rhode+island+usa

nome proprio Rhode Island f.

* * *

* * *

nome proprio Rhode Island f.

n. Rhode Island (stat i östra USA)

SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering

[br]

[br]

[br]

Joseph Rogers Brown was the eldest son of David Brown, who was modestly established as a maker of and dealer in clocks and watches. Joseph assisted his father during school vacations and at the age of 17 left to obtain training as a machinist. In 1829 he joined his father in the manufacture of tower clocks at Pawtucket, Rhode Island, and two years later went into business for himself in Pawtucket making lathes and small tools. In 1833 he rejoined his father in Providence, Rhode Island, as a partner in the manufacture of docks, watches and surveying and mathematical instruments. David Brown retired in 1841.

J.R.Brown invented and built in 1850 a linear dividing engine which was the first automatic machine for graduating rules in the United States. In 1851 he brought out the vernier calliper, the first application of a vernier scale in a workshop measuring tool. Lucian Sharpe was taken into partnership in 1853 and the firm became J.R.Brown \& Sharpe; in 1868 the firm was incorporated as the Brown \& Sharpe Manufacturing Company.

In 1855 Brown invented a precision gear-cutting machine to make clock gears. The firm obtained in 1861 a contract to make Wilcox \& Gibbs sewing machines and gave up the manufacture of clocks. At about this time F.W. Howe of the Providence Tool Company arranged for Brown \& Sharpe to make a turret lathe required for the manufacture of muskets. This was basically Howe's design, but Brown added a few features, and it was the first machine tool built for sale by the Brown \& Sharpe Company. It was followed in 1862 by the universal milling machine invented by Brown initially for making twist drills. Particularly for cutting gear teeth, Brown invented in 1864 a formed milling cutter which could be sharpened without changing its profile. In 1867 the need for an instrument for checking the thickness of sheet material became apparent, and in August of that year J.R.Brown and L.Sharpe visited the Paris Exhibition and saw a micrometer calliper invented by Jean Laurent Palmer in 1848. They recognized its possibilities and with a few developments marketed it as a convenient, hand-held measuring instrument. Grinding lathes were made by Brown \& Sharpe in the early 1860s, and from 1868 a universal grinding machine was developed, with the first one being completed in 1876. The patent for this machine was granted after Brown's sudden death while on holiday.

[br]

SUBJECT AREA: Electricity, Electronics and information technology, Horology, Telecommunications

[br]

[br]

[br]

After obtaining BSc and MSc degrees in physics at Brown University in 1896 and 1897, respectively, Cady went to Berlin, obtaining his PhD in 1900. Returning to the USA he initially worked for the US Coast and Geodetic Survey, but in 1902 he took up a post at the Wesleyan University, Connecticut, remaining as Professor of Physics from 1907 until his retirement in 1946. During the First World War he became interested in piezo-electricity as a result of attending a meeting on techniques for detecting submarines, and after the war he continued to work on the use of piezo-electricity as a transducer for generating sonar beams. In the process he discovered that piezo-electric materials, such as quartz, exhibited high-stability electrical resonance, and in 1921 he produced the first working piezo-electric resonator. This idea was subsequently taken up by George Washington Pierce and others, resulting in very stable oscillators and narrow-band filters that are widely used in the 1990s in radio communications, electronic clocks and watches.

Internationally known for his work, Cady retired from his professorship in 1946, but he continued to work for the US Navy. From 1951 to 1955 he was a consultant and research associate at the California Institute of Technology, after which he returned to Providence to continue research at Brown, filing his last patent (one of over fifty) at the age of 93 years.

[br]

SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping

[br]

[br]

[br]

Herreshoff, or, as he was known, Captain Nat, was seventh in a family of nine, four of whom became blind in childhood. Association with such problems may have sharpened his appreciation of shape and form; indeed, he made a lengthy European small-boat trip with a blind brother. While working on yacht designs, he used three-dimensional models in conjunction with the sheer draught on the drawing-board. With many of the family being boatbuilders, he started designing at the age of 16 and then decided to make this his career. As naval architecture was not then a graduating subject, he studied mechanical engineering at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. While still studying, c.1867, he broke new ground by preparing direct reading time handicapping tables for yachts up to 110 ft (33.5 m) long. After working with the Corliss Company, he set up the Herreshoff Manufacturing Company, in partnership with J.B.Herreshoff, as shipbuilders and engineers. Over the years their output included steam machinery, fishing vessels, pleasure craft and racing yachts. They built the first torpedo boat for the US Navy and another for the Royal Navy, the only such acquisition in the late nineteenth century. Herreshoff designed six of the world's greatest yachts, of the America's Cup, between 1890 and 1920. His accomplishments included new types of lightweight wood fasteners, new systems of framing, hollow spars and better methods of cutting sails. He continued to work full-time until 1935 and his work was internationally acclaimed. He maintained cordial relations with his British rivals Fife, Nicholson and G.L. Watson, and enjoyed friendship with his compatriot Edward Burgess. Few will ever match Herreshoff as an all-round engineer and designer.

