săpĭentĭa

săpĭentĭa, ae, f. [sapiens].

(Acc. to sapiens, A.) Prop., good taste, i. e. good sense, discernment, discretion, prudence, intelligence (class.; syn. prudentia): pellitur e medio sapientia, vi geritur res, Enn. ap. Gell. 20, 10, 4 (Ann. v. 272 Vahl.):

non aetate verum ingenio adipiscitur sapientia,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 88; id. Mil. 4, 6, 36:

fac participes nos tuae sapientiae,

id. Ep. 2, 2, 73; cf.:

neque habet (erus meus) plus sapientiae quam lapis,

id. Mil. 2, 2, 81; id. Capt. 2, 3, 53; cf. id. ib. 2, 3, 50:

sedulo Moneo, quae possum, pro meā sapientiā,

Ter. Ad. 3, 3, 73:

quanta mea sapientia est,

Plaut. Stich. 1, 2, 62:

erum anteëo sapientiā,

Ter. Phorm. 2, 1, 17:

re enim iniquum est, sed tuā sapientiā fit aequissimum,

Cic. Deiot. 2, 4:

numquam enim temeritas cum sapientiā commiscetur,

id. Marcell. 2, 7:

quid virtus et quid sapientia possit, etc.,

Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 17:

sapientia prima (est), stultitiā caruisse,

id. ib. 1, 1, 41; cf. id. A. P. 396:

insaniens sapientia,

id. C. 1, 34, 2.—

(Acc. to sapiens, B.) Wisdom, = sophia (so predominantly in the class. per., e. g. in Cic.): nec quisquam sophiam, sapientia quae perhibetur, In somnis vidit, etc., Enn. ap. Fest. p. 325 Müll. (Ann. v. 227 Vahl.); cf.: Sophiam vocant me Graii, vos Sapientiam, Afran. ap. Gell. 13, 8, 3; and: princeps omnium virtutum illa sapientia, quam sophian Graeci vocant, Cic. Off. 1, 43, 153:

ad sapientiam hujus nimius nugator fuit,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 25:

ita fit, ut mater omnium bonarum rerum sit sapientia, a cujus amore Graeco verbo philosophia nomen invenit,

Cic. Leg. 1, 22, 58:

sapientia hominis custos,

id. Fin. 4, 1, 1; id. Lael. 2, 7; 6, 20; 9, 30:

omnem spem salutis ad clementiam victoris et sapientiam contulisse,

id. Marcell. 6, 18:

quorum vobis pro vestrā sapientiā, Quirites, habenda est ratio diligenter,

id. Imp. Pomp. 7, 17:

sapientiae vocem audire,

id. Phil. 13, 3, 6:

studia sapientiae,

Tac. A. 14, 56:

doctores sapientiae,

philosophers, id. ib. 14, 16. —With gen.:

admirari soleo cum ceterarum rerum tuam excellentem, M. Cato, perfectamque sapientiam tum, etc.,

in other things, Cic. Sen. 2, 4.—In plur., sarcastically: qui (sapientes) si virtutes ebullire volent et sapientias, nihil aliud dicent, nisi, etc. (the plur. denoting their perpetual speaking of wisdom), a saying referred to Epicurus, Cic. Tusc. 3, 18, 42.—

In partic., of single departments of knowledge, science, or wisdom, practical wisdom, knowledge of the world, philosophy, Lucr. 5, 10:

sapientia est, ut a veteribus philosophis definitum est, rerum divinarum et humanarum causarumque, quibus eae res continentur, scientia,

Cic. Off. 2, 2, 5:

sapientia, quae ars vivendi putanda est,

id. Fin. 1, 13, 42 (for which:

ars est philosophia vitae,

id. ib. 3, 2, 4).—Of jurisprudence:

istam oscitantem sapientiam Scaevolarum et ceterorum beatorum otio concedamus,

Cic. de Or. 2, 33, 144; cf.:

his temporibus audaciā pro sapientiā liceat uti,

id. Fam. 1, 10 init. —Of eloquence: hanc cogitandi pronunciandique rationem vimque dicendi veteres Graeci sapientiam nominabant, Cic. de Or. 3, 15, 56.—Of statesmanship, policy:

sapientia constituendae civitatis,

Cic. de Or. 2, 37, 154; cf.:

qui propter ancipitem, quae non potest esse sejuncta, faciendi dicendique sapientiam florerent,

id. ib. 3, 16, 59. —Of mathematics:

sapientiae professor,

Suet. Tib. 14.

* * *

wisdom.

dens serotinus, dens sapientia.

• Don't you know then, my son, how little wisdom rules the world?

• Never does nature say one thing and wisdom say another

• Fortune, not wisdom, rules lives. (Cicero)

antīquus, a, um, adj. [a diff. orthog. for anticus, from ante] (of that which is before in time, while anticus denotes that which is before in space; cf. Vel. Long. p. 2223 P.), that has been or has been done before, old, ancient, former (opp. novus, that has not previously existed, new; while vetus, that has existed a long time, is opp. recens, that has not been long in existence, recent; cf. Manut. ad Cic. Fam. 11, 21; Lind. ad Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 154, and id. Capt. 1, 2, 29; Doed. Syn. IV. p. 82 sq.).

Lit.:

Juppiter Alcumenam rediget in antiquam concordiam conjugis,

to her former harmony with her husband, Plaut. Am. 1, 2, 13:

hoc timet, Ne tua duritia antiqua illa etiam adaucta sit,

thy former severity, Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 26; so id. Hec. 1, 2, 17; Lucr. 2, 900:

causam suscepisti antiquiorem memoriā tuā,

Cic. Rab. Perd. 9, 25:

tres epistulas tuas accepi: igitur antiquissimae cuique respondeo,

id. Att. 9, 9: antiquior dies in tuis erat adscripta litteris, quam in Caesaris, an earlier or older date, id. ad Q. Fr. 3, 1, 3; Liv. 3, 58:

Nilus antiquo sua flumina reddidit alveo,

Ov. M. 1, 423 et saep.— Hence, subst.

antīqui, ōrum, m., the ancients, esp. the ancient writers (i. e. those whose age has been long past; while veteres denotes those who have lived and acted for a long time):

antiquorum auctoritas,

Cic. Am. 4, 13; so Hor. S. 1, 4, 117; 2, 2, 89 et saep.:

quod decus antiqui summum bonum esse dixerunt,

Cic. Leg. 1, 21, 55:

habemus Scaurum in antiquis,

id. Brut. 30, 116; Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 78 et saep.—And so in gen.:

in antiquis est sapientia,

Vulg. Job, 12, 12:

sapientia omnium antiquorum,

ib. Eccli. 39, 1:

dictum est antiquis,

ib. Matt. 5, 21 al.:

facere in antiquum,

to restore a thing to its former condition, to place on its old footing, Liv. 33, 40 dub.—Antiquus and vetus are often conjoined: veterem atque antiquam rem ( old and antiquated) novam ad vos proferam, Plaut. Am. prol. 118; id. Mil. 3, 1, 154; id. Most. 2, 2, 45; id. Poen. 5, 2, 18; id. Pers. 1, 2, 1; id. Trin. 2, 2, 106; Plin. Ep. 3, 6:

vetera tantum et antiqua mirari,

Tac. Or. 15:

simultas vetus et antiqua,

Juv. 15, 53; so id. 6, 21 al.—

an-tīquum, i, n., antiquity, the things of olden times:

Nec quicquam antiqui Pico, nisi nomina, restat,

Ov. M. 14, 396:

novissima et antiqua,

Vulg. Psa. 138, 5:

antiqua ne intueamini,

ib. Isa. 43, 18.—

Transf.

Poet., = praeteritus, past, gone by, former:

vulnus,

Ov. P. 1, 5, 38:

vigor,

id. Tr. 5, 12, 32:

carcer,

Luc. 6, 721; Val. Fl. 2, 394.—So often in eccl. Lat.:

dies antiqui,

Vulg. Deut. 4, 32; ib. Act. 15, 7:

anni,

ib. Mal. 3, 4:

tempora,

ib. Act. 15, 21.—

In comp. and sup., that is before or first in rank or importance, more or most celebrated, famous, preferable, or better (antiquior:

melior,

Non. p. 425, 32): genere antiquior, Att. ap. Non. p. 426, 3: quanto antiquius quam etc., Lucil. ib.; Varr. ib.: quod honestius, id mihi est antiquius, Cic. Att. 7, 3:

antiquior ei fuit laus et gloria quam regnum,

id. Div. 2, 37: antiquiorem mortem turpitudine habere, Auct. ad Her. 3, 3:

neque habui quicquam antiquius quam ut, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 11, 5:

ne quid existimem antiquius,

id. Phil. 13, 3: neque prius neque antiquius quicquam habuit, quam ut, etc., Vel. 2, 52; Suet. Claud. 11:

judiciorum causam antiquissimam se habiturum dixit,

Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 1:

navalis apparatus ei antiquissima cura fuit,

id. Att. 10, 8; 12, 5; Liv. 1, 32; cf. id. 9, 31 al.—

With the access. idea of simplicity, purity, innocence, of the old fashion, good, simple, honest, etc. (cf. antiquitas, II. A., and our phrase the good old times):

antiquis est adulescens moribus,

Plaut. Capt. 1, 1, 37; cf. id. Trin. 2, 2, 20:

homo antiquā virtute et fide,

Ter. Ad. 3, 3, 88:

homines antiqui, qui ex suā naturā ceteros fingerent,

people of the old stamp, Cic. Rosc. Am. 9, 26:

vestigia antiqui officii,

id. ib. 10, 27:

vide quam sim antiquorum hominum,

id. Att. 9, 15:

vir sanctus, antiquus,

Plin. Ep. 2, 9.—

With the access. idea of veneration, honor, old, venerable, illustrious: antiquum veteres etiam pro nobili posuere, Paul. ex Fest. p. 22 Müll.:

terra antiqua potens armis,

Verg. A. 1, 531; 3, 164:

urbs,

id. ib. 11, 540:

Longior antiquis visa Maeotis hiems,

Ov. Tr. 3, 12, 2:

Sabinae,

id. Med. 11:

Amyclae,

id. M. 8, 314. —So, in eccl. Lat., after the Heb., of God:

Antiquus Dierum,

the Ancient of Days, Vulg. Dan. 7, 9; 7, 13; 7, 22.—

Sometimes = vetus, that has been in existence a long time, old: Athenae, antiquum opulentum oppidum, Enn. ap. Non. p. 470, 5:

mos,

id. ib. p. 506, 1: amnis, Att. ap. Non. p. 192, 6:

hospes,

Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 17 (cf. Verg. A. 3, 82: veterem Anchisen agnoscit amicum); so,

amicus,

Vulg. Eccli. 9, 14:

discipulus,

ib. Act. 21, 16:

artificium,

Cic. Verr. 1, 2, 5:

genus,

Nep. Dat. 2, 2:

templa,

Hor. S. 2, 2, 104:

antiquissima scripta,

id. Ep. 2, 1, 28: saxum antiquum (i. e. which for a long time had lain in this place), ingens, etc., Verg. A. 12, 897:

ne transfer terminos antiquos,

Vulg. Prov. 22, 28 et saep.—Hence, subst.: antīquum, i, n., an old custom or habit.

