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41 intern
I Adj. internal; das ist eine interne Sache auch that’s something that concerns us ( oder them etc.)II Adv. internally; (unter uns etc.) among ourselves ( oder themselves etc.); ( auch intern gesehen) seen from the inside, on the inside* * *intra; inner; in-house; internal* * *in|tẹrn [ɪn'tɛrn]1. adjinternaldiese Maßnahmen müssen vorläufig intern bleiben — for the time being these measures must be kept private
2. advinternally* * *in·tern[ɪnˈtɛrn]II. adv internallyetw \intern regeln [o klären] to resolve sth internally* * *1.1) internal2) (im Internat wohnend)2.adverbial internallywir haben das Jubiläum nur intern gefeiert — we only celebrated the anniversary among ourselves
* * *A. adj internal;…intern im adj:eine schulinterne Regelung a school regulation, a regulation affecting only the school;universitätsinterne Angelegenheiten a ( oder the) university’s internal affairs;vereinsintern klären settle sth within the club* * *1.1) internal2.adverbial internally* * *adj.interior adj.internal adj.intra adj. adv.internally adv. -
42 streng
I Adj.1. (hart, unerbittlich) severe (auch Blick, Kritik, Maßnahme, Strafe, Richter, Winter etc.); (unnachsichtig) stern (auch Blick, Gesicht); (hart) auch harsh, hard; (unnachgiebig) rigid; Lebensführung, Charakter, Stil: austere; Frisur, Kleid: severe; strenge Worte harsh words2. Person, Diät, Disziplin, Erziehung, Vorschrift etc.: strict; Anforderungen, Prüfung: rigorous; Maßnahme, Regel: strict, stringent; streng sein zu oder mit jemandem be strict with ( oder hard on) s.o.; streng gegen sich sein be hard on o.s.; unter einem strengen Elternhaus leiden be given a strict upbringing; er ist streng, aber gerecht he is strict but fair; strenger Aufbau eines Dramas etc.: tight structure; strengste Diskretion absolute discretion; strenger Katholik strict Catholic; strenge Sitten strict morals; strenges Stillschweigen strict secrecy; strenge Trennung strict division ( oder separation); strenge Untersuchung rigorous investigation; Regiment 13. Geschmack, Geruch: acrid, pungentII Adv.1. severely; streng geschnitten Gesicht: with severe features; Kleid, Frisur: severely styled; jemanden streng ansehen give s.o. a severe look; streng durchgreifen take stringent ( oder rigorous) measures; streng erziehen bring up strictly2. (genau) strictly; streng genommen strictly speaking; streng befolgen, sich streng an etw. halten adhere strictly to; etw. streng nehmen take s.th. seriously; streng geheim top secret; streng vertraulich in strict confidence; auch amtlich: strictly confidential; streng Diät leben follow a strict diet; streng( stens) verboten strictly forbidden ( oder prohibited); streng katholisch sein be a strict Catholic; jemanden streng bewachen keep s.o. under close watch ( oder surveillance); streng sachlich betrachtet from a strictly objective point of view; streng unterscheiden zwischen make a clear(-cut) distinction between; Vorschrift* * *severe; stringent; stern; exacting; austere; rigorous; strict* * *strẹng [ʃtrɛŋ]1. adj1) strict; Regel, Kontrolle strict, stringent; Maßnahmen stringent; Bestrafung severe; Anforderungen rigorous; Ausdruck, Blick, Gesicht stern; Sitten, Disziplin rigid, strict; Stillschweigen, Diskretion absolute; Mode, Schnitt severe; Kritik, Urteil harsh, severe; Richter severe, stern; Lebensführung, Schönheit, Form austere; Examen stiffSee:→ Regiment2) (= durchdringend) Geruch, Geschmack pungent; Frost, Kälte, Winter intense, severe3) (= strenggläubig) Katholik, Moslem etc strict2. adv1) (= unnachgiebig) befolgen, einhalten strictly, rigidly; tadeln, bestrafen severely; vertraulich, wissenschaftlich strictlystreng gegen jdn/etw vorgehen — to deal severely with sb/sth
2)(= intensiv)
streng riechen/schmecken — to have a pungent smell/taste3) (Sw)* * *1) (severely simple and plain; without luxuries or unnecessary expenditure: an austere way of life.) austere2) ((of weather) severe: a hard winter.) hard3) (very strict, and not likely to change: rigid rules; rigid discipline; rigid views on education; a stern, rigid headmaster.) rigid4) (strict: a rigorous training.) rigorous5) rigorously6) severely7) (strict or harsh: a severe mother; severe criticism.) severe8) sternly9) (harsh, severe or strict: The teacher looked rather stern; stern discipline.) stern10) strictly11) (severe, stern, and compelling obedience: This class needs a strict teacher; His parents were very strict with him; The school rules are too strict; strict orders.) strict12) ((of rules etc) very strict, or strongly enforced: There should be much more stringent laws against the dropping of rubbish in the streets.) stringent13) stringently14) ((of control etc) strict and very careful: She keeps (a) tight control over her emotions.) tight* * *[ʃtrɛŋ]I. adj1. (auf Disziplin achtend) strict▪ \streng [zu jdm] sein to be strict [towards [or with] sb]eine \strenge Erziehung a strict education2. (unnachsichtig) severeein \strenger Verweis a severe reprimand\strenge Disziplin strict [or stern] discipline\strenge Kontrolle strict [or stringent] control3. (strikt) strict\strenge Einhaltung der Vorschriften strict observance of the rules\strenge Anweisung strict instructionseine \strenge Diät/Überprüfung a strict diet/rigorous examination\strenge Bettruhe complete [or absolute] [bed] rest4. (durchdringend) pungent5. (extrem kalt) severe\strenger Frost/Winter sharp [or severe] frost/severe winter\strenge Kälte intense cold6. (konsequent) strictich bin \strenger Antialkoholiker/Vegetarier/Katholik/Moslem I am a strict teetotaller/vegetarian/Catholic/MuslimII. adv1. (unnachsichtig) strictlywir wurden sehr \streng erzogen we were brought up very strictly\streng durchgreifen to take rigorous actionkontrollieren Sie nächstens \strenger make a more rigorous check next time2. (strikt) strictlyich verbiete Ihnen \strengstens, so etwas noch einmal zu machen! I strictly forbid you to do anything like that again!