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81 Lister, Samuel Cunliffe, 1st Baron Masham
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. 1 January 1815 Calverly Hall, Bradford, Englandd. 2 February 1906 Swinton Park, near Bradford, England[br]English inventor of successful wool-combing and waste-silk spinning machines.[br]Lister was descended from one of the old Yorkshire families, the Cunliffe Listers of Manningham, and was the fourth son of his father Ellis. After attending a school on Clapham Common, Lister would not go to university; his family hoped he would enter the Church, but instead he started work with the Liverpool merchants Sands, Turner \& Co., who frequently sent him to America. In 1837 his father built for him and his brother a worsted mill at Manningham, where Samuel invented a swivel shuttle and a machine for making fringes on shawls. It was here that he first became aware of the unhealthy occupation of combing wool by hand. Four years later, after seeing the machine that G.E. Donisthorpe was trying to work out, he turned his attention to mechanizing wool-combing. Lister took Donisthorpe into partnership after paying him £12,000 for his patent, and developed the Lister-Cartwright "square nip" comber. Until this time, combing machines were little different from Cartwright's original, but Lister was able to improve on this with continuous operation and by 1843 was combing the first fine botany wool that had ever been combed by machinery. In the following year he received an order for fifty machines to comb all qualities of wool. Further combing patents were taken out with Donisthorpe in 1849, 1850, 1851 and 1852, the last two being in Lister's name only. One of the important features of these patents was the provision of a gripping device or "nip" which held the wool fibres at one end while the rest of the tuft was being combed. Lister was soon running nine combing mills. In the 1850s Lister had become involved in disputes with others who held combing patents, such as his associate Isaac Holden and the Frenchman Josué Heilmann. Lister bought up the Heilmann machine patents and afterwards other types until he obtained a complete monopoly of combing machines before the patents expired. His invention stimulated demand for wool by cheapening the product and gave a vital boost to the Australian wool trade. By 1856 he was at the head of a wool-combing business such as had never been seen before, with mills at Manningham, Bradford, Halifax, Keighley and other places in the West Riding, as well as abroad.His inventive genius also extended to other fields. In 1848 he patented automatic compressed air brakes for railways, and in 1853 alone he took out twelve patents for various textile machines. He then tried to spin waste silk and made a second commercial career, turning what was called "chassum" and hitherto regarded as refuse into beautiful velvets, silks, plush and other fine materials. Waste silk consisted of cocoon remnants from the reeling process, damaged cocoons and fibres rejected from other processes. There was also wild silk obtained from uncultivated worms. This is what Lister saw in a London warehouse as a mass of knotty, dirty, impure stuff, full of bits of stick and dead mulberry leaves, which he bought for a halfpenny a pound. He spent ten years trying to solve the problems, but after a loss of £250,000 and desertion by his partner his machine caught on in 1865 and brought Lister another fortune. Having failed to comb this waste silk, Lister turned his attention to the idea of "dressing" it and separating the qualities automatically. He patented a machine in 1877 that gave a graduated combing. To weave his new silk, he imported from Spain to Bradford, together with its inventor Jose Reixach, a velvet loom that was still giving trouble. It wove two fabrics face to face, but the problem lay in separating the layers so that the pile remained regular in length. Eventually Lister was inspired by watching a scissors grinder in the street to use small emery wheels to sharpen the cutters that divided the layers of fabric. Lister took out several patents for this loom in his own name in 1868 and 1869, while in 1871 he took out one jointly with Reixach. It is said that he spent £29,000 over an eleven-year period on this loom, but this was more than recouped from the sale of reasonably priced high-quality velvets and plushes once success was achieved. Manningham mills were greatly enlarged to accommodate this new manufacture.In later years Lister had an annual profit from his mills of £250,000, much of which was presented to Bradford city in gifts such as Lister Park, the original home of the Listers. He was connected with the Bradford Chamber of Commerce for many years and held the position of President of the Fair Trade League for some time. In 1887 he became High Sheriff of Yorkshire, and in 1891 he was made 1st Baron Masham. He was also Deputy Lieutenant in North and West Riding.