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61 induction
noun1) официальное введение в должность2) amer. призыв на военную службу3) logic индукция, индуктивный метод4) electr. индукция5) tech. впускSyn:reasoning* * *(n) введение; впуск; всасывание; вступление; индуктивный метод; индукция; наведение; официальное введение в должность; призыв на военную службу; пролог* * *введение, ознакомление* * *[in'duc·tion || ɪn'dʌkʃn] n. индукция, индуктивный метод; официальное введение в должность; призыв на военную службу; впуск, стимуляция* * ** * *1) введение, ознакомление 2) а) редк. то, что вводит, ведет (куда-л., к чему-л.) б) архаич. вводная часть, преамбула 3) а) официальное введение в должность б) амер. призыв на военную службу в) церк. формальное введение священника в права распоряжения церковью (ее правами, доходами и всем, что к ней относится), в которую он назначен 4) логика а) индукция, индуктивный метод б) заключение, полученное с помощью индукции -
62 balanced\ sentences
- subordinate-main-subordinate similar structuring of the beginning of the sentence and its end;- known for stressing the logic and reasoning of the content and thus preferred in publicist writing;English-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > balanced\ sentences
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63 begin at the wrong end
начать не с того, с чего следует, начать не с того концаA: "I'm trying to struggle through Kant's philosophy but I don't understand half of it." B: "Have you read any Logic?" A: "No; ought I to?" B: "Of course! You're beginning at the wrong end. You can't hope to understand philosophy unless you understand the principles of reasoning first." (SPI) — А: "Я пытаюсь осилить" философию Канта, но ничего не понимаю: "Б. А вы читали учебники логики? А. Нет. А разве это нужно? Б. Конечно! Вы начали не с того конца. Нельзя понять философскую работу, не зная законов мышления."
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64 argument
1. n довод, доказательство, аргумент2. n аргументация; аргументированное выступление3. n спор, дискуссияhigh-pitched argument — острые разногласия, горячий спор
4. n тема или основная идеяthe central argument of his paper was presented with clarity — главная тема его работы была изложена ясно
5. n краткое содержание6. n лог. средний термин силлогизма7. n мат. аргумент, независимая переменнаяdummy argument — фиктивный аргумент; фиктивный параметр
valid argument — убедительный довод, веский аргумент
a two-forked argument — аргумент, имеющий две цели
8. n информ. вчт. параметрСинонимический ряд:1. evidence (noun) case; evidence; explanation; fact; ground; justification; logic; proof; reason; reasoning; wherefore; why; whyfor2. outline (noun) abstract; epitome; outline; summary3. subject (noun) head; matter; motif; motive; point; statement; subject; subject matter; text; theme; thesis; topic4. words (noun) altercation; clash; contention; controversy; debate; disagreement; discussion; dispute; feud; fight; hassle; hurrah; polemic; quarrel; row; rumpus; run-in; spat; squabble; tiff; unpleasantness; words; wrangleАнтонимический ряд:assertion; assumption -
65 by default
1. неявно; по умолчанию2. по умолчанию -
66 rationalizing
Синонимический ряд:1. thinking (noun) deduction; inference; logic; motivation; rationale; reasoning; reasons; thinking; thought2. excusing (verb) account for; accounting; excusing; explain away; explaining; explaining away; justifying; rationalising; vindicating -
67 sense
1. n чувствоsixth sense — шестое чувство, интуиция
inner sense — внутренний голос; внутреннее ощущение
a sense of fullness — чувство сытости, насыщение
2. n ощущение, восприятиеa sense of colour — понимание колорита, умение подбирать цвета
3. n сознание, рассудокare you in your right senses? — ты что — рехнулся?
