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101 استعاديا
adv. retrospectively -
102 بإثر رجعي
adv. retrospectively -
103 retrospektivně
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104 Ex post facto
• After the fact, or Retrospectively -
105 in retrospect
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106 retrospettivamente
avv [retrospettiva'mente] -
107 avec le recul
Dictionnaire juridique, politique, économique et financier > avec le recul
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108 რეტროსპექტულად
advretrospectively -
109 zurückblickend
1. retrospective2. retrospectively adv -
110 Theory
Neurath has likened science to a boat which, if we are to rebuild it, we must rebuild plank by plank while staying afloat in it. The philosopher and the scientist are in the same boat....Analyze theory-building how we will, we all must start in the middle. Our conceptual firsts are middle-sized, middle-distanced objects, and our introduction to them and to everything comes midway in the cultural evolution of the race. In assimilating this cultural fare we are little more aware of a distinction between report and invention, substance and style, cues and conceptualization, than we are of a distinction between the proteins and the carbohydrates of our material intake. Retrospectively we may distinguish the components of theory-building, as we distinguish the proteins and carbohydrates while subsisting on them. (Quine, 1960, pp. 4-6)Theories are usually introduced when previous study of a class of phenomena has revealed a system of uniformities.... Theories then seek to explain those regularities and, generally, to afford a deeper and more accurate understanding of the phenomena in question. To this end, a theory construes those phenomena as manifestations of entities and processes that lie behind or beneath them, as it were. (Hempel, 1966, p. 70)A strong approach [to construct validation] looks on construct validation as tough-minded testing of specific hypotheses:heoretical concepts are defined conceptually or implicitly by their role in a network of nomological or statistical "laws." The meaning is partially given by the theoretical network, however tentative and as yet impoverished that network may be. Crudely put, you know what you mean by an entity to the extent that statements about it in the theoretical language are linked to statements in the observational language. These statements are about where it's found, what it does, what it's made of. Only a few of those properties are directly tied to observables [p. 136]. In [an early] theory sketch, based upon some experience and data, everything said is conjectural. We have tentative notions about some indicators of the construct with unknown validities [p. 144]. [When we check up empirically on predictions from the model] we are testing the crude theory sketch, we are tightening the network psychometrically, and we are validating the indicators. All of these are done simultaneously [p. 149]. [Extracted with elisions and some paraphrase from Meehl & Golden, 1982.] (Cronbach, 1990, p. 183)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Theory
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111 בא III
