгать

    1. declare off

    отказываться от, расторгать — declare off

    2. denounce
    3. rescind
    4. break; annul; dissolve; sever
    5. dissolve
    6. undo

    Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > расторгать

  • 11 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 12 Words

       Words are but the images of matter... to fall in love with them is all one as to fall in love with a picture. (Bacon, 1878, p. 120)
       Chamberlin, Tracy, Dewey, Binet and others have shown that the child's symbols are action-words, i.e., their content is action. There is also practically universal agreement on the fact that the first symbols of the child are in reality word-sentences designating action and object or subject, or all three at once. (Markey, 1928, p. 50)
       The child can very readily learn at the age of three that "right" and "left" each refers to a side of the body-but ah me, which one?... What is set up first is a conceptual organization. By the age of six the word "right" clearly and immediately means sidedness to the child. A considerable conceptual elaboration has already occurred, and the stimulus effectively arouses that structure; but it arouses no prompt, specific response.... With such facts, it becomes nonsense to explain man's conceptual development as exclusively consisting of verbal associations. (Hebb, 1949, p. 118)
       The use of language is not confined to its being the medium through which we communicate ideas to one another.... Words are the instrument by which we form all our abstractions, by which we fashion and embody our ideas, and by which we are enabled to glide along a series of premises and conclusions with a rapidity so great as to leave in memory no trace of the successive steps of this process; and we remain unconscious of how much we owe to this. (Roget, quoted in Minsky, 1986, p. 197)
       Any attempt at a philosophical arrangement under categories of the words of our language must reveal the fact that it is impossible to separate and circumscribe the several groups by absolutely distinct boundaries. Were we to disengage their interwoven ramifications, and seek to confine every word to its main or original meaning, we should find some secondary meaning has become so firmly associated with many words and phrases, that to sever the alliance would be to deprive our language of the richness due to an infinity of natural adaptations. (Roget, quoted in Minsky, 1986, p. 206)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Words

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