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  • 81 cintura

    f.
    1 waist.
    cintura de avispa wasp waist
    2 waist measurement, waist size.
    * * *
    1 waist
    \
    coger a alguien por la cintura to hold somebody round the waist
    meter a alguien en cintura familiar to bring somebody into line
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (Anat) waist

    con la dieta redujo unos centímetros de cintura — with his diet he reduced his waistline by a few centimetres, with his diet he took a few centimetres off his waistline

    2) [de falda, pantalón] waist
    * * *
    a) ( de la persona) waist

    me tomó or (esp Esp) cogió de la cintura — he grabbed me round the waist

    ¿cuánto tienes de cintura? — what do you measure round the waist?

    b) ( de prenda) waist

    meter a alguien en cintura — (Esp fam) to take somebody in hand

    * * *
    = waist, waistline.
    Ex. Library staff and volunteers used power boats and struggled waist high in water to rescue books and files.
    Ex. Pear-shaped bodies carry their extra weight below the waistline, and do not seem to have as high a risk of developing health problems like diabetes, heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure.
    ----
    * a la altura de la cintura = waist high, waist deep.
    * cintura de avispa = wasp waist.
    * con cintura de avispa = wasp-waisted.
    * hasta la cintura = waist deep, waist high, waist length.
    * que llega hasta la cintura = waist high, waist deep, waist length.
    * * *
    a) ( de la persona) waist

    me tomó or (esp Esp) cogió de la cintura — he grabbed me round the waist

    ¿cuánto tienes de cintura? — what do you measure round the waist?

    b) ( de prenda) waist

    meter a alguien en cintura — (Esp fam) to take somebody in hand

    * * *
    = waist, waistline.

    Ex: Library staff and volunteers used power boats and struggled waist high in water to rescue books and files.

    Ex: Pear-shaped bodies carry their extra weight below the waistline, and do not seem to have as high a risk of developing health problems like diabetes, heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure.
    * a la altura de la cintura = waist high, waist deep.
    * cintura de avispa = wasp waist.
    * con cintura de avispa = wasp-waisted.
    * hasta la cintura = waist deep, waist high, waist length.
    * que llega hasta la cintura = waist high, waist deep, waist length.

    * * *
    ejercicios para adelgazar la cintura exercises to reduce the waistline
    de la cintura para arriba/abajo from the waist up/down
    me tomó or cogió de la cintura he grabbed me round the waist
    ¿cuánto tienes de cintura? what do you measure round the waist?, what's your waist measurement?
    me queda grande de cintura it's too big for me round the waist
    meter a algn en cintura ( Esp fam); to take sb in hand, sort sb out ( BrE)
    Compuesto:
    wasp waist
    * * *

     

    cintura sustantivo femenino (de persona, prenda) waist;

    me queda grande de cintura it's too big for me round the waist
    cintura sustantivo femenino waist

    ' cintura' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    media
    - quebrar
    - talle
    - adelgazar
    - ancho
    - banda
    - contorno
    - desnudar
    - desnudo
    - desvestir
    - fino
    - flexión
    - flotador
    - hasta
    - herpes
    - marcar
    - medir
    - rodear
    English:
    drawstring trousers
    - middle
    - waist
    - waist-deep
    - waistline
    - down
    - up
    * * *
    1. [de cuerpo] waist;
    de cintura para abajo/arriba from the waist down/up
    cintura de avispa wasp waist
    2. [de vestido] waist;
    le queda demasiado holgado de cintura the waist is too big for her, it's too big in the waist for her;
    Fam
    meter en cintura a alguien to make sb toe the line, to bring sb into line
    * * *
    f waist;
    * * *
    1) : waist, waistline
    2)
    meter en cintura fam : to bring into line, to discipline
    * * *
    cintura n waist

    Spanish-English dictionary > cintura

  • 82 económico

    adj.
    1 economic, economical, saving, sparing.
    2 cost-reducing, cost-cutting, cash-saving, economical.
    3 economic, related to economics.
    4 cheap to run, economic, cost-effective.
    5 inexpensive, cheap, low-priced, knockdown.
    * * *
    1 (gen) economic
    2 (barato) cheap, economical, inexpensive
    3 (persona) thrifty, careful with money
    \
    crisis económica economic crisis, recession
    * * *
    (f. - económica)
    adj.
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) [gen] economic; [año] fiscal, financial
    2) (=barato) economical, inexpensive

    edición económica — cheap edition, popular edition

    3) (=ahorrativo) thrifty; pey miserly
    ECONÓMICO ¿"Economic" o "economical"? El adjetivo económico se traduce por economic cuando se refiere al comercio o las finanzas: China ha vivido cinco años de reformas económicas China has lived through five years of economic reforms ... el ritmo del crecimiento económico...... the pace of economic growth... ► Económico se traduce por economical cuando se usa para describir algo que presenta una buena relación calidad-precio: Resulta más económico tener un coche de gasoil It is more economical to have a diesel-engined car Economic se puede usar en inglés para traducir rentable: Mantendremos las tarifas altas para que el servicio resulte rentable We shall keep the fares high to make the service economic Para otros usos y ejemplos ver la entrada
    * * *
    - ca adjetivo
    1) <crisis/situación> economic (before n); <problema/independencia> financial
    2)
    a) <piso/comida> cheap; <restaurante/hotel> cheap, inexpensive
    b) ( que gasta poco) < motor> economical; < persona> thrifty
    * * *
    - ca adjetivo
    1) <crisis/situación> economic (before n); <problema/independencia> financial
    2)
    a) <piso/comida> cheap; <restaurante/hotel> cheap, inexpensive
    b) ( que gasta poco) < motor> economical; < persona> thrifty
    * * *
    económico1
    1 = economic, financial, fiscal, monetary, monied, pecuniary, budget, moneyed.

    Ex: Generally, the availability of centralised cataloguing records will, if the economic aspects are favourable, encourage uniformity.

    Ex: SIA in the United Kingdom covers information on travel and transport, economics in EEC countries, construction of nuclear power stations, and financial information.
    Ex: The effect of fiscal pressures is particularly evident for government on-line systems, such as DOE/RECON.
    Ex: For example, if the local currency is Belgian francs, monetary amount are always entered in whole francs.
    Ex: This will shift the dynamics of information flow to policymakers to favour monied special interests, which threatens the democratic process.
    Ex: George Watson Cole refers to his mental derangement and pecuniary embarrassment.
    Ex: The aricle has the title ' budget CD-Rewritable drives: to get the best deal, buy a CD-RW drive that's not top of the line'.
    Ex: It is generally recognized that collecting money from moneyed deadbeats is as much a social problem as street thuggery.
    * apoyo económico = financial backing.
    * ayuda económica = fund assistance, financial assistance, grant money, grant, cash grant.
    * bache económico = economic doldrums.
    * brigada de delitos económicos = fraud squad.
    * burbuja económica = price bubble.
    * capacidad económica = earning capacity, earning power.
    * capital económico = financial capital.
    * Clasificación Industrial General de las Actividades Económicas = General Industrial Classification of Economic Activities (NACE).
    * clima económico = economic climate.
    * comprobación de las necesidades económicas = means-testing, means test.
    * comprobar las necesidades económicas = means test.
    * Comunidad Económica Europea (CEE) = European Economic Community (EEC).
    * con poco recursos económicos = low-budget.
    * crisis económica = economic crisis, economic slump, difficult economic times, economic depression, economic doldrums.
    * crisis económica mundial = global economic slump.
    * cuestión económica = economic issue, financial issue.
    * depresión económica = economic depression, economic doldrums.
    * de recesión económica = recessionary.
    * desastre económico = financial disaster, economic disaster.
    * desde un punto de vista económico = economically.
    * de un modo económico = economically.
    * donación económica = monetary donation.
    * donación económica de fundación = endowment fund.
    * económico-técnico = economic-technical.
    * eficacia económica = economic efficiency.
    * ejercicio económico = business year, accounting year.
    * en tiempos de recesión económica = in recessionary times.
    * equiparación económica = economic levelling.
    * estatus económico = economic status.
    * evaluación de las necesidades económicas = means-testing, means test.
    * evaluar las necesidades económicas = means test.
    * fondo económico = funds.
    * hastiado de la recesión económica = recession-weary.
    * historiador económico = economic historian.
    * incertidumbre económica = economic uncertainty.
    * índice económico = economic index.
    * influencia económica = economic influence.
    * información económica = business news.
    * informe económico = economic report.
    * interés económico = economic interest.
    * mala racha económica = economic doldrums.
    * medida económica = economic measure.
    * memoria económica = economic report.
    * modelo económico = economic model.
    * necesidad económica = economic necessity, economic need.
    * nivelación económica = economic levelling.
    * no económico = non-economic [noneconomic].
    * pasar apuros económicos = lead + a precarious existence.
    * política económica = political economy.
    * político-económico = politico-economic.
    * presión económica = economic pressure.
    * que se concede en función de las necesidades económicas = means-tested.
    * recesión económica = economic recession, difficult economic times, economic depression.
    * recortes económicos = economic retrenchment.
    * recuperación económica = economic recovery.
    * reforma económica = economic reform.
    * respaldo económico = financial backing.
    * riesgo económico = financial risk.
    * sanción económica = economic penalty, economic sanction.
    * sistema económico = economic system.
    * situación económica = economic status.
    * situación económica, la = economics of the situation, the.
    * socioeconómico = socioeconomic [socio-economic].
    * teoría económica = economic theory.
    * trastorno económico = economic upheaval.
    * valor económico = economic value, monetary worth.

    económico2
    2 = cheap [cheaper -comp., cheapest -sup.], cost-effective [cost effective], economical, inexpensive, cost-efficient [cost efficient], dollar-saving, money-saving, thrifty [thriftier -comp., thriftiest -sup.], cut-price, cut-rate, affordable.

    Ex: These indexes are both cheap and quick to produce.

    Ex: OFFSEARCH is a means of running a search overnight on more than one data base, in a cost-effective mode.
    Ex: Fixed length fields the are economical on storage space, and records using fixed length fields are quick and easy to code.
    Ex: a microcomputer will need an inexpensive software package in order to suitable for external communication.
    Ex: Good libraries are a cost-efficient integral part of an effective correctional programme in a detention centre.
    Ex: The article 'Two dollar-saving search tips' explains how to eliminate duplicate citations when printing out search results.
    Ex: It is ironic that reduced funding may threaten money-saving automation plans.
    Ex: As such, the library serves a large blue collar population of thrifty, hardworking people with a predilection toward conservatism in lifestyle and thought.
    Ex: Turkey is heavily promoted by tour operators as an idyllic holiday destination, the cut-price alternative to Greece or Cyprus.
    Ex: Most of these cut-rate laptops include a one-year parts and labor warranty.
    Ex: Information will become more affordable, accessible, and plentiful.
    * alojamiento económico = budget accommodation.
    * de forma económica = cost-effectively.
    * de un modo económico = thriftily.
    * de un modo poco económico = wastefully.
    * hotel económico = budget hotel.