בָּאIII m. (part, of בֹּוא) coming, future. עולם הַבָּא (abbr. עו״הב) the world to come, futurity. Snh.X, 1; a. fr.לְהַבָּא (Bab.), לַבָּא (Y.) in future. מכאן ול׳ (מיכן) from this date and further, opp. למפרע retrospectively, or מעיקרא in the past. Pes.7b לה׳ משמע it refers to an act to be performed. Snh.27a מיכן ולה׳וכ׳ he becomes disqualified as a witness from now and in future (previous testimonies not being effected). Y.Ter.I, 40b bot.; a. fr.V. בּוֹא. -
112 בָּא
בָּאIII m. (part, of בֹּוא) coming, future. עולם הַבָּא (abbr. עו״הב) the world to come, futurity. Snh.X, 1; a. fr.לְהַבָּא (Bab.), לַבָּא (Y.) in future. מכאן ול׳ (מיכן) from this date and further, opp. למפרע retrospectively, or מעיקרא in the past. Pes.7b לה׳ משמע it refers to an act to be performed. Snh.27a מיכן ולה׳וכ׳ he becomes disqualified as a witness from now and in future (previous testimonies not being effected). Y.Ter.I, 40b bot.; a. fr.V. בּוֹא. -
113 זיקה
זִיקָהf. (זָקַק; cmp. בִּילָה fr. בלל) (tie, chain, 1) obligation, duty. Y.Ter.VI, end, 44b זִיקַת תרומהוכ׳ the obligation to pay Trumah and tithes. Y.Maasr.II, 50a top לא בא לז׳וכ׳ it has not yet come under the obligation of tithes. Treat. Smaḥ. ch. XIII ז׳ שמירתו עליו the duty of watching the corpse rests upon him. Yalk. Gen. 151 חוץ לזיקא הן עומדין (corr. acc.) they are not pledged. 2) legal restriction. Snh.50b זיקת הבעל marital ties, betrothal.Esp. zikah, the interdependence of a childless widow and her late husbands brothers, the levirate relation. Yeb.17b, a. fr. יש ז׳ the relation between a woman and her eventual yabam is a real connection, i. e. carries with it all legal consequences as regards the laws of incest and the right of interference with her vows, אין ז׳ the levirate relation is no marital connection as long as the levirate marriage is not consummated, Ib. III, 9, v. יָבָם. Y. ib. I, 2d; XIII, beg.13d ממאנת … לעקור זיקת המת she may refuse the yabam so as to annul retrospectively the relation between herself and her deceased husband, v. מָאֵן; a. fr. -
114 זִיקָה
זִיקָהf. (זָקַק; cmp. בִּילָה fr. בלל) (tie, chain, 1) obligation, duty. Y.Ter.VI, end, 44b זִיקַת תרומהוכ׳ the obligation to pay Trumah and tithes. Y.Maasr.II, 50a top לא בא לז׳וכ׳ it has not yet come under the obligation of tithes. Treat. Smaḥ. ch. XIII ז׳ שמירתו עליו the duty of watching the corpse rests upon him. Yalk. Gen. 151 חוץ לזיקא הן עומדין (corr. acc.) they are not pledged. 2) legal restriction. Snh.50b זיקת הבעל marital ties, betrothal.Esp. zikah, the interdependence of a childless widow and her late husbands brothers, the levirate relation. Yeb.17b, a. fr. יש ז׳ the relation between a woman and her eventual yabam is a real connection, i. e. carries with it all legal consequences as regards the laws of incest and the right of interference with her vows, אין ז׳ the levirate relation is no marital connection as long as the levirate marriage is not consummated, Ib. III, 9, v. יָבָם. Y. ib. I, 2d; XIII, beg.13d ממאנת … לעקור זיקת המת she may refuse the yabam so as to annul retrospectively the relation between herself and her deceased husband, v. מָאֵן; a. fr. -
115 זמן I