In mal. part.:

antiquum hoc obtines tuum, tardus ut sis,

Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 102. —

In bon. part.:

O optume hospes, pol Crito antiquum obtines!

Ter. And. 4, 5, 22:

Ac tu ecastor morem antiquum atque ingenium obtines,

id. Hec. 5, 4, 20.—

Aged: antiqua erilis fida custos corporis, Enn. Medea, ap. Non. p. 39, 2 (as a transl. of the Gr. IIalaion oikôn ktêma despoinês emês): Cives antiqui, amici majorum meūm, Pac. ap. Cic. Or. 46, 155:

Butes,

Verg. A. 9, 647:

antiqui Neleïa Nestoris arva,

Ov. H. 1, 63; Dig. 50, 3, 1.—Hence, adv.: antīquē and an-tīquĭtŭs (formed from antiquus, as humanitus, divinitus, from humanus, divinus; cf. Prisc. p. 1015).

In former times, of old, anciently (only in prose; most freq. in the histt.; never in Cic.). Form antīquĭ-tŭs:

Belgas Rhenum antiquitus transductos,

Caes. B. G. 2, 4; 7, 32:

tectum antiquitus constitutum,

Nep. Att. 13, 2; Suet. Caes. 42; id. Aug. 60; 94; Vulg. Jos. 11, 10; ib. 1 Reg. 27, 8.— Sup.:

Titanas in eā antiquissime regnāsse,

Sol. 11.—

From ancient times; form antīquĭtŭs; sometimes with inde or ab... ad, Plin. Pan. 31:

cum Pythagoras acceptam sine dubio antiquitus opinionem vulgaverit,

Quint. 1, 10, 12:

jam inde antiquitus insita pertinacia,

Liv. 9, 29:

hi sunt jam inde antiquitus castellani, etc.,

id. 34, 27; Plin. Pan. 82, 7:

cum (hoc studium) antiquitus usque a Chirone ad nostra tempora apud omnes duraverit,

Quint. 1, 10, 30.—

In the old way, style, or fashion; form antīquē:

nimis antique dicere,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 66.— Comp.:

simplicius et antiquius permutatione mercium uti,

in the simpler and more ancient manner, Tac. G. 5.—Esp., in the good old style, the way or fashion of former times: quanto antiquius, quam facere hoc, fecisse videatis, Lucil. ap. Non. p. 426, 3.

antīquus, a, um, adj. [a diff. orthog. for anticus, from ante] (of that which is before in time, while anticus denotes that which is before in space; cf. Vel. Long. p. 2223 P.), that has been or has been done before, old, ancient, former (opp. novus, that has not previously existed, new; while vetus, that has existed a long time, is opp. recens, that has not been long in existence, recent; cf. Manut. ad Cic. Fam. 11, 21; Lind. ad Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 154, and id. Capt. 1, 2, 29; Doed. Syn. IV. p. 82 sq.).

Lit.:

Juppiter Alcumenam rediget in antiquam concordiam conjugis,

to her former harmony with her husband, Plaut. Am. 1, 2, 13:

hoc timet, Ne tua duritia antiqua illa etiam adaucta sit,

thy former severity, Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 26; so id. Hec. 1, 2, 17; Lucr. 2, 900:

causam suscepisti antiquiorem memoriā tuā,

Cic. Rab. Perd. 9, 25:

tres epistulas tuas accepi: igitur antiquissimae cuique respondeo,

id. Att. 9, 9: antiquior dies in tuis erat adscripta litteris, quam in Caesaris, an earlier or older date, id. ad Q. Fr. 3, 1, 3; Liv. 3, 58:

Nilus antiquo sua flumina reddidit alveo,

Ov. M. 1, 423 et saep.— Hence, subst.

antīqui, ōrum, m., the ancients, esp. the ancient writers (i. e. those whose age has been long past; while veteres denotes those who have lived and acted for a long time):

antiquorum auctoritas,

Cic. Am. 4, 13; so Hor. S. 1, 4, 117; 2, 2, 89 et saep.:

quod decus antiqui summum bonum esse dixerunt,

Cic. Leg. 1, 21, 55:

habemus Scaurum in antiquis,

id. Brut. 30, 116; Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 78 et saep.—And so in gen.:

in antiquis est sapientia,

Vulg. Job, 12, 12:

sapientia omnium antiquorum,

ib. Eccli. 39, 1:

dictum est antiquis,

ib. Matt. 5, 21 al.:

facere in antiquum,

to restore a thing to its former condition, to place on its old footing, Liv. 33, 40 dub.—Antiquus and vetus are often conjoined: veterem atque antiquam rem ( old and antiquated) novam ad vos proferam, Plaut. Am. prol. 118; id. Mil. 3, 1, 154; id. Most. 2, 2, 45; id. Poen. 5, 2, 18; id. Pers. 1, 2, 1; id. Trin. 2, 2, 106; Plin. Ep. 3, 6:

vetera tantum et antiqua mirari,

Tac. Or. 15:

simultas vetus et antiqua,

Juv. 15, 53; so id. 6, 21 al.—

an-tīquum, i, n., antiquity, the things of olden times:

Nec quicquam antiqui Pico, nisi nomina, restat,

Ov. M. 14, 396:

novissima et antiqua,

Vulg. Psa. 138, 5:

antiqua ne intueamini,

ib. Isa. 43, 18.—

Transf.

Poet., = praeteritus, past, gone by, former:

vulnus,

Ov. P. 1, 5, 38:

vigor,

id. Tr. 5, 12, 32:

carcer,

Luc. 6, 721; Val. Fl. 2, 394.—So often in eccl. Lat.:

dies antiqui,

Vulg. Deut. 4, 32; ib. Act. 15, 7:

anni,

ib. Mal. 3, 4:

tempora,

ib. Act. 15, 21.—

In comp. and sup., that is before or first in rank or importance, more or most celebrated, famous, preferable, or better (antiquior:

melior,

Non. p. 425, 32): genere antiquior, Att. ap. Non. p. 426, 3: quanto antiquius quam etc., Lucil. ib.; Varr. ib.: quod honestius, id mihi est antiquius, Cic. Att. 7, 3:

antiquior ei fuit laus et gloria quam regnum,

id. Div. 2, 37: antiquiorem mortem turpitudine habere, Auct. ad Her. 3, 3:

neque habui quicquam antiquius quam ut, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 11, 5:

ne quid existimem antiquius,

id. Phil. 13, 3: neque prius neque antiquius quicquam habuit, quam ut, etc., Vel. 2, 52; Suet. Claud. 11:

judiciorum causam antiquissimam se habiturum dixit,

Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 1:

navalis apparatus ei antiquissima cura fuit,

id. Att. 10, 8; 12, 5; Liv. 1, 32; cf. id. 9, 31 al.—

With the access. idea of simplicity, purity, innocence, of the old fashion, good, simple, honest, etc. (cf. antiquitas, II. A., and our phrase the good old times):

antiquis est adulescens moribus,

Plaut. Capt. 1, 1, 37; cf. id. Trin. 2, 2, 20:

homo antiquā virtute et fide,

Ter. Ad. 3, 3, 88:

homines antiqui, qui ex suā naturā ceteros fingerent,

people of the old stamp, Cic. Rosc. Am. 9, 26:

vestigia antiqui officii,

id. ib. 10, 27:

vide quam sim antiquorum hominum,

id. Att. 9, 15:

vir sanctus, antiquus,

Plin. Ep. 2, 9.—

With the access. idea of veneration, honor, old, venerable, illustrious: antiquum veteres etiam pro nobili posuere, Paul. ex Fest. p. 22 Müll.:

terra antiqua potens armis,

Verg. A. 1, 531; 3, 164:

urbs,

id. ib. 11, 540:

Longior antiquis visa Maeotis hiems,

Ov. Tr. 3, 12, 2:

Sabinae,

id. Med. 11:

Amyclae,

id. M. 8, 314. —So, in eccl. Lat., after the Heb., of God:

Antiquus Dierum,

the Ancient of Days, Vulg. Dan. 7, 9; 7, 13; 7, 22.—

Sometimes = vetus, that has been in existence a long time, old: Athenae, antiquum opulentum oppidum, Enn. ap. Non. p. 470, 5:

mos,

id. ib. p. 506, 1: amnis, Att. ap. Non. p. 192, 6:

hospes,

Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 17 (cf. Verg. A. 3, 82: veterem Anchisen agnoscit amicum); so,

amicus,

Vulg. Eccli. 9, 14:

discipulus,

ib. Act. 21, 16:

artificium,

Cic. Verr. 1, 2, 5:

genus,

Nep. Dat. 2, 2:

templa,

Hor. S. 2, 2, 104:

antiquissima scripta,

id. Ep. 2, 1, 28: saxum antiquum (i. e. which for a long time had lain in this place), ingens, etc., Verg. A. 12, 897:

ne transfer terminos antiquos,

Vulg. Prov. 22, 28 et saep.—Hence, subst.: antīquum, i, n., an old custom or habit.

In mal. part.:

antiquum hoc obtines tuum, tardus ut sis,

Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 102. —

In bon. part.:

O optume hospes, pol Crito antiquum obtines!