\streng genommen strictly speakingdu solltest es mit seiner Erziehung \strenger nehmen you should take his education more seriously3. (durchdringend) pungentlywas riecht hier so \streng? what's that strong [or pungent] smell?der Käse schmeckt mir doch etwas zu \streng the cheese is rather too strong [or sharp] for me* * *1.1) (hart) strict <teacher, parents, upbringing, principle>; severe < punishment>; stringent, strict <rule, regulation, etc.>; stringent < measure>; rigorous <examination, check, test, etc.>; stern <reprimand, look>2) nicht präd. (strikt) strict <order, punctuality, diet, instruction, Catholic>; absolute < discretion>; complete < rest>3) nicht präd. (schnörkellos) austere, severe <cut, collar, style, etc.>; severe < hairstyle>4) (herb) severe <face, features, etc.>5) (durchdringend) pungent, sharp <taste, smell>2.1) (hart) <mark, judge, etc.> strictly, severely; < punish> severely; <look, reprimand> sternly2) (strikt) strictly4) (durchdringend) < smell> strongly* * *A. adj1. (hart, unerbittlich) severe (auch Blick, Kritik, Maßnahme, Strafe, Richter, Winter etc); (unnachsichtig) stern (auch Blick, Gesicht); (hart) auch harsh, hard; (unnachgiebig) rigid; Lebensführung, Charakter, Stil: austere; Frisur, Kleid: severe;strenge Worte harsh words2. Person, Diät, Disziplin, Erziehung, Vorschrift etc: strict; Anforderungen, Prüfung: rigorous; Maßnahme, Regel: strict, stringent;mit jemandem be strict with ( oder hard on) sb;streng gegen sich sein be hard on o.s.;unter einem strengen Elternhaus leiden be given a strict upbringing;er ist streng, aber gerecht he is strict but fair;strenger Aufbau eines Dramas etc: tight structure;strengste Diskretion absolute discretion;strenger Katholik strict Catholic;strenge Sitten strict morals;strenges Stillschweigen strict secrecy;strenge Trennung strict division ( oder separation);3. Geschmack, Geruch: acrid, pungentB. adv1. severely;jemanden streng ansehen give sb a severe look;streng durchgreifen take stringent ( oder rigorous) measures;streng erziehen bring up strictly2. (genau) strictly;streng genommen strictly speaking;streng befolgen, sich streng an etwashalten adhere strictly to;etwas streng nehmen take sth seriously;streng geheim top secret;streng vertraulich in strict confidence; auch amtlich: strictly confidential;streng Diät leben follow a strict diet;streng(stens) verboten strictly forbidden ( oder prohibited);streng katholisch sein be a strict Catholic;jemanden streng bewachen keep sb under close watch ( oder surveillance);streng sachlich betrachtet from a strictly objective point of view;* * *1.1) (hart) strict <teacher, parents, upbringing, principle>; severe < punishment>; stringent, strict <rule, regulation, etc.>; stringent < measure>; rigorous <examination, check, test, etc.>; stern <reprimand, look>2) nicht präd. (strikt) strict <order, punctuality, diet, instruction, Catholic>; absolute < discretion>; complete < rest>3) nicht präd. (schnörkellos) austere, severe <cut, collar, style, etc.>; severe < hairstyle>4) (herb) severe <face, features, etc.>5) (durchdringend) pungent, sharp <taste, smell>2.1) (hart) <mark, judge, etc.> strictly, severely; < punish> severely; <look, reprimand> sternly2) (strikt) strictly4) (durchdringend) < smell> strongly* * *adj.austere adj.draconian adj.rigorous adj.severe adj.strict adj. adv.austerely adv.severely adv.sternly adv.strictly adv.stringently adv. -
43 विधान
vi-dhā́namf (ī)n. disposing, arranging, regulating Vait. ;
acting, performing, possessing, having MW. ;
m. N. of a Sādhya Hariv. ;
n. order, measure, disposition, arrangement, regulation, rule, precept, method, manner RV. etc. etc. (instr. sg. andᅠ pl., andᅠ - tas ind. according to rule orᅠ precept;
saṉkhyā-vidhānāt, according to mathematical method, mathematically;
deṡa-kāla-vidhānena, in the right place andᅠ at the right time);
medical prescription orᅠ regulation, diet Suṡr. ;
fate, destiny MBh. Kāv. ;
taking measures, contriving, managing Mn. MBh. etc.;
a means, expedient Pañcat. ;
setting up (machines) Yājñ. ;
creating, creation Kum. Ragh. ;
performance (esp. of prescribed acts orᅠ rites), execution, making, doing, accomplishing Mn. MBh. etc.;
enumeration, statement of particulars Suṡr. ;
(in dram.) conflict of different feelings, occasion for joy andᅠ sorrow Sāh. Pratāp. ;
(in gram.) affixing, prefixing, taking as an affix etc. W. ;
an elephant's fodder etc. Ṡiṡ. V, 51 ;
(only L. worship;
wealth;
wages;
sending;
act of hostility etc.);
- kalpa m. - khaṇḍa m. orᅠ n. (?) N. of wks.;
- ga m. « rulegoer», a Paṇḍit, teacher L. ;
- gumpha m. N. of wk.;
- jña mfn. one who knows rules orᅠ precepts MBh. Suṡr. ;
m. a teacher, Paṇḍit W. ;
- tilaka n. - pārijāta m. - mālā f. N. of wks.;
- yukta mfn. agreeable to rule orᅠ precept MBh. ;
- ratna n. - ratnamālā f. - rahasya n. N. of wks.;
- saptamī f. N. of the 7th day in the light half of Māgha W. ;
- sārasaṉgraha m. N. of wk.;
- nôkta mfn. proclaimed orᅠ enjoined according to rule orᅠ (sacred) precept Bhag.