זְמַןI ch. sam( Nithpa. נִזְדַּמֵּן to join ones self to).Part. pass. זְמִין ready, prepared. Targ. Ex. 34:2 (Y. זַמִין, זַמְיַן, incorr.).Ib. 19:11; 15 זְמִינִין (Y. II מְזַמְנַן, v. infra).v. זְמִינָא. Pa. זַמֵּין 1) to invite; to appoint; to summon; to prepare. Targ. Mic. 3:5. Targ. Ex. 19:10; 14 (ed. Berl. זָמֵין, v. Berl. Targ. O. II, p. 2 5); a. fr. (Ib. 25:22 ואִיזַמָן, ed. Berl. ואֵיזָמֵין, Y. אֵיזְמַן, Ithpe..M. Kat. 16a מְזַמְּנִינָן ליהוכ׳ we summon him Cant. R. to V, 13 ביומוי דזַמְּנִינָןוכ׳ (not דזמניין) in those my days when we invited two parties of scholars (for discussions).Part. pass. מְזַמַּן (hebraism: מְזוּמָּן). Targ. Ps. 72:17 (h. text ינון).Pl. constr. מְזַמְּנֵי. Targ. Y. Num. 1:16 (h. text קריאי). (Ib. 26:9 מנמנמי Ar., read מזמני; ed. מערעי). 2) to appoint a meal in common, to say grace in common., Ber.45b ניהדר ונְזַמֵּן let us go back and agree (retrospectively) to make our meal a common one. Af. אַזְמֵין same. Targ. Y. Gen. 24:7. Targ. 1 Sam. 16:3. Targ. Ex. 19:10 ותַזְ׳ some ed. v. supra; a. fr.Ber.50b אַזְמוּן עלייהו they counted them in for common grace, v. preced. Pi.Snh.48a דאַזְמְנֵיהוכ׳ which one designated for B. Bath.58a sq. אי אתי אינש מעלמא ומַזְמִין ליה לדינא Ms. M. (ed. incorr.) if any unknown man will come and sue him; a. fr. Ithpa. אִזְדַּמֵּן 1) as preced. Nithpa. Targ. Job 33:23.Targ. Y. II Gen. 19:31 למִיזְדַּמְנָאוכ׳ to join us in wedlock (cmp. זְוַג).Targ. Am. 3:3; a. e. 2) to prepare ones self. Targ. Josh. 7:13; a. e. Targ. Y. II Gen. 22:8 יזדמן, read יְזַמֵּן.Contr. אִיזַּמֵּן, Ithpa. אִיזְּמִין, v. supra. -
116 זְמַן
זְמַןI ch. sam( Nithpa. נִזְדַּמֵּן to join ones self to).Part. pass. זְמִין ready, prepared. Targ. Ex. 34:2 (Y. זַמִין, זַמְיַן, incorr.).Ib. 19:11; 15 זְמִינִין (Y. II מְזַמְנַן, v. infra).v. זְמִינָא. Pa. זַמֵּין 1) to invite; to appoint; to summon; to prepare. Targ. Mic. 3:5. Targ. Ex. 19:10; 14 (ed. Berl. זָמֵין, v. Berl. Targ. O. II, p. 2 5); a. fr. (Ib. 25:22 ואִיזַמָן, ed. Berl. ואֵיזָמֵין, Y. אֵיזְמַן, Ithpe..M. Kat. 16a מְזַמְּנִינָן ליהוכ׳ we summon him Cant. R. to V, 13 ביומוי דזַמְּנִינָןוכ׳ (not דזמניין) in those my days when we invited two parties of scholars (for discussions).Part. pass. מְזַמַּן (hebraism: מְזוּמָּן). Targ. Ps. 72:17 (h. text ינון).Pl. constr. מְזַמְּנֵי. Targ. Y. Num. 1:16 (h. text קריאי). (Ib. 26:9 מנמנמי Ar., read מזמני; ed. מערעי). 2) to appoint a meal in common, to say grace in common., Ber.45b ניהדר ונְזַמֵּן let us go back and agree (retrospectively) to make our meal a common one. Af. אַזְמֵין same. Targ. Y. Gen. 24:7. Targ. 1 Sam. 16:3. Targ. Ex. 19:10 ותַזְ׳ some ed. v. supra; a. fr.Ber.50b אַזְמוּן עלייהו they counted them in for common grace, v. preced. Pi.Snh.48a דאַזְמְנֵיהוכ׳ which one designated for B. Bath.58a sq. אי אתי אינש מעלמא ומַזְמִין ליה לדינא Ms. M. (ed. incorr.) if any unknown man will come and sue him; a. fr. Ithpa. אִזְדַּמֵּן 1) as preced. Nithpa. Targ. Job 33:23.Targ. Y. II Gen. 19:31 למִיזְדַּמְנָאוכ׳ to join us in wedlock (cmp. זְוַג).Targ. Am. 3:3; a. e. 2) to prepare ones self. Targ. Josh. 7:13; a. e. Targ. Y. II Gen. 22:8 יזדמן, read יְזַמֵּן.Contr. אִיזַּמֵּן, Ithpa. אִיזְּמִין, v. supra. -
117 כתם
כֶּתֶםm. (b. h.; preced.) 1) dark-red stain, esp. stain on a womans clothes or body, as an indication of uncleanness (v. נִדָּה). Nidd.4b כִּתְמָהּ טמא למפרע a stain found on her makes her unclean retrospectively (up to the time when she last washed herself). Ib. 5a יש לה כ׳ is subject to the law concerning kethem. Ib. VIII, 1. Y. ib. I, 49c אין לה כ׳ is not subject to the law, v. supra; a. fr.Pl. כְּתָמִים, כְּתָמִין. Ib. VII, 3, sq. Tosef. ib. VIII, 12; a. fr. 2) gold. Ex. R. s. 8; Tanḥ. Vaëra 8, v. פָּז. R. Hash. 4a (ref. to Ps. 45:10) זכיתם לכ׳ אופיר you are rewarded with gold of Ophir. -
118 כֶּתֶם