Ter. And. 4, 5, 22:

Ac tu ecastor morem antiquum atque ingenium obtines,

id. Hec. 5, 4, 20.—

Aged: antiqua erilis fida custos corporis, Enn. Medea, ap. Non. p. 39, 2 (as a transl. of the Gr. IIalaion oikôn ktêma despoinês emês): Cives antiqui, amici majorum meūm, Pac. ap. Cic. Or. 46, 155:

Butes,

Verg. A. 9, 647:

antiqui Neleïa Nestoris arva,

Ov. H. 1, 63; Dig. 50, 3, 1.—Hence, adv.: antīquē and an-tīquĭtŭs (formed from antiquus, as humanitus, divinitus, from humanus, divinus; cf. Prisc. p. 1015).

In former times, of old, anciently (only in prose; most freq. in the histt.; never in Cic.). Form antīquĭ-tŭs:

Belgas Rhenum antiquitus transductos,

Caes. B. G. 2, 4; 7, 32:

tectum antiquitus constitutum,

Nep. Att. 13, 2; Suet. Caes. 42; id. Aug. 60; 94; Vulg. Jos. 11, 10; ib. 1 Reg. 27, 8.— Sup.:

Titanas in eā antiquissime regnāsse,

Sol. 11.—

From ancient times; form antīquĭtŭs; sometimes with inde or ab... ad, Plin. Pan. 31:

cum Pythagoras acceptam sine dubio antiquitus opinionem vulgaverit,

Quint. 1, 10, 12:

jam inde antiquitus insita pertinacia,

Liv. 9, 29:

hi sunt jam inde antiquitus castellani, etc.,

id. 34, 27; Plin. Pan. 82, 7:

cum (hoc studium) antiquitus usque a Chirone ad nostra tempora apud omnes duraverit,

Quint. 1, 10, 30.—

In the old way, style, or fashion; form antīquē:

nimis antique dicere,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 66.— Comp.:

simplicius et antiquius permutatione mercium uti,

in the simpler and more ancient manner, Tac. G. 5.—Esp., in the good old style, the way or fashion of former times: quanto antiquius, quam facere hoc, fecisse videatis, Lucil. ap. Non. p. 426, 3.

antīquus, a, um, adj. [a diff. orthog. for anticus, from ante] (of that which is before in time, while anticus denotes that which is before in space; cf. Vel. Long. p. 2223 P.), that has been or has been done before, old, ancient, former (opp. novus, that has not previously existed, new; while vetus, that has existed a long time, is opp. recens, that has not been long in existence, recent; cf. Manut. ad Cic. Fam. 11, 21; Lind. ad Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 154, and id. Capt. 1, 2, 29; Doed. Syn. IV. p. 82 sq.).

Lit.:

Juppiter Alcumenam rediget in antiquam concordiam conjugis,

to her former harmony with her husband, Plaut. Am. 1, 2, 13:

hoc timet, Ne tua duritia antiqua illa etiam adaucta sit,

thy former severity, Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 26; so id. Hec. 1, 2, 17; Lucr. 2, 900:

causam suscepisti antiquiorem memoriā tuā,

Cic. Rab. Perd. 9, 25:

tres epistulas tuas accepi: igitur antiquissimae cuique respondeo,

id. Att. 9, 9: antiquior dies in tuis erat adscripta litteris, quam in Caesaris, an earlier or older date, id. ad Q. Fr. 3, 1, 3; Liv. 3, 58:

Nilus antiquo sua flumina reddidit alveo,

Ov. M. 1, 423 et saep.— Hence, subst.

antīqui, ōrum, m., the ancients, esp. the ancient writers (i. e. those whose age has been long past; while veteres denotes those who have lived and acted for a long time):

antiquorum auctoritas,

Cic. Am. 4, 13; so Hor. S. 1, 4, 117; 2, 2, 89 et saep.:

quod decus antiqui summum bonum esse dixerunt,

Cic. Leg. 1, 21, 55:

habemus Scaurum in antiquis,

id. Brut. 30, 116; Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 78 et saep.—And so in gen.:

in antiquis est sapientia,

Vulg. Job, 12, 12:

sapientia omnium antiquorum,

ib. Eccli. 39, 1:

dictum est antiquis,

ib. Matt. 5, 21 al.:

facere in antiquum,

to restore a thing to its former condition, to place on its old footing, Liv. 33, 40 dub.—Antiquus and vetus are often conjoined: veterem atque antiquam rem ( old and antiquated) novam ad vos proferam, Plaut. Am. prol. 118; id. Mil. 3, 1, 154; id. Most. 2, 2, 45; id. Poen. 5, 2, 18; id. Pers. 1, 2, 1; id. Trin. 2, 2, 106; Plin. Ep. 3, 6:

vetera tantum et antiqua mirari,

Tac. Or. 15:

simultas vetus et antiqua,

Juv. 15, 53; so id. 6, 21 al.—

an-tīquum, i, n., antiquity, the things of olden times:

Nec quicquam antiqui Pico, nisi nomina, restat,

Ov. M. 14, 396:

novissima et antiqua,

Vulg. Psa. 138, 5:

antiqua ne intueamini,

ib. Isa. 43, 18.—

Transf.

Poet., = praeteritus, past, gone by, former:

vulnus,

Ov. P. 1, 5, 38:

vigor,

id. Tr. 5, 12, 32:

carcer,

Luc. 6, 721; Val. Fl. 2, 394.—So often in eccl. Lat.:

dies antiqui,

Vulg. Deut. 4, 32; ib. Act. 15, 7:

anni,

ib. Mal. 3, 4:

tempora,

ib. Act. 15, 21.—

In comp. and sup., that is before or first in rank or importance, more or most celebrated, famous, preferable, or better (antiquior:

melior,

Non. p. 425, 32): genere antiquior, Att. ap. Non. p. 426, 3: quanto antiquius quam etc., Lucil. ib.; Varr. ib.: quod honestius, id mihi est antiquius, Cic. Att. 7, 3:

antiquior ei fuit laus et gloria quam regnum,

id. Div. 2, 37: antiquiorem mortem turpitudine habere, Auct. ad Her. 3, 3:

neque habui quicquam antiquius quam ut, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 11, 5:

ne quid existimem antiquius,

id. Phil. 13, 3: neque prius neque antiquius quicquam habuit, quam ut, etc., Vel. 2, 52; Suet. Claud. 11:

judiciorum causam antiquissimam se habiturum dixit,

Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 1:

navalis apparatus ei antiquissima cura fuit,

id. Att. 10, 8; 12, 5; Liv. 1, 32; cf. id. 9, 31 al.—

With the access. idea of simplicity, purity, innocence, of the old fashion, good, simple, honest, etc. (cf. antiquitas, II. A., and our phrase the good old times):

antiquis est adulescens moribus,

Plaut. Capt. 1, 1, 37; cf. id. Trin. 2, 2, 20:

homo antiquā virtute et fide,

Ter. Ad. 3, 3, 88:

homines antiqui, qui ex suā naturā ceteros fingerent,

people of the old stamp, Cic. Rosc. Am. 9, 26:

vestigia antiqui officii,

id. ib. 10, 27:

vide quam sim antiquorum hominum,

id. Att. 9, 15:

vir sanctus, antiquus,

Plin. Ep. 2, 9.—

With the access. idea of veneration, honor, old, venerable, illustrious: antiquum veteres etiam pro nobili posuere, Paul. ex Fest. p. 22 Müll.:

terra antiqua potens armis,

Verg. A. 1, 531; 3, 164:

urbs,

id. ib. 11, 540:

Longior antiquis visa Maeotis hiems,

Ov. Tr. 3, 12, 2:

Sabinae,

id. Med. 11:

Amyclae,

id. M. 8, 314. —So, in eccl. Lat., after the Heb., of God:

Antiquus Dierum,

the Ancient of Days, Vulg. Dan. 7, 9; 7, 13; 7, 22.—

Sometimes = vetus, that has been in existence a long time, old: Athenae, antiquum opulentum oppidum, Enn. ap. Non. p. 470, 5:

mos,

id. ib. p. 506, 1: amnis, Att. ap. Non. p. 192, 6:

hospes,

Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 17 (cf. Verg. A. 3, 82: veterem Anchisen agnoscit amicum); so,

amicus,

Vulg. Eccli. 9, 14:

discipulus,

ib. Act. 21, 16:

artificium,

Cic. Verr. 1, 2, 5:

genus,

Nep. Dat. 2, 2:

templa,

Hor. S. 2, 2, 104:

antiquissima scripta,

id. Ep. 2, 1, 28: saxum antiquum (i. e. which for a long time had lain in this place), ingens, etc., Verg. A. 12, 897:

ne transfer terminos antiquos,

Vulg. Prov. 22, 28 et saep.—Hence, subst.: antīquum, i, n., an old custom or habit.

In mal. part.:

antiquum hoc obtines tuum, tardus ut sis,

Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 102. —

In bon. part.:

O optume hospes, pol Crito antiquum obtines!

Ter. And. 4, 5, 22:

Ac tu ecastor morem antiquum atque ingenium obtines,

id. Hec. 5, 4, 20.—

Aged: antiqua erilis fida custos corporis, Enn. Medea, ap. Non. p. 39, 2 (as a transl. of the Gr. IIalaion oikôn ktêma despoinês emês): Cives antiqui, amici majorum meūm, Pac. ap. Cic. Or. 46, 155:

Butes,

Verg. A. 9, 647:

antiqui Neleïa Nestoris arva,

Ov. H. 1, 63; Dig. 50, 3, 1.—Hence, adv.: antīquē and an-tīquĭtŭs (formed from antiquus, as humanitus, divinitus, from humanus, divinus; cf. Prisc. p. 1015).