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44 установленный
прич. и прил.established, fixed; (правилами, уставом и т.п.) prescribedустано́вленный поря́док [факт] — established order [fact]
устано́вленный час — fixed hour
в устано́вленном поря́дке — in the prescribed manner; duly, appropriately
представи́тель, назна́ченный в устано́вленном поря́дке — duly appointed representative
в устано́вленный зако́ном срок — within legally established / required time
по устано́вленной фо́рме — in accordance with [according to] a set form
устано́вленная ско́рость — regulation speed
устано́вленного разме́ра — of standard / regulation size
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45 установленный
1. determinate2. given3. standing4. adjusted5. adjusting6. rated7. establishedучреждённый, установленный законом — established by law
8. institutional9. mountedорудие, установленное на лафете — mounted gun
10. placed11. probated12. statedиначе, чем это установлено выше — other than as stated above
13. regulationСинонимический ряд:1. введенный (прил.) введенный; учрежденный2. определенный (прил.) найденный; определенный3. поставленный (прил.) поставленный4. принятый (прил.) общепринятый; общеустановленный; принятый -
46 Überstundenarbeit
Überstundenarbeit f PERS overtime work, overtime working* * *f < Person> overtime work, overtime working* * *Überstundenarbeit
extra work, working overtime, overwork;
• Überstundenbezahlung overtime [premium] pay, call-back (time and one-half) pay;
• Überstundenforderung overtime request;
• Überstundengeld premium pay, overtime bonus (compensation, payment);
• Überstundengeld erhalten to be paid extra for overtime;
• Überstundengenehmigung overtime authorization;
• Überstundengesuch overtime request;
• Überstundenlohn overtime wage (pay);
• Überstundenlohnsatz overtime rate;
• Überstundenpass overtime permit;
• Überstundenprämie premium pay, overtime premium;
• Überstundenregelung overtime regulation;
• Überstundensatz overtime rate;
• anderthalbfacher Überstundentarifsatz overtime rate of time and a half;
• Überstundenverbot overtime ban;
• Überstundenverdienste overtime payments;
• Überstundenvereinbarung (Löhne) stretchout agreement;
• Überstundenvergütung overtime (premium) pay, overtime allowance, special allowance for irregular hours;
• Überstundenvorauszahlungsschema prepayment plan (US). -
47 normalización
f.normalization, standardization.* * *1 normalization* * *SF1) [de relaciones, servicio, situación] normalizationla normalización del uso del catalán en las escuelas — the standardization of Catalan in the schools
normalización lingüística — policy of making the local language official within an autonomous region
2) (Com, Téc) standardization* * *1) ( de situación) normalization2) ( estandarización) standardization* * *= normalisation [normalization, -USA], standardisation [standardization, -USA], standards-making, rulemaking [rule-making].Ex. It is only by human intervention at the time of data creation that sufficient normalization can be effected to make innovative machine access meaningful.Ex. This degree of standardisation is not the pattern outside of this specific area of application.Ex. OSI is a de jure standard, formally approved by an official standards-making body and often having the status of a law or treaty.Ex. Rulemaking of this kind goes to the heart of the notion of the nation state as a sovereign entity.----* agencia de normalización = standards body.* establecer una normalización = impose + standardization.* grupo de normalización = standards group.* Institución Británica para la Normalización (BSI) = British Standard Institution (BSI).* normalización de un encabezamiento = establishment of + a uniform heading.* organismo de normalización = standards organisation.* Organización Internacional de Normalización = ISO.* * *1) ( de situación) normalization2) ( estandarización) standardization* * *= normalisation [normalization, -USA], standardisation [standardization, -USA], standards-making, rulemaking [rule-making].Ex: It is only by human intervention at the time of data creation that sufficient normalization can be effected to make innovative machine access meaningful.
Ex: This degree of standardisation is not the pattern outside of this specific area of application.Ex: OSI is a de jure standard, formally approved by an official standards-making body and often having the status of a law or treaty.Ex: Rulemaking of this kind goes to the heart of the notion of the nation state as a sovereign entity.* agencia de normalización = standards body.* establecer una normalización = impose + standardization.* grupo de normalización = standards group.* Institución Británica para la Normalización (BSI) = British Standard Institution (BSI).* normalización de un encabezamiento = establishment of + a uniform heading.* organismo de normalización = standards organisation.* Organización Internacional de Normalización = ISO.* * *A (de una situación) normalizationB (estandarización) standardization* * *
normalización sustantivo femenino
normalización sustantivo femenino
1 (a una norma) standardization
2 (a la normalidad) normalization: la normalización de su vida no era posible, it was impossible for his life to adjust to normality
* * *1. [vuelta a la normalidad] return to normal, normalization2. [regularización] standardizationEsp normalización lingüística = regulation by legal means of the use of the different languages spoken in a multilingual region* * *f1 normalization2 TÉC standardization* * *normalización nf, pl - ciones nf1) regularización: normalization2) estandarización: standardization -
48 ganz