[br]

SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering, Weapons and armour

[br]

[br]

[br]

Frederick W.Howe attended local schools until the age of 16 and then entered the machine shop of Gay \& Silver at North Chelmsford, Massachusetts, as an apprentice and remained with that firm for nine years. He then joined Robbins, Kendall \& Lawrence of Windsor, Vermont, as Assistant to Richard S. Lawrence in designing machine tools. A year later (1848) he was made Plant Superintendent. During his time with this firm, Howe designed a profiling machine which was used in all gun shops in the United States: a barrel-drilling and rifling machine, and the first commercially successful milling machine. Robbins \& Lawrence took to the Great Exhibition of 1851 in London, England, a set of rifles built on the interchangeable system. The interest this created resulted in a visit of some members of the British Royal Small Arms Commission to America and subsequently in an order for 150 machine tools, jigs and fixtures from Robbins \& Lawrence, to be installed at the small-arms factory at Enfield. From 1853 to 1856 Howe was in charge of the design and building of these machines. In 1856 he established his own armoury at Newark, New Jersey, but transferred after two years to Middletown, Connecticut, where he continued the manufacture of small arms until the outbreak of the Civil War. He then became Superintendent of the armoury of the Providence Tool Company at Providence, Rhode Island, and served in that capacity until the end of the war. In 1865 he went to Bridgeport, Connecticut, to assist Elias Howe with the manufacture of his sewing machine. After the death of Elias Howe, Frederick Howe returned to Providence to join the Brown \& Sharpe Manufacturing Company. As Superintendent of that establishment he worked with Joseph R. Brown in the development of many of the firm's products, including machinery for the Wilcox \& Gibbs sewing machine then being made by Brown \& Sharpe. From 1876 Howe was in business on his own account as a consulting mechanical engineer and in his later years he was engaged in the development of shoe machinery and in designing a one-finger typewriter, which, however, was never completed. He was granted several patents, mainly in the fields of machine tools and firearms. As a designer, Howe was said to have been a perfectionist, making frequent improvements; when completed, his designs were always sound.

[br]

SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering

[br]

[br]

[br]

David Wilkinson was the third son of Oziel Wilkinson (1744–1815), a blacksmith who c.1783 established at Pawtucket, Rhode Island, a plant for making farm tools and domestic utensils. This enterprise he steadily expanded with the aid of his sons, until by 1800 it was regarded as the leading iron and machinery manufacturing business in New England. At the age of 13, David Wilkinson entered his father's workshops. Their products included iron screws, and the problem of cutting the threads was one that engaged his attention. After working on it for some years he devised a screw-cutting lathe, for which he obtained a patent in 1798. In about 1800 David and his brother Daniel established their own factory at Pawtucket, known as David Wilkinson \& Co., where they specialized in the manufacture of textile machinery. Later they began to make cast cannon and installed a special boring machine for machining them. The firm prospered until 1829, when a financial crisis caused its collapse. David Wilkinson set up a new business in Cohoes, New York, but this was not a success and from 1836 he travelled around finding work chiefly in canal and bridge construction in New Jersey, Ohio and Canada. In 1848 he petitioned Congress for some reward for his invention of the screw-cutting lathe of 1798; he was awarded $10,000.

[br]

1) Медицина: два раза в день (bis in die), два раза в сутки (р/сут) (В медицине обычно используется фраза "в сутки", а не "в день"), дважды в день, дважды в сутки

2) Военный термин: Brazilian Infantry Division, British Intelligence Department

3) Автомобильный термин: breakerless inductive discharge (AMC)

4) Грубое выражение: Big Ignorant Dummy

5) Сокращение: biology (comb form)

6) Физиология: Bis In Die, Brought In Dead, Twice A Day, Twice Daily, Bis In Die (twice daily)

7) Вычислительная техника: Bis In Die (twice a day)

8) Онкология: Bis In Die (Twice a day)

9) Деловая лексика: Break It Down, Business Improvement District

10) Химическое оружие: barricaded intraline distance

11) Чат: Back In The Days, But I Digress

12) NYSE. Sotheby Holdings, Inc.

13) Аэропорты: Block Island, Rhode Island USA

1) Медицина: два раза в день (bis in die), два раза в сутки (р/сут) (В медицине обычно используется фраза "в сутки", а не "в день"), дважды в день, дважды в сутки

2) Военный термин: Brazilian Infantry Division, British Intelligence Department

3) Автомобильный термин: breakerless inductive discharge (AMC)

4) Грубое выражение: Big Ignorant Dummy

5) Сокращение: biology (comb form)

6) Физиология: Bis In Die, Brought In Dead, Twice A Day, Twice Daily, Bis In Die (twice daily)

7) Вычислительная техника: Bis In Die (twice a day)

8) Онкология: Bis In Die (Twice a day)

9) Деловая лексика: Break It Down, Business Improvement District

10) Химическое оружие: barricaded intraline distance

11) Чат: Back In The Days, But I Digress

12) NYSE. Sotheby Holdings, Inc.