In former times, of old, anciently (only in prose; most freq. in the histt.; never in Cic.). Form antīquĭ-tŭs:

Belgas Rhenum antiquitus transductos,

Caes. B. G. 2, 4; 7, 32:

tectum antiquitus constitutum,

Nep. Att. 13, 2; Suet. Caes. 42; id. Aug. 60; 94; Vulg. Jos. 11, 10; ib. 1 Reg. 27, 8.— Sup.:

Titanas in eā antiquissime regnāsse,

Sol. 11.—

From ancient times; form antīquĭtŭs; sometimes with inde or ab... ad, Plin. Pan. 31:

cum Pythagoras acceptam sine dubio antiquitus opinionem vulgaverit,

Quint. 1, 10, 12:

jam inde antiquitus insita pertinacia,

Liv. 9, 29:

hi sunt jam inde antiquitus castellani, etc.,

id. 34, 27; Plin. Pan. 82, 7:

cum (hoc studium) antiquitus usque a Chirone ad nostra tempora apud omnes duraverit,

Quint. 1, 10, 30.—

In the old way, style, or fashion; form antīquē:

nimis antique dicere,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 66.— Comp.:

simplicius et antiquius permutatione mercium uti,

in the simpler and more ancient manner, Tac. G. 5.—Esp., in the good old style, the way or fashion of former times: quanto antiquius, quam facere hoc, fecisse videatis, Lucil. ap. Non. p. 426, 3.

ignōro, āvi, ātum, 1 (old form of inf. pres. pass. ignorarier, Ter. Phorm. 5, 7, 38), v. a. and n. [ignarus], not to know (a person or thing), to have no knowledge of, to be unacquainted with, to be ignorant of, to mistake, misunderstand (a person or thing—class.; cf. nescio).—Constr. with acc., with acc. and inf., or rel. clause, with de, quin, or absol.

With acc.:

siquidem istius regis (Anci) matrem habemus, ignoramus patrem,

Cic. Rep. 2, 18:

erras si id credis et me ignoras, Clinia,

do not know me, mistake me, Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 52:

isti te ignorabant,

id. Eun. 5, 8, 59; cf.:

qui illum ignorabant,

Cic. Ac. 2, 2, 4:

et illum et me vehementer ignoras,

id. Rab. Post. 12, 33; Just. 13, 2, 11; Liv. 26, 12:

cum exercitu tirone, ignoto adhuc duci suo ignorantique ducem,

id. 21, 43, 14; cf.

§ 18: illi iniqui jus ignorant,

Plaut. Am. prol. 37:

si haec ignoremus, multa nobis et magna ignoranda sint,

Cic. Rep. 1, 13:

istam voluptatem Epicurus ignorat?

id. Fin. 2, 3, 7:

quod tu quidem minime omnium ignoras,

id. Or. 68, 227:

ignoro causam (belli), detestor exitum,

id. Phil. 8, 2, 7 fin.:

Juppiter, ignoro pristina furta tua,

Prop. 2, 2, 4:

motus astrorum,

Juv. 3, 43.—In pass., not to be [p. 882] known or recognized:

ignoratur parens,

Ter. Phorm. 2, 3, 10:

fugitive, etiam nunc credis, te ignorarier?

id. ib. 5, 7, 38:

sciscitantes quisnam esset, nam ignorabatur,

Suet. Vit. 17:

ignoratus Romanos palantes repente aggreditur,

unknown, undiscovered, Sall. J. 54, 9; cf.:

servili habitu per tenebras ignoratus evasit,

Tac. H. 4, 36; 3, 23; 74:

haec omnia ignorari possunt,

Quint. 3, 5, 6; Ov. Tr. 1, 5, 18:

Archimedis ignoratum a Syracusanis indagavi sepulcrum,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 23, 64:

Cn. Octavii eloquentia, quae fuerat ante consulatum ignorata,

id. Brut. 47, 176:

aut ignoratae premit artis crimine turpi,

Hor. A. P. 262.— Hence, to be changed, disguised: pallam illam ad phrygionem ut referas, ut reconcinnetur.... Men. Hercle;

eādem ea ignorabitur, ne uxor cognoscat te habere,

Plaut. Men. 2, 3, 74:

non esse eam dices faxo: ita ignorabitur,

id. ib. 3, 2, 3.—

With acc. and inf.:

quis ignorabat, Q. Pompeium fecisse foedus, eādem in causā esse Mancinum?

Cic. Rep. 3, 18;

Quint. prooem. § 1: neque ignoro, toto illo tempore vix tantum effici, quantum, etc.,

id. 1, 1, 17; 2, 4, 38; 3, 6, 78; cf.:

neque illud ignoro, in iisdem fere esse et ornatum,

id. 8, 6, 3.—

With rel. or interrog.-clause:

cum id quam vere fiat ignores,

Cic. Lael. 26, 97:

ignorante rege, uter eorum esset Orestes,

id. ib. 7, 24:

ipsa vero sapientia, si se ignorabit, sapientia sit necne, etc.,

id. Ac. 2, 8, 24:

non ignoro, quanti ejus nomen putetis,

id. N. D. 3, 31, 78:

non ignorans, quanta ex dissensionibus incommoda oriri consuessent,

Caes. B. G. 7, 33, 1:

quid optandum foret ignorasse,

Juv. 10, 103.—

With de:

ignorat etiam de filio,

Cic. Att. 8, 14, 3.—

With quin:

quis ignorat quin, etc.,

Cic. Fl. 27, 64; Quint. 12, 7, 8; Sulp. Sev. Dial. 1, 3, 8. —

Absol.:

an vero vos soli ignoratis? vos hospites in hac urbe versamini,

Cic. Mil. 12, 33; Quint. 9, 4, 119:

cur ego, si nequeo ignoroque, poëta salutor?

Hor. A. P. 87:

ita nunc ignorans suo sibi servit patri,

Plaut. Capt. prol. 50.—

With inf. (very rare):

laetitiae causas ignorat dicere miles, Laetaturque tamen,

Claud. Nupt. Hon. 186. —

To take no notice of, pay no attention to, ignore, disregard (rare):

mille modis amor ignorandust,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 1, 30:

quorum ego nec benevolentiam erga me ignorare, nec auctoritatem aspernare debeam,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 1, 4:

haec tamen ignorat quid sidus triste minetur Saturni,

Juv. 6, 569.—Hence, ignōrans, antis, P. a., not knowing, unaware, ignorant of a thing (very rare):

ille, eventus belli non ignorans,

Caes. B. G. 6, 42, 1.— Adv.: ignō-ranter, ignorantly:

ignoranter vel simpliciter non faciunt, quod, etc.,

Cypr. Ep. 63.

omnĭs, e (omnia is freq. a dissyl. in the poets, as Verg. G. 4, 221; id. A. 6, 33; Lucr. 1, 1106 Lachm.), adj. [etym. dub.; perh. akin to ambo and Gr. amphi] (syn.: cunctus, universus), all, every:

omnium rerum, quas ad beate vivendum sapientia comparaverit, nihil esse majus amicitiā,

Cic. Fin. 1, 20, 65:

ego nulli omnium neque populorum neque regum... non ausim me comparare,

Liv. 37, 53, 20:

nemo omnium imperatorum, qui vivunt,

id. 42, 34, 7.—With sup.: cur, si cuiquam novo civi potuerit adimi civitas, non omnibus antiquissimis civibus possit, all, even of the oldest families, Cic. Caecin. 35, 101:

id effugiet qui non omnia minima repetet,

id. Part. Or. 17, 60.—Cf. with etiam:

ut omnium tibi auxilia adjungas, etiam infimorum,

Cic. Cat. 3, 5, 12: omnibus tuis etiam minimis commodis, Treb. Pol. ap. Cic. Fam. 12, 16, 1; Sall. C. 44, 5:

Nero ad omnes etiam minimos Circenses commeabat,

Suet. Ner. 22.—But with summa, extrema, and ultima, the neutr. plur. omnia is often closely connected in a distributive sense (= quidquid summum, etc.):

a te, qui nobis omnia summa tribuis,

Cic. de Or. 3, 4, 15:

sed is omnia summa sperans aedilicius est mortuus,

id. Brut. 28, 109:

constituit extrema omnia experiri,

Sall. C. 26, 5:

quod omnia ultima pati quam se regi tradere maluissent,

Liv. 37, 54, 2:

omnes omnium ordinum homines,

Cic. Rab. Perd. 7, 20:

omnibus precibus petere contendit,

with prayers of every kind, most urgently, Caes. B. G. 5, 6.—Esp. as subst.

omnes, ium, comm., all men, all persons:

quis est omnium, qui? etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 23, 66:

unus ex omnibus,

id. de Or. 1, 22, 99.—With gen. part.:

Macedonum omnes,

Liv. 31, 45, 7:

praetorum, nisi qui inter tumultum effugerunt, omnes interficiuntur,

id. 24, 32, 8; cf. id. 10, 31, 5; cf.

also: ut omnes Tarquiniae gentis exules essent,

id. 2, 2, 11:

omnes Hernici nominis,

id. 9, 42, 11.—

omnĭa, ĭum, n., all things:

omnium nomine quicumque ludos faciunt, etc.,

Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 9:

omnia facere,

to do every thing, make every exertion, spare no pains, Cic. Lael. 10, 35: omnia fore prius arbitratus sum, quam, etc., I should have believed any thing rather than that, etc., id. Att. 8, 11, 5: omnia mihi sunt cum aliquo, I agree with him on all topics, in all points (but mihi omnia communia sunt is the better read., Baiter), id. Fam. 13, 1, 2:

in eo sunt omnia,

every thing depends on that, id. ib. 15, 14, 5:

omnia, quae sunt ad vivendum necessaria,

id. Off. 1, 4, 11; 1, 43, 153; id. Fam. 4, 3, 3:

omnia, quaecumque agimus,

Liv. 30, 31, 6:

esse omnia alicui,

to be one's all, Ov. H. 12, 162:

Demetrius iis unus omnia est,

Liv. 40, 11:

per omnia,

in all points, in every thing, in every respect, Quint. 5, 2, 3:

vir alioqui per omnia laudabilis,

Vell. 2, 33:

plebes omnia quam bellum malebat,

Liv. 2, 39, 8; Sall. J. 79, 7; cf. Cic. Quint. 26, 82: eadem omnia, just the same:

mihi certum est efficere in me omnia eadem, quae tu in te faxis,

Plaut. As. 3, 3, 23: alia omnia, just the contrary:

te alia omnia, quam quae velis, agere, moleste ferrem,

Plin. Ep. 7, 15, 2; cf. alius, 6: omnia, adverbially, altogether, entirely, in every respect:

tramites, omnia plani et ex facili mobiles,

Sen. Cons. ad Marc. 25, 3:

omnia Mercurio similis,

in all respects, Verg. A. 4, 558.—

In sing., every, all, the whole:

militat omnis amans,

every lover, all lovers, Ov. Am. 1, 9, 1: quia sine omni malitiā'st, without any (colloq. for sine ullā), Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 57; so,

sine omni periclo,

Ter. And. 2, 3, 17;

but: ne sine omni quidem sapientiā,

not without all knowledge, a complete philosophy, Cic. de Or. 2, 1, 5:

cum omnis honestas manet a partibus quattuor,

id. Off. 1, 43, 152:

materia ad omnem laudem, et publice, et privatim, etc.,

every kind of, Liv. 6, 22, 6:

castra plena omnis fortunae publicae privataeque,

id. 22, 42, 6:

cenare holus omne,

every kind of, Hor. Ep. 1, 5, 2:

Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres,

the whole of Gallia, Caes. B. G. 1, 1; cf.:

omnis insula est in circuitu vicies centena millia passuum,

id. ib. 5, 13:

caelum,

Cic. Fin. 2, 34, 112:

corpus intenditur,

id. Tusc. 2, 23, 56:

sanguinem suum omnem profundere,

every drop of, all, id. Clu. 6, 18:

omnis in hoc sum,

I am wholly engaged in this, Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 11.—With plur. verb: omnis Graecia decoravere, etc., Cat. ap. Gell. 3, 7, 19.—As subst.: omne, is, n., every thing:

nos autem, ab omni quod abhorret ab oculorum auriumque adprobatione, fugiamus,

Cic. Off. 1, 35, 128 al. —Hence, adv.: omnīno, q. v.

omnĭs, e (omnia is freq. a dissyl. in the poets, as Verg. G. 4, 221; id. A. 6, 33; Lucr. 1, 1106 Lachm.), adj. [etym. dub.; perh. akin to ambo and Gr. amphi] (syn.: cunctus, universus), all, every:

omnium rerum, quas ad beate vivendum sapientia comparaverit, nihil esse majus amicitiā,

Cic. Fin. 1, 20, 65:

ego nulli omnium neque populorum neque regum... non ausim me comparare,

Liv. 37, 53, 20:

nemo omnium imperatorum, qui vivunt,

id. 42, 34, 7.—With sup.: cur, si cuiquam novo civi potuerit adimi civitas, non omnibus antiquissimis civibus possit, all, even of the oldest families, Cic. Caecin. 35, 101:

id effugiet qui non omnia minima repetet,

id. Part. Or. 17, 60.—Cf. with etiam:

ut omnium tibi auxilia adjungas, etiam infimorum,

Cic. Cat. 3, 5, 12: omnibus tuis etiam minimis commodis, Treb. Pol. ap. Cic. Fam. 12, 16, 1; Sall. C. 44, 5:

Nero ad omnes etiam minimos Circenses commeabat,

Suet. Ner. 22.—But with summa, extrema, and ultima, the neutr. plur. omnia is often closely connected in a distributive sense (= quidquid summum, etc.):

a te, qui nobis omnia summa tribuis,

Cic. de Or. 3, 4, 15:

sed is omnia summa sperans aedilicius est mortuus,

id. Brut. 28, 109:

constituit extrema omnia experiri,

Sall. C. 26, 5:

quod omnia ultima pati quam se regi tradere maluissent,

Liv. 37, 54, 2:

omnes omnium ordinum homines,

Cic. Rab. Perd. 7, 20:

omnibus precibus petere contendit,

with prayers of every kind, most urgently, Caes. B. G. 5, 6.—Esp. as subst.

omnes, ium, comm., all men, all persons:

quis est omnium, qui? etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 23, 66:

unus ex omnibus,

id. de Or. 1, 22, 99.—With gen. part.:

Macedonum omnes,

Liv. 31, 45, 7:

praetorum, nisi qui inter tumultum effugerunt, omnes interficiuntur,

id. 24, 32, 8; cf. id. 10, 31, 5; cf.

also: ut omnes Tarquiniae gentis exules essent,

id. 2, 2, 11:

omnes Hernici nominis,

id. 9, 42, 11.—

omnĭa, ĭum, n., all things:

omnium nomine quicumque ludos faciunt, etc.,

Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 9:

omnia facere,

to do every thing, make every exertion, spare no pains, Cic. Lael. 10, 35: omnia fore prius arbitratus sum, quam, etc., I should have believed any thing rather than that, etc., id. Att. 8, 11, 5: omnia mihi sunt cum aliquo, I agree with him on all topics, in all points (but mihi omnia communia sunt is the better read., Baiter), id. Fam. 13, 1, 2:

in eo sunt omnia,

every thing depends on that, id. ib. 15, 14, 5:

omnia, quae sunt ad vivendum necessaria,

id. Off. 1, 4, 11; 1, 43, 153; id. Fam. 4, 3, 3:

omnia, quaecumque agimus,

Liv. 30, 31, 6:

esse omnia alicui,

to be one's all, Ov. H. 12, 162:

Demetrius iis unus omnia est,

Liv. 40, 11:

per omnia,

in all points, in every thing, in every respect, Quint. 5, 2, 3:

vir alioqui per omnia laudabilis,

Vell. 2, 33:

plebes omnia quam bellum malebat,

Liv. 2, 39, 8; Sall. J. 79, 7; cf. Cic. Quint. 26, 82: eadem omnia, just the same:

mihi certum est efficere in me omnia eadem, quae tu in te faxis,

Plaut. As. 3, 3, 23: alia omnia, just the contrary:

te alia omnia, quam quae velis, agere, moleste ferrem,

Plin. Ep. 7, 15, 2; cf. alius, 6: omnia, adverbially, altogether, entirely, in every respect:

tramites, omnia plani et ex facili mobiles,

Sen. Cons. ad Marc. 25, 3:

omnia Mercurio similis,

in all respects, Verg. A. 4, 558.—

In sing., every, all, the whole:

militat omnis amans,

every lover, all lovers, Ov. Am. 1, 9, 1: quia sine omni malitiā'st, without any (colloq. for sine ullā), Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 57; so,

sine omni periclo,

Ter. And. 2, 3, 17;

but: ne sine omni quidem sapientiā,

not without all knowledge, a complete philosophy, Cic. de Or. 2, 1, 5:

cum omnis honestas manet a partibus quattuor,

id. Off. 1, 43, 152:

materia ad omnem laudem, et publice, et privatim, etc.,

every kind of, Liv. 6, 22, 6:

castra plena omnis fortunae publicae privataeque,

id. 22, 42, 6:

cenare holus omne,

every kind of, Hor. Ep. 1, 5, 2:

Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres,

the whole of Gallia, Caes. B. G. 1, 1; cf.:

omnis insula est in circuitu vicies centena millia passuum,

id. ib. 5, 13:

caelum,

Cic. Fin. 2, 34, 112:

corpus intenditur,

id. Tusc. 2, 23, 56:

sanguinem suum omnem profundere,

every drop of, all, id. Clu. 6, 18:

omnis in hoc sum,

I am wholly engaged in this, Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 11.—With plur. verb: omnis Graecia decoravere, etc., Cat. ap. Gell. 3, 7, 19.—As subst.: omne, is, n., every thing:

nos autem, ab omni quod abhorret ab oculorum auriumque adprobatione, fugiamus,

Cic. Off. 1, 35, 128 al. —Hence, adv.: omnīno, q. v.

omnĭs, e (omnia is freq. a dissyl. in the poets, as Verg. G. 4, 221; id. A. 6, 33; Lucr. 1, 1106 Lachm.), adj. [etym. dub.; perh. akin to ambo and Gr. amphi] (syn.: cunctus, universus), all, every:

omnium rerum, quas ad beate vivendum sapientia comparaverit, nihil esse majus amicitiā,

Cic. Fin. 1, 20, 65:

ego nulli omnium neque populorum neque regum... non ausim me comparare,

Liv. 37, 53, 20:

nemo omnium imperatorum, qui vivunt,

id. 42, 34, 7.—With sup.: cur, si cuiquam novo civi potuerit adimi civitas, non omnibus antiquissimis civibus possit, all, even of the oldest families, Cic. Caecin. 35, 101:

id effugiet qui non omnia minima repetet,

id. Part. Or. 17, 60.—Cf. with etiam:

ut omnium tibi auxilia adjungas, etiam infimorum,

Cic. Cat. 3, 5, 12: omnibus tuis etiam minimis commodis, Treb. Pol. ap. Cic. Fam. 12, 16, 1; Sall. C. 44, 5:

Nero ad omnes etiam minimos Circenses commeabat,

Suet. Ner. 22.—But with summa, extrema, and ultima, the neutr. plur. omnia is often closely connected in a distributive sense (= quidquid summum, etc.):

a te, qui nobis omnia summa tribuis,

Cic. de Or. 3, 4, 15:

sed is omnia summa sperans aedilicius est mortuus,

id. Brut. 28, 109:

constituit extrema omnia experiri,

Sall. C. 26, 5:

quod omnia ultima pati quam se regi tradere maluissent,

Liv. 37, 54, 2:

omnes omnium ordinum homines,

Cic. Rab. Perd. 7, 20:

omnibus precibus petere contendit,

with prayers of every kind, most urgently, Caes. B. G. 5, 6.—Esp. as subst.

omnes, ium, comm., all men, all persons:

quis est omnium, qui? etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 23, 66:

unus ex omnibus,

id. de Or. 1, 22, 99.—With gen. part.:

Macedonum omnes,

Liv. 31, 45, 7:

praetorum, nisi qui inter tumultum effugerunt, omnes interficiuntur,

id. 24, 32, 8; cf. id. 10, 31, 5; cf.

also: ut omnes Tarquiniae gentis exules essent,

id. 2, 2, 11:

omnes Hernici nominis,

id. 9, 42, 11.—

omnĭa, ĭum, n., all things:

omnium nomine quicumque ludos faciunt, etc.,

Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 9:

omnia facere,

to do every thing, make every exertion, spare no pains, Cic. Lael. 10, 35: omnia fore prius arbitratus sum, quam, etc., I should have believed any thing rather than that, etc., id. Att. 8, 11, 5: omnia mihi sunt cum aliquo, I agree with him on all topics, in all points (but mihi omnia communia sunt is the better read., Baiter), id. Fam. 13, 1, 2:

in eo sunt omnia,

every thing depends on that, id. ib. 15, 14, 5:

omnia, quae sunt ad vivendum necessaria,

id. Off. 1, 4, 11; 1, 43, 153; id. Fam. 4, 3, 3:

omnia, quaecumque agimus,

Liv. 30, 31, 6:

esse omnia alicui,

to be one's all, Ov. H. 12, 162:

Demetrius iis unus omnia est,

Liv. 40, 11:

per omnia,

in all points, in every thing, in every respect, Quint. 5, 2, 3:

vir alioqui per omnia laudabilis,

Vell. 2, 33:

plebes omnia quam bellum malebat,

Liv. 2, 39, 8; Sall. J. 79, 7; cf. Cic. Quint. 26, 82: eadem omnia, just the same:

mihi certum est efficere in me omnia eadem, quae tu in te faxis,

Plaut. As. 3, 3, 23: alia omnia, just the contrary:

te alia omnia, quam quae velis, agere, moleste ferrem,

Plin. Ep. 7, 15, 2; cf. alius, 6: omnia, adverbially, altogether, entirely, in every respect:

tramites, omnia plani et ex facili mobiles,

Sen. Cons. ad Marc. 25, 3:

omnia Mercurio similis,

in all respects, Verg. A. 4, 558.—

In sing., every, all, the whole:

militat omnis amans,

every lover, all lovers, Ov. Am. 1, 9, 1: quia sine omni malitiā'st, without any (colloq. for sine ullā), Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 57; so,

sine omni periclo,

Ter. And. 2, 3, 17;

but: ne sine omni quidem sapientiā,

not without all knowledge, a complete philosophy, Cic. de Or. 2, 1, 5:

cum omnis honestas manet a partibus quattuor,

id. Off. 1, 43, 152:

materia ad omnem laudem, et publice, et privatim, etc.,

every kind of, Liv. 6, 22, 6:

castra plena omnis fortunae publicae privataeque,

id. 22, 42, 6:

cenare holus omne,

every kind of, Hor. Ep. 1, 5, 2:

Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres,

the whole of Gallia, Caes. B. G. 1, 1; cf.:

omnis insula est in circuitu vicies centena millia passuum,

id. ib. 5, 13:

caelum,

Cic. Fin. 2, 34, 112:

corpus intenditur,

id. Tusc. 2, 23, 56:

sanguinem suum omnem profundere,

every drop of, all, id. Clu. 6, 18:

omnis in hoc sum,

I am wholly engaged in this, Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 11.—With plur. verb: omnis Graecia decoravere, etc., Cat. ap. Gell. 3, 7, 19.—As subst.: omne, is, n., every thing:

nos autem, ab omni quod abhorret ab oculorum auriumque adprobatione, fugiamus,

Cic. Off. 1, 35, 128 al. —Hence, adv.: omnīno, q. v.

omnĭs, e (omnia is freq. a dissyl. in the poets, as Verg. G. 4, 221; id. A. 6, 33; Lucr. 1, 1106 Lachm.), adj. [etym. dub.; perh. akin to ambo and Gr. amphi] (syn.: cunctus, universus), all, every:

omnium rerum, quas ad beate vivendum sapientia comparaverit, nihil esse majus amicitiā,

Cic. Fin. 1, 20, 65:

ego nulli omnium neque populorum neque regum... non ausim me comparare,

Liv. 37, 53, 20:

nemo omnium imperatorum, qui vivunt,

id. 42, 34, 7.—With sup.: cur, si cuiquam novo civi potuerit adimi civitas, non omnibus antiquissimis civibus possit, all, even of the oldest families, Cic. Caecin. 35, 101:

id effugiet qui non omnia minima repetet,

id. Part. Or. 17, 60.—Cf. with etiam:

ut omnium tibi auxilia adjungas, etiam infimorum,

Cic. Cat. 3, 5, 12: omnibus tuis etiam minimis commodis, Treb. Pol. ap. Cic. Fam. 12, 16, 1; Sall. C. 44, 5:

Nero ad omnes etiam minimos Circenses commeabat,

Suet. Ner. 22.—But with summa, extrema, and ultima, the neutr. plur. omnia is often closely connected in a distributive sense (= quidquid summum, etc.):

a te, qui nobis omnia summa tribuis,

Cic. de Or. 3, 4, 15:

sed is omnia summa sperans aedilicius est mortuus,

id. Brut. 28, 109:

constituit extrema omnia experiri,

Sall. C. 26, 5:

quod omnia ultima pati quam se regi tradere maluissent,

Liv. 37, 54, 2:

omnes omnium ordinum homines,

Cic. Rab. Perd. 7, 20:

omnibus precibus petere contendit,

with prayers of every kind, most urgently, Caes. B. G. 5, 6.—Esp. as subst.

omnes, ium, comm., all men, all persons:

quis est omnium, qui? etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 23, 66:

unus ex omnibus,

id. de Or. 1, 22, 99.—With gen. part.:

Macedonum omnes,

Liv. 31, 45, 7:

praetorum, nisi qui inter tumultum effugerunt, omnes interficiuntur,

id. 24, 32, 8; cf. id. 10, 31, 5; cf.

also: ut omnes Tarquiniae gentis exules essent,

id. 2, 2, 11:

omnes Hernici nominis,

id. 9, 42, 11.—

omnĭa, ĭum, n., all things:

omnium nomine quicumque ludos faciunt, etc.,

Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 9:

omnia facere,

to do every thing, make every exertion, spare no pains, Cic. Lael. 10, 35: omnia fore prius arbitratus sum, quam, etc., I should have believed any thing rather than that, etc., id. Att. 8, 11, 5: omnia mihi sunt cum aliquo, I agree with him on all topics, in all points (but mihi omnia communia sunt is the better read., Baiter), id. Fam. 13, 1, 2:

in eo sunt omnia,

every thing depends on that, id. ib. 15, 14, 5:

omnia, quae sunt ad vivendum necessaria,

id. Off. 1, 4, 11; 1, 43, 153; id. Fam. 4, 3, 3:

omnia, quaecumque agimus,

Liv. 30, 31, 6:

esse omnia alicui,

to be one's all, Ov. H. 12, 162:

Demetrius iis unus omnia est,

Liv. 40, 11:

per omnia,

in all points, in every thing, in every respect, Quint. 5, 2, 3:

vir alioqui per omnia laudabilis,

Vell. 2, 33:

plebes omnia quam bellum malebat,

Liv. 2, 39, 8; Sall. J. 79, 7; cf. Cic. Quint. 26, 82: eadem omnia, just the same:

mihi certum est efficere in me omnia eadem, quae tu in te faxis,

Plaut. As. 3, 3, 23: alia omnia, just the contrary:

te alia omnia, quam quae velis, agere, moleste ferrem,

Plin. Ep. 7, 15, 2; cf. alius, 6: omnia, adverbially, altogether, entirely, in every respect:

tramites, omnia plani et ex facili mobiles,

Sen. Cons. ad Marc. 25, 3:

omnia Mercurio similis,

in all respects, Verg. A. 4, 558.—

In sing., every, all, the whole:

militat omnis amans,

every lover, all lovers, Ov. Am. 1, 9, 1: quia sine omni malitiā'st, without any (colloq. for sine ullā), Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 57; so,

sine omni periclo,

Ter. And. 2, 3, 17;

but: ne sine omni quidem sapientiā,

not without all knowledge, a complete philosophy, Cic. de Or. 2, 1, 5:

cum omnis honestas manet a partibus quattuor,

id. Off. 1, 43, 152:

materia ad omnem laudem, et publice, et privatim, etc.,

every kind of, Liv. 6, 22, 6:

castra plena omnis fortunae publicae privataeque,

id. 22, 42, 6:

cenare holus omne,

every kind of, Hor. Ep. 1, 5, 2:

Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres,

the whole of Gallia, Caes. B. G. 1, 1; cf.:

omnis insula est in circuitu vicies centena millia passuum,

id. ib. 5, 13:

caelum,

Cic. Fin. 2, 34, 112:

corpus intenditur,

id. Tusc. 2, 23, 56:

sanguinem suum omnem profundere,

every drop of, all, id. Clu. 6, 18:

omnis in hoc sum,

I am wholly engaged in this, Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 11.—With plur. verb: omnis Graecia decoravere, etc., Cat. ap. Gell. 3, 7, 19.—As subst.: omne, is, n., every thing:

nos autem, ab omni quod abhorret ab oculorum auriumque adprobatione, fugiamus,

Cic. Off. 1, 35, 128 al. —Hence, adv.: omnīno, q. v.

quantus, a, um, adj. [quam], how great.

Bellum, Nep. Dat. 5, 1:

calamitates,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 35, 86:

homo in dicendo,

id. de Or. 2, 12, 51:

gravitas,

Vell. 2, 129, 2.—Corresp. with tantus:

videre mihi videor tantam dimicationem, quanta numquam fuit,

Cic. Att. 7, 1, 2.—With sup.:

tanta est inter eos, quanta maxima esse potest, morum studiorumque distantia,

the greatest possible difference, Cic. Lael. 20, 74.—Without tantus:

quantus non unquam antea, exercitus venit,

Liv. 9, 37, 2:

quanta maxime poterat vi perculit,

id. 9, 10, 10; cf. id. 7, 9, 8; 42, 15, 1; 24, 35, 5; Verg. A. 12, 701; 3, 641:

quanta mea sapientia est,

Plaut. Stich. 1, 2, 62.—Quantus quantus, for quantuscumque, how great or much soever (ante-class.):

denegabit quantum quantum ad eum erit delatum,

Plaut. Poen. 3, 4, 28:

tu, quantus quantus, nihil nisi sapientia es,

Ter. Ad. 3, 3, 40:

quanta quanta haec mea paupertas est, tamen,

id. Phorm. 5, 7, 10. — In quantum, as far as, according as, in how far, in so far as, to whatever extent:

in quantum satis erat,

Tac. Or. 2:

declamatio, in quantum maxime potest, imitetur eas actiones,

Quint. 2, 10, 4; Sen. Ben. 2, 23, 1:

pedum digitos, in quantum quaeque secuta est, Traxit,

Ov. M. 11, 71:

in quantum potuerit,

as far as possible, Plin. Ep. 10, 75. — With a preceding in tantum, as greatly... as:

vir in tantum laudandus, in quantum intellegi virtus potest,

Vell. 1, 9.—

Of number, value, etc., how much, how many:

quanta milia,

Prop. 1, 5, 10; Val. Fl. 3, 261. —And with or without tantus, as much as, as many as, Caes. B. G. 6, 19; Liv. 23, 21.—

As a designation of multitude, quantum = emphatic omnis: ut te quidem omnes di deaeque, quantum est, perduint,

as many as there are of them, Ter. Heaut. 4, 6, 6:

quantum in terra degit, hominum perjurissime!

Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 117.— quantum, subst., with gen., as much of... as:

quantum est frumenti hornotini, exaraverunt,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 18, § 45.— Quanti, as gen. pretii, how high, how dear, or as dear as, as high as: quanti emi potest minime, how cheap? Ep. Ad quadraginta minas, Plaut. Ep. 2, 2, 110:

quanti emit?

Ter. Eun. 5, 6 (5), 14:

quanti locaverint, tantam pecuniam redemptori solvendam,

Cic. Phil. 9, 7, 16:

vide, quanti apud me sis,

how highly I prize you, how dear you are to me, id. Fam. 7, 19 init.:

noli spectare, quanti sit homo,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 4:

(tu) qui scias quanti Tulliam faciam,

id. Fam. 2, 16, 5:

quanti est ista hominum gloria,

of how trifling worth, id. Rep. 6, 23, 25; cf. id. Tusc. 5, 37, 109:

quanti est sapere!

what a fine thing it is! Ter. Eun. 4, 7, 21:

quanti ejus intersit,

Dig. 43, 18, 3.—Quanti quanti, at whatever price:

sed quanti quanti, bene emitur quod necesse est,

Cic. Att. 12, 23, 3.—Quanto opere, sometimes as one word, quantopere (q. v.), with what care, how greatly, how much (answering to tanto opere or tantopere, so greatly, so much):

quanto se opere custodiant bestiae,

Cic. N. D. 2, 49, 126:

quantoque opere ejus municipii causā laborarem,

id. Fam. 13, 7, 1.—Hence,

quantum, adv., as much as, so much as:

scribe, quantum potes,

Cic. Att. 9, 7, 7.—Quantum possum or potest, as soon as possible:

domum me rursum, quantum potero, tantum recipiam,

Plaut. Aul. 1, 2, 40: rescribas ad me, quantum potest, Cic. Att. 4, 13, 1:

erus, quantum audio, uxore excidit,

so far as I hear, Ter. And. 2, 5, 12:

quantum suspicor,

as far as I can conjecture, id. Eun. 1, 2, 62.—Quantum in or ad me, so far as concerns me:

non igitur adhuc, quantum quidem in te est, intellego deos esse,

i. e. for all you have shown to the contrary, Cic. N. D. 3, 7, 15; cf. id. Ac. 1, 2, 8:

quantum ad Pirithoum, Phaedra pudica fuit,

as far as concerned, with respect to, Ov. A. A. 1, 744:

quantum ad jus attinet,

Sen. Contr. 5, 34, 16; 3, 16, 1.—With compp. for quanto, the more, the greater, etc. (cf. Zumpt, Gram. § 488, A, 2).—Followed by eo:

quantum juniores patrum plebi se magis insinuabant, eo acrius contra tribuni tenebant,

Liv. 3, 15, 2; 44, 7, 6; Col. 12, 23 init. —Followed by tanto:

quantum augebatur militum numerus, tanto majore, etc.,

Liv. 5, 10, 5; 6, 38, 5; 27, 47, 11; cf. id. 32, 5, 1. — Also without a correl.:

quantum... et minus,

Liv. 44, 36, 5.—

quantō, adv., by how much, by as much as, according as, the:

quanto diutius Abest, magis cupio tanto,

the longer he is away, Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 15:

quanto gravior oppugnatio, tanto crebriores,

Caes. B. G. 5, 44:

quanto magis philosophi delectabunt, si, etc.,

how greatly, Cic. Ac. 1, 3, 10:

quanto praeclarior vita, tanto,

Sall. J. 85, 22 Kritz. — With verbs which contain the idea of comparison:

Hannibalem tanto praestitisse ceteros imperatores prudentiā, quanto populus Romanus antecedebat fortitudine cunctas nationes,

Nep. Hann. 1, 1.—With posit.:

tanto acceptius in vulgum, quanto modicus privatis aedificationibus,

inasmuch as, Tac. A. 6, 45:

quanto frequenter impellitur, tanto firmiter roboratur,

Lact. 5, 7, 9.—With ante, secus, aliud:

quo minus exponam, quam multa ad me detulerit, quanto ante providerit,

Cic. Sest. 3, 8: videtote, quanto secus ego fecerim, how differently, Cato ap. Charis. p. 192 P.:

ut manifesto appareat, quanto sit aliud proximum esse, aliud secundum,

Quint. 10, 1, 53.

I) (older form es), rel. part. in old poems and in law phrases ‘es’ is suffixed to a demonstrative or interrogative word, pron. or adv., as s: sás, sús, þats, þeims, þærs; þars, þás, þegars, síðans, hveims, hvars, &c., = sá es, sú es, þar es, þá es, &c.

I. used as a rel. pron., indecl., who, which, that;

1) Mörðr hét maðr, er (nom.) kallaðr var gígja;

grös fögr, er (acc.) hón hafði í hendi;

aðra hluti þá, er (gen.) menn vildu visir verða;

þann einn son, er (dat.) hann ann lítit;

2) with a prep. placed at the end of the sentence;

land, er hann kom frá, the land he came from;

jötunn, er ór steini var höfuðit á (viz. honum), whose head was of stone;

3) ellipt., the prep. being understood;

ór þeim ættum, er mér þóttu fuglarnir fljúga (viz. ór), from the quarter that I thought the birds flew from;

þeir hafa nú látit líf sitt, er mér þykkir eigi vert at lifa (viz. eptir), whom I think it is not worth while to outlive;

4) a personal or demonstr. pron. may be added to the rel. part., er þú, er þik; er hann, er hón, er hana, er hans, er hennar, er þeim, er þeiri, er þeira, etc.;

œrr ertu, Loki, er þú (who) yðra telr ljóta leiðstafi;

sá maðr, er hann vill, that man who wishes;

nema ein Goðrún, er hón æva grét, who never wept;

ekkja heitir sú, er búandi hennar (whose husband) varð sóttdauðr;

þann konung, er undir honum eru skatt-konungar, that king under whom are tributary kings;

5) in the fourteenth century added to the int. pron., hverr;

þat herbergi, í hverju er hann ( in which = er hann í því) hefir sitt ráð ok ræðr;

II. as a conj. and adv.

1) local, er, þar er, there where;

hann sá á eldinum fölskann, er netit hafði brunnit, where the net had been burnt;

Ó. gekk þar til, er H. lá, to the spot where H. lay;

2) of time, er, þá er, when;

ok er, and when;

en er, but when;

þar til er, until;

í því er, just when;

eptir (þat) er, when;

þegar er, as soon as (þegar er lýsti, stóð konungr upp);

síðan er, since;

meðan er, while;

næst er vér kómum, next when we came;

þá lét í hamrinum, sem er reið gengr, as when it thunders;

3) = at, that;

ok fannst þat á öllu, er hón þóttist vargefin, that she thought she was thrown away;

ek em þess sæll, er okkart félag sleit, I am happy that;

skyldi fara fyrst leyniliga, en þó kom þar, er allir vissu, but it came to this, that every one knew of it.

II) from vera.

* * *

old form es, mod. sometimes eð, but usually ‘er;’ indecl. Particle used as relat. pron. or as relat. adv.; in very old MSS. always es, and rhymed so by old poets; in the 12th century it changed into er. In poems and in law phrases the particle ‘es’ is suffixed to the pronoun or adverb, as s or z, e. g. thus: as pron., sá’s = sá es (so in ‘people’s Engl.’ he as, him as, for he who, etc.), Hkr. iii. 11 (Sighvat); dat. þeim’s = þeim es, illi qui, Hm. 3, Fms. vi. 38 (Sighvat); acc. masc. þann’z or þann’s = þann es, illum qui, Vsp. 45 (MS.), Od. i, Hm. 44, 120, Hým. 39, Am. 90; neut. þatz = þat es, illud quod, Hm. 39, Am. 37, Hkv. Hjörv. 3, Fms. iii. 9 (Hallfred): as conj. or adv., hvárt’z … eða = hvárt es … eða, utrum … an, Grág. (Ed. 1853); hvárt’z hann vill at reiða eða …, i. 25, 145, 152, 155, 156, 161, 233, ii. 50: as adv., þegar’s = þegar es, as soon as, Grág. (Ed. 1853) i. 94, Am. 30; síðan’s = síðan es, since (Old Engl. sithens, sithence), 78; even sem’s = sem es, Am. 103; hvar’s = hvar es, wherever, 47, Mork. 138, Hm. 138; hve’s = hve es, however, 140 (MS. hvers), Skálda 190 (in a verse); þar’s = þar es, there where, i. e. where, Grág. i. 46, 153, Hm. 66, Hbl. 60, Gm. 8, Ls. 50, Mork. 18, 34, 37, 62, 170, Skálda 189 (Bragi), Edda (Ht.) 124, where this anastrophe is called bragar-mál, poetical diction; hvarge’s = hvarge es, wherever, Grág. ii. 44. The Icel. has no relat. pron. but only the relat. particles er and sem, both of them indecl. in gender, case, and number; in simple sentences the sense (gender etc.) is clear from the context; and the language has certain expedients to meet the deficiency.

A. Used as relat. pron. which, who, that:

I. used alone, where there is perhaps an ellipse of the demonstrative, er = er hann (þeir, þær, þeim, etc.);

α. nom., á þeim bæ, er Abia heitir, 625. 83; Mörðr hét maðr, er kallaðr var Gigja, Nj. 1; hann átti dóttur eina, er Unnr hét, id.; þá skulu þeir, er fær eru ( who are) saman, Grág. i. 9; maðr, er þessa þurfi, id.; at þeim svörum, er verða, 19; lið þat, er þeim hafðI þangat fylgt, Fms. i. 62; konur þær, er völfur vóru kallaðar, iii. 212; þeim unga manni, er þar sitr hjá þér, id.