    * * *
    A ‹crisis/situación› economic ( before n)
    tienen problemas económicos they have financial problems
    B
    1 ‹piso/comida› cheap; ‹restaurante/hotel› cheap, inexpensive
    2 (que gasta poco) ‹motor› economical; ‹persona› thrifty
    * * *

     

    económico
    ◊ -ca adjetivo

    1crisis/situación economic ( before n);
    problema/independencia financial
    2
    a)piso/comida cheap;

    restaurante/hotel cheap, inexpensive

    persona thrifty
    económico,-a adjetivo
    1 (país, empresa) economic
    (persona) financial: tienen problemas económicos, they have financial troubles
    2 (barato) economical, inexpensive: el traje me salió muy económico, the suit was very cheap
    comidas económicas, cheap meals
    3 (persona ahorradora) thrifty
    Recuerda que el adjetivo economic, relativo a la economía, no es igual al adjetivo economical, que significa económico, barato.
    ' económico' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    ajuste
    - ámbito
    - beneficio
    - bloqueo
    - desajuste
    - despegue
    - económica
    - ejercicio
    - holgura
    - nivel
    - respaldo
    - revés
    - auge
    - clima
    - desbarajuste
    - orden
    - plan
    - refugiado
    - sostén
    English:
    budget
    - business
    - cheap
    - diner
    - ease
    - economic
    - economical
    - fall back on
    - financial
    - inexpensive
    - thrifty
    - wasteful
    - café
    - economics
    - support
    - third
    - uneconomical
    * * *
    económico, -a adj
    1. [asunto, doctrina, crisis] economic;
    la política económica del gobierno the government's economic policy;
    una familia con problemas económicos a family with financial problems;
    mi situación económica es desesperante my financial situation is desperate
    2. [barato] cheap, low-cost;
    pagándolo al contado te sale más económico it works out cheaper if you pay in cash
    3. [que gasta poco] [motor, aparato] economical;
    [persona] thrifty
    * * *
    adj
    1 economic
    2 ( barato) economical
    * * *
    económico, -ca adj
    : economic, economical
    * * *
    1. (de la economía) economic
    2. (que gasta poco) economical
    3. (que cuesta poco) inexpensive

    Spanish-English dictionary > económico

  • 83 падать

    Падать - to fall, to fall off, to decrease, to drop; to sag (понижаться); to recede (об уровне жидкости)
     The radial compressive strength does not follow this pattern but falls off at a faster rate.
     About 20 sec into the climbout, however, the fuel feed pressure dropped suddenly and the power sagged; then, almost as suddenly, the power increased again.
     We see that as firing rate is reduced M, which is the mass of the combustion gases, decreases linearly.
     Refill the reservoir when the oil level has receded to 1/2 capacity.
    Падать на - to fall on, to impinge on, to be incident upon, to strike (ударяться); to account for, to be due to (приходиться на)
     These two beams strike the screen.
     Mechanical pulp accounts for much of this energy consumption, requiring between 1200 and 1500 kilowatt-hours per ton of pulp.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > падать

  • 84 Christian Democratic Party

       Established originally as the Centro Democático e Social (CDS) in May 1974, following the fall of the Estado Novo, the CDS was supported by conservatives inspired by Christian humanism and Catholic social doctrines. In the first democratic elections after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, which were held on 25 April 1975, the CDS won only a disappointing 7.6 percent of the vote for the Constituent Assembly. In the following general elections for the Assembly of the Republic, in April 1976, however, the party more than doubled its votes to 16 percent and surpassed the number of votes for the Portuguese Communist Party (PCP). In 1979-80, the Christian Democrats joined the Social Democratic Party (PSD) in a coalition called the Aliança Democrática (Democratic Alliance), a grouping that defeated the Socialist Party (PS) in the succeeding elections. The Christian Democrats remained in the background as the principal party rivals for power were the PS and the PSD.
       In the 1990s, the CDS altered its name to the Partido Popular (PP) and featured new leaders such as party chief Paulo Portas. While the democratic Portuguese system had become virtually a two-party dominant system by the 1980s and 1990s, the PP would have opportunities, depending upon circumstances, to share power in another coalition with one of the two larger, major parties, the PS or PSD. Indeed, parliamentary election results in March 2002 gave the party just such an opportunity, as the PP won 14 percent of the vote, thus surpassing for the first time since the 1975 elections the PCP, which was reduced to 12 percent of the vote. The PP thus gained new influence as the PSD, which won the largest number of seats in this election, was obliged to share governance with the PP in order to have a working majority in the legislature.
       Various right-wing lobbies and interest groups influenced the PP. In early 2000, the PP proposed a law to the Assembly of the Republic whereby former colonists, now mainly resident in Portugal, who had lost property in Portugal's former colonies of Angola and Mozambique, would be compensated by Portugal for material losses during decolonization. The PP leadership argued that the manner in which the governments after the Revolution of 25 April 1974 administered the disputed, controversial decolonization process in these territories made the government responsible for compensating Portuguese citizens for such losses. The PS-dominated government of then prime minister, Antônio Guterres, argued, however, that independent governments of those former colonies were responsible for any compensation due. Thus, Guterres declined to accept the proposed legislation. This proposal by the PP and others like it followed upon other proposed laws such as Law 20, 19 June 1997, put before the Assembly of the Republic, which was passed under the aegis of the PS. This law pledged to compensate opposition militants (the survivors) who had opposed the Estado Novo and had spent years in exile, as well as in clandestine activities. Such compensations would come in the form of pensions and social security benefits. Given the strength of conservative constituencies and former settlers' lobbies, it is likely that the Christian Democrats will introduce more such proposed laws in future parliamentary sessions.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Christian Democratic Party

  • 85 Arnold, Aza

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    b. 4 October 1788 Smithfield, Pawtucket, Rhode Island, USA
    d. 1865 Washington, DC, USA
    [br]
    American textile machinist who applied the differential motion to roving frames, solving the problem of winding on the delicate cotton rovings.
    [br]
    He was the son of Benjamin and Isabel Arnold, but his mother died when he was 2 years old and after his father's second marriage he was largely left to look after himself. After attending the village school he learnt the trade of a carpenter, and following this he became a machinist. He entered the employment of Samuel Slater, but left after a few years to engage in the unsuccessful manufacture of woollen blankets. He became involved in an engineering shop, where he devised a machine for taking wool off a carding machine and making it into endless slivers or rovings for spinning. He then became associated with a cotton-spinning mill, which led to his most important invention. The carded cotton sliver had to be reduced in thickness before it could be spun on the final machines such as the mule or the waterframe. The roving, as the mass of cotton fibres was called at this stage, was thin and very delicate because it could not be twisted to give strength, as this would not allow it to be drawn out again during the next stage. In order to wind the roving on to bobbins, the speed of the bobbin had to be just right but the diameter of the bobbin increased as it was filled. Obtaining the correct reduction in speed as the circumference increased was partially solved by the use of double-coned pulleys, but the driving belt was liable to slip owing to the power that had to be transmitted.
    The final solution to the problem came with the introduction of the differential drive with bevel gears or a sun-and-planet motion. Arnold had invented this compound motion in 1818 but did not think of applying it to the roving frame until 1820. It combined the direct-gearing drive from the main shaft of the machine with that from the cone-drum drive so that the latter only provided the difference between flyer and bobbin speeds, which meant that most of the transmission power was taken away from the belt. The patent for this invention was issued to Arnold on 23 January 1823 and was soon copied in Britain by Henry Houldsworth, although J.Green of Mansfield may have originated it independendy in the same year. Arnold's patent was widely infringed in America and he sued the Proprietors of the Locks and Canals, machine makers for the Lowell manufacturers, for $30,000, eventually receiving $3,500 compensation. Arnold had his own machine shop but he gave it up in 1838 and moved the Philadelphia, where he operated the Mulhausen Print Works. Around 1850 he went to Washington, DC, and became a patent attorney, remaining as such until his death. On 24 June 1856 he was granted patent for a self-setting and self-raking saw for sawing machines.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    28 June 1856, US patent no. 15,163 (self-setting and self-raking saw for sawing machines).
    Further Reading
    Dictionary of American Biography, Vol. 1.
    W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London (a description of the principles of the differential gear applied to the roving frame).
    D.J.Jeremy, 1981, Transatlantic Industrial Revolution. The Diffusion of Textile Technologies Between Britain and America, 1790–1830, Oxford (a discussion of the introduction and spread of Arnold's gear).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Arnold, Aza

