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record+of+applications

  • 21 one

    [wʌn] n
    1) ( number) Eins f;
    \one is the smallest whole number Eins ist die kleinste ganze Zahl;
    the front door bore a big brass \one auf der Eingangstür war eine große Eins in Kupfer;
    one/ two/ three hundred/ million/thousand and \one ein/zwei/drei Hundert/Millionen/Tausend und eins
    2) (size of garment, merchandise) Größe eins;
    little Jackie's wearing \ones now die kleine Jackie trägt jetzt Größe eins adj
    1) ( not two) ein(e, er, es);
    we have two daughters and \one son wir haben zwei Töchter und einen Sohn;
    she'll be \one year old tomorrow sie wird morgen ein Jahr alt;
    \one hundred/ million/ thousand einhundert/eine Million/eintausend;
    \one third/ fifth ein Drittel/Fünftel nt
    2) ( one of a number) ein(e, er/es);
    a glass tube closed at \one end ein Glasröhrchen ist an einem Ende verschlossen;
    he can't tell \one wine from another er kennt die Weine nicht auseinander
    3) ( single) einzige(r, s);
    her \one concern is to save her daughter ihre einzige Sorge ist, ihre Tochter zu retten;
    not \one man kein Mensch;
    to have just \one thought nur einen [einzigen] Gedanken haben;
    all \one sth nur in einer/einem etw;
    I think we should paint the bedroom all \one colour ich denke, wir sollten das Schlafzimmer nur in einer Farbe streichen;
    the \one sth der/die/das eine etw;
    do you think five of us will manage to squeeze into the \one car? glaubst du, wir fünf können uns in dieses eine Auto quetschen?;
    there's too much data to fit onto just the \one disk das sind zu viele Daten für nur eine Diskette;
    the \one and only sth der/die/das einzige...;
    the title of his \one and only book der Titel seines einzigen Buchs;
    the \one and only sb der/die einzigartige...;
    the \one and only Muhammad Ali der einzigartige Muhammad Ali;
    ladies and gentlemen, the \one and only David Copperfield! meine Damen und Herren, der einzigartige David Copperfield!
    4) ( only)
    the \one sb/ sth die/die/das einzige;
    he's the \one person you can rely on in an emergency er ist die einzige Person, auf die man sich im Notfall verlassen kann;
    (this is the \one type of computer that is easy to use for people who aren't experts) das ist der einzige Computer, den Laien einfach verwenden können
    I'd like to go skiing \one Christmas ich möchte irgendwann zu Weihnachten Skifahren gehen;
    we must have a drink together \one evening wir müssen irgendwann am Abend was trinken gehen;
    \one night we stayed up talking till dawn einen Abend plauderten wir bis zum Morgengrauen;
    \one afternoon in late October einen Nachmittag Ende Oktober;
    \one day ( in the past) irgendwann;
    we first met each other \one day in the park wir trafen uns das erste Mal im Park;
    one \one a boy started teasing Grady irgendwann begann der Junge Grady zu ärgern;
    ( in the future) irgendwann;
    why don't we meet for lunch \one day next week? warum treffen wir uns nicht nächste Woche irgendwann zum Mittagessen?;
    I'd like to go to Berlin again \one day ich möchte irgendwann wieder nach Berlin fahren;
    from \one minute to the next von einer Minute auf die andere;
    \one moment... the next [moment]... einmal... im nächsten [Moment];
    \one moment he says he loves me, the next moment he's asking for a divorce einmal sagt er, er liebt mich, und im nächsten Moment will er die Scheidung
    6) (form: a certain person) ein gewisser, eine gewisse;
    her solicitor is \one John Wintersgill ihr Anwalt ist ein gewisser John Wintersgill
    7) ( esp Am);
    (emph fam: noteworthy) ein(e);
    to be \one sb/ sth;
    his mother is \one generous woman meine Mutter ist eine großzügige Frau;
    that's \one big ice-cream you've got there du hast aber ein großes Eis;
    it was \one hell of a shock to find out I'd lost my job es war ein Riesenschock für mich, dass ich den Job verloren hatte;
    he was \one hell of a snappy dresser er war immer todschick gekleidet
    8) ( identical) ein(e);
    all types of training meet \one common standard alle Trainingsarten folgen einem gemeinsamen Standard;
    \one and the same ein und derselbe/dieselbe/dasselbe;
    the two things are \one and the same diese beiden Dinge sind ein und dasselbe;
    to be \one ( form a unity) vereint sein;
    as husband and wife we are now \one als Mann und Frau sind sie nun vereint
    9) ( one year old) eins, ein Jahr;
    little Jimmy's \one today der kleine Jimmy wird heute eins [o ein Jahr alt]; ( one o'clock) eins, ein Uhr;
    it's half past \one es ist halb zwei;
    we'll meet at \one in the pub wir treffen uns um eins im Pub
    PHRASES:
    a hundred [or million] [or thousand] and \one ( very many) hunderttausend;
    I can't stand around chatting - I've got a hundred and \one things to do this morning ich kann nicht hier herumstehen und tratschen - ich muss am Vormittag hunderttausend Dinge erledigen;
    \one thing and another ( fam) alles gemeinsam;
    what with \one thing and another she hadn't had much sleep recently da alles zusammenkam, bekam sie in letzter Zeit nicht sehr viel Schlaf;
    \one way or another [or the other] ( for or against) für oder gegen;
    there is no evidence \one way or the other about the effectiveness of the drug es gibt keinerlei Beweise über die Wirksamkeit oder Unwirksamkeit des Medikaments;
    ( any possible way) irgendwie;
    the bills have to be paid \one way or another die Rechnungen müssen irgendwie bezahlt werden;
    ( an unstated way) irgendwie;
    everyone at the party was related in one way or another auf der Party waren alle irgendwie miteinander verwandt pron
    1) ( single item) eine(r, s);
    four parcels came this morning, but only \one was for Mark heute Morgen kamen vier Pakete, aber nur eines war für Mark;
    which cake would you like? - the \one at the front welchen Kuchen möchten Sie? - den vorderen;
    I'd rather eat French croissants than English \ones ich esse lieber französische Croissants als englische;
    do you want \one? möchtest du eine/einen/eines?;
    \one or another [or the other] eine oder die andere, einer oder der andere, eines oder das andere;
    (not all instances fall neatly into \one or another of these categories) nicht alle Vorkommnisse fallen genau in eine dieser Kategorien;
    \one of sth eine(r, s) von etw dat + superl adj eine(r, s) der;
    electronics is \one of his hobbies die Elektronik ist eines seiner Hobbys;
    PolyGram is \one of the [world's] largest record companies PolyGram ist eine der führenden Plattenfirmen [der Welt];
    Luxembourg is \one of the [world's] smallest countries Luxemburg ist eines der kleinsten Länder [der Welt];
    Paula's had another \one of her crazy ideas Paula hatte noch eine ihrer verrückten Ideen;
    \one of many eine(r, s) von vielen;
    our organization is just \one of many charities unsere Organisation ist nur eine von vielen wohltätigen Vereinigungen;
    not a single \one kein einziger, keine einzige, kein einziges;
    this/that \one diese(r, s);
    which one do you want? - that \one, please! welche(n) möchten Sie? - diese(n) bitte!;
    these \ones were all made in Japan diese wurden alle in Japan hergestellt
    2) ( single person) eine(r);
    two could live as cheaply as \one zwei könnten so billig wie eine(r) leben;
    the \one der, die, das;
    Chris is the \one with curly brown hair Chris ist der/die mit den lockigen braunen Haaren;
    one's loved \ones ( one's family) jds Geliebte;
    my friends and loved \ones meine Freunde und meine Geliebten;
    to be \one to do sth jd sein, der etw tut;
    I've always been active and never really been \one to sit around doing nothing du warst immer sehr aktiv und bist nie wirklich untätig herumgesessen;
    to not [or never] be \one to say no to sth nie zu etw dat nein sagen können;
    he's never \one to say no to a curry er kann bei einem Curry nie nein sagen;
    to be [a] \one for sth ( fam) ein Fan einer S. gen sein;
    Jack's always been \one for the ladies Jack stand immer auf Frauen;
    I've never really been \one for football ich war nie ein wirklicher Fußballfan;
    to not be much of a \one for sth ( fam) etw nicht besonders mögen;
    I'm not much of a \one for chocolate ich mag Schokolade nicht besonders;
    to be [a] \one for doing sth ( fam) etw gerne machen;
    she was never a \one for playing hockey sie spielte nie gerne Hockey;
    to be a great \one for doing sth ( fam) gut darin sein, etw zu tun;
    he's a great \one for telling other people what to do er ist gut darin, anderen Leuten zu sagen, was sie machen sollen;
    to be \one that...;
    he's always been \one that enjoys good food ihm hat gutes Essen schon immer geschmeckt;
    to not be \one who... nicht zu denen gehören, die...;
    you're not usually \one who complains about the service in a restaurant du zählst nicht zu denen, die sich über das Service in einem Restaurant beschweren;
    such a \one ( someone remarkable)
    you never saw such a \one for figures er kann wirklich gut mit Zahlen umgehen;
    \one and all ( liter) alle;
    the news of his resignation came as a surprise to \one and all die Nachricht von seinem Rücktritt kam für alle überraschend;
    well done \one and all! gut gemacht, ihr alle!;
    like \one + pp