4. n разум5. n здравый смысл6. n значение, важностьto make sense — иметь смысл, быть нужным
7. n общее настроение, духto take the sense of the meeting — определить настроение собрания ; поставить вопрос на голосование
8. n спец. направление9. v чувствовать, осознавать10. v понимать, отдавать себе отчётshe fully sensed the danger of her position — она целиком отдавала себе отчёт в опасности своего положения
Синонимический ряд:1. common sense (noun) common sense; good sense; gumption; horse sense; judgement; judgment; wisdom2. feeling (noun) estimation; faculty; feeling; function; idea; impression; notion; opinion; sensation; sensibility; sensitivity; sentiment; thought3. meaning (noun) acceptation; connotation; denotation; import; intendment; intent; meaning; message; purport; significance; significancy; signification; sum and substance; value4. mind (noun) lucidity; mind; saneness; sanity; senses; soundness5. reason (noun) brain; brainpower; brains; cleverness; intellect; intelligence; knowledge; logic; mentality; mother wit; rationale; rationality; reason; reasoning; wit6. substance (noun) amount; body; burden; core; crux; gist; kernel; matter; meat; nub; nubbin; pith; short; strength; substance; sum total; thrust; upshot7. understanding (noun) awareness; discernment; discretion; insight; perception; realization; reasonableness; recognition; understanding8. feel (verb) believe; consider; credit; deem; feel; hold; intuit; think9. recognise (verb) apperceive; appreciate; detect; discern; perceive; recognise; recognize -
68 cool
A n1 ( coldness) fraîcheur f ;2 ○ ( calm) sang-froid m ; to keep one's cool ( stay calm) garder son sang-froid ; ( not get angry) ne pas s'énerver ; to lose one's cool ( get angry) s'énerver ; ( panic) perdre son sang-froid.B adj1 [breeze, day, drink, water, weather] frais/fraîche ; [fabric, dress] léger/-ère ; [colour] froid ; it's cool today il fait frais aujourd'hui ; the fan keeps the room cool le ventilateur maintient la pièce fraîche ; to feel cool [surface, wine] être frais/fraîche ; I feel cooler now j'ai moins chaud maintenant ; your brow is cooler ton front est un peu moins chaud ; it's getting cool, let's go in il commence à faire frais, rentrons ;2 ( calm) [approach, handling] calme ; to stay cool garder son sang-froid ; to keep a cool head garder la tête froide ; keep cool! reste calme ;5 ( casual) [person] décontracté, cool ○ ; [attitude] sans gêne ; she went up to him as cool as you please and slapped him elle s'est approchée de lui totalement décontractée et l'a giflé ; he's a cool customer il n'a pas froid aux yeux ;6 ( for emphasis) a cool million dollars la coquette somme d'un million de dollars ○ ;7 ○ ( sophisticated) [clothes, car] branché ○ ; [person] branché ○ ; he thinks it's cool to smoke il pense que ça fait bien de fumer ; it's not cool to wear a tie ça fait nul ○ de porter une cravate ; cool, man ○ ! génial! ;9 ○ Mus [jazz] cool ○ inv.C vtr1 ( lower the temperature of) refroidir [soup, pan] ; rafraîchir [wine] ; [fan] rafraîchir [room] ; [air-conditioning] refroidir [building] ; to cool one's hands se rafraîchir les mains ;2 fig calmer [anger, ardour, passion].D vi2 ( subside) [passion] tiédir ; [enthusiasm] faiblir ; [friendship] se dégrader ; relations between them have cooled ils sont moins proches qu'avant ; wait until tempers have cooled attends que les esprits se calment.cool it ○ ! ( stay calm) ne t'énerve pas! ; OK guys, cool it ○ ! ( stop fighting) ça suffit les gars, on se calme ○ ! ; to play it cool ○ rester calme.■ cool down:1 ( grow cold) [engine, iron, water] refroidir ;2 fig [person, situation] se calmer ;▶ cool [sth] down refroidir [mixture] ; rafraîchir [wine] ;▶ cool [sb] down1 ( make colder) rafraîchir [person] ;2 fig calmer [person]. -
69 formal
1 ( official) [agreement, announcement, application, complaint, enquiry, interview, invitation, protest, reception] officiel/-ielle ;2 ( not casual) [language, register, style] soutenu ; [occasion] solennel/-elle ; [welcome, manner] cérémonieux/-ieuse ; [clothing, outfit, jacket] habillé ; ( on invitation) ‘dress: formal’ ‘tenue de soirée’ ; ‘assistance’ is a formal word for ‘help’ ‘assistance’ est plus soutenu que ‘aide’ ; he sounded very formal il avait l'air très guindé pej ; formal teaching methods méthodes traditionnelles d'enseignement ;3 ( structured) [logic, proof, grammar, linguistics, reasoning] formel/-elle ;4 ( in recognized institution) [training] professionnel/-elle ; [qualification] reconnu ; he had no formal education il n'était jamais allé à l'école ; -
70 imperfect
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71 consistent
