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rarely+written

  • 1 Points of the compass

    north = nord N
    south = sud S
    east = est E
    west = ouest O
    nord, sud, est, ouest is the normal order in French as well as English.
    northeast = nord-est NE
    northwest = nord-ouest NO
    north-northeast = nord-nord-est NNE
    east-northeast = est-nord-est ENE
    Where?
    Compass points in French are not normally written with a capital letter. However, when they refer to a specific region in phrases such as I love the North or he lives in the North, and it is clear where this North is, without any further specification such as of France or of Europe, then they are written with a capital letter, as they often are in English, too. In the following examples, north and nord stand for any compass point word.
    I love the North
    = j’aime le Nord
    to live in the North
    = vivre dans le Nord
    Normally, however, these words do not take a capital letter:
    in the north of Scotland
    = dans le nord de l’Écosse
    Take care to distinguish this from
    to the north of Scotland (i.e. further north than Scotland)
    = au nord de l’Écosse
    in the south of Spain
    = dans le sud de l’Espagne*
    it is north of the hill
    = c’est au nord de la colline
    a few kilometres north
    = à quelques kilomètres au nord
    due north of here
    = droit au nord
    * Note that the south of France is more usually referred to as le Midi.
    There is another set of words in French for north, south etc., some of which are more
    common than others:
    (north) septentrion (rarely used) septentrional(e)
    (south) midi méridional(e)
    (east) orient oriental(e)
    (west) occident occidental(e)
    Translating northern etc.
    a northern town
    = une ville du Nord
    a northern accent
    = un accent du Nord
    the most northerly outpost
    = l’avant-poste le plus au nord
    Regions of countries and continents work like this:
    northern Europe
    = l’Europe du Nord
    the northern parts of Japan
    = le nord du Japon
    eastern France
    = l’est de la France
    For names of countries and continents which include these compass point words, such as North America or South Korea, see the dictionary entry.
    Where to?
    French has fewer ways of expressing this than English has ; vers le is usually safe:
    to go north
    = aller vers le nord
    to head towards the north
    = se diriger vers le nord
    to go northwards
    = aller vers le nord
    to go in a northerly direction
    = aller vers le nord
    a northbound ship
    = un bateau qui se dirige vers le nord
    With some verbs, such as to face, the French expression changes:
    the windows face north
    = les fenêtres donnent au nord
    a north-facing slope
    = une pente orientée au nord
    If in doubt, check in the dictionary.
    Where from?
    The usual way of expressing from the is du:
    it comes from the north
    = cela vient du nord
    from the north of Germany
    = du nord de l’Allemagne
    Note also these expressions relating to the direction of the wind:
    the north wind
    = le vent du nord
    a northerly wind
    = un vent du nord
    prevailing north winds
    = des vents dominants du nord
    the wind is in the north
    = le vent est au nord
    the wind is coming from the north
    = le vent vient du nord
    Compass point words used as adjectives
    The French words nord, sud, est and ouest are really nouns, so when they are used as adjectives they are invariable.
    the north coast
    = la côte nord
    the north door
    = la porte nord
    the north face (of a mountain)
    = la face nord
    the north side
    = le côté nord
    the north wall
    = le mur nord
    Nautical bearings
    The preposition by is translated by quart in expressions like the following:
    north by northwest
    = nord quart nord-ouest
    southeast by south
    = sud-est quart sud

    Big English-French dictionary > Points of the compass

  • 2 Usage note : do

    The direct French equivalent of the verb to do in subject + to do + object sentences is faire:
    she’s doing her homework
    = elle fait ses devoirs
    what are you doing?
    = qu’est-ce que tu fais?
    what has he done with the newspaper?
    = qu’est-ce qu’il a fait du journal?
    faire functions in very much the same way as to do does in English and it is safe to assume it will work in the great majority of cases. For the conjugation of the verb faire, see the French verb tables.
    Grammatical functions
    In questions
    In French there is no use of an auxiliary verb in questions equivalent to the use of do in English.
    When the subject is a pronoun, the question is formed in French either by inverting the subject and verb and putting a hyphen between the two ( veux-tu?) or by prefacing the subject + verb by est-ce que (literally is it that):
    do you like Mozart?
    = aimes-tu Mozart? or est-ce que tu aimes Mozart?
    did you put the glasses in the cupboard?
    = as-tu mis les verres dans le placard? or est-ce que tu as mis les verres dans le placard?
    When the subject is a noun there are again two possibilities:
    did your sister ring?
    = est-ce que ta sœur a téléphoné? or ta sœur a-t-elle téléphoné?
    did Max find his keys?
    = est-ce que Max a trouvé ses clés? or Max a-t-il trouvé ses clés?
    In negatives
    Equally, auxiliaries are not used in negatives in French:
    I don’t like Mozart
    = je n’aime pas Mozart
    you didn’t feed the cat
    = tu n’as pas donné à manger au chat
    don’t do that!
    = ne fais pas ça!
    In emphatic uses
    There is no verbal equivalent for the use of do in such expressions as I DO like your dress. A French speaker will find another way, according to the context, of expressing the force of the English do. Here are a few useful examples:
    I DO like your dress
    = j’aime beaucoup ta robe
    I DO hope she remembers
    = j’espère qu’elle n’oubliera pas
    I DO think you should see a doctor
    = je crois vraiment que tu devrais voir un médecin
    When referring back to another verb
    In this case the verb to do is not translated at all:
    I don’t like him any more than you do
    = je ne l’aime pas plus que toi
    I live in Oxford and so does Lily
    = j’habite à Oxford et Lily aussi
    she gets paid more than I do
    = elle est payée plus que moi
    I haven’t written as much as I ought to have done
    = je n’ai pas écrit autant que j’aurais dû
    ‘I love strawberries’ ‘so do I’
    = ‘j’adore les fraises’ ‘moi aussi’
    In polite requests
    In polite requests the phrase je vous en prie can often be used to render the meaning of do:
    do sit down
    = asseyez-vous, je vous en prie
    do have a piece of cake
    = prenez un morceau de gâteau, je vous en prie
    ‘may I take a peach?’ ‘yes, do’
    = ‘puis-je prendre une pêche?’ ‘je vous en prie’
    In imperatives
    In French there is no use of an auxiliary verb in imperatives:
    don’t shut the door
    = ne ferme pas la porte
    don’t tell her anything
    = ne lui dis rien
    do be quiet!
    = tais-toi!
    In tag questions
    French has no direct equivalent of tag questions like doesn’t he? or didn’t it? There is a general tag question n’est-ce pas? (literally isn’t it so?) which will work in many cases:
    you like fish, don’t you?
    = tu aimes le poisson, n’est-ce pas?
    he lives in London, doesn’t he?
    = il habite à Londres, n’est-ce pas?
    However, n’est-ce pas can very rarely be used for positive tag questions and some other way will be found to express the meaning contained in the tag: par hasard can often be useful as a translation:
    Lola didn’t phone, did she?
    = Lola n’a pas téléphoné par hasard?
    Paul doesn’t work here, does he?
    = Paul ne travaille pas ici par hasard?
    In many cases the tag is not translated at all and the speaker’s intonation will convey what is implied:
    you didn’t tidy your room, did you? (i.e. you ought to have done)
    = tu n’as pas rangé ta chambre?
    In short answers
    Again, there is no direct French equivalent for short answers like yes I do, no he doesn’t etc. Where the answer yes is given to contradict a negative question or statement, the most useful translation is si:
    ‘Marion didn’t say that’ ‘yes she did’
    = ‘Marion n’a pas dit ça’ ‘si’
    ‘they don’t sell vegetables at the baker’s’ ‘yes they do’
    = ‘ils ne vendent pas les légumes à la boulangerie’ ‘si’
    In response to a standard enquiry the tag will not be translated:
    ‘do you like strawberries?’ ‘yes I do’
    = ‘aimez-vous les fraises?’ ‘oui ’
    For more examples and particular usages, see the entry do.

    Big English-French dictionary > Usage note : do

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