    Viv was running around like \one possessed before the presentation Viv lief vor der Präsentation wie besessen herum;
    \one of you/ them/us eine(r,) von euch/Ihnen/ihnen/uns;
    the money was here this morning so \one of you must have taken it das Geld war diesen Morgen hier; einer von euch muss es genommen haben;
    \one of our daughters has just got married eine unserer Töchter hat gerade geheiratet;
    \one of... + superl eine(r, s) der...;
    Luxembourg is \one of the [world's] smallest countries Luxemburg ist eines der kleinsten Länder [der Welt];
    \one of many eine(r, s) von vielen
    3) ( used in comparisons) eine(r, s);
    you may have \one or the other, but not both du kannst nur eines davon haben, nicht beide;
    crime and freedom are inseparable - you can't have \one without the other Verbrechen und Freiheit sind untrennbar verbunden - man kann nicht eines ohne das andere bekommen
    4) ((dated) form: any person) man;
    \one has an obligation to \one's friends man hat Verpflichtungen seinen Freunden gegenüber;
    (\one must admire him for his willingness) man muss ihn für seinen Willen bewundern
    5) (form: I, we) ich, wir;
    \one gets the impression that he is ahead ich glaube, er ist vorne;
    \one has to do \one's best ich muss mein [o wir müssen unser] Bestes geben
    6) ( question) Frage f;
    what's the capital of Zaire? - oh, that's a difficult \one wie heißt die Hauptstadt von Zaire? - das ist eine schwierige Frage
    7) (fam: alcoholic drink) Getränk nt;
    this \one's on me! diese Runde geht auf mich!;
    a cool \one after a day on the water ein kühles Getränk nach einem Tag am Wasser
    8) (fam: joke, story) Witz m;
    that was a good \one! der ist gut!;
    the \one about sb/ sth der [Witz] von jdm/etw;
    did I tell you the \one about the blind beggar? habe ich dir den [Witz] von dem blinden Bettler erzählt?
    9) (Brit, Aus) ((dated) fam: sb who is lacking respect, rude, or amusing)
    to be a \one eine(r) sein
    PHRASES:
    \one of the family zur Familie gehören;
    \one of a kind zur Spitze gehören;
    in the world of ballet she was certainly \one of a kind as a dancer in der Welt des Ballet zählte sie sicher zu den besten Tänzerinnen;
    \one at a time ( separately) eine nach der anderen, einer/eines nach dem anderen;
    don't gobble them up all at once - eat them \one at a time schling nicht alle auf einmal hinunter - iss sie langsam;
    \one or two ( fam) ein paar;
    I've only had \one or two cigarettes in my whole life ich habe nur ein paar Zigaretten in meinem ganzen Leben geraucht; ( hum)
    I hear you've collected over 1,000 autographs! - well, I do have \one or two ich habe gehört, du hast über 1.000 Autogramme gesammelt! - na ja, ich habe ein paar;
    in \ones and twos in geringer Zahl;
    we expected a flood of applications for the job, but we're only receiving them in \ones and twos wir erwarteten eine Flut von Bewerbungen, aber wir haben nur ein paar wenige bekommen;
    to land [or sock] sb \one [on the jaw] ( fam) jdm eine stecken [o schmieren] ( fam)
    \one after another [or the other] ( following one another in quick succession) eine nach der anderen, einer/eines nach dem anderen;
    \one after another the buses drew up die Busse kamen einer nach dem anderen;
    as \one ( form) einer Meinung;
    we have discussed the matter fully and are as \one on our decision wir haben die Angelegenheit gründlich erörtert und sind bei der Entscheidung einer Meinung;
    to be at \one with sb ( form) mit jdm einer Meinung sein;
    to be at \one with sth ( form) eins mit etw dat sein;
    they were completely at \one with their environment sie leben mit ihrer Umwelt völlig in Harmonie;
    \one by \one (separately and in succession, singly) nacheinander;
    sb for \one jd seinerseits;
    I for \one am getting a little sick of writing about it ich meinerseits habe es ein wenig satt, darüber zu schreiben;
    in \one ( in one draught) in einem Zug;
    she downed her whisky in \one sie trank ihren Whisky in einem Zug;
    to get sth in \one (fam: guess correctly at once) etw sofort erraten;
    so are you saying she's leaving him? - yep, got it in \one du sagst also, dass sie ihn verlässt? - ja, du hast es kapiert;
    [all] in \one [alles] in einem;
    with this model you get a radio, CD player and cassette deck [all] in \one dieses Modell enthält Radio, CD-Player und Kassettendeck in einem;
    to be/get \one up on sb jdn übertrumpfen;
    he's always trying to get \one up on his brother er versucht immer, seinen Bruder zu übertrumpfen;
    to be all \one to sb Chinesisch für jdn sein ( fam)
    Greek and Hebrew are all \one to me Griechisch und Hebräisch sind Chinesisch für mich