consistent [kən'sɪstənt](a) (having internal logic → reasoning, behaviour, person) conséquent, cohérent, logique;∎ she was consistent in her choice of partners elle a toujours fait preuve de cohérence dans le choix de ses partenaires(b) (constant → quality of work, ideas) constant; (→ refusal, failure) persistant; (athlete, performer) régulier;∎ because of her consistent denial of the accusation du fait qu'elle a toujours nié être coupable∎ the results are consistent with the theory les résultats concordent avec la théorie;∎ this action is not consistent with his character cette action n'est pas en harmonie avec son caractère;∎ her behaviour is consistent with a diagnosis of… son comportement est caractéristique d'un diagnostic de… -
72 fallacy
(misconception) erreur f, idée f fausse; (false reasoning) mauvais raisonnement m, sophisme m; (in logic) sophisme m;∎ it is a fallacy that… ce serait une erreur de croire que…;∎ the fallacy of this argument is that… ce qui est faux dans ce raisonnement, c'est que… -
73 faultiness
faultiness ['fɔ:ltɪnɪs](of machine, logic, reasoning) défectuosité f; (of work, performance) imperfection f; (of grammar) incorrection f -
74 faultless
faultless ['fɔ:ltlɪs](performance, work) impeccable, irréprochable; (behaviour, person) irréprochable; (logic, reasoning) sans faille -
75 faulty
(machine) défectueux; (work) défectueux, mal fait; (logic, reasoning) défectueux, erroné; (grammar) incorrect;∎ the wiring is faulty il y a un défaut dans l'installation électrique -
76 chain
[tʃeɪn]bit chain вчт. двоичная цепочка call chain вчт. вызывающая последовательность call chain вчт. цепочка вызовов chain мерная цепь (тж. Gunter's chain = 66 фут. = 20 м) chain (обыкн. pl) оковы, узы chain вчт. последовательность chain последовательность chain привязывать; chained to the desk прикованный к письменному столу chain однотипные магазины (театры и т. п.) принадлежащие одной фирме; система, сеть; newspaper chains газетные тресты, объединения chain вчт. связывать в цепочку chain сковывать; держать в цепях; to chain up a dog посадить собаку на цепь chain скреплять цепью chain вчт. цепной chain вчт. цепочка chain цепь; цепочка; a chain of mountains горная цепь; a chain of happenings цепь событий; chain and buckets тех. нория chain вчт. цепь chain цепь chain цепь; цепочка; a chain of mountains горная цепь; a chain of happenings цепь событий; chain and buckets тех. нория chain attr. цепной; chain reaction цепная реакция; chain armour (или mail) кольчуга chain attr. цепной; chain reaction цепная реакция; chain armour (или mail) кольчуга chain belt пояс из металлических колец chain belt тех. цепная передача, цепной привод chain bridge цепной мост chain broadcasting радио одновременная передача одной программы несколькими станциями chain cable якорная цепь chain of commands последовательность команд chain of evidence цепочка свидетельств chain цепь; цепочка; a chain of mountains горная цепь; a chain of happenings цепь событий; chain and buckets тех. нория chain цепь; цепочка; a chain of mountains горная цепь; a chain of happenings цепь событий; chain and buckets тех. нория chain of retail stores цепь розничных магазинов chain attr. цепной; chain reaction цепная реакция; chain armour (или mail) кольчуга reaction: chain chain цепная реакция chain сковывать; держать в цепях; to chain up a dog посадить собаку на цепь chain привязывать; chained to the desk прикованный к письменному столу code chain вчт. кодовая последовательность daisy chain вчт. последовательная цепочка dependency chain вчт. цепочка зависимых соединений descriptor chain вчт. дескрипторная цепочка inference chain вчт. цепочка вывода logic chain вчт. логическая цепь chain однотипные магазины (театры и т. п.) принадлежащие одной фирме; система, сеть; newspaper chains газетные тресты, объединения owner-member chain вчт. цепочка подчинения preference chain вчт. последовательность предпочтений print chain вчт. печатающая цепь reasoning chain вчт. цепочка рассуждений retailing chain сеть розничных магазинов skip chain вчт. цепь переходов voluntary chain ассоциация оптовых торговцев, созданная в целях совместных закупок и общей рекламы voluntary chain однотипные розничные магазины одной фирмы voluntary chain сеть розничных магазинов с единым оптовым покупателем -
77 invalid
"Erroneous or unrecognizable because of a flaw in reasoning or an error in input. Invalid results, for example, might occur if the logic in a program is faulty." -
78 Information Processing
The term "information processing" originated in the late fifties in the computer field as a general descriptive term that seemed somewhat less contingent and parochial than "computer science," which also came into use during the same period. Thus, it was the name of choice for two of the encompassing professional organizations formed at the time: the In ternational Federation of Information Processing Societies and the American Federation of Information Processing Societies. Although the transfer of the phrase from activities of computers to parallel activities of human beings undoubtedly occurred independently in a number of heads, the term was originally identified pretty closely with computer simulation of cognitive processes... ; that is, with the kind of effort from