1) ( vollständig) all, entire, whole;die \ganze Arbeit all the work;die \ganze Wahrheit the whole truth;die \ganze Zeit all the time, the whole time;es regnet schon den \ganzen Tag it's been raining all day;man hat mir die \ganzen 500 Euro geklaut! someone has pinched my entire 500 euros!;ist das Ihre \ganze Auswahl an CDs? are those all the CDs you've got?;\ganz Berlin schaute zu, als das letzte Stück Mauer entfernt wurde the whole of [or all] Berlin looked on as the last piece of the wall was removed;diese Verordnung gilt in \ganz Bayern this regulation applies to the whole of [or throughout] Bavaria;der \ganze Schrott wanderte in den Müll all that rubbish ended up on the scrap heap;2) ( unbestimmtes Zahlwort)eine \ganze Drehung a complete turn;eine \ganze Menge quite a lot;eine \ganze Note a semibreve;\ganze Zahl whole number, integerhoffentlich sind unsere guten Gläser noch \ganz I hope our good glasses are still in one piece;etw wieder \ganz machen to mend sth;wieder \ganz sein to be mended;das Auto ist wieder \ganz the car has been repairedsie verdient \ganze 3.200 Euro im Monat she earns all of 3,200 euros a month1) (sehr, wirklich) really;das war \ganz lieb von dir that was really kind of you;etwas \ganz Dummes something really stupid;der Kuchen ist dir \ganz wunderbar gelungen you've made a really good job of this cake;\ganz besonders especially, particularly;das war \ganz besonders ungeschickt von dir that was particularly careless of you!;ist das auch \ganz bestimmt die Wahrheit? are you sure you're telling the whole truth?2) ( ziemlich) quite;ich verdiene eigentlich ein \ganz gutes Gehalt I earn quite a good salary really;der Vorschlag ist \ganz interessant the proposal is quite interesting3) ( vollkommen) completely;das Kind war \ganz mit Schlamm bedeckt the child was completely covered in mud;du bist \ganz nass you're all wet;er ist \ganz der Vater he is just like his father;\ganz gewiss definitely;\ganz und gar completely, utterly;das ist \ganz und gar etwas anderes that is something completely different;\ganz und gar nicht not at all, not in the least;etw \ganz oder gar nicht machen to do sth properly or not at all;etw \ganz lesen to read sth from cover to cover;ich habe die Zeitschrift noch nicht \ganz gelesen I haven't finished reading the magazine yet;\ganz Recht haben to be quite [or absolutely] right;\ganz allein sein to be all alone;\ganz gleich, was passiert, ich bleibe bei dir no matter what happens, I stay with you;das ist mir \ganz gleich it's all the same to me;ich muss diesen Wagen haben, \ganz gleich, was er kostet! I must have this car, no matter what it costs;\ganz wie Sie wünschen/ meinen just as you wish/think best4) kochk\ganz durch well-done -
49 von
+dat\von woher...? where...from?, from where...?;\von weit her kommen to come from a long way away;ich fliege morgen mit der Maschine \von München nach Hamburg tomorrow I'm flying from Munich to Hamburg;\von hier bis zur Wand müssten es etwa fünf Meter sein it must be about five metres from here to the wall;\von diesem Fenster kann man alles gut beobachten you can see everything very well from this window;wie komme ich vom Bahnhof am besten zum Rathaus? how can I best get from the station to the town hall?;diese Eier sind \von unserem eigenen Hof these eggs are from our own farm;(aus... herab/ heraus) off, out of;er fiel \von der Leiter he fell off the ladder;sie fiel vom Baum she fell out of the treedie Wäsche \von der Leine nehmen to take the washing in off the line;sich den Schweiß \von der Stirn wischen to wipe sweat from one's brow;er nahm die Whiskyflasche \von der Anrichte he took the bottle of whisky from the sideboarddie Zeitung \von gestern yesterday's paper;Ihr Brief vom... your letter from...;ich kenne sie \von früher I knew her a long time ago;ich will nichts mehr \von damals wissen! I don't want to know any more about that time!;die neue Regelung gilt \von März an the new regulation is valid from March [onwards];\von wann ist der Brief? when is the letter from?;ich bin \von morgen bis zum 23. verreist I'm away from tomorrow until 23rd;für Jugendliche \von 12 bis 16 gilt ein gesonderter Tarif there is a special price for adolescents from twelve to sixteen4) (Urheber, Ursache) from;\von jdm gelobt werden to be praised by sb;müde \von der Arbeit tired of work;\von Hand gefertigt ( fig) handmade;\von einem Auto angefahren werden to be hit by a car;\von wem ist dieses schöne Geschenk? who is this lovely present from?;\von wem hast du das Buch geschenkt bekommen? who gave you the book?;\von wem weißt du das? who told you that?;\von wem ist dieser Roman? who is this novel by?;\von wem ist dieses Bild? who is this a picture of?;das Bild ist \von einem unbekannten Maler the picture is by an unknown painter;\von solchen Tricks bin ich nicht sehr beeindruckt I'm not very impressed by tricks like that;das war nicht nett \von dir! that was not nice of you!;\von was ist hier eigentlich die Rede? ( fam) what are we talking about here!;\von was sollen wir eigentlich leben? ( fam) what are we supposed to live on?die Königin \von England the Queen of England;Mutter \von vier Kindern sein to be the mother of four children;die Musik \von Beethoven Beethoven's music;das Auto \von meinem Vater ist blau my father's car is blue;er wohnt in der Nähe \von Köln he lives near Cologne;ich möchte die Interessen \von mir und meinen Geschwistern vertreten I should like to represent the interests of myself and my brothers and sisters6) (Menge, Gruppenangabe) of;einer \von vielen/ hundert one of many/one in a hundred;keiner \von diesen Vorwürfen ist wahr none of these accusations are true;keiner \von uns wusste Bescheid none of us knew about itein Mann \von Charakter a real character;eine Frau \von Schönheit a beautiful woman;eine Angelegenheit \von größter Wichtigkeit an extremely important matterein Strauß \von Rosen a bunch of roses;ein Ring \von purem Gold a ring made of pure gold9) ( bei Maßangaben) of;ein Kind \von sieben Jahren a seven year old child;eine Pause \von zehn Minuten a ten minute break;einen Abstand \von zwei Metern a distance of two metres;Städte \von über 100.000 Einwohnern cities with over 100,000 inhabitants10) ( bei deutschem Adelstitel) vonWENDUNGEN:\von wegen verschwiegen, das ist die größte Klatschbase, die ich kenne no way will she keep that quiet, she's the biggest gossip I know! -