כֶּתֶםm. (b. h.; preced.) 1) dark-red stain, esp. stain on a womans clothes or body, as an indication of uncleanness (v. נִדָּה). Nidd.4b כִּתְמָהּ טמא למפרע a stain found on her makes her unclean retrospectively (up to the time when she last washed herself). Ib. 5a יש לה כ׳ is subject to the law concerning kethem. Ib. VIII, 1. Y. ib. I, 49c אין לה כ׳ is not subject to the law, v. supra; a. fr.Pl. כְּתָמִים, כְּתָמִין. Ib. VII, 3, sq. Tosef. ib. VIII, 12; a. fr. 2) gold. Ex. R. s. 8; Tanḥ. Vaëra 8, v. פָּז. R. Hash. 4a (ref. to Ps. 45:10) זכיתם לכ׳ אופיר you are rewarded with gold of Ophir. -
119 מפרעַ
מִפְרֵעַm. (פָּרַע) upsetting; לְמִ׳ (adv.; cmp. הפך) 1) irregularly, out of order. Meg.II, 1 הקורא … למ׳ he who reads the Book of Esther in an irregular way (corresp. to סירוסין, ib. 18b top). Ib. 17a (ref. to Esth. 9:27) מה זמנם למ׳ לא אף כתבם למ׳ לא as you cannot disregard the order of these days in celebrating their season, so you must not transpose the order in which the events of these days are described. Ib. (ref. to Esth. 9:28) מה עשייה למ׳ לא אף זכירה למ׳ לא as you cannot subvert the celebration, so yon must not subvert the order of recitation. Ber.13a; Sot.32b; a. e. 2) backward, retroactively, retrospectively, opp. מכאן ולהבא. Snh.27a למ׳ הוא נפסל he becomes disqualified as witness retroactively, i. e. his testimonies are invalidated from the time that he perjured himself (opp. מיכן ולהבא, v. בָּא III). Erub.37b, sq ונמצא … למ׳ and the retroactive result would be that he drank untithed wine at the time; Y.Dem.VII, 26b למִפְרֵעוֹ. Y.Gitt.III, end, 45b למפרעו הוא נעשה הומץ is it to be considered as sour wine at the time, i. e. from the day that he was bound to examine it? Tosef.Sot.XI, 9 מְנֵה … למ׳ count thirty-three days backward. Gen. R. s. 49 חזור בך למ׳ take up the argument going back gradually (from fifty to forty-five); a. fr.Tosef.Ber.IV, 19, sq. לברך למ׳ to say the blessing after meal, opp. (ל)כתחלה; Pes.101b. -
120 מִפְרֵעַ
מִפְרֵעַm. (פָּרַע) upsetting; לְמִ׳ (adv.; cmp. הפך) 1) irregularly, out of order. Meg.II, 1 הקורא … למ׳ he who reads the Book of Esther in an irregular way (corresp. to סירוסין, ib. 18b top). Ib. 17a (ref. to Esth. 9:27) מה זמנם למ׳ לא אף כתבם למ׳ לא as you cannot disregard the order of these days in celebrating their season, so you must not transpose the order in which the events of these days are described. Ib. (ref. to Esth. 9:28) מה עשייה למ׳ לא אף זכירה למ׳ לא as you cannot subvert the celebration, so yon must not subvert the order of recitation. Ber.13a; Sot.32b; a. e. 2) backward, retroactively, retrospectively, opp. מכאן ולהבא. Snh.27a למ׳ הוא נפסל he becomes disqualified as witness retroactively, i. e. his testimonies are invalidated from the time that he perjured himself (opp. מיכן ולהבא, v. בָּא III). Erub.37b, sq ונמצא … למ׳ and the retroactive result would be that he drank untithed wine at the time; Y.Dem.VII, 26b למִפְרֵעוֹ. Y.Gitt.III, end, 45b למפרעו הוא נעשה הומץ is it to be considered as sour wine at the time, i. e. from the day that he was bound to examine it? Tosef.Sot.XI, 9 מְנֵה … למ׳ count thirty-three days backward. Gen. R. s. 49 חזור בך למ׳ take up the argument going back gradually (from fifty to forty-five); a. fr.Tosef.Ber.IV, 19, sq. לברך למ׳ to say the blessing after meal, opp. (ל)כתחלה; Pes.101b.
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retrospectively — ret·ro·spec·tive·ly … English syllables