which arose the theory in this book. (Newell & Simon, 1972, p. 888)It was because the activities of the computer itself seemed in some ways akin to cognitive processes. Computers accept information, manipulate symbols, store items in "memory" and retrieve them again, classify inputs, recognize patterns and so on.... Indeed the assumptions that underlie most contemporary work on information processing are surprisingly like those of nineteenth century introspective psychology, though without introspection itself. (Neisser, 1976, pp. 5, 7)The processor was assumed to be rational, and attention was directed to the logical nature of problem solving strategies. The "mature western mind" was presumed to be one that, in abstracting knowledge from the idosyncracies of particular everyday experience, employed Aristotelian laws of logic. When applied to categories, this meant that to know a category was to have an abstracted clear-cut, necessary, and sufficient criteria for category membership. If other thought processes, such as imagery, ostensive definition, reasoning by analogy to particular instances, or the use of metaphors were considered at all, they were usually relegated to lesser beings such as women, children, primitive people, or even to nonhumans. (Rosch & Lloyd, 1978, p. 2)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Information Processing
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79 Philosophy
And what I believe to be more important here is that I find in myself an infinity of ideas of certain things which cannot be assumed to be pure nothingness, even though they may have perhaps no existence outside of my thought. These things are not figments of my imagination, even though it is within my power to think of them or not to think of them; on the contrary, they have their own true and immutable natures. Thus, for example, when I imagine a triangle, even though there may perhaps be no such figure anywhere in the world outside of my thought, nor ever have been, nevertheless the figure cannot help having a certain determinate nature... or essence, which is immutable and eternal, which I have not invented and which does not in any way depend upon my mind. (Descartes, 1951, p. 61)Let us console ourselves for not knowing the possible connections between a spider and the rings of Saturn, and continue to examine what is within our reach. (Voltaire, 1961, p. 144)As modern physics started with the Newtonian revolution, so modern philosophy starts with what one might call the Cartesian Catastrophe. The catastrophe consisted in the splitting up of the world into the realms of matter and mind, and the identification of "mind" with conscious thinking. The result of this identification was the shallow rationalism of l'esprit Cartesien, and an impoverishment of psychology which it took three centuries to remedy even in part. (Koestler, 1964, p. 148)It has been made of late a reproach against natural philosophy that it has struck out on a path of its own, and has separated itself more and more widely from the other sciences which are united by common philological and historical studies. The opposition has, in fact, been long apparent, and seems to me to have grown up mainly under the influence of the Hegelian philosophy, or, at any rate, to have been brought out into more distinct relief by that philosophy.... The sole object of Kant's "Critical Philosophy" was to test the sources and the authority of our knowledge, and to fix a definite scope and standard for the researches of philosophy, as compared with other sciences.... [But Hegel's] "Philosophy of Identity" was bolder. It started with the hypothesis that not only spiritual phenomena, but even the actual world-nature, that is, and man-were the result of an act of thought on the part of a creative mind, similar, it was supposed, in kind to the human mind.... The philosophers accused the scientific men of narrowness; the scientific men retorted that the philosophers were crazy. And so it came about that men of science began to lay some stress on the banishment of all philosophic influences from their work; while some of them, including men of the greatest acuteness, went so far as to condemn philosophy altogether, not merely as useless, but as mischievous dreaming. Thus, it must be confessed, not only were the illegitimate pretensions of the Hegelian system to subordinate to itself all other studies rejected, but no regard was paid to the rightful claims of philosophy, that is, the criticism of the sources of cognition, and the definition of the functions of the intellect. (Helmholz, quoted in Dampier, 1966, pp. 291-292)Philosophy remains true to its classical tradition by renouncing it. (Habermas, 1972, p. 317)I have not attempted... to put forward any grand view of the nature of philosophy; nor do I have any such grand view to put forth if I would. It will be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the history of "howlers" and progress in philosophy as the debunking of howlers. It will also be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the enterprise of putting forward a priori truths about the world.... I see philosophy as a field which has certain central questions, for example, the relation between thought and reality.... It seems obvious that in dealing with these questions philosophers have formulated rival research programs, that they have put forward general hypotheses, and that philosophers within each major research program have modified their hypotheses by trial and error, even if they sometimes refuse to admit that that is what they are doing. To that extent philosophy is a "science." To argue about whether philosophy is a science in any more serious sense seems to me to be hardly a useful occupation.... It does not seem to me important to decide whether science is philosophy or philosophy is science as long as one has a conception of both that makes both essential to a responsible view of the world and of man's place in it. (Putnam, 1975, p. xvii)What can philosophy contribute to solving the problem of the relation [of] mind to body? Twenty years ago, many English-speaking philosophers would have answered: "Nothing beyond an analysis of the various mental concepts." If we seek knowledge of things, they thought, it is to science that we must turn. Philosophy can only cast light upon our concepts of those things.This retreat from things to concepts was not undertaken lightly. Ever since the seventeenth century, the great intellectual fact of our culture has been the incredible expansion of knowledge both in the natural and in the rational sciences (mathematics, logic).The success of science created a crisis in philosophy. What was there for philosophy to do? Hume had already perceived the problem in some degree, and so surely did Kant, but it was not until the twentieth century, with the Vienna Circle and with Wittgenstein, that the difficulty began to weigh heavily. Wittgenstein took the view that philosophy could do no more than strive to undo the intellectual knots it itself had tied, so achieving intellectual release, and even a certain illumination, but no knowledge. A little later, and more optimistically, Ryle saw a positive, if reduced role, for philosophy in mapping the "logical geography" of our concepts: how they stood to each other and how they were to be analyzed....Since that time, however, philosophers in the "analytic" tradition have swung back from Wittgensteinian and even Rylean pessimism to a more traditional conception of the proper role and tasks of philosophy. Many analytic philosophers now would accept the view that the central task of philosophy is to give an account, or at least play a part in giving an account, of the most general nature of things and of man. (Armstrong, 1990, pp. 37-38)8) Philosophy's Evolving Engagement with Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive ScienceIn the beginning, the nature of philosophy's engagement with artificial intelligence and cognitive science was clear enough. The new sciences of the mind were to provide the long-awaited vindication of the most potent dreams of naturalism and materialism. Mind would at last be located firmly within the natural order. We would see in detail how the most perplexing features of the mental realm could be supported by the operations of solely physical laws upon solely physical stuff. Mental causation (the power of, e.g., a belief to cause an action) would emerge as just another species of physical causation. Reasoning would be understood as a kind of automated theorem proving. And the key to both was to be the depiction of the brain as the implementation of multiple higher level programs whose task was to manipulate and transform symbols or representations: inner items with one foot in the physical (they were realized as brain states) and one in the mental (they were bearers of contents, and their physical gymnastics were cleverly designed to respect semantic relationships such as truth preservation). (A. Clark, 1996, p. 1)Socrates of Athens famously declared that "the unexamined life is not worth living," and his motto aptly explains the impulse to philosophize. Taking nothing for granted, philosophy probes and questions the fundamental presuppositions of every area of human inquiry.... [P]art of the job of the philosopher is to keep at a certain critical distance from current doctrines, whether in the sciences or the arts, and to examine instead how the various elements in our world-view clash, or fit together. Some philosophers have tried to incorporate the results of these inquiries into a grand synoptic view of the nature of reality and our human relationship to it. Others have mistrusted system-building, and seen their primary role as one of clarifications, or the removal of obstacles along the road to truth. But all have shared the Socratic vision of using the human intellect to challenge comfortable preconceptions, insisting that every aspect of human theory and practice be subjected to continuing critical scrutiny....Philosophy is, of course, part of a continuing tradition, and there is much to be gained from seeing how that tradition originated and developed. But the principal object of studying the materials in this book is not to pay homage to past genius, but to enrich one's understanding of central problems that are as pressing today as they have always been-problems about knowledge, truth and reality, the nature of the mind, the basis of right action, and the best way to live. These questions help to mark out the territory of philosophy as an academic discipline, but in a wider sense they define the human predicament itself; they will surely continue to be with us for as long as humanity endures. (Cottingham, 1996, pp. xxi-xxii)10) The Distinction between Dionysian Man and Apollonian Man, between Art and Creativity and Reason and Self- ControlIn his study of ancient Greek culture, The Birth of Tragedy, Nietzsche drew what would become a famous distinction, between the Dionysian spirit, the untamed spirit of art and creativity, and the Apollonian, that of reason and self-control. The story of Greek civilization, and all civilizations, Nietzsche implied, was the gradual victory of Apollonian man, with his desire for control over nature and himself, over Dionysian man, who survives only in myth, poetry, music, and drama. Socrates and Plato had attacked the illusions of art as unreal, and had overturned the delicate cultural balance by valuing only man's critical, rational, and controlling consciousness while denigrating his vital life instincts as irrational and base. The result of this division is "Alexandrian man," the civilized and accomplished Greek citizen of the later ancient world, who is "equipped with the greatest forces of knowledge" but in whom the wellsprings of creativity have dried up. (Herman, 1997, pp. 95-96)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Philosophy
См. также в других словарях:
Logic — For other uses, see Logic (disambiguation). Philosophy … Wikipedia
Reasoning — (Roget s Thesaurus) < N PARAG:Reasoning >N GRP: N 1 Sgm: N 1 1 =>{ant,477,} reasoning ratiocination rationalism Sgm: N 1 dialectics dialectics induction generalization GRP: N 2 Sgm: N 2 discussion discussion comment Sgm: N 2 … English dictionary for students
logic — n 1. science of reasoning, dialectics, symbolic logic, logistic; polemics, art of disputation ot controversy. 2. reasoning, argumentation, ratiocination, process of reasoning; Logic. inference, Logic. deduction, Logic. induction, syllogization,… … A Note on the Style of the synonym finder
Reasoning — is the cognitive process of looking for reasons for beliefs, conclusions, actions or feelings. [ Kirwin, Christopher. 1995. Reasoning . In Ted Honderich (ed.), The Oxford Companion to Philosophy . Oxford: Oxford University Press: p. 748] Humans… … Wikipedia
Logic — • A historical survey from Indian and Pre Aristotelian philosophy to the Logic of John Stuart Mill Catholic Encyclopedia. Kevin Knight. 2006. Logic Logic … Catholic encyclopedia
Logic in Islamic philosophy — Logic (Arabic: Mantiq ) played an important role in early Islamic philosophy. Islamic law placed importance on formulating standards of argument, which gave rise to a novel approach to logic in Kalam, as seen in the method of qiyas . This… … Wikipedia
Logic programming — is, in its broadest sense, the use of mathematical logic for computer programming. In this view of logic programming, which can be traced at least as far back as John McCarthy s [1958] advice taker proposal, logic is used as a purely declarative… … Wikipedia
Logic and the philosophy of mathematics in the nineteenth century — John Stillwell INTRODUCTION In its history of over two thousand years, mathematics has seldom been disturbed by philosophical disputes. Ever since Plato, who is said to have put the slogan ‘Let no one who is not a geometer enter here’ over the… … History of philosophy
Logic — Log ic, n. [OE. logike, F. logique, L. logica, logice, Gr. logikh (sc. te chnh), fr. logiko s belonging to speaking or reason, fr. lo gos speech, reason, le gein to say, speak. See {Legend}.] 1. The science or art of exact reasoning, or of pure… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Logic in computer science — describes topics where logic is applied to computer science and artificial intelligence. These include:*Investigations into logic that are guided by applications in computer science. For example: Combinatory logic and Abstract interpretation;… … Wikipedia
logic — [läj′ik] n. [ME logike < OFr logique < L logica < Gr logikē ( technē), logical (art) < logikos, of speaking or reasoning < logos, a word, reckoning, thought < legein, to speak, choose, read < IE base * leg̑ , to gather > L … English World dictionary