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsCreated 1st Baron Masham 1891.Bibliography1849, with G.E.Donisthorpe, British patent no. 12,712. 1850, with G.E. Donisthorpe, British patent no. 13,009. 1851, British patent no. 13,532.1852, British patent no. 14,135.1877, British patent no. 3,600 (combing machine). 1868, British patent no. 470.1868, British patent no. 2,386.1868, British patent no. 2,429.1868, British patent no. 3,669.1868, British patent no. 1,549.1871, with J.Reixach, British patent no. 1,117. 1905, Lord Masham's Inventions (autobiography).Further ReadingJ.Hogg (ed.), c. 1888, Fortunes Made in Business, London (biography).W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London; and C.Singer (ed.), 1958, A History of Technology, Vol. IV, Oxford: Clarendon Press (both cover the technical details of Lister's invention).RLHBiographical history of technology > Lister, Samuel Cunliffe, 1st Baron Masham
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82 Marsden, Samuel
[br]b. 1764 Parsley, Yorkshire, Englandd. 1838 Australia[br]English farmer whose breeding programme established the Australian wool industry.[br]Although his father was a farmer, at the age of 10 Samuel Marsden went to work as a blacksmith, and continued in that trade for ten years. He then decided to go into the Church, was educated at Hull Grammar School and Cambridge, and was ordained in 1793. He then emigrated to Australia, where he took up an appointment as Assistant Chaplain to the Colony. He was stationed at Parramatta, where he was granted 100 acres and bought a further 128 acres himself. In 1800 he became Principal Chaplain, and by 1802 he farmed the third largest farm in the colony. Initially he was able to obtain only two Marino rams and was forced to crossbreed with imported Indian stock. However, with this combination he was able to improve wool quality dramatically, and this stock provided the basis of his breeding stock. In 1807 he returned to Britain, taking 160 lb of wool with him. This was woven into 40 yards (36.5 m) of cloth in a mill near Leeds, and from this Marsden had a suit made which he wore when he visited George III. The latter was so impressed with the cloth that he presented Marsden with five Marino ewes in lamb, with which he returned to Australia. By 1811 he was sending more than 5,000 lb of wool back to the UK each year. In 1814 Marsden concentrated more on Church matters and made the first of seven missionary visits to New Zealand. He made the last of these excursions the year before his death.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsVice-President, New South Wales Agricultural Society (on its foundation) 1821.Further ReadingMichael Ryder, 1983, Sheep and Man, Duckworth (a definitive study on sheep history that deals in detail with Marsden's developments).AP -
83 Morland, Sir Samuel
SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering[br]b. 1625 Sulhampton, near Reading, Berkshire, Englandd. 26 December 1695 Hammersmith, near London, England[br]English mathematician and inventor.[br]Morland was one of several sons of the Revd Thomas Morland and was probably initially educated by his father. He went to Winchester School from 1639 to 1644 and then to Magdalene College, Cambridge, where he graduated BA in 1648 and MA in 1652. He was appointed a tutor there in 1650. In 1653 he went to Sweden in the ambassadorial staff of Bulstrode Whitelocke and remained there until 1654. In that year he was appointed Clerk to Mr Secretary Thurloe, and in 1655 he was accredited by Oliver Cromwell to the Duke of Savoy to appeal for the Waldenses. In 1657 he married Susanne de Milleville of Boissy, France, with whom he had three children. In 1660 he went over to the Royalists, meeting King Charles at Breda, Holland. On 20 May, the King knighted him, creating him baron, for revealing a conspiracy against the king's life. He was also granted a pension of£500 per year. In 1661, at the age of 36, he decided to devote himself to mathematics and invention. He devised a mechanical calculator, probably based on the pattern of Blaise Pascal, for adding and subtracting: this was followed in 1666 by one for multiplying and other functions. A Perpetual Calendar or Almanack followed; he toyed with the idea of a "gunpowder engine" for raising water; he developed a range of speaking trum-pets, said to have a range of 1/2 to 1 mile (0.8–1.6 km) or more; also iron stoves for use on board ships, and improvements to barometers.By 1675 he had