β. acc., þingfesti manna þeirra, er ( quos) menn vilja sækja, Grág. i. 19; sakar þeirrar, er ( quam) ek hefi höfðað, id.

γ. gen., aðra hluti þá, er ( quorum) menn viidu vísir verða, Fms. iii. 212.

δ. dat., þann einn, er ( cui) hann ann lítið, Fms. i. 86.

ε. joined to a demonstrative; allir Þrændir, þeir er …, all the Th., who …, Fms. i. 62.

II. with a prep., which, as often in Engl., is placed at the end of the sentence; er hann kom til, whom he came to; land, er hann kom frá, the land he came from; so Lat. quocum venit = er hann kom með sub quibus = er … undir; in quibus = er … í, etc.: the prep. may also be a penultimate, e. g. the phrase, er mér er á ván, wlich I have a hope of; or, er hann var yfir settr, whom he was set over, etc.; this use of the pronoun is undoubtedly elliptical, the corresponding demonstrative pronoun being left out, although the ellipse is not felt; þvengrinn sá er muðrinn Loka var saman rifjaðr með (Kb. omits the prep.), the lace that the mouth of Loki was stitched with, Edda 71; öðrum höfðingjum, þeim er honum þótti liðs at ván (that is to say, þeim, er honum þótti liðs van at þeim), at whose hands, i. e. from whom he thought help likely to come, Fms. i; þeir er ek mæli þetta til (= er ek mæli þetta til þeirra), those to whom I speak, xi. 12; er engi hefir áðr til orðit, Nj. 190; in stórúðgi jötunn, er ór steini var höfuðit á (= er ór steini var höfuðit á honum), whose head was of stone. Hbl. 15; því er vér urðum á sáttir, Fms. xi. 34; við glugg þann í loptinu, er fuglinn hafðI áðr við setið. the window close to which the bird sat. Eg.: nokkurum þeim höfðingja, er mér sé eigandi vinátta við (viz. þá). Ó. H. 78: þá sjón, er mér þykir mikils um vert (viz. hana), 74; er mér þat at sýn orðit, er ek hefi opt heyrt frá sagt (= frá því sagt), 57; til vatns þess, er Á en Helga fellr ór, 163: til kirkju þeirra, es bein eru færð til, Grág. i. 13 new Ed.

2. ellipt. the prep. being understood, esp. to avoid the repetition of it; ekirinn sá er brendr vár Ásgarðr (viz. með), Edda (pref.); hann gékk til herbergis þess, er konungr var inni (viz. í), he went to the house that the king was in, Ó. H. 160, Fb. iii. 251; dyrr þær, er ganga mátti upp á húsit (viz. gegnum, through), the doors through which one could walk up to the house, Eg. 421; ór þeim ættum er mér þóttu fuglarnir fljúga (viz. ór), the airt ( quarter) that I thought the birds flew from, Ísl. ii. 196; yfir þeim manni, er Mörðr hafði sök sína fram sagt (viz. yfir), the man over whose head ( to whom) Mord had pleaded his suit, Nj. 242; þrjú þing, þau er menn ætluðu (viz. á), three parliaments, in ( during) which men thought …, 71; nær borg þeirri, er konungr sat (viz. í), near the town the king resided in, Eg. 287; Montakassin, er dyrkast Benedictus, Monte Cassino, where B. is worshipped, Fms. xi. 415; þeir hafa nú látið lif sitt fyrir skömmu, er mér þykir eigi vert at lifa (viz. eptir), they, whom methinks it is not worth while to outlive, 150; fara eptir með hunda, er þeir vóru vanir at spyrja þá upp (viz. með), er undan hljópusk, they pursued with hounds, that they were wont to pick up fugitives with, i. e. with bloodbounds, v. 145; þat er í þrem stöðum, er dauðum má sök gefa (viz. í), it is in three places that a man can be slain with impunity, N. G. L. i. 62; þat er í einum stað, er maðr hittir (viz. í), it is in one place that …, id.

III. a demonstrative pron. may be added to the relat. particle, e. g. er þeirra = quorum, er þeim = quibus, er hans, er hennar = cujus; but this is chiefly used in old translations from Lat., being rarely found in original writings; þann konung, er undir honum eru skatt-konungar, that king under whom vassals serve, Edda 93; ekkja heitir sú, er búandi hennar ( whose husband) varð sótt-dauðr; hæll er sú kona kölluð er búandi hennar er veginn, 108; sú sam-stafa, er raddar-stafr hennar er náttúrlega skammr, that syllable, the vowel of which is naturally short, Skálda 179; sá maðr, er hann vill, that man who wishes, Grág. i. 19; sá maðr, er hann skal fasta, 36; nema ein Guðrún, er hón æva grét, G. that never wailed, Gh. 40; þess manns, er hann girnisk, Hom. 54; sæl er sú bygghlaða … er ór þeirri …, felix est illud horreum … unde …, Hom. 15; engi er hærri speki en sú, er í þeirri …, nulla melior est sapientia quam ea, qua …, 28; varðveita boðorð hans, fyrir þann er vér erum skapaðir, ejusque mandata custodire, per quem creati sumus, 28; harða göfugr er háttr hófsemi, fyrir þá er saman stendr …, nobilis virtus est valde temperantia, per quam …, id.; elskendum Guð þann er svá mælti, Deum diligentibus qui ait, id.; skírn Græðara várs, er í þeirri, 56; er á þeim = in quibus, 52: rare in mod. writers, enginn kann að játa eðr iðrast réttilega þeirrar syndar, er hann þekkir ekki stærð hennar og ílsku, Vídal. i. 226.

IV. in the 14th century, the relat. pron. hverr was admitted, but by adding the particle er; yet it has never prevailed, and no relative pronoun is used in Icel. (except that this pronoun occurs in the N. T. and sermons, e. g. Luke xi. 1, whose blood Pilate had mingled, is rendered hverra blóði Pilatus hafði blandað; an old translator would have said, er P. hafði blandað blóði þeirra): hvern er þeir erfðu, M. K. 156; hverjar er hón lauk mér, id.; af hverju er hann megi marka, Stj. 114; hvat er tákna mundi, Fms. xi. 12.

V. the few following instances are rare and curious, er þú, er ek, er mér, er hón; and are analogous to the Germ. der ich, der du, I that, thou that; in Hm. l. c. ‘er’ is almost a superfluous enclitic, eyvitar fyrna er maðr annan skal, Hm. 93; sáttir þínar er ek vil snemma hafa, Alm. 7; ójafnt skipta er þú mundir, Hbl. 25; þrár hafðar er ek hefi, Fsm. 50; auði frá er mér ætluð var, sandi orpin sæng, Sl. 49; lauga-vatn er mér leiðast var eitt allra hluta, 50; ærr ertu Loki, er þú yðra telr, Ls. 29, cp. 21, Og. 12, Hkv. 2. 32; tröll, er þik bíta eigi járn, Ísl. ii. 364. ☞ This want of a proper relat. pron. has probably preserved Icel. prose from foreign influences; in rendering Lat. or mod. Germ. into Icel. almost every sentence must be altered and broken up in order to make it vernacular.

B. Conj. and adv. joined with a demonstrative particle, where, when:

1. loc., þar er, there where = ubi; þar er hvárki sé akr né eng, Grág. i. 123; hvervetna þess, er, N. G. L. passim.

2. temp. when; ok er, and when; en er, but when: þá er, then when; þar til er, until, etc., passim; annan dag, er menn gengu, Nj. 3; brá þeim mjök við, er þan sá hann, 68; sjaldan fór þá svá, er vel vildi, Ld. 290; ok í því er Þórgils, and in the nick of time when Th., id.: þá lét í hamrinum sem er ( as when) reið gengr, Ísl. ii. 434; næst er vér kómum, next when we came, Eg. 287; þá er vér, when we, id.

II. conj. that (vide ‘at’ II, p. 29); þat er (is) mitt ráð er ( that) þú kallir til tals, Eg. 540; ok þat, er hann ætlar, Nj. 7: ok fansk þat á öllu, er ( that) hon þóttisk vargefin, 17; en þessi er (is) frásögn til þess, er ( that) þeir vóru Heljar-skinn kallaðir, Sturl. i. 1; ok finna honum þá sök, er (en MS.) hann hafði verit, that he had been, Fms. vii. 331; af hverju er hann megi marka, from which he may infer, Stj. 135; hvárt er (en MS.) er (is) ungr eða gamall, either that he is young or old, N. G. L. i. 349; spurði hann at, hvárt er, asked him whether, Barl. 92; mikill skaði, er slíkr maðr, that such a man, Fms. vi. 15; hlægligt mér þat þykkir, er ( that) þú þinn harm tínir, Am. 53; er þér gengsk illa, that it goes ill with thee, 53, 89; hins viltú geta, er ( that) vit Hrungnir deildum, Hbl. 15.

2. denoting cause; er dóttir mín er hörð í skapi, for that my daughter is hard of heart, Nj. 17.

β. er þó, although, Skálda 164.

3. þegar er, as soon as, when, Fms. iv. 95, cp. þegar’s above: alls er þú ert, for that thou art, i. 305; síðan er, since, after that, Grág. i. 135; en siðan er Freyr hafði heygðr verít, Hkr. (pref.); but without ‘er,’ N. G. L. i. 342. In the earliest and best MSS. distinction is made between eptir er ( postquam), þegar er ( quum), meðan er ( dum), síðan er ( postquam), and on the other hand eptir ( post), þegar ( jam), meðan ( interdum), síðan (post, deinde); cp. meðan’s, síðan’s, þegar’s, above; but in most old MSS. and writers the particle is left out, often, no doubt, merely from inaccuracy in the MSS., or even in the editions, (in MSS. ‘er’ is almost always spelt  and easily overlooked): again, in mod. usage the particle ‘at, að,’ is often used as equivalent to ‘er,’ meðan að, whilst; síðan að, since that; þegar að, postquam, (vide ‘at’ V, p. 29.)

3rd pers. pres. is, vide vera.