    English-German students dictionary > one

  • 22 make\ out

    1. I
    1) they aren't as rich as they make out они совсем не так богаты, как стараются это представить
    2) how did you make out? каковы ваши успехи?; how are things making out? как идет дела?: give him another six months and see how he makes out дайте ему еще полгода и тогда посмотрите, как у неги пойдут дела; don't worry I'll make out не беспокойтесь, я справлюсь
    3) he is not such a fool (such a good lawyer, such a bad man, etc.) as some people make out, он не такой дурак и т. д., как некоторые люди полагают; as far as I (this reporter, the doctor, etc,) can make out... насколько я и т. д. могу судить...
    2. III
    4)
    make out smth. /smth. out/ we need two more eggs to make out a dozen до дюжины нам не хватает еще двух я яиц; we must put in some more poems and essays to make out a representative volume чтобы получился /был/ типичный для данного писателя (для этой школы и т. п.) том, нужно включить в него еще несколько стихотворений и очерков
    2)
    make out smth., smb. /smth.! smb. out/ make out the meaning of a phrase (a rule, etc.) понять значение фразы и т. д., разобраться в значении фразы и т. д., he couldn't make out her hand он не мог разобрать ее почерка; the boy had a hard time making out the problem мальчик с большим трудом разобрался в задаче /долго не мог понять задачу/; I can't make you out а) я вас не понимаю; б) не могу понять, что вы за человек
    3)
    make out smth., smb. /smth., smb. out/usually with can; I couldn't make out the design (her figure, the man in the cloak, the amount at the bottom of the page, etc.) я не мог рассмотреть орнамент и т. д., can you make out the island? ты видишь остров?
    4)
    make out smth. /smth. out/ make out a marketing list (our annual report, an application, etc.) составлять список покупок и т. д. I make out this form (an order for books, a questionnaire, etc.) заполните этот бланк или эту анкету и т. д., make out a certificate выписать свидетельство; make out a cheque (a bill) выписать чек (счет); make out, а сору (а record, etc.) сделать копию и т. д.
    3. IV
    1) make out smth. /smth. out/ in some manner usually in the interrogative coll. how do you make that out? почему вы так думаете?, откуда вы это взяли?
    2) make out smth., smb. /smth., smb. out/ in some manner I could barely /hardly, scarcely, just/ make out the expression on his face (the outline of the building, her figure, the running man, etc.) я едва мог рассмотреть или различить выражение его лица и т. д.
    4. V
    make out smb. /smb. out/ make me out a liar (a hypocrite, a cheat, an impostor, etc.) выставлять /представлять/ меня лгуном и т. д.
    5. VI
    make out smb. /smb. out/ as being of /having/ some quality make him out selfish (deceitful, guilty, ill, etc.) выставлять его эгоистичным и т. д.
    6. VII
    make out smb. /smb. out/ to be smb. make smb. out to be a liar (to be the one who broke the vase, to be a person of the highest character, etc.) выставлять кого-л. лжецом и т. д.; he makes himself out to be a famous scientist он выдает себя за известного ученого
    7. XI
    1) be made out that... it was made out that he had no business being there дело было представлено так, что он якобы не имел права там быть; be made out by smb. that... it was made out by his counsel that he was innocent адвокат /защитник/ представил дело так, что он невиновен
    2) || a case could be made out for Smith's release можно привести убедительные доводы или доказательства в пользу освобождения Смита; we do not consider that a case has been made out for reducing the tax on these goods мы считали, что не было приведено убедительных доводов в пользу необходимости. сокращения налога на эти товары
    3) be made out [to be] smb. he is made out [to be] a patriot (a hero, the best dancer ever, etc.) о нем отзываются как о патриоте и т. д., его считают патриотом и т. д.