started selling a range of pumps for private houses, for mines or deep wells, for ships, for emptying ponds or draining low ground as well as to quench fire or wet the sails of ships. The pumps cost from £5 to £63, and the great novelty was that he used, instead of packing around the cylinder sealing against the bore of the cylinder, a neck-gland or seal around the outside diameter of the piston or piston-rod. This revolutionary step avoided the necessity of accurately boring the cylinder, replacing it with the need to machine accurately the outside diameter of the piston or rod, a much easier operation. Twenty-seven variations of size and materials were included in his schedule of'Pumps or Water Engines of Isaac Thompson of Great Russel Street', the maker of Morland's design. In 1681 the King made him "Magister mechanicorum", or Master of Machines. In that year he sailed for France to advise Louis XIV on the waterworks being built at Marly to supply the Palace of Versailles. About this time he had shown King Charles plans for a pumping engine "worked by fire alone". He petitioned for a patent for this, but did not pursue the matter.In 1692 he went blind. In all, he married five times. While working for Cromwell he became an expert in ciphers, in opening sealed letters and in their rapid copying.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1660.Bibliography1685, Elevation des eaux.Further ReadingH.W.Dickinson, 1970, Sir Samuel Morland: Diplomat and Inventor, Cambridge: Newcomen Society/Heffers.IMcN -
84 Morse, Samuel Finley Breeze
SUBJECT AREA: Telecommunications[br]b. 27 April 1791 Charlestown, Massachusetts, USAd. 2 April 1872 New York City, New York, USA[br]American portrait painter and inventor, b est known for his invention of the telegraph and so-called Morse code.[br]Following early education at Phillips Academy, Andover, at the age of 14 years Morse went to Yale College, where he developed interests in painting and electricity. Upon graduating in 1810 he became a clerk to a Washington publisher and a pupil of Washington Allston, a well-known American painter. The following year he travelled to Europe and entered the London studio of another American artist, Benjamin West, successfully exhibiting at the Royal Academy as well as winning a prize and medal for his sculpture. Returning to Boston and finding little success as a "historical-style" painter, he built up a thriving portrait business, moving in 1818 to Charleston, South Carolina, where three years later he established the (now defunct) South Carolina Academy of Fine Arts. In 1825 he was back in New York, but following the death of his wife and both of his parents that year, he embarked on an extended tour of European art galleries. In 1832, on the boat back to America, he met Charles T.Jackson, who told him of the discovery of the electromagnet and fired his interest in telegraphy to the extent that Morse immediately began to make suggestions for electrical communications and, apparently, devised a form of printing telegraph. Although he returned to his painting and in 1835 was appointed the first Professor of the Literature of Art and Design at the University of New York City, he began to spend more and more time experimenting in telegraphy. In 1836 he invented a relay as a means of extending the cable distance over which telegraph signals could be sent. At this time he became acquainted with Alfred Vail, and the following year, when the US government published the requirements for a national telegraph service, they set out to produce a workable system, with finance provided by Vail's father (who, usefully, owned an ironworks). A patent was filed on 6 October 1837 and a successful demonstration using the so-called Morse code was given on 6 January 1838; the work was, in fact, almost certainly largely that of Vail. As a result of the demonstration a Bill was put forward to Congress for $30,000 for an experimental line between Washington and Baltimore. This was eventually passed and the line was completed, and on 24 May 1844 the first message, "What hath God wrought", was sent between the two cities. In the meantime Morse also worked on the insulation of submarine cables by means of pitch tar and indiarubber.With success achieved, Morse offered his invention to the Government for $100,000, but this was declined, so the invention remained in private hands. To exploit it, Morse founded the Magnetic Telephone Company in 1845, amalgamating the following year with the telegraph company of a Henry O'Reilly to form Western Union. Having failed to obtain patents in Europe, he now found himself in litigation with others in the USA, but eventually, in 1854, the US Supreme Court decided in his favour and he soon became very wealthy. In 1857 a proposal was made for a telegraph service across the whole of the USA; this was completed in just over four months in 1861. Four years later work began on a link to Europe via Canada, Alaska, the Aleutian Islands and Russia, but it was abandoned with the completion of the transatlantic cable, a venture in which he also had some involvement. Showered with honours, Morse became a generous philanthropist in his later years. By 1883 the company he had created was worth $80 million and had a virtual monopoly in the USA.