50 Bain, Alexander
[br]b. October 1810 Watten, Scotlandd. 2 January 1877 Kirkintilloch, Scotland[br]Scottish inventor and entrepreneur who laid the foundations of electrical horology and designed an electromagnetic means of transmitting images (facsimile).[br]Alexander Bain was born into a crofting family in a remote part of Scotland. He was apprenticed to a watchmaker in Wick and during that time he was strongly influenced by a lecture on "Heat, sound and electricity" that he heard in nearby Thurso. This lecture induced him to take up a position in Clerkenwell in London, working as a journeyman clockmaker, where he was able to further his knowledge of electricity by attending lectures at the Adelaide Gallery and the Polytechnic Institution. His thoughts naturally turned to the application of electricity to clockmaking, and despite a bitter dispute with Charles Wheatstone over priority he was granted the first British patent for an electric clock. This patent, taken out on 11 January 1841, described a mechanism for an electric clock, in which an oscillating component of the clock operated a mechanical switch that initiated an electromagnetic pulse to maintain the regular, periodic motion. This principle was used in his master clock, produced in 1845. On 12 December of the same year, he patented a means of using electricity to control the operation of steam railway engines via a steam-valve. His earliest patent was particularly far-sighted and anticipated most of the developments in electrical horology that occurred during the nineteenth century. He proposed the use of electricity not only to drive clocks but also to distribute time over a distance by correcting the hands of mechanical clocks, synchronizing pendulums and using slave dials (here he was anticipated by Steinheil). However, he was less successful in putting these ideas into practice, and his electric clocks proved to be unreliable. Early electric clocks had two weaknesses: the battery; and the switching mechanism that fed the current to the electromagnets. Bain's earth battery, patented in 1843, overcame the first defect by providing a reasonably constant current to drive his clocks, but unlike Hipp he failed to produce a reliable switch.The application of Bain's numerous patents for electric telegraphy was more successful, and he derived most of his income from these. They included a patent of 12 December 1843 for a form of fax machine, a chemical telegraph that could be used for the transmission of text and of images (facsimile). At the receiver, signals were passed through a moving band of paper impregnated with a solution of ammonium nitrate and potassium ferrocyanide. For text, Morse code signals were used, and because the system could respond to signals faster than those generated by hand, perforated paper tape was used to transmit the messages; in a trial between Paris and Lille, 282 words were transmitted in less than one minute. In 1865 the Abbé Caselli, a French engineer, introduced a commercial fax service between Paris and Lyons, based on Bain's device. Bain also used the idea of perforated tape to operate musical wind instruments automatically. Bain squandered a great deal of money on litigation, initially with Wheatstone and then with Morse in the USA. Although his inventions were acknowledged, Bain appears to have received no honours, but when towards the end of his life he fell upon hard times, influential persons in 1873 secured for him a Civil List Pension of £80 per annum and the Royal Society gave him £150.[br]Bibliography1841, British patent no. 8,783; 1843, British patent no. 9,745; 1845, British patent no.10,838; 1847, British patent no. 11,584; 1852, British patent no. 14,146 (all for electric clocks).1852, A Short History of the Electric Clocks with Explanation of Their Principles andMechanism and Instruction for Their Management and Regulation, London; reprinted 1973, introd. W.Hackmann, London: Turner \& Devereux (as the title implies, this pamphlet was probably intended for the purchasers of his clocks).Further ReadingThe best account of Bain's life and work is in papers by C.A.Aked in Antiquarian Horology: "Electricity, magnetism and clocks" (1971) 7: 398–415; "Alexander Bain, the father of electrical horology" (1974) 9:51–63; "An early electric turret clock" (1975) 7:428–42. These papers were reprinted together (1976) in A Conspectus of Electrical Timekeeping, Monograph No. 12, Antiquarian Horological Society: Tilehurst.J.Finlaison, 1834, An Account of Some Remarkable Applications of the Electric Fluid to the Useful Arts by Alexander Bain, London (a contemporary account between Wheatstone and Bain over the invention of the electric clock).J.Munro, 1891, Heroes of the Telegraph, Religious Tract Society.J.Malster \& M.J.Bowden, 1976, "Facsimile. A Review", Radio \&Electronic Engineer 46:55.D.J.Weaver, 1982, Electrical Clocks and Watches, Newnes.T.Hunkin, 1993, "Just give me the fax", New Scientist (13 February):33–7 (provides details of Bain's and later fax devices).See also: Bakewell, Frederick C.DV / KF -
51 поверхностная акустическая волна
- TDM
- TDD
- TBR
- SRD
- SIN AD
- SAW
- RSSI
- RFI
- PWM
- PSK
- PDM
- OBE
- MSK
- GMSK
- FSK
- FHSS
- ETSI
- ETS
- ETR
- EMI
- DSSS
- DBPSK
- CSMA
- CDMA
- BPSK
- ASK
- ARQ
06.04.13 поверхностная акустическая волна [ surface acoustic wave; SAW]: Электроакустический эффект, используемый в системах автоматической идентификации, когда микроволновые радиосигналы малой мощности с помощью пьезоэлектрического кристалла в радиочастотной метке преобразуются в ультразвуковые поверхностные акустические волны.
Примечание - Информация об уникальной идентификации содержится в фазово-временных вариациях отраженного радиочастотной меткой сигнала.