    4) be made out in some manner the outline of the house (the ship, the spire, the figure, etc.) could just /hardly, barely/ be made out очертания дома и т. д. были едва различимы; be made out from somewhere his speech could scarcely /barely, hardly/ be made out from the balcony (from the fifth row, from afar, etc.) с балкона и т. д. его речь была едва слышна; the expression of his face could not be made out in half-light (in the gloom, in the mist, ill the darkness, etc.) в полутьме и т. д. нельзя было рассмотреть выражение его лица
    5) be made out in some manner be made out clearly (quickly, etc.) быть составленным /быть заполненным/ четко и т. д.; be made out in some quantity applications ( orders, forms, etc.) have to be made out in triplicate (in duplicate, in a number of copies, etc.) заявления и т. д. пишутся в трех экземплярах и т. д.
    8. XIII
    make out to be in some state he made out to be ill он притворился больным
    9. XVI
    coll. make out with smb., smth. how are you making out with Mary? как у вас дела с Мэри?; how did you make out with your interview? как у вас прошло интервью?; you made out well with the dinner (with the party, with your speech, etc.) обед и т. д. вам удался; we must try to make out with what we have надо попытаться обойтись тем, что у нас есть; make out in smth. how are you making out in your new job (in the office, etc.)? как у вас дела с новой работой и т. д.?; make out on smth. make out on a small wage обходиться небольшой зарплатой, жить на небольшую зарплату
    10. XXI1
    1) || make out a case for /in favour of/ (against) smth. приводить доказательства или доводы в пользу (против) чего-л.; make out a strong case for reform (in favour of an increase in salary, etc.) находить убедительные доводы в пользу реформ и т. д.
    2) make out smth. /smth. out/ from smth. I couldn't make anything out from these facts из этих фактов я не мог ничего понять; he tried to make out something from the tangled mazes of history and legend он пытался разобраться в лабиринте исторических событий и легенд
    3) make out smth., smb. /smth., smb. out/ т some place make out an inscription on a wall (a signature at the foot of a letter, a date in a manuscript, etc.) разобрать надпись на стене и т. д.; make out an outline of a house in the distance (a ship near the horizon, a spire in the darkness, etc.) различить очертания дома вдали и т. д.; make out a dim figure in the mist смутно видеть фигуру сквозь туман /в тумане/; I couldn't make her out in the dark hall я не видел ее в этом темном холле; make out smth., smb. /smth., smb. out/ with smth. you can make it out with a telescope это можно увидеть в телескоп; I couldn't make her out even with opera-glasses я даже в бинокль не видел ее
    4) make out smth. /smth. out/ for smth., smb. make out an application for a licence подать /написать/ заявление на получение прав; make out a list for the grocer составить список того, что надо купить в бакалее; make out a cheque for L 10 выписать чек на десять фунтов; make out smth. /smth. out/ to smb., smth. make out a cheque to him (to the firm, etc.) выписать чек на его имя /на него/ и т. д., make out a pass to him and his wife выписать /дать/ пропуск ему и его жене; make out smth. /smth. out/ in some quantity make this document out in duplicate оформите этот документ в двух экземплярах
    11. XXV
    1) make out that... he made out that he had been badly treated (that we were to blame, that they were friends of ours, etc.) он представил дело так, будто с ним плохо обращались и т. д., you can't make out that we haven't tried to help you вы не можете сказать, что мы не пытались ним помочь; let's make out that we are wrecked on a desert island давайте вообразим /представим себе/, что в результате кораблекрушения мы оказались на необитаемом острове
    2) make out what... (why..., who..., etc.) I can't make out what he wants (what it's all about, why he left, who that man was, when they intend to return, etc.) никак не пойму, что он хочет и т. д., all I can make out is that he will come все, что я понял, так это то, что он придет
    3) make out whether... (who..., etc.) I can't make out whether this figure is a three or an eight не могу разобрать, какая это цифра, три или восемь?; from the voice he could make out who the stranger was по голосу он понял или догадался, кто был этот незнакомец

