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quarries

  • 41 Marpesius

    1.
    Marpessus or Marpēsus, i, f., = Marpêssos (another form of Marmêssos v. Marmessus), a town in the Troas, on Mount Ida, home of the Erythrean Sibyl, Varr. ap. Lact. 1, 6, 12.—Hence, adj.: Marpessĭus ( - ēsius), a, um, of or belonging to Marpessus in the Troas, Marpessian, Tib. 2, 5, 67 Drisen.
    2.
    Marpessus ( Marpēsus), i, m., = Marpêssos, a mountain in the island of Paros, in which lay the quarries of Parian marble, Serv. Verg. A. 6, 471.—Hence, Marpessĭus ( Marpēsĭus), a, um, adj., of or belonging to Marpessus in Paros, Marpessian; and transf., Parian:

    Marpessia cautes,

    i. e. Parian, Verg. A. 6, 471;

    and referring to the above passage, Marpessia rupes,

    Arn. 2, 60.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > Marpesius

  • 42 Marpesseius

    1.
    Marpessus or Marpēsus, i, f., = Marpêssos (another form of Marmêssos v. Marmessus), a town in the Troas, on Mount Ida, home of the Erythrean Sibyl, Varr. ap. Lact. 1, 6, 12.—Hence, adj.: Marpessĭus ( - ēsius), a, um, of or belonging to Marpessus in the Troas, Marpessian, Tib. 2, 5, 67 Drisen.
    2.
    Marpessus ( Marpēsus), i, m., = Marpêssos, a mountain in the island of Paros, in which lay the quarries of Parian marble, Serv. Verg. A. 6, 471.—Hence, Marpessĭus ( Marpēsĭus), a, um, adj., of or belonging to Marpessus in Paros, Marpessian; and transf., Parian:

    Marpessia cautes,

    i. e. Parian, Verg. A. 6, 471;

    and referring to the above passage, Marpessia rupes,

    Arn. 2, 60.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > Marpesseius

  • 43 Marpessus

    1.
    Marpessus or Marpēsus, i, f., = Marpêssos (another form of Marmêssos v. Marmessus), a town in the Troas, on Mount Ida, home of the Erythrean Sibyl, Varr. ap. Lact. 1, 6, 12.—Hence, adj.: Marpessĭus ( - ēsius), a, um, of or belonging to Marpessus in the Troas, Marpessian, Tib. 2, 5, 67 Drisen.
    2.
    Marpessus ( Marpēsus), i, m., = Marpêssos, a mountain in the island of Paros, in which lay the quarries of Parian marble, Serv. Verg. A. 6, 471.—Hence, Marpessĭus ( Marpēsĭus), a, um, adj., of or belonging to Marpessus in Paros, Marpessian; and transf., Parian:

    Marpessia cautes,

    i. e. Parian, Verg. A. 6, 471;

    and referring to the above passage, Marpessia rupes,

    Arn. 2, 60.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > Marpessus

  • 44 Marpesus

    1.
    Marpessus or Marpēsus, i, f., = Marpêssos (another form of Marmêssos v. Marmessus), a town in the Troas, on Mount Ida, home of the Erythrean Sibyl, Varr. ap. Lact. 1, 6, 12.—Hence, adj.: Marpessĭus ( - ēsius), a, um, of or belonging to Marpessus in the Troas, Marpessian, Tib. 2, 5, 67 Drisen.
    2.
    Marpessus ( Marpēsus), i, m., = Marpêssos, a mountain in the island of Paros, in which lay the quarries of Parian marble, Serv. Verg. A. 6, 471.—Hence, Marpessĭus ( Marpēsĭus), a, um, adj., of or belonging to Marpessus in Paros, Marpessian; and transf., Parian:

    Marpessia cautes,

    i. e. Parian, Verg. A. 6, 471;

    and referring to the above passage, Marpessia rupes,

    Arn. 2, 60.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > Marpesus

  • 45 metallum

    mĕtallum, i, n., = metallon, a mine or quarry, of gold, silver, iron, or stone; voc. metalle, as if from metallus, Spart. Pesc. Nig. 126.
    I.
    Lit., the place where metals are dug, a mine:

    metalla vetera intermissa recoluit, et nova multis locis instituit,

    Liv. 39, 24:

    sandaracae,

    Vitr. 7, 7, 5:

    aurifera,

    gold-mines, Luc. 3, 209:

    silicum,

    stone-quarry, id. 4, 304:

    miniarium,

    Plin. 33, 7, 40, § 118:

    praeter annuum, quod ex metallis regiis capia, vectigal,

    Liv. 42, 12: herba tantae suavitatis, ut metallum esse coeperit, a mine, i. e. that a tax was raised from it as from a mine, Plin. 21, 7, 20, § 44: damnare in metallum, to condemn to labor in the mines or quarries:

    damnatus in metallum,

    Plin. Ep. 2, 11, 8:

    condemnare aliquem ad metalla,

    Suet. Calig. 27:

    mediocrium delictorum poenae sunt metallum, ludus, deportatio,

    Paul. Sent. 5, 17, 3; 5, 3, 5:

    dare aliquem in metallum,

    Dig. 48, 19, 8:

    metallo plecti,

    ib. 47, 11, 7:

    puniri,

    ib. 48, 13, 6.—
    II. 1.
    A metal, as gold, silver, or iron:

    ubicumque una inventa vena argenti est, non procul invenitur alia. Hoc quidem et in omni fere materia: unde metalla Graeci videntur dixisse,

    Plin. 33. 6, 31, §

    96: auri,

    Verg. A. 8, 445:

    potior metallis libertas,

    i. e. gold and silver, Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 39:

    aeris,

    Verg. G. 2, 165:

    pejoraque saecula ferri temporibus, quorum... nomen a nullo posuit natura metallo,

    Juv. 13, 30.—
    2.
    Other things dug from the earth.
    (α).
    Marble, Stat. S. 4, 3, 98.—
    (β).
    Precious stone:

    radiantium metalla gemmarum,

    Pacat. Pan. 4.—
    (γ).
    Chalk:

    admiscetur creta... Campani negant alicam confici sine eo metallo posse,

    Plin. 18, 11, 29, § 114.—
    (δ).
    Sulphur:

    utque est ingenium vivacis metalli (sulphuris),

    App. M. 9. p. 228, 23.—
    (ε).
    Salt:

    metallum fragile,

    Prud. Hamart. 744.—
    III.
    Trop., metal, stuff, material:

    saecula meliore metallo,

    Claud. III. Cons. Hon. 184:

    mores meliore metallo,

    id. Cons. Mall. Theod. 137.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > metallum

  • 46 ruber

    rŭber, bra, brum (collat. form, nom. rŭbrus, Sol. 40, 23), adj. [Sanscr. rudhira, blood; Gr. eruthros, red; ef. rufus].
    I.
    Red, ruddy (cf.:

    rufus, russus): umor,

    Lucr. 4, 1051:

    sanguis,

    Hor. C. 3, 13, 7:

    cruore pannus,

    id. Epod. 17, 51:

    coccus,

    id. S. 2, 6, 102:

    jubar,

    Lucr. 4, 404; cf.

    flamma,

    Ov. M. 11, 368:

    Priapus,

    painted red, id. F. 1, 415:

    inguen,

    id. ib. 1,400 (cf. rubicundus):

    (sol) cum Praecipitem oceani rubro lavit aequore currum,

    i. e. reddened by the setting sun, Verg. G. 3,359; cf.: juvenum recens Examen Eois timendum Partibus Oceanoque rubro, the Eastern (i. e. Indian) Ocean, Hor. C. 1, 35, 32 (cf. infra, II.):

    rubriore pilo,

    Plin. 10, 63, 83, § 180:

    nitri quam ruberrimi,

    Cels. 5, 18, 31 et saep. — Poet.:

    leges majorum (because their titles were written in red letters),

    Juv. 14, 192.—
    II.
    As adj. prop.
    A.
    Rubrum Mare, the Red Sea, the Arabian and Persian Gulfs, Mel. 1, 10; 3, 7, 8; 3, 8, 1; Plin. 6, 23, 28, § 107; Curt. 8, 9, 14; Cic. N. D. 1, 35, 97; Nep. Hann. 2, 1; Tib. 2, 4, 30; Prop. 1, 14, 12; 3, 13 (4, 12), 6; Sil. 12, 231; Liv. 42, 52, 12.— Poet.:

    rubra aequora,

    Prop. 1, 14, 12; Vulg. Heb. 11, 29 et saep.—
    B.
    Saxa Rubra, a place between Rome and Veii, near the river Cremera, with stone-quarries, now Grotta rossa, Cic. Phil. 2, 31, 77; Liv. 2, 49 fin.; Tac. H. 3, 79;

    called breves Rubrae,

    Mart. 4, 64, 15.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > ruber

  • 47 securis

    sĕcūris, is (acc. securim, Plaut. Aul. 1, 2, 17; id. Men. 5, 2, 105; Cic. Mur. 24, 48; id. Planc. 29, 70; Verg. A. 2, 224; 11, 656; 696; Ov. M. 8, 397; Liv. 1, 40, 7; 3, 36, 4; Plin. 7, 56, 57, § 201; cf. Gell. 13, 21, 6:

    securem,

    Liv. 3, 36, 4; 8, 7, 20; 9, 16, 17; Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 47, § 123; Varr. ap. Non. p. 79; Val. Max. 1, 3, ext. 3; 3, 2, ext. 1; Tert. adv. Marc. 1, 29; Lact. Mort. Pers. 31, 2; Amm. 30, 8, 5; cf. Prisc. 758; abl. securi, Plaut. Ps. 1, 2, 25; Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 3, § 7; 2, 1, 5, § 12; 2, 4, 64, § 144; 2, 5, 50, § 133; Verg. A. 6, 824; 7, 510; Cat. 17, 19; Ov. H. 16, 105; Liv. 2, 5, 8 et saep.:

    secure,

    App. M. 8, p. 216, 1; Tert. Pud. 16), f. [seco], an axe or hatchet with a broad edge (cf. bipennis).
    I.
    In gen., as a domestic utensil, Cato, R. R. 10, 3; Plaut. Aul. 1, 2, 17; id. Bacch. 5, 1, 31:

    rustica,

    Cat. 19, 3 al. —For felling trees, Cat. 17, 19; Verg. A. 6, 180; Ov. F. 4, 649; id. M. 9, 374; Hor. S. 1, 7, 27; Plin. 16, 39, 74, § 188.—For hewing stones in the quarries, Stat. S. 2, 2, 87. —For fighting, a battle-axe, Verg. A. 11, 656; 11, 696; 12, 306; 7, 184; 7, 627; Hor. C. 4, 4, 20 al.:

    anceps,

    a two-edged axe, Ov. M. 8, 397 (just before, bipennifer).—For slaying animals for sacrifice, Hor. C. 3, 23, 12; Verg. A. 2, 224; Ov. Tr. 4, 2, 5; id. M. 12, 249.—As the cutting edge of a vine-dresser's bill, Col. 4, 25, 4 et saep.—
    II.
    In partic.
    A.
    Lit., an executioner ' s axe, for beheading criminals [p. 1656] (borne by the lictors in the fasces;

    v. fascis): missi lictores ad sumendum supplicium nudatos virgis caedunt securique feriunt,

    i. e. behead them, Liv. 2. 5; so,

    securi ferire,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 30, § 75; Hirt. B. G. 8, 38 fin.:

    percutere,

    Cic. Pis. 34, 84; Sen. Ira, 2, 5, 5; Flor. 1, 9, 5:

    strictae in principum colla secures,

    id. 2, 5, 4:

    necare,

    Liv. 10, 9:

    securibus cervices subicere,

    Cic. Pis. 34, 83 (cf. infra, B.); id. Verr. 2, 5, 9, § 22:

    Publicola statim secures de fascibus demi jussit,

    id. Rep. 2, 31, 55; cf. Lucr. 3, 996; 5, 1234:

    nec sumit aut ponit secures Arbitrio popularis aurae,

    Hor. C. 3, 2, 20:

    saevumque securi Aspice Torquatum (as having caused his own son to be executed),

    Verg. A. 6, 824.—Comically, in a double sense, acc. to I.:

    te, cum securi, caudicali praeficio provinciae,

    Plaut. Ps. 1, 2, 25:

    securis Tenedia,

    Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 11, 2; Front. ad M. Caes. 1, 9 init.; v. Tenedos.—
    B.
    Trop.
    1.
    A blow, death-blow, etc.:

    graviorem rei publicae infligere securim,

    to give a death-blow, Cic. Planc. 29, 70; cf.:

    quam te securim putas injecisse petitioni tuae, cum? etc. (just before: plaga est injecta petitioni tuae),

    id. Mur. 24, 48.—
    2.
    With reference to the axe in the fasces, authority, dominion, sovereignty.
    (α).
    Usu. in plur.: Gallia securibus subjecta, perpetuā premitur servitute, i. e. to Roman supremacy, * Caes. B. G. 7, 77 fin.; cf.:

    vacui a securibus et tributis,

    Tac. A. 12, 34:

    consulis inperium hic primus saevasque secures Accipiet,

    Verg. A. 6, 819: Medus Albanas timet secures, i. e. the Roman authority or dominion, Hor. C. S. 54:

    ostendam multa securibus recidenda,

    Sen. Ep. 88, 38.—
    (β).
    In sing. ( poet.):

    Germania colla Romanae praebens animosa securi,

    Ov. Tr. 4, 2, 45.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > securis

  • 48 Statones

    Statones, um, m., the people of Statonia in Southern Etruria, celebrated for its vines and stone-quarries, Plin. 3, 5, 8, § 52. —Hence, Statonĭensis, e, adj., of or belonging to Statonia:

    ager,

    Plin. 2, 95, 96, [p. 1752] §

    209: vina,

    id. 14, 6, 8, § 67:

    lacus,

    Sen. Q. N. 3, 25, 8.—As subst.: Statonĭensis, is, m. (sc. ager), Plin. 36, 22, 49, § 168; Varr. R. R. 3, 12. 1.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > Statones

  • 49 Statoniensis

    Statones, um, m., the people of Statonia in Southern Etruria, celebrated for its vines and stone-quarries, Plin. 3, 5, 8, § 52. —Hence, Statonĭensis, e, adj., of or belonging to Statonia:

    ager,

    Plin. 2, 95, 96, [p. 1752] §

    209: vina,

    id. 14, 6, 8, § 67:

    lacus,

    Sen. Q. N. 3, 25, 8.—As subst.: Statonĭensis, is, m. (sc. ager), Plin. 36, 22, 49, § 168; Varr. R. R. 3, 12. 1.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > Statoniensis

  • 50 ulcus

    ulcus ( hulc-), ĕris, n. [helkos], a sore, ulcer.
    I.
    Lit., Cels. 5, 9; 5, 14; 5, 26, n. 31; 5, 28, n. 6 al.; Plin. 23, 6, 60, § 112; 23, 9, 81, § 161; 22, 23, 49, § 103; Lucr. 6, 1148; 6, 1166; Verg. G. 3, 454; Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 24; Pers. 3, 113 al.—Prov.:

    ulcus tangere,

    to touch a sore spot, touch on a delicate subject, Ter. Phorm. 4, 4, 9.—
    B.
    Transf., of trees, an excrescence, Plin. 17, 24, 37, § 227:

    montium hulcera,

    i. e. marble quarries, id. 36, 15, 24, § 125.—
    II.
    Trop.: ulcus (i. e. amor) enim vivescit et inveterascit alendo, Lucr. 4, 1068: quicquid horum attigeris, ulcus est, it will prove a sore place, i. e. will turn out absurd, Cic. N. D. 1, 37, 104:

    si tu in hoc ulcere tamquam inguen exsisteres,

    id. Dom. 5, 12.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > ulcus

  • 51 γλυπτός

    γλυπτός, ή, όν,
    A fit for carving, of wood or stone, Thphr.Lap.5.
    2 carved,

    λύγδου γ. AP5.193

     (Posidipp. or Ascl.);

    γ. ὁμοίωμα LXX De. 4.25

    ;

    πρόσοψις Iamb.Protr.21

    .κγ; γλυπτόν, τό, carved image, LXX Is.44.10,al.: but γλυπτά, τά, quarries, ib.Jd.3.19.

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > γλυπτός

  • 52 λιθουργία

    A sculpture in marble, IG12.347.39, D.S.4.76; working at or in stone, Thom. Mag.p.221 R.: in pl., stone-quarries, Brut.Ep.37.

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > λιθουργία

  • 53 μέταλλον

    A mine, quarry, ἁλὸς μέταλλον salt- pit, salt- mine, Hdt.4.185;

    μ. τετμημένον Hyp.Eux.35

    ;

    μ. παλαιὸν ἀνασάξιμον IG 22.1582.56

    : mostly in pl., χρύσεα καὶ ἀργύρεα μέταλλα gold and silver mines, Hdt.3.57; τὰ ἀργύρεια μ., at Laurium, Th.2.55; μέταλλα (alone) silver mines, X.Vect.4.4; μαρμάρου μ. marble quarries, Str.9.1.23.
    2 mine in siege-operations,

    πολιορκεῖν διὰ τῶν μ. Plb.16.11.2

    , al.
    3 metaph., work,

    οὐδ' ἐν τοῖς ἀργυρείοις [ἐστί] μοι μ. Alciphr.1.36

    .
    II later, mineral, metal, Sammelb.4313 (i/ii A. D.), Ruf. ap. Orib.5.3.21, Nonn.D.11.26, Agath.5.9, AP7.363. (On the etym. cf. μεταλλάω.)

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > μέταλλον

  • 54 τήρησις

    A watching, safe-keeping, guarding, ἀφύλακτος ἡ τ. E.Fr. 162;

    τῆς πολιτείας Arist.Pol. 1308a30

    , cf. PA 692a7;

    τῆς πόλεως Supp.Epigr.6.724

     (Perga, ii/i B.C.);

    τῆς οἰκίας POxy.1070.51

     (iii A.D.);

    ἀξιώματος Pl.Def. 413e

    ;

    τῆς ἡλικίας Epicur. Sent.Vat.80

    ; [ πλούτου] Phld.Oec.p.44J.; preservation, e.g. of health, Gal.10.646, Pap. in Stud.Ital.12(1935).94 (iii A.D.); observance, νόμων, ἐντολῶν, LXX Wi.6.18(19), 1 Ep.Cor.7.19;

    λεξάντων πρὸς τὴν τήρησιν τοῦ ὕδατος SIG683.60

     (Olympia, ii B.C.).
    2 vigilance, Th.7.13, Plb.6.11A.10.
    3 means of keeping or guarding, τὰς λιθοτομίας.., ἀσφαλεστάτην τ. the quarries.., the most secure place of custody, Th. 7.86, cf. Act.Ap.4.3, BGU 388 iii 7 (ii A.D.).
    II observing, observation, τῶν καθόλου συμβαινόντων (as Empiric term) Sor.1.4, cf. Gal. 15.830, 16.550, 18(2).307, Sect.Intr.4, S.E.P.1.23, 2.246, A.D.Synt.37.14, etc.

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > τήρησις

  • 55 μέταλλον

    Grammatical information: n.
    Meaning: `mine, quarry' (Hdt., Th., X., Att. inscr.), late also `mineral, metal' (Nonn., AP, backformation from μεταλλεύω).
    Compounds: As 1. member in μεταλλ-ουργός `miner' with - έω, - εῖον (D.S., Dsc.).
    Derivatives: 1. μεταλλεῖα n. pl. `minerals, metals' (Pl. Lg. 678 d), substantiv. of *μεταλλεῖος `belonging to a mine'. 2. μεταλλικός `belonging to the mines' (D., Arist.). 3. μεταλλεύς m. `miner' (Lys., Pl. Lg., Att. inscr.; Boßhardt 60f.); from there, or from μέταλλον, 4. μεταλλεύω `be miner, work in the mines, dig up from quarries' (Pl., LXX, Arist.) with μεταλλ-εία (Pl., Str.), - ευσις (Ph. Bel.) `mining', - ευτής = μεταλλεύς (Str.; Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 63 f.), - ευτικός `belonging to mining' (Pl. Lg., Arist., pap.). 5. μεταλλίζομαι `be condemned to the mines' ( Cod. Just.). 6. μεταλλῖτις γῆ τις H. (Redard 108). -- On itself stands μεταλλάω `investigate, inquire, examine' (Il., late prose), cf. below.
    Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]
    Etymology: Technical term for mining and as such suspect to be a loan. The attempt to explain μέταλλον from μεταλλάω as backformation (Eichhorn, De graecae linguae nominibus deriv. retrogr. conformatis. Diss. Göttingen 1912, S. 47 f.; rejected by Kretschmer Glotta 6, 299, but accepted by id. Glotta 32, 1 n. 1), does not help, as for the verb no convincing etymology has been found; the explanation from μετ' ἄλλα, prop. "(inquire) after other (things)", e.g. Buttmann Lexilogus 1, 139 f. (with Eust.), Kretschmer l.c., is hardly convincing. Much more probable is, to see in the denominative μεταλλάω an orig. tecnical term, which was by ep. poets used in metaph. sense, but further came out of use. -- For foreign origin a. o. Debrunner Eberts Reallex. 4: 2,525, Krahe Die Antike 15, 181, Kretschmer Glotta 31, 13; on Pre-Greek - αλλ- Beekes, FS Kortlandt. Vain IE a. Sem. interpretations in Bq. -- Lat. LW [loanword] metallum `mining, metal', from where NHG Metall etc.; on further derivv. in western and eastern languages Maidhof Glotta 10, 14 f.
    Page in Frisk: 2,216-217

    Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μέταλλον

  • 56 σκῦρος

    Grammatical information: m.
    Meaning: `stone-chippings, rubble' (Epid. IVa, H., Poll., Sch. Pi.).
    Derivatives: σκυρωτὰ ὁδός `road paved with σ.' (Pi. P. 5, 93), τὰ σκυρω[τά] n. pl. (Delos IIIa), σκυρωθῶσι λιθωθῶσιν H. (Hp.?), σκυρώδης `consisting of σ.' (Eust.).
    Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]
    Etymology: Technical word without etymology. Hypothetic combinations by Persson Beitr. 1, 374ff. (s. Bq, WP. 2, 552, Pok. 954): to Lith. skiaurė̃ `small fish-case with holes', kiáuras `with holes', Germ., e.g. OHG scora `shovel', OWNo. skora `scour, scrubb', Skt. skauti `disturb, browse, poke'(?; meaning quite uncertain) etc. -- Here also the island-name Σκῦρος (after the marble-quarries) ? Cf. Fredrich P.-W. 2, 3, 690 w. lit. -- Furnée 366 takes σκῖρος as variant, and concludes that the word is Pre-Greek.
    Page in Frisk: 2,743-744

    Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > σκῦρος

  • 57 კარიერები

    n
    careers, quarries

    Georgian-English dictionary > კარიერები

  • 58 მოიპოვებს

    v
    captures, mines, mining, quarries, quarrying

    Georgian-English dictionary > მოიპოვებს

  • 59 Roberts, Richard

    [br]
    b. 22 April 1789 Carreghova, Llanymynech, Montgomeryshire, Wales
    d. 11 March 1864 London, England
    [br]
    Welsh mechanical engineer and inventor.
    [br]
    Richard Roberts was the son of a shoemaker and tollkeeper and received only an elementary education at the village school. At the age of 10 his interest in mechanics was stimulated when he was allowed by the Curate, the Revd Griffith Howell, to use his lathe and other tools. As a young man Roberts acquired a considerable local reputation for his mechanical skills, but these were exercised only in his spare time. For many years he worked in the local limestone quarries, until at the age of 20 he obtained employment as a pattern-maker in Staffordshire. In the next few years he worked as a mechanic in Liverpool, Manchester and Salford before moving in 1814 to London, where he obtained employment with Henry Maudslay. In 1816 he set up on his own account in Manchester. He soon established a reputation there for gear-cutting and other general engineering work, especially for the textile industry, and by 1821 he was employing about twelve men. He built machine tools mainly for his own use, including, in 1817, one of the first planing machines.
    One of his first inventions was a gas meter, but his first patent was obtained in 1822 for improvements in looms. His most important contribution to textile technology was his invention of the self-acting spinning mule, patented in 1825. The normal fourteen-year term of this patent was extended in 1839 by a further seven years. Between 1826 and 1828 Roberts paid several visits to Alsace, France, arranging cottonspinning machinery for a new factory at Mulhouse. By 1826 he had become a partner in the firm of Sharp Brothers, the company then becoming Sharp, Roberts \& Co. The firm continued to build textile machinery, and in the 1830s it built locomotive engines for the newly created railways and made one experimental steam-carriage for use on roads. The partnership was dissolved in 1843, the Sharps establishing a new works to continue locomotive building while Roberts retained the existing factory, known as the Globe Works, where he soon after took as partners R.G.Dobinson and Benjamin Fothergill (1802–79). This partnership was dissolved c. 1851, and Roberts continued in business on his own for a few years before moving to London as a consulting engineer.
    During the 1840s and 1850s Roberts produced many new inventions in a variety of fields, including machine tools, clocks and watches, textile machinery, pumps and ships. One of these was a machine controlled by a punched-card system similar to the Jacquard loom for punching rivet holes in plates. This was used in the construction of the Conway and Menai Straits tubular bridges. Roberts was granted twenty-six patents, many of which, before the Patent Law Amendment Act of 1852, covered more than one invention; there were still other inventions he did not patent. He made his contribution to the discussion which led up to the 1852 Act by publishing, in 1830 and 1833, pamphlets suggesting reform of the Patent Law.
    In the early 1820s Roberts helped to establish the Manchester Mechanics' Institute, and in 1823 he was elected a member of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester. He frequently contributed to their proceedings and in 1861 he was made an Honorary Member. He was elected a Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1838. From 1838 to 1843 he served as a councillor of the then-new Municipal Borough of Manchester. In his final years, without the assistance of business partners, Roberts suffered financial difficulties, and at the time of his death a fund for his aid was being raised.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Member, Institution of Civil Engineers 1838.
    Further Reading
    There is no full-length biography of Richard Roberts but the best account is H.W.Dickinson, 1945–7, "Richard Roberts, his life and inventions", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 25:123–37.
    W.H.Chaloner, 1968–9, "New light on Richard Roberts, textile engineer (1789–1864)", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 41:27–44.
    RTS

    Biographical history of technology > Roberts, Richard

  • 60 Granitbrüche

    pl
    granite quarries

    Deutsch-Englisches Wörterbuch > Granitbrüche

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