<2>4 Сокращения
ARQ
Автоматический запрос повтора [Automatic Repeat Request]
ASK
Амплитудная манипуляция [Amplitude Shift Keying]
BPSK
Бинарная фазовая манипуляция [Binary Phase Shift Keying]
CDMA
Множественный доступ с кодовым разделением каналов [Code Division Multiple Access]
CSMA
Множественный доступ с анализом состояния канала передачи данных [Carrier Sense Multiple Access]
CSMA/CD
Множественный доступ с анализом состояния канала передачи данных и обнаружением конфликтов [Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection]
DBPSK
Дифференциальная бинарная фазовая манипуляция [Differential binary phase shift keying]
DSSS
Широкополосная модуляция с непосредственной передачей псевдослучайной последовательности [Direct sequence spread spectrum modulation]
EIRP (ЭИИМ)
Эквивалентная изотропно-излучаемая мощность [Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power]
EMI
Электромагнитная помеха [ElectroMagnetic Interference]
ETR
Технический отчет ETSI [European Telecommunications Report]
ETS
Телекоммуникационный стандарт ETSI [European Telecommunications Standard]
ETSI
Европейский институт по стандартизации в области телекоммуникаций [European Telecommunications Standards Institute]
FHSS
Широкополосная модуляция с дискретной перестройкой несущей частоты [Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum]
FSK
Частотная манипуляция [Frequency Shift Keying]
GHz (ГГц)
Гигагерц [Gigahertz]
GMSK
Минимальная гауссовская манипуляция [Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying]
kHz (кГц)
Килогерц [Kilohertz]
MSK
Минимальнофазовая частотная манипуляция [Minimum shift keying]
MHz (МГц)
Мегагерц [Megahertz]
OBE
Навесное оборудование [On-Board Equipment]
PDM
Модуляция импульса по длительности, широтно-импульсная модуляция [Pulse Duration Modulation]
PM
Фазовая модуляция [Phase modulation]
PPM (ФИМ)
Фазоимпульсная модуляция [Modulation (pulse position)]
PSK
Фазовая манипуляция [Phase Shift Keying]
PWM
Широтно-импульсная модуляция [Pulse Width Modulation]
RF/DC
Обмен данными системы радиочастотной идентификации [Radio frequency data communication]
RFI
Радиопомеха [Radio frequency interference]
RSSI
Индикатор уровня принимаемого сигнала [Receiving Signal Strength Indicator]
S/N
Отношение сигнала к шуму [Signal/noise ratio]
SAW
Поверхностная акустическая волна [Surface Acoustic Wave]
SIN AD
Отношение сигнала к шуму и искажению [Signal to Noise & Distortion]
SRD
Устройство малого радиуса действия [Short Range Device]
TBR
Технические основы регулирования [Technical Basis for Regulation]
TDD
Дуплексная связь с временным разделением каналов [Time Division Duplexing]
TDM
Временное разделение каналов [Time Division Multiplexing]
<2>Библиография
[1]
МЭК 60050-713
(IEC 60050-713)
Международный электротехнический словарь. Часть 713. Радиосвязь: приемники, передатчики, сети и их режим работы
( International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - Part 713: Radiocommunications: transmitters, receivers, networks and operation)
[2]
МЭК 60050-705
(IEC 60050-705)
Международный электротехнический словарь. Глава 705: Распространение радиоволн ( International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - Chapter 705: Radio wave propagation)
[3]
МЭК 60050-702
(IEC 60050-702)
Международный электротехнический словарь. Глава 702: Колебания, сигналы и соответствующие устройства
( International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - Chapter 702: Oscillations, signals and related devices)
[4]
МЭК 60050-121
(IEC 60050-121)
Международный электротехнический словарь. Глава 121: Электромагнетизм ( International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - Part 121: Electromagnetism)
[5]
МЭК 60050-712
(IEC 60050-712)
Международный электротехнический словарь. Глава 712: Антенны ( International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - Chapter 712: Antennas)
[6]
МЭК 60050-221
(IEC 60050-221)
Международный электротехнический словарь. Глава 221: Магнитные материалы и компоненты
( International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - Chapter 221: Magnetic materials and components)
[7]
ИСО/МЭК 2382-9:1995
(ISO/IEC2382-9:1995)
Информационная технология. Словарь. Часть 9. Обмен данными ( Information technology - Vocabulary - Part 9: Data communication)
[8]
МЭК 60050-725
(IEC 60050-725)
Международный электротехнический словарь. Глава 725: Космическая радиосвязь ( International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - Chapter 725: Space radiocommunications)
[9]
МЭК 60050-714
(IEC 60050-714)
Международный электротехнический словарь. Глава 714: Коммутация и сигнализация в электросвязи
( International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - Chapter 714: Switching and signalling in telecommunications)
[10]
МЭК 60050-704
(IEC 60050-704)
Международный Электротехнический словарь. Глава 704. Техника передачи ( International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - Chapter 704: Transmission)
[11]
МЭК 60050-161
(IEC 60050-161)
Международный электротехнический словарь. Глава 161: Электромагнитная совместимость ( International Electrotechnical Vocabulary. Chapter 161: Electromagnetic compatibility)
[12]
ИСО/МЭК 8824-1
(ISO/IEC 8824-1)
Информационные технологии. Абстрактная синтаксическая нотация версии один
(АСН.1). Часть 1. Спецификация основной нотации
(Information technology - Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1): Specification of basic notation)1)
[13]
ИСО/МЭК 9834-1
(ISO/IEC 9834-1)
Информационные технологии. Взаимосвязь открытых систем. Процедуры действий уполномоченных по регистрации ВОС. Часть 1. Общие процедуры и верхние дуги дерева идентификатора объекта АСН.1
( Information technology - Open Systems Interconnection - Procedures for the operation of OSI Registration Authorities: General procedures and top arcs of the ASN. 1 Object Identifier tree)
[14]
ИСО/МЭК 15962]
(ISO/IEC 15962)
Информационные технологии. Радиочастотная идентификация (RFID) для управления предметами. Протокол данных: правила кодирования данных и функции логической памяти
( Information technology - Radio frequency identification ( RFID) for item management - Data protocol: data encoding rules and logical memory functions)
[15]
ИСО/МЭК 19762-1
(ISO/IEC 19762-1)
Информационные технологии. Технологии автоматической идентификации и сбора данных (АИСД). Гармонизированный словарь. Часть 1. Общие термины в области АIDC ( Information technology - Automatic identification and data capture ( AIDC) techniques - Harmonized vocabulary - Part 1: General terms relating to AIDC)
[16]
ИСО/МЭК 19762-2
(ISO/IEC 19762-2)
Информационные технологии. Технологии автоматической идентификации и сбора данных (АИСД). Гармонизированный словарь. Часть 2. Оптические носители данных (ОНД)
( Information technology - Automatic identification and data capture ( AIDC) techniques - Harmonized vocabulary - Part 2: Optically readable media ( ORM))
[17]
ИСО/МЭК 19762-3
(ISO/IEC 19762-3)
Информационные технологии. Технологии автоматической идентификации и сбора данных (АИСД). Гармонизированный словарь. Часть 3. Радиочастотная идентификация (РЧИ)
( Information technology - Automatic identification and data capture ( AIDC) techniques - Harmonized vocabulary - Part 3: Radio frequency identification ( RFID))
[18]
ИСО/МЭК 19762-5
(ISO/IEC 19762-5)
Информационные технологии. Технологии автоматической идентификации и сбора данных (АИСД). Гармонизированный словарь. Часть 5. Системы определения места нахождения
( Information technology - Automatic identification and data capture ( AIDC) techniques - Harmonized vocabulary - Part 5: Locating systems)
[19]
ИСО/МЭК 18000-6
(ISO/IEC 18000-6)
Информационные технологии. Радиочастотная идентификация для управления предметами. Часть 6. Параметры радиоинтерфейса для диапазона частот 860 - 960 МГц ( Information technology - Radio frequency identification for item management - Part 6: Parameters for air interface communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz)
_____________
1)В оригинале ИСО/МЭК 19762-4 стандарты [12] - [19] включены в раздел «Библиография», однако следует учитывать, что в основном тексте стандарта ссылок на них нет.