    English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > make\ out

  • 23 document

    A n gen document m ; Jur acte m ; legal document acte judiciaire ; to study all the documents in a case Jur étudier le dossier d'une affaire ; travel/insurance/identity documents papiers mpl de voyage/d'assurance/d'identité ; policy document Pol déclaration f de politique générale.
    B vtr
    1 (give account of, record) décrire [development, events] ; this chapter in her career is not well documented on sait peu de choses sur cette période de sa carrière ; the only documented case of this phenomenon le seul cas connu de ce phénomène ;
    2 ( support or prove with documents) documenter [case, claim] ; all applications must be properly documented toutes les demandes doivent être accompagnées des pièces justificatives requises ;
    3 Naut munir [qch] des papiers nécessaires [ship].

    Big English-French dictionary > document

  • 24 list

    list [lɪst]
    1 noun
    (a) (record) liste f; Administration bordereau m;
    ∎ list of names liste f nominative;
    ∎ figurative it's (at the) top of my list (I'll do it first) c'est la première chose que je doive faire;
    ∎ a fridge is top of my list (to buy) la première chose que je doive acheter, c'est un réfrigérateur;
    ∎ a diamond necklace is top of my list (as gift) le cadeau que je préférerais avoir est un collier de diamants;
    ∎ top of the list for the government is the appointment of… ce qui figure en tête des priorités du gouvernement c'est de nommer…;
    ∎ figurative it's (at the) bottom of the list (least important) ce n'est pas à faire en priorité;
    ∎ you're/your name's not on the list vous ne figurez pas sur la liste;
    ∎ to make out or draw up a list établir ou dresser une liste;
    ∎ to enter sth on a list porter qch sur une liste;
    ∎ Stock Exchange list of applicants or applications (for loan, shares) liste f des souscripteurs;
    ∎ Finance list of bills for collection/for discount bordereau m d'effets à l'encaissement/à l'escompte
    (b) (lean) inclinaison f; Nautical gîte f, bande f;
    ∎ to have a list donner de la bande, prendre de la gîte
    (a) (make list of) dresser la liste de; (enumerate) énumérer; (enter in a list) inscrire (sur une liste);
    ∎ I've listed the things to be done j'ai dressé une liste de choses à faire;
    ∎ she listed the reasons for her decision elle a énuméré les raisons pour lesquelles elle avait pris cette décision;
    ∎ my name isn't listed mon nom ne figure pas sur la liste;
    ∎ his phone number isn't listed (in the directory) son numéro de téléphone ne figure pas dans l'annuaire
    (b) (classify) classer;
    ∎ they are listed by family name ils sont classés par nom de famille;
    ∎ it was officially listed as suicide ce fut officiellement classé comme un suicide
    ∎ what are the new laptops listed at? les nouveaux portables sont vendus combien?
    (d) Computing lister
    (a) (lean) pencher, être incliné; Nautical gîter, donner de la bande
    ∎ this car lists (at or for) $10,000 cette voiture se vend ou s'est vendue 10 000 dollars
    ►► Finance list of investments (bordereau m de) portefeuille m;
    list price prix m du catalogue;
    ∎ I can get 20 percent off (the) list price je peux avoir un rabais de 20 pour cent sur le prix de vente;
    Stock Exchange list of quotations bulletin m des cours
    ✾ Film 'Schindler's List' Spielberg 'La Liste de Schindler'

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > list

  • 25 application log

    A record of events that are generated by the applications running on a system.