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsLLD, Yale 1846. Fellow of the Academy of Arts and Sciences 1849. Celebratory Banquet, New York, 1869. Statue in New York Central Park 1871. Austrian Gold Medal of Scientific Merit. Danish Knight of the Danneborg. French Légion d'honneur. Italian Knight of St Lazaro and Mauritio. Portuguese Knight of the Tower and Sword. Turkish Order of Glory.BibliographyE.L.Morse (ed.), 1975, Letters and Journals, New York: Da Capo Press (facsimile of a 1914 edition).Further ReadingJ.Munro, 1891, Heroes of the Telegraph (discusses his telegraphic work and its context).C.Mabee, 1943, The American Leonardo: A Life of Samuel Morse; reprinted 1969 (a detailed biography).KFBiographical history of technology > Morse, Samuel Finley Breeze
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85 Soemmerring, Samuel Thomas von
SUBJECT AREA: Telecommunications[br]b. 28 January 1755 Torun, Poland (later Thorn, Prussia)d. 2 March 1830 Frankfurt, Germany[br]German physician who devised an early form of electric telegraph.[br]Soemmerring appears to have been a distinguished anatomist and physiologist who in 1805 became a member of the Munich Academy of Sciences. Whilst experimenting with electric currents in acid solutions in 1809, he observed the bubbles of gases produced by the dissociation process. Using this effect at the receiver, he devised a telegraph consisting of twenty-six parallel wires (one for each letter of the alphabet) and was able to transmit messages over a distance of 2 miles (3 km), but the idea was not commercially viable. In 1812, with the help of Schilling, he experimented with soluble indiarubber as a possible cable insulator.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnight of the Order of St Anne of Russia 1818. Hon. Member of St Petersburg Imperial Academy of Sciences 1819. FRS 1827.BibliographySoemmerring's "electrolytic" telegraph was described in a paper read before the Munich Academy of Sciences on 29 August 1809.Further ReadingJ.J.Fahie, 1884, A History of Electric Telegraphy to the Year 1837, London: E\&F Spon. E.Hawkes, 1927, Pioneers of Wireless, London: Methuen.See also: Morse, Samuel Finley BreezeKFBiographical history of technology > Soemmerring, Samuel Thomas von
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86 Bowles, Samuel
перс.эк. Боулз, Сэмюел (1939-; американский экономист, представитель радикальной политической экономии; автор концепции состязательного обмена и ренты принуждения; посвятил несколько книг природе и проблемам современного капитализма, причинам неизбежности дискриминации на рынке труда, чрезмерной зависимости американского образования от жестких требовани бизнеса)See: -
87 Coleman, James Samuel
перс.соц. Коулман, Джеймс Сэмюэль (1926-1995; американский социолог, активный сторонник теории рационального выбора; автор исследований по применению математических методов в социологии)See: -
88 Longfield, Samuel Mountifort
перс.эк. Лонгфилд, Сэмюел Монтифорт (1802-1884; ирландский правовед и экономист, первый профессор политической экономии в Колледже Святой троицы в Дублине; один из предшественников маржиналистской революции, рассматривавший идею спроса и предложения как совместных факторов ценности, а также идею предельной производительности (Lectures on Political Economy, 1834); распространил теорию сравнительных преимуществ на случай с более чем двумя благами (Lectures on Commerce, 1835); работы остались незамеченными современниками и получили второе рождение, благодаря Э. Селигмену, в 1903 г.)See:Англо-русский экономический словарь > Longfield, Samuel Mountifort
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89 Pufendorf, Samuel
перс.пол., юр. Пуфендорф, Самуэль (1632-1694; немецкий юрист, представитель естественно-правового учения в Германии)See: -
90 (the) First Book of Samuel
Библия: Первая книга ЦарствУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > (the) First Book of Samuel
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91 (the) Second Book of Samuel
Библия: Вторая книга ЦарствУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > (the) Second Book of Samuel
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92 1Sm (1 Samuel)