<2>
Источник: ГОСТ Р ИСО/МЭК 19762-4-2011: Информационные технологии. Технологии автоматической идентификации и сбора данных (АИСД). Гармонизированный словарь. Часть 4. Общие термины в области радиосвязи оригинал документа
Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > поверхностная акустическая волна
-
52 עישור
עִישּׂוּר, עִשּׂוּרm. (עֶשֶׂר) one tenth; (= מַעֲשֵׂר) tithe, giving tithes. Keth.68a ראשונה נוטלת ע׳ נכסיםוכ׳ the first daughter gets one-tenth of the estate, the second one-tenth of what is left Bicc. II, 6 בשעת לקיטתו עִשּׂוּרוֹ the giving of tithes is regulated by the time it (the Ethrog) is plucked, expl. Y. ib. 65a bot. בשעת לקיטתו עישורו למעשרות ולשביעית this regulation refers to tithes as well as to the Sabbatical year (the time of plucking decides to which year the fruit belongs). Maas. Sh. V, 9; a. fr.Trnsf. dedication, sanctification. Deut. R. s. 3 (ref. to Deut. 7:13) מה פרי אדמתך צריכים ע׳ … צריכים ע׳וכ׳ as the fruit of thy soil requires sanctification by tithes, so the fruit of thy womb requires sanctification, which is circumcision.Pl. עִישּׂוּרִים, עִישּׂוּרִין, עִשּׂ׳. R. Hash. 14a נהג בו שני ע׳ he subjected it to two tithes (that of the second and that of the third year). Tosef.Dem.VIII, 18 תשעים ושלשה חסר שני ע׳ ninety-three parts less two-tenths. Ib. 15 שתי תאנים ושני ע׳ ועִישּׂוּרוֹ של עישור two figs (as Trumah), and two tithes (first and second), and tithe of the tithes (= מעשר מן המעשר); Y. ib. I, end, 22b ועישורין של עישור (corr. acc.). -
53 עשור
עִישּׂוּר, עִשּׂוּרm. (עֶשֶׂר) one tenth; (= מַעֲשֵׂר) tithe, giving tithes. Keth.68a ראשונה נוטלת ע׳ נכסיםוכ׳ the first daughter gets one-tenth of the estate, the second one-tenth of what is left Bicc. II, 6 בשעת לקיטתו עִשּׂוּרוֹ the giving of tithes is regulated by the time it (the Ethrog) is plucked, expl. Y. ib. 65a bot. בשעת לקיטתו עישורו למעשרות ולשביעית this regulation refers to tithes as well as to the Sabbatical year (the time of plucking decides to which year the fruit belongs). Maas. Sh. V, 9; a. fr.Trnsf. dedication, sanctification. Deut. R. s. 3 (ref. to Deut. 7:13) מה פרי אדמתך צריכים ע׳ … צריכים ע׳וכ׳ as the fruit of thy soil requires sanctification by tithes, so the fruit of thy womb requires sanctification, which is circumcision.Pl. עִישּׂוּרִים, עִישּׂוּרִין, עִשּׂ׳. R. Hash. 14a נהג בו שני ע׳ he subjected it to two tithes (that of the second and that of the third year). Tosef.Dem.VIII, 18 תשעים ושלשה חסר שני ע׳ ninety-three parts less two-tenths. Ib. 15 שתי תאנים ושני ע׳ ועִישּׂוּרוֹ של עישור two figs (as Trumah), and two tithes (first and second), and tithe of the tithes (= מעשר מן המעשר); Y. ib. I, end, 22b ועישורין של עישור (corr. acc.). -
54 עִישּׂוּר
עִישּׂוּר, עִשּׂוּרm. (עֶשֶׂר) one tenth; (= מַעֲשֵׂר) tithe, giving tithes. Keth.68a ראשונה נוטלת ע׳ נכסיםוכ׳ the first daughter gets one-tenth of the estate, the second one-tenth of what is left Bicc. II, 6 בשעת לקיטתו עִשּׂוּרוֹ the giving of tithes is regulated by the time it (the Ethrog) is plucked, expl. Y. ib. 65a bot. בשעת לקיטתו עישורו למעשרות ולשביעית this regulation refers to tithes as well as to the Sabbatical year (the time of plucking decides to which year the fruit belongs). Maas. Sh. V, 9; a. fr.Trnsf. dedication, sanctification. Deut. R. s. 3 (ref. to Deut. 7:13) מה פרי אדמתך צריכים ע׳ … צריכים ע׳וכ׳ as the fruit of thy soil requires sanctification by tithes, so the fruit of thy womb requires sanctification, which is circumcision.Pl. עִישּׂוּרִים, עִישּׂוּרִין, עִשּׂ׳. R. Hash. 14a נהג בו שני ע׳ he subjected it to two tithes (that of the second and that of the third year). Tosef.Dem.VIII, 18 תשעים ושלשה חסר שני ע׳ ninety-three parts less two-tenths. Ib. 15 שתי תאנים ושני ע׳ ועִישּׂוּרוֹ של עישור two figs (as Trumah), and two tithes (first and second), and tithe of the tithes (= מעשר מן המעשר); Y. ib. I, end, 22b ועישורין של עישור (corr. acc.). -
55 עִשּׂוּר
עִישּׂוּר, עִשּׂוּרm. (עֶשֶׂר) one tenth; (= מַעֲשֵׂר) tithe, giving tithes. Keth.68a ראשונה נוטלת ע׳ נכסיםוכ׳ the first daughter gets one-tenth of the estate, the second one-tenth of what is left Bicc. II, 6 בשעת לקיטתו עִשּׂוּרוֹ the giving of tithes is regulated by the time it (the Ethrog) is plucked, expl. Y. ib. 65a bot. בשעת לקיטתו עישורו למעשרות ולשביעית this regulation refers to tithes as well as to the Sabbatical year (the time of plucking decides to which year the fruit belongs). Maas. Sh. V, 9; a. fr.Trnsf. dedication, sanctification. Deut. R. s. 3 (ref. to Deut. 7:13) מה פרי אדמתך צריכים ע׳ … צריכים ע׳וכ׳ as the fruit of thy soil requires sanctification by tithes, so the fruit of thy womb requires sanctification, which is circumcision.Pl. עִישּׂוּרִים, עִישּׂוּרִין, עִשּׂ׳. R. Hash. 14a נהג בו שני ע׳ he subjected it to two tithes (that of the second and that of the third year). Tosef.Dem.VIII, 18 תשעים ושלשה חסר שני ע׳ ninety-three parts less two-tenths. Ib. 15 שתי תאנים ושני ע׳ ועִישּׂוּרוֹ של עישור two figs (as Trumah), and two tithes (first and second), and tithe of the tithes (= מעשר מן המעשר); Y. ib. I, end, 22b ועישורין של עישור (corr. acc.). -