    English-Arabic terms dictionary > application log

  • 26 Language

       Philosophy is written in that great book, the universe, which is always open, right before our eyes. But one cannot understand this book without first learning to understand the language and to know the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and the characters are triangles, circles, and other figures. Without these, one cannot understand a single word of it, and just wanders in a dark labyrinth. (Galileo, 1990, p. 232)
       It never happens that it [a nonhuman animal] arranges its speech in various ways in order to reply appropriately to everything that may be said in its presence, as even the lowest type of man can do. (Descartes, 1970a, p. 116)
       It is a very remarkable fact that there are none so depraved and stupid, without even excepting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while, on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be, which can do the same. (Descartes, 1967, p. 116)
       Human beings do not live in the object world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reflection. The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built on the language habits of the group.... We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir, 1921, p. 75)
       It powerfully conditions all our thinking about social problems and processes.... No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same worlds with different labels attached. (Sapir, 1985, p. 162)
       [A list of language games, not meant to be exhaustive:]
       Giving orders, and obeying them- Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements- Constructing an object from a description (a drawing)Reporting an eventSpeculating about an eventForming and testing a hypothesisPresenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagramsMaking up a story; and reading itPlay actingSinging catchesGuessing riddlesMaking a joke; and telling it
       Solving a problem in practical arithmeticTranslating from one language into another
       LANGUAGE Asking, thanking, cursing, greeting, and praying-. (Wittgenstein, 1953, Pt. I, No. 23, pp. 11 e-12 e)
       We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages.... The world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... No individual is free to describe nature with absolute impartiality but is constrained to certain modes of interpretation even while he thinks himself most free. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 153, 213-214)
       We dissect nature along the lines laid down by our native languages.
       The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar or can in some way be calibrated. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 213-214)
       9) The Forms of a Person's Thoughts Are Controlled by Unperceived Patterns of His Own Language
       The forms of a person's thoughts are controlled by inexorable laws of pattern of which he is unconscious. These patterns are the unperceived intricate systematizations of his own language-shown readily enough by a candid comparison and contrast with other languages, especially those of a different linguistic family. (Whorf, 1956, p. 252)
       It has come to be commonly held that many utterances which look like statements are either not intended at all, or only intended in part, to record or impart straightforward information about the facts.... Many traditional philosophical perplexities have arisen through a mistake-the mistake of taking as straightforward statements of fact utterances which are either (in interesting non-grammatical ways) nonsensical or else intended as something quite different. (Austin, 1962, pp. 2-3)
       In general, one might define a complex of semantic components connected by logical constants as a concept. The dictionary of a language is then a system of concepts in which a phonological form and certain syntactic and morphological characteristics are assigned to each concept. This system of concepts is structured by several types of relations. It is supplemented, furthermore, by redundancy or implicational rules..., representing general properties of the whole system of concepts.... At least a relevant part of these general rules is not bound to particular languages, but represents presumably universal structures of natural languages. They are not learned, but are rather a part of the human ability to acquire an arbitrary natural language. (Bierwisch, 1970, pp. 171-172)
       In studying the evolution of mind, we cannot guess to what extent there are physically possible alternatives to, say, transformational generative grammar, for an organism meeting certain other physical conditions characteristic of humans. Conceivably, there are none-or very few-in which case talk about evolution of the language capacity is beside the point. (Chomsky, 1972, p. 98)
       [It is] truth value rather than syntactic well-formedness that chiefly governs explicit verbal reinforcement by parents-which renders mildly paradoxical the fact that the usual product of such a training schedule is an adult whose speech is highly grammatical but not notably truthful. (R. O. Brown, 1973, p. 330)
       he conceptual base is responsible for formally representing the concepts underlying an utterance.... A given word in a language may or may not have one or more concepts underlying it.... On the sentential level, the utterances of a given language are encoded within a syntactic structure of that language. The basic construction of the sentential level is the sentence.
       The next highest level... is the conceptual level. We call the basic construction of this level the conceptualization. A conceptualization consists of concepts and certain relations among those concepts. We can consider that both levels exist at the same point in time and that for any unit on one level, some corresponding realizate exists on the other level. This realizate may be null or extremely complex.... Conceptualizations may relate to other conceptualizations by nesting or other specified relationships. (Schank, 1973, pp. 191-192)
       The mathematics of multi-dimensional interactive spaces and lattices, the projection of "computer behavior" on to possible models of cerebral functions, the theoretical and mechanical investigation of artificial intelligence, are producing a stream of sophisticated, often suggestive ideas.