Религия: "Первая книга Царств" -
93 2Sm (2 Samuel)
Религия: "Вторая книга Царств" -
94 Books of Samuel
1) Общая лексика: (Two Old Testament books that, along with Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, and 1 and 2 Kings, belong to the tradition of Deuteronomic history first committed to writing about 550 BC during the Babylonian Exile) "Первая книга Царств" и "В2) Религия: "Первая книга Самуила" и "Вторая книга Самуила" -
95 Books of Samuel (Two Old Testament books that, along with Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, and 1 and 2 Kings, belong to the tradition of Deuteronomic history first committed to writing about 550 BC during the Babylonian Exile)
Общая лексика: "Первая книга Царств" и "ВУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > Books of Samuel (Two Old Testament books that, along with Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, and 1 and 2 Kings, belong to the tradition of Deuteronomic history first committed to writing about 550 BC during the Babylonian Exile)
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96 Eli (1. Samuel's predecessor at the shrine of Shiloh; 2. The father of Joseph to whom Mary was espoused. Lk:3:23)
Религия: ИлийУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > Eli (1. Samuel's predecessor at the shrine of Shiloh; 2. The father of Joseph to whom Mary was espoused. Lk:3:23)
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97 First Samuel
Библия: Первая книга Царств -
98 Former Prophets (One of the two sections of Nevi'im comprising Joshua, Judges, Samuel, and Kings)
Религия: "Ранние Пророки"Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Former Prophets (One of the two sections of Nevi'im comprising Joshua, Judges, Samuel, and Kings)
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99 Hanna (Mother of Samuel, the Jewish judge. 1Sm:l:2)
Религия: АннаУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > Hanna (Mother of Samuel, the Jewish judge. 1Sm:l:2)
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100 I Samuel
Религия: Первая книга Царств
См. также в других словарях:
Samuel — Saltar a navegación, búsqueda Samuel El profeta Samuel, en un fresco del monasterio de Mikhailovskr, Kiev (1112) Origen Hebreo Género … Wikipedia Español
SAMUEL — (Heb. שְׁמוּאֵל), Israelite judge and prophet who lived in the 11th century B.C.E. His name is very close to that of the ancient Babylonian royal ancestor of Hammurapi, Sūmû la il, and similar in form to other amorite names such as Sūmû Abum,… … Encyclopedia of Judaism
Samuel — samuel. m. C. Rica. Acción de samuelear. || echar un samuel. fr. C. Rica. samuelear. * * * Samuel, Herbert Louis (Šemū´ēl) … Enciclopedia Universal
SAMUEL — (Mar or Samuel Yarhina ah; end of second century to mid third century), Babylonian amora. Samuel was born at Nehardea and studied with his father, abba b. abba ha kohen (Zev. 26a) and also with Levi b. Sisi (Shab. 108b),who had emigrated to… … Encyclopedia of Judaism
Samuel — may refer to: *Samuel (Bible), Biblical prophet *Books of Samuel of the Bible *Samuel of Nehardea, Jewish Talmudist *Sam (name) *Samuel Jackson (1912 2002), American golfer *Samuel L. Jackson (born 1948), Actor *Adriana Samuel (born 1966),… … Wikipedia
Samuel — (hebräisch שמואל : Sein Name ist Gott) steht für den männlichen Vornamen und Familiennamen, siehe Samuel (Name) für Namensträger den Propheten Samuel des Alten Testaments der Bibel, siehe Samuel (Prophet) das nach dem Propheten benannte Buch … Deutsch Wikipedia
Samuel — m Biblical name (Hebrew Shemuel), possibly meaning ‘He (God) has hearkened’ (presumably to the prayers of a mother for a son). It may also be understood as a contracted form of Hebrew sha ul me el meaning ‘asked of God’. In the case of Samuel the … First names dictionary
Samuel — (livres de) livres historiques de la Bible (I Samuel, 31 chapitres; II Samuel, 24 chapitres) rédigés v. la fin du VIIe s. av. J. C., chronique des règnes de Saül et de David. Dans la Vulgate et les Septante, ils forment les deux premiers livres… … Encyclopédie Universelle
Samuel — [sam′yo͞o əl, sam′yool] n. [LL(Ec) < Gr(Ec) Samouēl < Heb shemuel, lit., name of God] 1. a masculine name: dim. Sam, Sammy 2. Bible a) a Hebrew judge and prophet b) either of the two books (1 Samuel, 2 Samuel) telling of Samuel, Saul, and… … English World dictionary
samuel — m. C. Rica. Acción de samuelear. echar un samuel. fr. C. Rica. samuelear … Diccionario de la lengua española
Samuel — Samuel, Sohn des Elkana u. der Hanna, aus dem Stamme Levi, Prophet u. letzter auf Lebenszeit erwählter Richter der Israeliten, wurde von seiner Mutter zum Nasiräat bestimmt, von Kindheit auf unter Eli beim Heiligthum zu Silo erzogen, erhielt die… … Pierer's Universal-Lexikon