  • 86 Carnot, Nicolas Léonard Sadi

    [br]
    b. 1 June 1796 Paris, France
    d. 24 August 1831 Paris, France
    [br]
    French laid the foundations for modern thermodynamics through his book Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu when he stated that the efficiency of an engine depended on the working substance and the temperature drop between the incoming and outgoing steam.
    [br]
    Sadi was the eldest son of Lazare Carnot, who was prominent as one of Napoleon's military and civil advisers. Sadi was born in the Palais du Petit Luxembourg and grew up during the Napoleonic wars. He was tutored by his father until in 1812, at the minimum age of 16, he entered the Ecole Polytechnique to study stress analysis, mechanics, descriptive geometry and chemistry. He organized the students to fight against the allies at Vincennes in 1814. He left the Polytechnique that October and went to the Ecole du Génie at Metz as a student second lieutenant. While there, he wrote several scientific papers, but on the Restoration in 1815 he was regarded with suspicion because of the support his father had given Napoleon. In 1816, on completion of his studies, Sadi became a second lieutenant in the Metz engineering regiment and spent his time in garrison duty, drawing up plans of fortifications. He seized the chance to escape from this dull routine in 1819 through an appointment to the army general staff corps in Paris, where he took leave of absence on half pay and began further courses of study at the Sorbonne, Collège de France, Ecole des Mines and the Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers. He was inter-ested in industrial development, political economy, tax reform and the fine arts.
    It was not until 1821 that he began to concentrate on the steam-engine, and he soon proposed his early form of the Carnot cycle. He sought to find a general solution to cover all types of steam-engine, and reduced their operation to three basic stages: an isothermal expansion as the steam entered the cylinder; an adiabatic expansion; and an isothermal compression in the condenser. In 1824 he published his Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu, which was well received at the time but quickly forgotten. In it he accepted the caloric theory of heat but pointed out the impossibility of perpetual motion. His main contribution to a correct understanding of a heat engine, however, lay in his suggestion that power can be produced only where there exists a temperature difference due "not to an actual consumption of caloric but to its transportation from a warm body to a cold body". He used the analogy of a water-wheel with the water falling around its circumference. He proposed the true Carnot cycle with the addition of a final adiabatic compression in which motive power was con sumed to heat the gas to its original incoming temperature and so closed the cycle. He realized the importance of beginning with the temperature of the fire and not the steam in the boiler. These ideas were not taken up in the study of thermodynartiics until after Sadi's death when B.P.E.Clapeyron discovered his book in 1834.
    In 1824 Sadi was recalled to military service as a staff captain, but he resigned in 1828 to devote his time to physics and economics. He continued his work on steam-engines and began to develop a kinetic theory of heat. In 1831 he was investigating the physical properties of gases and vapours, especially the relationship between temperature and pressure. In June 1832 he contracted scarlet fever, which was followed by "brain fever". He made a partial recovery, but that August he fell victim to a cholera epidemic to which he quickly succumbed.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1824, Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu; pub. 1960, trans. R.H.Thurston, New York: Dover Publications; pub. 1978, trans. Robert Fox, Paris (full biographical accounts are provided in the introductions of the translated editions).
    Further Reading
    Dictionary of Scientific Biography, 1971, Vol. III, New York: C.Scribner's Sons. T.I.Williams (ed.), 1969, A Biographical Dictionary of Scientists, London: A. \& C.
    Black.
    Chambers Concise Dictionary of Scientists, 1989, Cambridge.
    D.S.L.Cardwell, 1971, from Watt to Clausius. The Rise of Thermodynamics in the Early Industrial Age, London: Heinemann (discusses Carnot's theories of heat).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Carnot, Nicolas Léonard Sadi

  • 87 Héroult, Paul Louis Toussaint

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 1863 Thury-Harcourt, Caen, France
    d. 9 May 1914 Antibes, France
    [br]
    French metallurigst, inventor of the process of aluminium reduction by electrolysis.
    [br]
    Paul Héroult, the son of a tanner, at the age of 16, while still at school in Caen, read Deville's book on aluminium and became obsessed with the idea of developing a cheap way of producing this metal. After his family moved to Gentillysur-Bièvre he studied at the Ecole Sainte-Barbe in Paris and then returned to Caen to work in the laboratory of his father's tannery. His first patent, filed in February and granted on 23 April 1886, described an invention almost identical to that of C.M. Hall: "the electrolysis of alumina dissolved in molten cryolite into which the current is introduced through suitable electrodes. The cryolite is not consumed." Early in 1887 Héroult attempted to obtain the support of Alfred Rangod Pechiney, the proprietor of the works at Salindres where Deville's process for making sodium-reduced aluminium was still being operated. Pechiney persuaded Héroult to modify his electrolytic process by using a cathode of molten copper, thus making it possible produce aluminium bronze rather than pure aluminium. Héroult then approached the Swiss firm J.G.Nehe Söhne, ironmasters, whose works at the Falls of Schaffhausen obtained power from the Rhine. They were looking for a new metallurgical process requiring large quantities of cheap hydroelectric power and Héroult's process seemed suitable. In 1887 they established the Société Metallurgique Suisse to test Héroult's process. Héroult became Technical Director and went to the USA to defend his patents against those of Hall. During his absence the Schaffhausen trials were successfully completed, and on 18 November 1888 the Société Metallurgique combined with the German AEG group, Oerlikon and Escher Wyss, to establish the Aluminium Industrie Aktiengesellschaft Neuhausen. In the early electrolytic baths it was occasionally found that arcs between the bath surface and electrode could develop if the electrodes were inadvertently raised. From this observation, Héroult and M.Killiani developed the electric arc furnace. In this, arcs were intentionally formed between the surface of the charge and several electrodes, each connected to a different pole of the AC supply. This furnace, the prototype of the modern electric steel furnace, was first used for the direct reduction of iron ore at La Praz in 1903. This work was undertaken for the Canadian Government, for whom Héroult subsequently designed a 5,000-amp single-phase furnace which was installed and tested at Sault-Sainte-Marie in Ontario and successfully used for smelting magnetite ore.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Aluminium Industrie Aktiengesellschaft Neuhausen, 1938, The History of the Aluminium-Industrie-Aktien-Gesellschaft Neuhausen 1888–1938, 2 vols, Neuhausen.
    C.J.Gignoux, Histoire d'une entreprise française. "The Hall-Héroult affair", 1961, Metal Bulletin (14 April):1–4.
    ASD

    Biographical history of technology > Héroult, Paul Louis Toussaint

  • 88 Houldsworth, Henry

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    b. 1797 Manchester (?), England
    d. 1868 Manchester (?), England
    [br]
    English cotton spinner who introduced the differential gear to roving frames in Britain.
    [br]
    There are two claimants for the person who originated the differential gear as applied to roving frames: one is J.Green, a tinsmith of Mansfield, in his patent of 1823; the other is Arnold, who had applied it in America and patented it in early 1823. This latter was the source for Houldsworth's patent in 1826. It seems that Arnold's gearing was secretly communicated to Houldsworth by Charles Richmond, possibly when Houldsworth visited the United States in 1822–3, but more probably in 1825 when Richmond went to England. In return, Richmond received information about parts of a cylinder printing machine from Houldsworth. In the working of the roving frame, as the rovings were wound onto their bobbins and the diameter of the bobbins increased, the bobbin speed had to be reduced to keep the winding on at the same speed while the flyers and drawing rollers had to maintain their initial speed. Although this could be achieved by moving the driving belt along coned pulleys, this method did not provide enough power and slippage occurred. The differential gear combined the direct drive from the main shaft of the roving frame with that from the cone drive, so that only the latter provided the dif-ference between flyer and bobbin speeds, i.e. the winding speeds, thus taking away most of the power from that belt. Henry Houldsworth Senior (1774–1853) was living in Manchester when his son Henry was born, but by 1800 had moved to Glasgow. He built several mills, including a massive one at Anderston, Scotland, in which a Boulton \& Watt steam engine was installed. Henry Houldsworth Junior was probably back in Manchester by 1826, where he was to become an influential cotton spinner as chief partner in his mills, which he moved out to Reddish in 1863–5. He was also a prominent landowner in Cheetham. When William Fairbairn was considering establishing the Association for the Prevention of Steam Boiler Explosions in 1854, he wanted to find an influential manufacturer and mill-owner and he made a happy choice when he turned to Henry Houldsworth for assistance.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1826, British patent no. 5,316 (differential gear for roving frames).
    Further Reading
    Details about Henry Houldsworth Junior are very sparse. The best account of his acquisition of the differential gear is given by D.J.Jeremy, 1981, Transatlantic Industrial Revolution. The Diffusion of Textile Technologies Between Britain and America, 1790–1830, Oxford.
    W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London (an explanation of the mechanisms of the roving frame).
    W.Pole, 1877, The Life of Sir William Fairbairn, Bart., London (provides an account of the beginning of the Manchester Steam Users' Association for the Prevention of Steam-boiler Explosions).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Houldsworth, Henry

  • 89 McNaught, William

    [br]
    b. 27 May 1813 Sneddon, Paisley, Scotland
    d. 8 January 1881 Manchester, England
    [br]
    Scottish patentee of a very successful form of compounding beam engine with a high-pressure cylinder between the fulcrum of the beam and the connecting rod.
    [br]
    Although born in Paisley, McNaught was educated in Glasgow where his parents had moved in 1820. He followed in his father's footsteps and became an engineer through an apprenticeship with Robert Napier at the Vulcan Works, Washington Street, Glasgow. He also attended science classes at the Andersonian University in the evenings and showed such competence that at the age of 19 he was offered the position of being in charge of the Fort-Gloster Mills on the Hoogly river in India. He remained there for four years until 1836, when he returned to Scotland because the climate was affecting his health.
    His father had added the revolving cylinder to the steam engine indicator, and this greatly simplified and extended its use. In 1838 William joined him in the business of manufacturing these indicators at Robertson Street, Glasgow. While advising textile manufacturers on the use of the indicator, he realized the need for more powerful, smoother-running and economical steam engines. He provided the answer by placing a high-pressure cylinder midway between the fulcrum of the beam and the connecting rod on an ordinary beam engine. The original cylinder was retained to act as the low-pressure cylinder of what became a compound engine. This layout not only reduced the pressures on the bearing surfaces and gave a smoother-running engine, which was one of McNaught's aims, but he probably did not anticipate just how much more economical his engines would be; they often gave a saving of fuel up to 40 per cent. This was because the steam pipe connecting the two cylinders acted as a receiver, something lacking in the Woolf compound, which enabled the steam to be expanded properly in both cylinders. McNaught took out his patent in 1845, and in 1849 he had to move to Manchester because his orders in Lancashire were so numerous and the scope was much greater there than in Glasgow. He took out further patents for equalizing the stress on the working parts, but none was as important as his original one, which was claimed to have been one of the greatest improvements since the steam engine left the hands of James Watt. He was one of the original promoters of the Boiler Insurance and Steam Power Company and was elected Chairman in 1865, a position he retained until a short time before his death.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1845, British patent no. 11,001 (compounding beam engine).
    Further Reading
    Obituary, Engineer 51.
    Obituary, Engineering 31.
    R.L.Hills, 1989, Power from Steam. A History of the Stationary Steam Engine, Cambridge University Press (the fullest account of McNaught's proposals for compounding).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > McNaught, William

  • 90 Philosophy

       And what I believe to be more important here is that I find in myself an infinity of ideas of certain things which cannot be assumed to be pure nothingness, even though they may have perhaps no existence outside of my thought. These things are not figments of my imagination, even though it is within my power to think of them or not to think of them; on the contrary, they have their own true and immutable natures. Thus, for example, when I imagine a triangle, even though there may perhaps be no such figure anywhere in the world outside of my thought, nor ever have been, nevertheless the figure cannot help having a certain determinate nature... or essence, which is immutable and eternal, which I have not invented and which does not in any way depend upon my mind. (Descartes, 1951, p. 61)
       Let us console ourselves for not knowing the possible connections between a spider and the rings of Saturn, and continue to examine what is within our reach. (Voltaire, 1961, p. 144)
       As modern physics started with the Newtonian revolution, so modern philosophy starts with what one might call the Cartesian Catastrophe. The catastrophe consisted in the splitting up of the world into the realms of matter and mind, and the identification of "mind" with conscious thinking. The result of this identification was the shallow rationalism of l'esprit Cartesien, and an impoverishment of psychology which it took three centuries to remedy even in part. (Koestler, 1964, p. 148)
       It has been made of late a reproach against natural philosophy that it has struck out on a path of its own, and has separated itself more and more widely from the other sciences which are united by common philological and historical studies. The opposition has, in fact, been long apparent, and seems to me to have grown up mainly under the influence of the Hegelian philosophy, or, at any rate, to have been brought out into more distinct relief by that philosophy.... The sole object of Kant's "Critical Philosophy" was to test the sources and the authority of our knowledge, and to fix a definite scope and standard for the researches of philosophy, as compared with other sciences.... [But Hegel's] "Philosophy of Identity" was bolder. It started with the hypothesis that not only spiritual phenomena, but even the actual world-nature, that is, and man-were the result of an act of thought on the part of a creative mind, similar, it was supposed, in kind to the human mind.... The philosophers accused the scientific men of narrowness; the scientific men retorted that the philosophers were crazy. And so it came about that men of science began to lay some stress on the banishment of all philosophic influences from their work; while some of them, including men of the greatest acuteness, went so far as to condemn philosophy altogether, not merely as useless, but as mischievous dreaming. Thus, it must be confessed, not only were the illegitimate pretensions of the Hegelian system to subordinate to itself all other studies rejected, but no regard was paid to the rightful claims of philosophy, that is, the criticism of the sources of cognition, and the definition of the functions of the intellect. (Helmholz, quoted in Dampier, 1966, pp. 291-292)
       Philosophy remains true to its classical tradition by renouncing it. (Habermas, 1972, p. 317)
       I have not attempted... to put forward any grand view of the nature of philosophy; nor do I have any such grand view to put forth if I would. It will be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the history of "howlers" and progress in philosophy as the debunking of howlers. It will also be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the enterprise of putting forward a priori truths about the world.... I see philosophy as a field which has certain central questions, for example, the relation between thought and reality.... It seems obvious that in dealing with these questions philosophers have formulated rival research programs, that they have put forward general hypotheses, and that philosophers within each major research program have modified their hypotheses by trial and error, even if they sometimes refuse to admit that that is what they are doing. To that extent philosophy is a "science." To argue about whether philosophy is a science in any more serious sense seems to me to be hardly a useful occupation.... It does not seem to me important to decide whether science is philosophy or philosophy is science as long as one has a conception of both that makes both essential to a responsible view of the world and of man's place in it. (Putnam, 1975, p. xvii)
       What can philosophy contribute to solving the problem of the relation [of] mind to body? Twenty years ago, many English-speaking philosophers would have answered: "Nothing beyond an analysis of the various mental concepts." If we seek knowledge of things, they thought, it is to science that we must turn. Philosophy can only cast light upon our concepts of those things.
       This retreat from things to concepts was not undertaken lightly. Ever since the seventeenth century, the great intellectual fact of our culture has been the incredible expansion of knowledge both in the natural and in the rational sciences (mathematics, logic).
       The success of science created a crisis in philosophy. What was there for philosophy to do? Hume had already perceived the problem in some degree, and so surely did Kant, but it was not until the twentieth century, with the Vienna Circle and with Wittgenstein, that the difficulty began to weigh heavily. Wittgenstein took the view that philosophy could do no more than strive to undo the intellectual knots it itself had tied, so achieving intellectual release, and even a certain illumination, but no knowledge. A little later, and more optimistically, Ryle saw a positive, if reduced role, for philosophy in mapping the "logical geography" of our concepts: how they stood to each other and how they were to be analyzed....
       Since that time, however, philosophers in the "analytic" tradition have swung back from Wittgensteinian and even Rylean pessimism to a more traditional conception of the proper role and tasks of philosophy. Many analytic philosophers now would accept the view that the central task of philosophy is to give an account, or at least play a part in giving an account, of the most general nature of things and of man. (Armstrong, 1990, pp. 37-38)
       8) Philosophy's Evolving Engagement with Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science
       In the beginning, the nature of philosophy's engagement with artificial intelligence and cognitive science was clear enough. The new sciences of the mind were to provide the long-awaited vindication of the most potent dreams of naturalism and materialism. Mind would at last be located firmly within the natural order. We would see in detail how the most perplexing features of the mental realm could be supported by the operations of solely physical laws upon solely physical stuff. Mental causation (the power of, e.g., a belief to cause an action) would emerge as just another species of physical causation. Reasoning would be understood as a kind of automated theorem proving. And the key to both was to be the depiction of the brain as the implementation of multiple higher level programs whose task was to manipulate and transform symbols or representations: inner items with one foot in the physical (they were realized as brain states) and one in the mental (they were bearers of contents, and their physical gymnastics were cleverly designed to respect semantic relationships such as truth preservation). (A. Clark, 1996, p. 1)
       Socrates of Athens famously declared that "the unexamined life is not worth living," and his motto aptly explains the impulse to philosophize. Taking nothing for granted, philosophy probes and questions the fundamental presuppositions of every area of human inquiry.... [P]art of the job of the philosopher is to keep at a certain critical distance from current doctrines, whether in the sciences or the arts, and to examine instead how the various elements in our world-view clash, or fit together. Some philosophers have tried to incorporate the results of these inquiries into a grand synoptic view of the nature of reality and our human relationship to it. Others have mistrusted system-building, and seen their primary role as one of clarifications, or the removal of obstacles along the road to truth. But all have shared the Socratic vision of using the human intellect to challenge comfortable preconceptions, insisting that every aspect of human theory and practice be subjected to continuing critical scrutiny....
       Philosophy is, of course, part of a continuing tradition, and there is much to be gained from seeing how that tradition originated and developed. But the principal object of studying the materials in this book is not to pay homage to past genius, but to enrich one's understanding of central problems that are as pressing today as they have always been-problems about knowledge, truth and reality, the nature of the mind, the basis of right action, and the best way to live. These questions help to mark out the territory of philosophy as an academic discipline, but in a wider sense they define the human predicament itself; they will surely continue to be with us for as long as humanity endures. (Cottingham, 1996, pp. xxi-xxii)
       In his study of ancient Greek culture, The Birth of Tragedy, Nietzsche drew what would become a famous distinction, between the Dionysian spirit, the untamed spirit of art and creativity, and the Apollonian, that of reason and self-control. The story of Greek civilization, and all civilizations, Nietzsche implied, was the gradual victory of Apollonian man, with his desire for control over nature and himself, over Dionysian man, who survives only in myth, poetry, music, and drama. Socrates and Plato had attacked the illusions of art as unreal, and had overturned the delicate cultural balance by valuing only man's critical, rational, and controlling consciousness while denigrating his vital life instincts as irrational and base. The result of this division is "Alexandrian man," the civilized and accomplished Greek citizen of the later ancient world, who is "equipped with the greatest forces of knowledge" but in whom the wellsprings of creativity have dried up. (Herman, 1997, pp. 95-96)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Philosophy

  • 91 машинное оборудование

    1. machinery

     

    машинное оборудование
    термин " машинное оборудование" означает:
    - сборочную единицу, состоящую из соединенных частей или компонентов, по крайней мере, одна из которых находится в движении, имеет соответствующие приводы, схему управления, цепь питания, и т.д., соединенные вместе с целью специального применения, в частности, для производства, обработки, перемещения или упаковки материала;
    - группу машин, которые для достижения той же цели организованы и управляется таким образом, что они функционируют как единое целое;
    - взаимозаменяемое оборудование, модифицирующее функции машины, которое отдельно поставляется на рынок и предназначено для установки на машине или на серии различных машин или на приводном устройстве самим оператором, при условии, что данное оборудование не является запасной частью или инструментом.
    [Директива 98/37/ЕЭС по машинному оборудованию]

    EN

    machinery
    ‘machinery’ means:
    — an assembly of linked parts or components, at least one of which moves, with the appropriate
    actuators, control and power circuits, etc., joined together for a specific application, in particular
    for the processing, treatment, moving or packaging of a material,
    — an assembly of machines which, in order to achieve the same end, are arranged and controlled so that they function as an integral whole,
    — interchangeable equipment modifying the function of a machine, which is placed on the market for the purpose of being assembled with a machine or a series of different machines or with a tractor by the operator himself in so far as this equipment is not a spare part or a tool
    [DIRECTIVE 98/37/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    3. The following are excluded from the scope of this Directive:

    3. Из области применения данной Директивы исключаются:

    — machinery whose only power source is directly applied manual effort, unless it is a machine used for lifting or lowering loads,

    - машинное оборудование, для которых источником энергии является исключительно непосредственное применение ручной силы, за исключением механизмов для подъема и опускания грузов;

    — machinery for medical use used in direct contact with patients,

    - медицинские приборы;

    — special equipment for use in fairgrounds and/or amusement parks,

    - специальное оборудование для использования в аттракционах и/или парках для развлечений;

    — steam boilers, tanks and pressure vessels,

    - паровые котлы, резервуары и сосуды под давлением;

    — machinery specially designed or put into service for nuclear purposes which, in the event of failure, may result in an emission of radioactivity,

    - машинное оборудование, специально сконструированное или используемое в атомной отрасли, которые в случае аварии могут привести к выделению радиоактивных веществ;

    — radioactive sources forming part of a machine,

    - радиоактивные источники, составляющие часть машин;

    — firearms,

    - стрелковое оружие;

    — storage tanks and pipelines for petrol, diesel fuel, inflammable liquids and dangerous substances,

    - емкости для хранения или трубопроводы для бензина, дизельного топлива, огнеопасных жидкостей и опасных веществ;

    — means of transport, i.e. vehicles and their trailers intended solely for transporting passengers by air or on road, rail or water networks, as well as means of transport in so far as such means are designed for transporting goods by air, on public road or rail networks or on water. Vehicles used in the mineral extraction industry shall not be excluded,

    - транспортные средства, т.е. средства перевозки и их прицепы, предназначенные исключительно для перевозки пассажиров по воздуху, автодороге, железной дороге, или водными путями, а также транспортные средства, сконструированные для транспортировки грузов по воздуху, по общедоступным дорогам, железным дорогам или водным путям. Средства транспортировки, используемые в горнодобывающей промышленности, не исключаются из области применения настоящей Директивы;

    — seagoing vessels and mobile offshore units together with equipment on board such vessels or units,

    - морские суда и мобильные береговые агрегаты вместе с оборудованием на борту, такие как танки или установки;

    — cableways, including funicular railways, for the public or private transportation of persons,

    - канатные дороги, включая фуникулерные железные дороги для общественного или частного пользования, предназначенные для транспортировки людей;

    — agricultural and forestry tractors, as defined in Article 1(1) of Directive 74/150/EEC (1),

    (1) Council Directive 74/150/EEC of 4 March 1974 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the type-approval of wheeled agricultural or forestry tractors (OJ L 84, 28.3.1974, p. 10). Directive as last amended by Decision 95/1/EC, Euratom, ECSC (OJ L 1.1.1995, p. 1).

    -сельскохозяйственные и лесные тракторы, подпадающие под определение статьи 1 (1) Директивы Совета 74/150/ЕЭС(1);

    (1) Директива Совета 74/150/ЕЭС от 4 марта 1974 г. по сближению законодательных актов Государств-членов, относящихся к одобрению типов колесных сельскохозяйственных или лесных тракторов (Официальный журнал Европейских сообществ № L 84, 28.3.1974 г., стр.10). Директива, измененная последний раз Решением 95/1/ЕЭС, Евроатом, ECSC (Официальный журнал Европейских сообществ № L 1/1/1995 г., стр 1)

    — machines specially designed and constructed for military or police purposes,

    - машины, специально сконструированные и созданные для военных и полицейских целей;

    — lifts which permanently serve specific levels of buildings and constructions, having a car moving between guides which are rigid and inclined at an angle of more than 15 degrees to the horizontal and designed for the transport of:
    (i) persons;
    (ii) persons and goods;
    (iii) goods alone if the car is accessible, that is to say, a person may enter it without difficulty, and fitted with controls situated inside the car or within reach of a person inside,

    - лифты и подъемные устройства, постоянно обслуживающие определенные уровни зданий и конструкций, имеющие транспортную тележку, движущуюся между жесткими направляющими, которые имеют угол наклона более 15 градусов к горизонтальной поверхности и сконструированы для транспортировки:
    (i) людей;
    (ii) людей и имущества;
    (iii) только имущества, в том случае, если кабина лифта открыта, т.е. человек может легко войти в такое транспортное средство и манипулировать средствами управления, находящимися внутри кабины или в пределах досягаемости для человека;

    — means of transport of persons using rack and pinion rail mounted vehicles,

    - транспортные средства для перевозки людей, с использованием зубчатых или реечных рельс, по которым перемещается транспортные средства;

    — mine winding gear,

    - шахтные канатные подъемные устройства;

    — theatre elevators,

    - театральные подъемники;

    — construction site hoists intended for lifting persons or persons and goods.

    - строительные подъемники, предназначенные для подъема людей или людей и грузов.

    4. Where, for machinery or safety components, the risks referred to in this Directive are wholly or partly covered by specific Community Directives, this Directive shall not apply, or shall cease to apply, in the case of such machinery or safety components and of such risks on the implementation of these specific Directives.

    4. Когда для машинного оборудования и компонентов безопасности риски, определенные в настоящей Директиве, полностью или частично покрываются специальными Директивами Сообщества, настоящая Директива не применяется или прекращает свое действие, такое машинное оборудование и компоненты безопасности и такие риски подпадают под действие этих специальных Директив.

    5. Where, for machinery, the risks are mainly of electrical origin, such machinery shall be covered exclusively by Directive 73/23/EEC (2).

    (2) Council Directive 73/23/EEC of 19 February 1973 on the harmonisation of the laws of Member States relating to electrical equipment designed for use within certain voltage limits (OJ L 77, 26.3.1973, p. 29). Directive as last amended by Directive 93/68/EEC (OJ L 220, 30.8.1993, p. 1).

    5. Когда риски применения машинного оборудования связаны с электрическими источниками, то такое оборудование охватываются исключительно Директивой 73/23/ЕЭС(2).

    (2) Директива Совета 73/23/ЕЭС/ от 19 февраля 1973 года о гармонизации законов Государств-Участников в отношении электрооборудования, предназначенного для использования в условиях определенных пределов напряжения (Официальный журнал Европейских сообществ № L 77, 26.03.1973, стр. 29). Директива с последней поправкой Директивой 93/68/ЕЭС (Официальный журнал Европейских сообществ № L 220, 30.08.1993, стр.1).

    Article 2
    1. Member States shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that machinery or safety components covered by this Directive may be placed on the market and put into service only if they do not endanger the health or safety of persons and, where appropriate, domestic animals or property, when properly installed and maintained and used for their intended purpose.

    Статья 2
    1. Государства - члены должны предпринимать все необходимые меры для обеспечения того, чтобы машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности, попадающие под действие настоящей Директивы, поставлялись на рынок и вводились в эксплуатацию, только если они не составляют угрозу для здоровья и безопасности людей и домашних животных, или имуществу при условии надлежащей установки и обслуживания, а также использования по прямому назначению.

    2. This Directive shall not affect Member States’ entitlement to lay down, in due observance of the Treaty, such requirements as they may deem necessary to ensure that persons and in particular workers are protected when using the machinery or safety components in question, provided that this does not mean that the machinery or safety components are modified in a way not specified in the Directive.

    2. Настоящая Директива не ограничивает права Государств - членов устанавливать при должном соблюдении Договора такие требования, которые они посчитают необходимыми для обеспечения защиты людей, особенно работников, при использовании машинного оборудования или компонентов безопасности, при условии, что модификация такого машинного оборудования и компонентов безопасности была произведена в соответствии с положениями настоящей Директивы.

    3. At trade fairs, exhibitions, demonstrations, etc., Member States shall not prevent the showing of machinery or safety components which do not conform to the provisions of this Directive, provided that a visible sign clearly indicates that such machinery or safety components do not conform and that they are not for sale until they have been brought into conformity by the manufacturer or his authorised representative established in the Community. During demonstrations, adequate safety measures shall be taken to ensure the protection of persons.

    3. На торговых ярмарках, выставках, демонстрациях и т.п. Государства - члены не должны препятствовать демонстрации машинного оборудования или компонентов безопасности, которые не соответствуют положениям настоящей Директивы, при условии, что видимый знак четко указывает, что такое машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности не соответствуют данной Директиве, и что они не предназначаются для продажи до тех пор, пока изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе не приведет их в полное соответствие с Директивой. Во время демонстраций должны приниматься адекватные меры для обеспечения безопасности граждан.

    Article 3
    Machinery and safety components covered by this Directive shall satisfy the essential health and safety requirements set out in Annex I.

    Статья 3
    Машинное оборудование, а также компоненты безопасности, относящиеся к области действия настоящей Директивы, должны полностью удовлетворять основным требованиям по обеспечению здоровья и безопасности, изложенным в Приложении 1.

    Article 4
    1. Member States shall not prohibit, restrict or impede the placing on the market and putting into service in their territory of machinery and safety components which comply with this Directive.

    Статья 4
    1. Государства - члены не должны запрещать, ограничивать или препятствовать поставке на рынок машинного оборудования, а также компонентов безопасности, которые соответствуют
    требованиям настоящей Директивы.

    2. Member States shall not prohibit, restrict or impede the placing on the market of machinery where the manufacturer or his authorised representative established in the Community declares in accordance with point B of Annex II that it is intended to be incorporated into machinery or assembled with other machinery to constitute machinery covered by this Directive, except where it can function independently.

    ‘Interchangeable equipment’, as referred to in the third indent of Article 1(2)(a), must in all cases bear the CE marking and be accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity referred to in Annex II, point A.

    2. Государства - члены не должны запрещать, ограничивать или препятствовать поставке на рынок машинного оборудования, если изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе заявляет в соответствии с Приложением II B, что они предназначены для включения в машинное оборудование или компоноваться с другим оборудованием, так, что в соединении они составят машинное оборудование, отвечающее требованиям настоящей Директивы, за исключением тех случаев, когда они могут функционировать независимо.

    "Взаимозаменяемое оборудование" в смысле третьего абзаца с черточкой в Статье 1 (2) (a) должно во всех случаях иметь маркировку "СЕ" и сопровождаться декларацией соответствия, определенной в Приложении II, пункте А.

    3. Member States may not prohibit, restrict or impede the placing on the market of safety components as defined in Article 1(2) where they are accompanied by an EC declaration of conformity by the manufacturer or his authorised representative established in the Community as referred to in Annex II, point C.

    3. Государства - члены не имеют права запрещать, ограничивать или препятствовать распространению на рынке компонентов безопасности, определенных Статьей 1 (2), если эти компоненты сопровождаются декларацией соответствия ЕС, заявленной изготовителем или его уполномоченным представителем в Сообществе, как определено в Приложении II, пункте С.

    Article 5
    1. Member States shall regard the following as conforming to all the provisions of this Directive, including the procedures for checking the conformity provided for in Chapter II:
    — machinery bearing the CE marking and accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity referred to in Annex II, point A,
    — safety components accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity referred to in Annex II, point C.

    Статья 5
    1. Государства - члены должны считать нижеследующее соответствующим всем положениям настоящей Директивы, включая процедуры проверки соответствия, предусмотренной в Главе II:
    - машинное оборудование, имеющее маркировку "СЕ" и сопровождаемое декларацией соответствия ЕС, как указано в Приложении II, пункте A;
    - компоненты безопасности, сопровождаемые декларацией соответствия ЕС, как указано в Приложении II, пункте C.

    При отсутствии гармонизированных стандартов Государства - члены должны предпринимать любые меры, которые они сочтут необходимыми, для привлечения внимания заинтересованных сторон к существующим национальным техническим стандартам и спецификациям, которые считаются важными или относятся к выполнению основных требований по обеспечению здоровья и безопасности в соответствии с Приложением 1.

    2. Where a national standard transposing a harmonised standard, the reference for which has been published in the Official Journal of the European Communities, covers one or more of the essential safety requirements, machinery or safety components constructed in accordance with this standard shall be presumed to comply with the relevant essential requirements.
    Member States shall publish the references of national standards transposing harmonised standards.

    2. В тех случаях, когда национальный стандарт, заменяющий гармонизированный стандарт, ссылка на который была опубликована в Официальном журнале Европейских сообществ, покрывает одно или несколько основных требований безопасности, машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности, сконструированные в соответствии с таким стандартом, должны считаться соответствующими основным требованиям.
    Государства - члены должны публиковать ссылки на национальные стандарты, заменяющие гармонизированные стандарты.

    3. Member States shall ensure that appropriate measures are taken to enable the social partners to have an influence at national level on the process of preparing and monitoring the harmonised standards.

    3. Государства - члены должны обеспечивать принятие необходимых мер для того, чтобы их социальные партнеры получали возможность влиять на национальном уровне на процессы подготовки и отслеживания гармонизированных стандартов.

    Article 6
    1. Where a Member State or the Commission considers that the harmonised standards referred to in Article 5(2) do not entirely satisfy the essential requirements referred to in Article 3, the Commission or the Member State concerned shall bring the matter before the committee set up under Directive 83/189/EEC, giving the reasons therefor. The committee shall deliver an opinion without delay.
    Upon receipt of the committee’s opinion, the Commission shall inform the Member States whether or not it is necessary to withdraw those standards from the published information referred to in Article 5(2).

    Статья 6
    1. В случае, если Государство - член или Комиссия считают, что гармонизированные стандарты, рассмотренные в Статье 5 (2), не полностью соответствуют основным требованиям, определенным в Статье 3, Комиссия или заинтересованное Государство - член должны поставить этот вопрос на рассмотрение комитета, созданного в соответствии с Директивой 83/189/ЕЭС, обосновав причины такого обращения. Комитет должен безотлагательно вынести решение.
    После получения такого решения комитета Комиссия должна информировать Государства – члены, необходимо или нет отозвать эти стандарты из опубликованной информации, определенной в Статье 5 (2).

    2. A standing committee shall be set up, consisting of representatives appointed by the Member States and chaired by a representative of the Commission.

    The standing committee shall draw up its own rules of procedure.

    Any matter relating to the implementation and practical application of this Directive may be brought before the standing committee, in accordance with the following procedure:

    The representative of the Commission shall submit to the committee a draft of the measures to be taken. The committee shall deliver its opinion on the draft, within a time limit which the chairman may lay down according to the urgency of the matter, if necessary by taking a vote.

    The opinion shall be recorded in the minutes; in addition, each Member State shall have the right to ask to have its position recorded in the minutes.
    The Commission shall take the utmost account of the opinion delivered by the committee.
    It shall inform the committee of the manner in which its opinion has been taken into account.

    2. Должен быть создан постоянно действующий комитет, состоящий из представителей, назначенных Государствами – членами, и возглавляемый представителем Комиссии.

    Постоянно действующий комитет будет сам устанавливать порядок действий и процедуры.

    Любой вопрос, относящийся к выполнению и практическому применению настоящей Директивы, может быть поставлен на рассмотрение постоянно действующего комитета, в соответствии со следующими правилами:

    Представитель Комиссии должен представить комитету проект предполагаемых к принятию мер. Комитет должен выразить свое мнение по проекту за время, установленное председателем в соответствии со срочностью вопроса, при необходимости определяемого путем голосования.

    Это мнение должно быть зафиксировано в протоколе; кроме того, каждое Государство - член имеет право потребовать отразить свою позицию в протоколе. Комиссия должна максимально учитывать мнение, вынесенное комитетом.
    Она должна проинформировать комитет, каким образом было учтено его мнение.

    Article 7
    1. Where a Member State ascertains that:
    — machinery bearing the CE marking, or
    — safety components accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity, used in accordance with their intended purpose are liable to endanger the safety of persons, and, where appropriate, domestic animals or property, it shall take all appropriate measures to withdraw such machinery or safety components from the market, to prohibit the placing on the market, putting into service or use thereof, or to restrict free movement thereof.

    Member States shall immediately inform the Commission of any such measure, indicating the reason for its decision and, in particular, whether non-conformity is due to:
    (a) failure to satisfy the essential requirements referred to in Article 3;
    (b) incorrect application of the standards referred to in Article 5(2);
    (c) shortcomings in the standards themselves referred to in Article 5(2).

    Статья 7
    1. Если Государство - член устанавливает, что:
    - машинное оборудование, имеющее маркировку "СЕ", либо
    - компоненты безопасности, сопровождаемые декларацией соответствия ЕС, используемые в соответствии с их назначением, могут нести угрозу безопасности людям, и, если это имеет место, домашним животным или собственности, оно должно принять все необходимые меры для изъятия такого машинного оборудования, либо компонентов безопасности с рынка, запретить их поставку на рынок, ввод в эксплуатацию или использование, либо ограничить их свободное обращение.

    Государства - члены должны немедленно информировать Комиссию о любых подобных мерах, указать причины такого решения и, в особенности, информировать о том, явилось ли это несоответствие результатом:
    a) неспособности удовлетворить основным требованиям, определенным в Статье 3;
    b) неправильного применения стандартов, определенных в Статье 5 (п.2);
    c) недостатков самих стандартов, определенных в Статье 5 (п. 2).

    2. The Commission shall enter into consultation with the parties concerned without delay. Where the Commission considers, after this consultation, that the measure is justified, it shall immediately so inform the Member State which took the initiative and the other Member States. Where the Commission considers, after this consultation, that the action is unjustified, it shall immediately so inform the Member State which took the initiative and the manufacturer or his authorised representative established within the Community.

    Where the decision referred to in paragraph 1 is based on a shortcoming in the standards, and where the Member State at the origin of the decision maintains its position, the Commission shall immediately inform the committee in order to initiate the procedures referred to in Article 6(1).

    2. Комиссия должна безотлагательно провести консультацию с заинтересованными сторонами. В случае, если после проведения такой консультации, Комиссия полагает, что такая мера обоснована, она должна немедленно информировать об этом Государство - член, которое выдвинуло эту инициативу, а также остальные Государства - члены. Если Комиссия после проведения такой консультации полагает, что действия не были обоснованными, она немедленно извещает об этом Государство - член, проявившее инициативу, и изготовителя, либо его уполномоченного представителя в Сообществе.

    Если решение, указанное в параграфе 1, основано на недостатках в стандартах, и если Государство - член на основании такого решения сохраняет свои позиции, то Комиссия должна немедленно информировать комитет для того, чтобы начать процедуры, описанные в Статье 6 (п. 1).

    3. Where:
    — machinery which does not comply bears the CE marking,
    — a safety component which does not comply is accompanied by an EC declaration of conformity,
    the competent Member State shall take appropriate action against whom so ever has affixed the marking or drawn up the declaration and shall so inform the Commission and other Member States.

    3. Если:
    - машинное оборудование, не соответствующие требованиям, имеют маркировку "СЕ",
    - компоненты безопасности, не соответствующие требованиям, имеют декларацию соответствия ЕС,
    компетентное Государство - член должно начать соответствующие действия против любого, кто поставил маркировку, или составил декларацию, и должно проинформировать об этом Комиссию и другие Государства - члены.

    4. The Commission shall ensure that Member States are kept informed of the progress and outcome of this procedure.

    4. Комиссия должна обеспечить, чтобы Государства – члены были постоянно информированы о ходе и результатах данной процедуры.

    CHAPTER II
    CONFORMITY ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES
    Article 8

    1. The manufacturer or his authorised representative established in the Community must, in order to certify that machinery and safety components are in conformity with this Directive, draw up for all machinery or safety components manufactured an EC declaration of conformity based on the model given in Annex II, point A or C as appropriate.

    In addition, for machinery alone, the manufacturer or his authorised representatives established in the Community must affix to the machine the CE marking.

    Глава II
    Процедуры оценки соответствия
    Статья 8

    1. Для подтверждения того, что машинное оборудование, а также компоненты безопасности соответствуют положениям настоящей Директивы, изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе должен составить декларацию ЕС о соответствии на произведенное машинное оборудование и компоненты безопасности по образцу, приведенному в Приложении II, соответственно пунктам A или C.

    Корме того, на машинное оборудование изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе должен нанести маркировку "СЕ" в соответствии со Статьей 10.

    2. Before placing on the market, the manufacturer, or his authorised representative established in the Community, shall:
    (a) if the machinery is not referred to in Annex IV, draw up the file provided for in Annex V;
    (b) if the machinery is referred to in Annex IV and its manufacturer does not comply, or only partly complies, with the standards referred to in Article 5(2) or if there are no such standards, submit an example of the machinery for the EC type-examination referred to in Annex VI;
    (c) if the machinery is referred to in Annex IV and is manufactured in accordance with the standards referred to in Article 5(2):
    — either draw up the file referred to in Annex VI and forward it to a notified body, which will acknowledge receipt of the file as soon as possible and keep it,
    — submit the file referred to in Annex VI to the notified body, which will simply verify that the standards referred to in Article 5(2) have been correctly applied and will draw up a certificate of adequacy for the file,
    — or submit the example of the machinery for the EC type-examination referred to in Annex VI.

    2. Перед поставкой на рынок изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе должен:
    (a) в случае, если машинное оборудование не указано в Приложении IV, составить документацию, предусмотренную Приложением V;
    (b) если машинное оборудование указано в Приложении IV, и их изготовитель не выполняет, либо выполняет лишь частично требования стандартов, упомянутых в Статье 5 (2), либо, если таких стандартов не существует, то представить образец машинного оборудования для его испытания ЕС, определенного в Приложении VI;
    (c) если машинное оборудование указано в Приложении IV и изготовлено в соответствии со стандартами, определенными в Статье 5 (п. 2):
    - либо составить документацию, указанную в Приложении VI, и передать ее нотифицированному органу, который подтверждает получение документации в возможно короткие сроки, а также сохраняет ее;
    - представить документацию, указанную в Приложении VI, нотифицированному органу, который просто проверит, что стандарты, упомянутые в Статье 5 (2), были применены правильно и составит сертификат соответствия по этой документации;
    - либо представить образец машинного оборудования для испытания ЕС типового образца, определенного в Приложении VI.

    3. Where the first indent of paragraph 2(c) of this Article applies, the provisions of the first sentence of paragraphs 5 and 7 of Annex VI shall also apply.

    Where the second indent of paragraph 2(c) of this Article applies, the provisions of paragraphs 5, 6 and 7 of Annex VI shall also apply.

    3. В тех случаях, когда может быть применен первый абзац параграфа 2 (с) этой Статьи должны также применяться положения первого предложения параграфов 5 и 7 Приложения VI.

    В тех случаях, когда может быть применен второй абзац пункта 2 (с), должны также применяться положения параграфов 5, 6 и 7 Приложения VI.

    4. Where paragraph 2(a) and the first and second indents of paragraph 2(c) apply, the EC declaration of conformity shall solely state conformity with the essential requirements of the Directive.

    Where paragraph 2(b) and the third indent of paragraph 2(c) apply, the EC declaration of conformity shall state conformity with the example that underwent EC type-examination.

    4. В тех случаях, когда применяется параграф 2 (а) и первый и второй абзацы параграфа 2 (c), декларация ЕС о соответствии должна удостоверить соответствие основным требованиям настоящей Директивы.

    В случае, когда применяется параграф 2 (b) и третий абзац параграфа 2 (c), декларация ЕС о соответствии должна удостоверить соответствие образцу, прошедшему испытание ЕС типового образца.

    5. Safety components shall be subject to the certification procedures applicable to machinery pursuant to paragraphs 2, 3 and 4. Furthermore, during EC type-examination, the notified body shall verify the suitability of the safety component for fulfilling the safety functions declared by the manufacturer.

    5.Компоненты безопасности должны подвергаться процедурам сертификации, применимым к машинному оборудованию в соответствии с параграфами 2, 3, 4. Более того, во время испытания ЕС типового образца нотифицированный орган должен проверить пригодность компонентов безопасности для выполнения тех функций безопасности, которые заявлены изготовителем.

    6. (a) Where the machinery is subject to other Directives concerning other aspects and which also provide for the affixing of the CE marking, the latter shall indicate that the machinery is also presumed to conform to the provisions of those other Directives.
    (b) However, where one or more of those Directives allow the manufacturer, during a transitional period, to choose which arrangements to apply, the CE marking shall indicate conformity only to the Directives applied by the manufacturer. In this case, particulars of the Directives applied, as published in the Official Journal of the European Communities, must be given in the documents, notices or instructions required by the directives and accompanying such machinery.

    6. (a) В тех случаях, когда машинное оборудование подпадает под действие Директив по другим аспектам, которые также предусматривают нанесение маркировки "СЕ", последняя указывает, что такое машинное оборудование соответствуют положениям этих прочих директив.
    (b) Тем не менее, когда одна или несколько таких Директив позволяют изготовителям в течение переходного периода выбирать, какие из положений применить, маркировка "СЕ" будет указывать на соответствие только тем Директивам, которые применялись изготовителем. В этом случае подробная информация о примененных Директивах, опубликованных в Официальном журнале Европейских сообществ, должен приводиться в документах, аннотациях или инструкциях, требуемых в соответствии с Директивами, и сопровождать такое машинное оборудование.

    7. Where neither the manufacturer nor his authorised representative established in the Community fulfils the obligations of paragraphs 1 to 6, these obligations shall fall to any person placing the machinery or safety component on the market in the Community. The same obligations shall apply to any person assembling machinery or parts thereof or safety components of various origins or constructing machinery or safety components for his own use.

    7. Если ни изготовитель, ни его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе не выполнят своих обязательств по предыдущим параграфам, то эти обязательства должны быть выполнены любыми лицами, поставляющими машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности на рынок Сообщества. Такие же обязательства возлагаются на любые лица, осуществляющие сборку машинного оборудования, либо его частей или компонентов безопасности различного происхождения, либо создающие машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности для собственного пользования.

    8. The obligations referred to in paragraph 7 shall not apply to persons who assemble with a machine or tractor interchangeable equipment as provided for in Article 1, provided that the parts are compatible and each of the constituent parts of the assembled machine bears the CE marking and is accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity.

    8. Обязательства, изложенные в параграфе 7, не применяются к лицам, которые собирают с машиной, механизмом или транспортным средством взаимозаменяемое оборудование, указанное в Статье 1, при условии, что эти части совместимы, и каждая из частей машины в сборе имеет маркировку "СЕ" и Декларацию ЕС о соответствии.

    Article 9
    1. Member States shall notify the Commission and the other Member States of the approved bodies which they have appointed to carry out the procedures referred to in Article 8 together with the specific tasks which these bodies have been appointed to carry out and the identification numbers assigned to them beforehand by the Commission.
    The Commission shall publish in the Official Journal of the European Communities a list of the notified bodies and their identification numbers and the tasks for which they have been notified. The Commission shall ensure that this list is kept up to date.

    Статья 9
    1. Государства - члены должны уведомить Комиссию и другие Государства - члены об утвержденных органах, которые назначаются для выполнения процедур, описанных в Статье 8, также как и для различных особых задач, которые этим органам предназначено выполнять, и об идентификационных номерах, предварительно присвоенных им Комиссией.

    В Официальном журнале Европейских сообществ Комиссия должна публиковать список таких нотифицированных органов и их идентификационные номера, а также задачи, для решения которых они предназначены. Комиссия должна обеспечить своевременность обновления списка.

    2. Member States shall apply the criteria laid down in Annex VII in assessing the bodies to be indicated in such notification. Bodies meeting the assessment criteria laid down in the relevant harmonised standards shall be presumed to fulfil those criteria.

    2. Государства - члены должны применять критерии, изложенные в Приложении VII, для определения органов, которые будут указаны в таких назначениях. Органы, удовлетворяющие критериям, изложенным в соответствующих гармонизированных стандартах, считаются соответствующими критериям.

    3. A Member State which has approved a body must withdraw its notification if it finds that the body no longer meets the criteria referred to in Annex VII. It shall immediately inform the Commission and the other Member States accordingly.

    3. Государство - член, утвердившее такой орган, должно отменить его назначение, если оно обнаружит, что он больше не соответствует критериям, изложенным в Приложении VII. Государство - член должно немедленно известить об этом Комиссию и другие Государства - члены.

    CHAPTER III
    CE MARKING
    Article 10
    1. The CE conformity marking shall consist of the initials ‘CE’. The form of the marking to be used is shown in Annex III.

    ГЛАВА III
    МАРКИРОВКА "СЕ"
    Статья 10
    1. Маркировка "СЕ" состоит из заглавных букв "СЕ". Форма маркировки, которая будет использоваться, указана в Приложении III.

    2. The CE marking shall be affixed to machinery distinctly and visibly in accordance with point 1.7.3 of Annex I.

    2. Маркировка "СЕ" должна наноситься на машинное оборудование четко, на видном месте в соответствии с пунктом 1.7.3. Приложения I.

    3. The affixing of markings on the machinery which are likely to deceive third parties as to the meaning and form of the CE marking shall be prohibited. Any other marking may be affixed to the machinery provided that the visibility and legibility of the CE marking is not thereby reduced.

    3. Нанесение маркировок на машинное оборудование таким образом, что это может ввести в заблуждение относительно значения и формы маркировки "СЕ", запрещено. Любые другие маркировки могут быть нанесены на машинное оборудование таким образом, чтобы не мешать видимости и различимости маркировки "СЕ".

    4. Without prejudice to Article 7:
    (a) where a Member State establishes that the CE marking has been affixed unduly, the manufacturer or his authorised representative established within the Community shall be obliged to make the product conform as regards the provisions concerning the CE marking and to end the infringement under the conditions imposed by the Member State;

    (b) where non-conformity continues, the Member State must take all appropriate measures to restrict or prohibit the placing on the market of the product in question or to ensure that it is withdrawn from the market in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 7.

    4. Без ограничения применения Статьи 7:
    (a) если Государство - член устанавливает, что маркировка "СЕ" была нанесена неправильно, изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе будет обязан привести продукцию в соответствии с положениями, касающимися маркировки "СЕ" и положить конец нарушениям на условиях, установленных Государством - членом;

    (b) если такое несоответствие будет продолжаться, то Государство - член должно принять все соответствующие меры для ограничения или запрещения поставки на рынок такой продукции, либо обеспечить изъятие ее с рынка в соответствии с процедурами, изложенными в Статье 7.

    CHAPTER IV
    FINAL PROVISIONS
    Article 11

    Any decision taken pursuant to this Directive which restricts the placing on the market and putting into service of machinery or a safety component shall state the exact grounds on which it is based. Such a decision shall be notified as soon as possible to the party concerned, who shall at the same time be informed of the legal remedies available to him under the laws in force in the Member State concerned and of the time limits to which such remedies are subject.

    ГЛАВА IV
    ЗАКЛЮЧИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПОЛОЖЕНИЯ
    Статья 11

    Любое решение, принятое в исполнение настоящей Директивы, ограничивающее поставку на рынок и ввод в эксплуатацию машинного оборудования или компонентов безопасности, должно указывать точные причины, на которых оно основано. Такое решение должно быть по возможности быстро доведено до сведения заинтересованных сторон, их также следует проинформировать о законных мерах, которые могут быть предприняты по действующему законодательству в соответствующем Государстве - члене и о сроках, в которые данные меры применяются.

    Article 12
    The Commission will take the necessary steps to have information on all the relevant decisions relating to the management of this Directive made available.

    Статья 12
    Комиссия предпримет все необходимые шаги для получения информации по всем соответствующим решениям, касающимся применения и распространения настоящей Директивы.

    Article 13
    1. Member States shall communicate to the Commission the texts of the provisions of national law which they adopt in the field governed by this Directive.

    2. The Commission shall, before 1 January 1994, examine the progress made in the standardisation work relating to this Directive and propose any appropriate measures.

    Статья 13
    1. Государства - члены должны передать Комиссии тексты положений национальных законодательных актов, принимаемых в сфере, определяемой настоящей Директивой.

    2. Комиссия должна до 1 января 1994 г. изучить развитие работ по стандартизации, относящиеся к области действия настоящей Директивы и предложить любые целесообразные меры.

    Тематики

    EN

    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > машинное оборудование

  • 92 фильтрованный

    adj. filtered; фильтрованное произведение (степень), reduced product (power)

    Русско-английский словарь математических терминов > фильтрованный

  • 93 закон

    1) law

    2) pattern
    3) priciple
    4) principle
    5) rule
    адиабатический закон
    вероятностный закон
    гиперболический закон
    двучленный закон
    закон аддитивности
    закон ассоциативности
    закон Бейс-Балло
    закон Био
    закон Био-Савара
    закон Бойля
    закон Бойля-Мариотта
    закон взаимности
    закон взаимозаместимости
    закон Генри
    закон Гука
    закон Дарси
    закон дистрибутивности
    закон инерции
    закон коммутативности
    закон конвекции
    закон косинуса
    закон Кулона
    закон Мариотта
    закон Оберта
    закон обратимости
    закон Ома
    закон Паскаля
    закон Пашена
    закон поглощения
    закон подобия
    закон преобразования
    закон природы
    закон противоречия
    закон развертывания
    закон распределения
    закон распределительный
    закон распространения
    закон симметрии
    закон синусов
    закон Снеллиуса
    закон сокращения
    закон сочетательный
    закон стоимости
    закон тождества
    закон транзитивности
    закон упругости
    закон Фарадея
    закон Харди-Вейнберга
    закон Шперера
    квадратичный закон
    квантовый закон
    неквантовый закон
    основной закон
    переместительный закон
    экспоненциальный закон

    астатический закон регулированияintegral control mode


    гидростатический закон распределения давленияhydrostatical pressure law


    закон биномиального распределенияbinomial-distribution law


    закон больших чисел<math.> law of large numbers


    закон больших чисел усиленный<math.> strong law of large numbers


    закон взаимности квадратичных вычетов<math.> quadratic reciprocity law


    закон взаимности фазlaw of mutuality phases


    закон виртуальных скоростейlaw of virutal velocities


    закон возрастания энтропииlaw of degradation of energy


    закон всемирного тяготения<phys.> law of universal gravitation


    закон всемирного тяготения НьютонаNewton's law of gravitation


    закон двойного отрицанияlaw of double negation


    закон действия и противодействия — law of action and reaction, <phys.> Newton's third law of motion


    закон действующих массlaw of mass action


    закон живых сил<phys.> law of conservation of energy


    закон идеального газаideal gas law


    закон исключенного третьего<math.> law of the excluded middle


    закон красного смещенияred-shift law


    закон кратных отношенийlaw of multiple proportions


    закон малых чисел<math.> law of small numbers


    закон мханики НьютонаNewton's laws of motion


    закон накопления опытаlaw of experience


    закон необходимого разнообразияlaw of requisite variety


    закон об ускорении и силе<phys.> Newton's second law of motion


    закон обратный квадратичный<phys.> inverse square law


    закон обратных квадратов<math.> inverse square law, inverse-square law


    закон объемных отношенийlaw of combining volumes


    закон пациальных давленийDalton's law


    закон повторного логарифмаlaw of iterated logarithm


    закон подобного преобразования<math.> scaling law


    закон полного токаAmpere's circuital law


    закон постоянства составаlaw of constnat proportions


    закон постоянства сумм теплаHess's law


    закон постянства угловlaw of constant angles


    закон пространственного зарядаspace-charge law


    закон простых объемных отношенийGay-Lussac's law


    закон равномерного распределенияequipartition law


    закон радиоактивного распадаradioactive decay law


    закон радиоактивного смещенияradio-active-displacement law


    закон распределения ошибокlaw of propagation errors


    закон распределения свернутый<math.> folded distribution


    закон свободного паденияfree-fall law


    закон сложных процентовlaw of compound interest


    закон случайных ошибокlaw of accidental errors


    закон смещения ВинаWien's displacement law


    закон сохранения массыlaw of conservation of mass


    закон сохранения материиlaw of conservation of matter


    закон сохранения энергииlaw of conservation of energy


    закон трех вторыхthree-halves power law


    закон тройного отрицанияlaw of triple negation


    закон тяготения ЭйнштейнаEinstein's law of gravitation


    общий закон взаимностиgeneral reciprocity law


    периодический закон МенделееваMendeleev's periodic law


    редуцированный нормальный законreduced normal law


    статический закон регулированияproportional control mode


    усиленный закон больших чисел<math.> strong law of large numbers

    Русско-английский технический словарь > закон

  • 94 позволять

    The motor mercury interruptor admits control of the rate of make and break.

    This allows (or permits) zero-setting the meter.

    The bottom plunger moulding press allows for loading when the mould is in the open position.

    This enables (or permits, or allows) the temperature to be found at any point.

    This enables an easy replacement of the drum section.

    The alloying elements make it possible to co-deposit substantial quantities of tungsten.

    A central focusing screw makes possible the focusing of both barrels simultaneously.

    Electric-motor drives permit efficient power generation...

    The right-angle milling attachment permits (of) milling in the horizontal plane.

    Aircraft model testing provides (or furnishes) a means for rapidly evaluating...

    A laser-anemometer enables one to make two-dimensional velocity-component measurements optically.

    This arrangement has enabled tooling costs to be reduced.

    A multi-bender arrangement permits making a sequence of different-angle bends.

    A modification of the square-jaw clutch permits more convenient engagement.

    The first step lets us describe the dependence of...

    These curves allow one (or us, etc.) to write...

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > позволять

  • 95 пропорционально

    The density decreases as ()пропорционально1/2.

    The force of... varies directly with the first power of distance.

    For oils of greater viscosity at atmospheric temperatures, the distances should be reduced in proportion.

    If dy/dx varies proportionally with ,...

    The duties vary proportionately with the speed of the main engine.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > пропорционально

  • 96 ЯО с пониженным действием ударной волны и светового излучения

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > ЯО с пониженным действием ударной волны и светового излучения

  • 97 ЯО с пониженным действием ударной волны и теплового излучения

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > ЯО с пониженным действием ударной волны и теплового излучения

  • 98 инфляция уменьшила на... процентов покупательную способность денег

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > инфляция уменьшила на... процентов покупательную способность денег

  • 99 помимо использования дорогого угля с малым содержанием серы выбросы диоксид

    General subject: in addition to the possibility of using expensive low-sulfur coal, emissions of sulfur dioxide from power plants can be reduced by cleansing the coal of its sulfur prior use

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > помимо использования дорогого угля с малым содержанием серы выбросы диоксид

  • 100 Nachfrage

    Nachfrage f V&M, WIWI demand die Nachfrage abwürgen V&M stifle demand hinter der Nachfrage zurückbleiben V&M, WIWI fall short of demand Nachfrage befriedigen FIN accommodate the demand, meet the demand Nachfrage decken V&M, WIWI meet demand, satisfy demand Nachfrage schaffen WIWI create demand
    * * *
    f <V&M, Vw> demand ■ die Nachfrage abwürgen <V&M> stifle demand ■ Nachfrage befriedigen < Finanz> accommodate the demand, meet the demand ■ Nachfrage schaffen <Vw> create demand
    * * *
    Nachfrage
    request, call, requisition, market, (Bedarf) demand, need, (Erkundigung) inquiry;
    auf Nachfrage [up]on inquiry;
    ohne Nachfrage not in demand;
    abgeleitete Nachfrage derived demand;
    abnehmende Nachfrage decreasing (diminishing) demand;
    anhaltende Nachfrage steady (persistent) demand;
    anpassungsfähige Nachfrage adaptable demand;
    aufgestaute Nachfrage pent-up demand;
    plötzlich auftretende Nachfrage rush (immediate) demand;
    bedeutende Nachfrage considerable demand;
    befriedigte Nachfrage satisfied demand;
    beständige Nachfrage steady demand;
    gleich bleibende Nachfrage steady demand;
    dringende Nachfrage pressing demand;
    elastische Nachfrage elastic (adaptable) demand;
    sich lebhaft entwickelnde Nachfrage freshly expanding demand;
    erwartete Nachfrage anticipated demand;
    fehlende Nachfrage deficiency of demand;
    durch vorhandenes Bargeld gedeckte Nachfrage effectual demand;
    geringe Nachfrage little (limited) demand;
    gesamtwirtschaftliche Nachfrage overall economic (schedule) demand;
    durch Kaufkraft und Kaufbereitschaft gestützte Nachfrage demand backed by the power and desire to buy;
    große Nachfrage great demand, run on;
    recht gute Nachfrage quite a little run;
    hektische Nachfrage keen demand;
    inländische Nachfrage home demand;
    laufende Nachfrage current demand;
    lebhafte Nachfrage active (brisk, lively, keen, strong) demand, cheerful market;
    äußerst lebhafte Nachfrage rush, run on;
    lustlose Nachfrage sluggish demand;
    mangelnde Nachfrage lack of demand;
    nachlassende Nachfrage fall in demand, slacken[ing] demand;
    reziproke Nachfrage reciprocal demand;
    saisonbedingte Nachfrage seasonal demand;
    schrumpfende Nachfrage contraction in demand;
    schwache Nachfrage slack demand;
    schwankende Nachfrage fluctuating market;
    sinkende Nachfrage declining demand, drop in demand;
    spärliche Nachfrage slack demand;
    spekulative Nachfrage speculative demand;
    stagnierende Nachfrage stationary (slack[ening], stagnant) demand;
    ständige Nachfrage steady demand;
    starke Nachfrage brisk (keen, strong) demand, run on, great run;
    [ständig] steigende Nachfrage increasing demand;
    stürmische Nachfrage huge demand;
    tatsächliche Nachfrage effective demand;
    träge Nachfrage sluggish demand;
    überhöhte Nachfrage surplus (excess) demand;
    unbedeutende Nachfrage insignificant demand;
    unelastische Nachfrage inelastic demand;
    ungeheure Nachfrage huge demand;
    unvorhergesehene Nachfrage unprecedented market;
    verbundene Nachfrage joint demand;
    gesamte volkswirtschaftliche Nachfrage overall economic (schedule) demand;
    ständig wachsende Nachfrage increase in (growing) demand;
    wenig Nachfrage little demand;
    zusammengesetzte Nachfrage composite demand;
    Angebot und Nachfrage supply and demand;
    Nachfrage des Anlagepublikums institutional demand;
    Nachfrage nach Arbeitskräften labo(u)r demand;
    Nachfrage nach Bankkrediten bank-loan demand;
    Nachfrage nach Bauleistungen orders for the building industry;
    Nachfrage nach Gütern des gehobenen Bedarfs demand for luxuries;
    starke Nachfrage nach Industrieschuldverschreibungen strong demand for corporate bonds;
    steigende internationale Nachfrage nach Lebensmitteln growing world demand for food;
    Nachfrage nach einem Markenartikel brand demand;
    starke (lebhafte) Nachfrage nach Montanaktien rush on mining stocks;
    ungeheure Nachfrage nach Ölaktien run on oil stocks;
    Nachfrage nach Personalkrediten private demand for credit;
    Nachfrage nach allen Qualitäten demand for every description;
    Nachfrage von der Spekulantenseite speculative demand;
    von der Nachfrage abhängen to be relative to demand;
    Nachfrage befriedigen to meet (supply, satisfy) the demand;
    Nachfrage beleben to stimulate demand;
    Nachfrage dämpfen to curb demand;
    Nachfrage decken to meet demand;
    Nachfrage für die kommende Saison decken to order one’s supplies for the season;
    geringe Nachfrage finden to be in limited demand;
    starke Nachfrage finden to come into great demand;
    [künstliche] Nachfrage [nach Aktien] hervorrufen to make a market;
    Nachfrage nicht befriedigen können to stay well ahead of supply;
    auf die Nachfrage der Verbraucher reagieren to respond to consumers’ demands;
    Nachfrage steigern to increase demand;
    Nachfrage übersteigen to outstrip (outpace) the demand;
    Nachfrageabhängigkeit des Volkseinkommens determination of national income;
    Nachfrageabnahme reduced demand;
    Nachfrageabschwächung slowdown in demand;
    Nachfrageanalyse demand analysis;
    relative Nachfrageänderungen proportionate changes in demand;
    Nachfrageankurbelung boost to demand;
    Nachfrageanstieg growth in demand;
    Nachfrageaussichten expectation of demand;
    Nachfrageausweitung extension in demand;
    Nachfrageballung accumulated demand.

    Business german-english dictionary > Nachfrage

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