56 положение о сокращении рабочего времени
SAP. regulation for reduced working timeУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > положение о сокращении рабочего времени
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57 регулирование продолжительности процесса и температуры
Coolers: time-temperature regulationУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > регулирование продолжительности процесса и температуры
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58 регулировочный винт
1) Biology: adjusting screw (микроскопа)2) Aviation: adjustment screw3) Naval: correcting screw4) Medicine: check screw (микроскопа)5) Engineering: adjusting screw, leveling screw, metering screw, push screw, zero-adjusting screw, screw of regulation (редко употребляется)6) Construction: levelling screw, regulating screw, setscrew, zero adjusting screw7) Automobile industry: (установочный) adjusting screw, check screw, positioning screw, (установочный) regulating screw8) Polygraphy: key9) Mechanic engineering: mean time screw (баланса), quarter screw (баланса), timing screw (баланса)10) Oilfield: setting screw11) Automation: adjuster screw12) Cables: adjusting screw (котировочный)13) General subject: adjust screw14) Electrochemistry: adjustable screwУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > регулировочный винт
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59 golden goal
■ Regulation which may be used to determine the winning team when the scores are equal after the match has been drawn, by which the team that scores during extra time is immediately declared the winners.■ Spielregel, die bei gewissen Wettbewerben angewendet werden kann, um den Sieger nach einem unentschieden ausgegangenen Spiel zu ermitteln, und die darin besteht, das Team, das während der Verlängerung das erste Tor erzielt, als Sieger zu erklären. -
60 golden-goal rule
■ Regulation which may be used to determine the winning team when the scores are equal after the match has been drawn, by which the team that scores during extra time is immediately declared the winners.■ Spielregel, die bei gewissen Wettbewerben angewendet werden kann, um den Sieger nach einem unentschieden ausgegangenen Spiel zu ermitteln, und die darin besteht, das Team, das während der Verlängerung das erste Tor erzielt, als Sieger zu erklären.
См. также в других словарях:
regulation time — noun (sports) the normal prescribed duration of a game the game was finished in regulation time • Ant: ↑overtime • Topics: ↑sport, ↑athletics • Hypernyms: ↑time per … Useful english dictionary
regulation time — reguliavimo trukmė statusas T sritis automatika atitikmenys: angl. regulation time vok. Ausregelzeit, f rus. время восстановления, n pranc. durée de réglage, f … Automatikos terminų žodynas
time period — noun an amount of time (Freq. 4) a time period of 30 years hastened the period of time of his recovery Picasso s blue period • Syn: ↑period of time, ↑period • Hypernyms: ↑ … Useful english dictionary
Regulation AB — was introduced in 2004 by the Securities and Exchanges Commission to regulate registration, offering and reporting of public deals of Asset Backed Securities Background Regulation AB is a comprehensive set of new rules and amendments that address … Wikipedia
Regulation medicale — Régulation médicale La régulation médicale est l administration chargée de gérer l envoi des moyens médicaux ainsi que les évacuations dans le cadre de l aide médicale urgente. Elle prend en général la forme d une salle de coordination avec des… … Wikipédia en Français
Régulation médicale — La régulation médicale est l administration chargée de gérer l envoi des moyens médicaux ainsi que les évacuations dans le cadre de l aide médicale urgente. Elle prend en général la forme d une salle de coordination avec des personnels chargés… … Wikipédia en Français
Regulation of acupuncture — is done by various governmental bodies to ensure safe practice, and varies among and within countries.Acupuncturists may also practice traditional Chinese herbal medicine or massage ( Tui Na ), or may be medical acupuncturists, who are trained in … Wikipedia
Regulation D — (also known as Reg D) is a regulation of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the SEC ), and is also a term for an investment strategy, mostly associated with hedge funds, based upon that regulation. It also affects individual savings and … Wikipedia
Time in Australia — UTC+08:00 … Wikipedia
Time-based pricing — refers to a type offer or contract by a provider of a service or supplier of a commodity, in which the price depends on the time when the service is provided or the commodity is delivered. The rational background of time based pricing is expected … Wikipedia
Regulation M — USA A collection of SEC rules implemented under the Exchange Act. Regulation M, which governs the activities of underwriters, issuers, selling security holders and others in connection with offerings of securities, is designed to prevent any… … Law dictionary