       But it is, I believe, fair to say that nothing put forward until now in either theoretic design or mechanical mimicry comes even remotely in reach of the most rudimentary linguistic realities. (Steiner, 1975, p. 284)
       The step from the simple tool to the master tool, a tool to make tools (what we would now call a machine tool), seems to me indeed to parallel the final step to human language, which I call reconstitution. It expresses in a practical and social context the same understanding of hierarchy, and shows the same analysis by function as a basis for synthesis. (Bronowski, 1977, pp. 127-128)
        t is the language donn eґ in which we conduct our lives.... We have no other. And the danger is that formal linguistic models, in their loosely argued analogy with the axiomatic structure of the mathematical sciences, may block perception.... It is quite conceivable that, in language, continuous induction from simple, elemental units to more complex, realistic forms is not justified. The extent and formal "undecidability" of context-and every linguistic particle above the level of the phoneme is context-bound-may make it impossible, except in the most abstract, meta-linguistic sense, to pass from "pro-verbs," "kernals," or "deep deep structures" to actual speech. (Steiner, 1975, pp. 111-113)
       A higher-level formal language is an abstract machine. (Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 113)
       Jakobson sees metaphor and metonymy as the characteristic modes of binarily opposed polarities which between them underpin the two-fold process of selection and combination by which linguistic signs are formed.... Thus messages are constructed, as Saussure said, by a combination of a "horizontal" movement, which combines words together, and a "vertical" movement, which selects the particular words from the available inventory or "inner storehouse" of the language. The combinative (or syntagmatic) process manifests itself in contiguity (one word being placed next to another) and its mode is metonymic. The selective (or associative) process manifests itself in similarity (one word or concept being "like" another) and its mode is metaphoric. The "opposition" of metaphor and metonymy therefore may be said to represent in effect the essence of the total opposition between the synchronic mode of language (its immediate, coexistent, "vertical" relationships) and its diachronic mode (its sequential, successive, lineal progressive relationships). (Hawkes, 1977, pp. 77-78)
       It is striking that the layered structure that man has given to language constantly reappears in his analyses of nature. (Bronowski, 1977, p. 121)
       First, [an ideal intertheoretic reduction] provides us with a set of rules"correspondence rules" or "bridge laws," as the standard vernacular has it-which effect a mapping of the terms of the old theory (T o) onto a subset of the expressions of the new or reducing theory (T n). These rules guide the application of those selected expressions of T n in the following way: we are free to make singular applications of their correspondencerule doppelgangers in T o....
       Second, and equally important, a successful reduction ideally has the outcome that, under the term mapping effected by the correspondence rules, the central principles of T o (those of semantic and systematic importance) are mapped onto general sentences of T n that are theorems of Tn. (P. Churchland, 1979, p. 81)
       If non-linguistic factors must be included in grammar: beliefs, attitudes, etc. [this would] amount to a rejection of the initial idealization of language as an object of study. A priori such a move cannot be ruled out, but it must be empirically motivated. If it proves to be correct, I would conclude that language is a chaos that is not worth studying.... Note that the question is not whether beliefs or attitudes, and so on, play a role in linguistic behavior and linguistic judgments... [but rather] whether distinct cognitive structures can be identified, which interact in the real use of language and linguistic judgments, the grammatical system being one of these. (Chomsky, 1979, pp. 140, 152-153)
        23) Language Is Inevitably Influenced by Specific Contexts of Human Interaction
       Language cannot be studied in isolation from the investigation of "rationality." It cannot afford to neglect our everyday assumptions concerning the total behavior of a reasonable person.... An integrational linguistics must recognize that human beings inhabit a communicational space which is not neatly compartmentalized into language and nonlanguage.... It renounces in advance the possibility of setting up systems of forms and meanings which will "account for" a central core of linguistic behavior irrespective of the situation and communicational purposes involved. (Harris, 1981, p. 165)
       By innate [linguistic knowledge], Chomsky simply means "genetically programmed." He does not literally think that children are born with language in their heads ready to be spoken. He merely claims that a "blueprint is there, which is brought into use when the child reaches a certain point in her general development. With the help of this blueprint, she analyzes the language she hears around her more readily than she would if she were totally unprepared for the strange gabbling sounds which emerge from human mouths. (Aitchison, 1987, p. 31)
       Looking at ourselves from the computer viewpoint, we cannot avoid seeing that natural language is our most important "programming language." This means that a vast portion of our knowledge and activity is, for us, best communicated and understood in our natural language.... One could say that natural language was our first great original artifact and, since, as we increasingly realize, languages are machines, so natural language, with our brains to run it, was our primal invention of the universal computer. One could say this except for the sneaking suspicion that language isn't something we invented but something we became, not something we constructed but something in which we created, and recreated, ourselves. (Leiber, 1991, p. 8)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Language

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