13) Аэропорты: Block Island, Rhode Island USA

SUBJECT AREA: Textiles

[br]

[br]

[br]

He was the son of Benjamin and Isabel Arnold, but his mother died when he was 2 years old and after his father's second marriage he was largely left to look after himself. After attending the village school he learnt the trade of a carpenter, and following this he became a machinist. He entered the employment of Samuel Slater, but left after a few years to engage in the unsuccessful manufacture of woollen blankets. He became involved in an engineering shop, where he devised a machine for taking wool off a carding machine and making it into endless slivers or rovings for spinning. He then became associated with a cotton-spinning mill, which led to his most important invention. The carded cotton sliver had to be reduced in thickness before it could be spun on the final machines such as the mule or the waterframe. The roving, as the mass of cotton fibres was called at this stage, was thin and very delicate because it could not be twisted to give strength, as this would not allow it to be drawn out again during the next stage. In order to wind the roving on to bobbins, the speed of the bobbin had to be just right but the diameter of the bobbin increased as it was filled. Obtaining the correct reduction in speed as the circumference increased was partially solved by the use of double-coned pulleys, but the driving belt was liable to slip owing to the power that had to be transmitted.

The final solution to the problem came with the introduction of the differential drive with bevel gears or a sun-and-planet motion. Arnold had invented this compound motion in 1818 but did not think of applying it to the roving frame until 1820. It combined the direct-gearing drive from the main shaft of the machine with that from the cone-drum drive so that the latter only provided the difference between flyer and bobbin speeds, which meant that most of the transmission power was taken away from the belt. The patent for this invention was issued to Arnold on 23 January 1823 and was soon copied in Britain by Henry Houldsworth, although J.Green of Mansfield may have originated it independendy in the same year. Arnold's patent was widely infringed in America and he sued the Proprietors of the Locks and Canals, machine makers for the Lowell manufacturers, for $30,000, eventually receiving $3,500 compensation. Arnold had his own machine shop but he gave it up in 1838 and moved the Philadelphia, where he operated the Mulhausen Print Works. Around 1850 he went to Washington, DC, and became a patent attorney, remaining as such until his death. On 24 June 1856 he was granted patent for a self-setting and self-raking saw for sawing machines.

[br]

1) Общая лексика: neighbourhood policing team (отряд участковых и дружинников:) ; http://www.essex.police.uk/yourarea/y_npt_01.php), The National Preservation Trust, Non-Proliferation Treaty

2) Спорт: National Push Tournament

3) Военный термин: NATO preparation time, Network Planning Terminal, Non-Proliferation( of Nuclear Weapons) Treaty, Nonproliferation Treaty, Nuclear Power Training, napalm, phosphorus, thermite, Договор о нераспространении ядерного оружия

4) Техника: normal temperature and pressure

5) Железнодорожный термин: Portland Terminal RailRoad Company (Oregon)

6) Юридический термин: Neighborhood Police Team

7) Сокращение: Non-Proliferation Treaty (Nuclear weapons), taper pipe thread, National taper pipe (thread), National Pipe Thread (Национальная Трубная Резьба, США. Соответствует резьбе конической дюймовой с углом профиля 60 град. ГОСТ 6111-52.), Назальный провокационный тест или nasal provocative testing

8) Электроника: Non Punch Through

9) Вычислительная техника: nested page tables, вложенные таблицы страниц

10) Нефть: American standard taper pipe thread, net plunger travel, non productive time, нормальная трубная резьба, нормальные давление и температура (normal pressure and temperature)

11) СМИ: Nashville Public Television, Nebraska Public Television, Normal Play Time

12) Бурение: Американская нормальная коническая трубная резьба (American standard taper pipe thread), непродуктивное время (non-productive time), trouble time

13) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: nation pipe thread (type of piping connection)

14) Нефтегазовая техника стандартная трубная резьба (national pipe thread)

15) Сетевые технологии: National Pdes Testbed, Network Point Type

16) Полимеры: national pipe thread, normal pressure and temperature

17) Пластмассы: National Pipe Tapered

18) Общая лексика: normal pipe thread

19) Химическое оружие: normal pressure and temperature conditions (temperature 0шC, pressure 1.013 Pa)

20) Расширение файла: Non-Programmable Terminal

21) Нефть и газ: non-productive time, nonproductive time, непроизводительное время (non-productive time)

22) МИД: (Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty) ДНЯО (Договор о нераспространении ядерного оружия)

23) Общественная организация: National Park Trust

24) Чат: Now Please Try

25) Аэропорты: Newport, Rhode Island USA

26) Международная торговля: Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty