-
1 purchasing
Opsthe acquisition of goods and services needed to support the various activities of an organization, at the optimum cost and from reliable suppliers. Purchasing involves defining the need for goods and services; identifying and comparing available supplies and suppliers; negotiating terms for price, quantity, and delivery; agreeing contracts and placing orders; receiving and accepting delivery; and authorizing the payment for goods and services. -
2 purchasing manager
Opsan individual with responsibility for all activities concerned with purchasing. The responsibilities of a purchasing manager can include ordering, commercial negotiations, and delivery chasing. -
3 purchasing by contract
-
4 purchasing power parity
Fina theory that the exchange rate between two currencies is in equilibrium when the purchasing power of currency is the same in each country. If a basket of goods costs £100 in the United Kingdom and $150 for an equivalent in the United States, for equilibrium to exist, the exchange rate would be expected to be £1 = $1.50. If this is were not the case, arbitrage would be expected to take place until equilibrium was restored. -
5 purchasing versus production
Opsa decision on whether to produce goods internally or to buy them in from outside the organization. The goal of purchasing versus production is to secure needed items at the best possible cost, while making optimum use of the resources of the organization. Factors influencing the decision may include: cost, spare capacity within the organization, the need for tight quality and scheduling control, flexibility, the enhancement of skills that can then be used in other ways, volume and economies of scale, utilization of existing personnel, the need for secrecy, capital and financing requirements, and the potential reliability of supply.The ultimate business dictionary > purchasing versus production
-
6 purchasing power
Opsa measure of the ability of a person, organization, or sector to buy goods and services -
7 centralized purchasing
Opsthe control by a central department of all the purchasing undertaken within an organization. In a large organization centralized purchasing is often located within the headquarters. Centralization has the advantages of reducing duplication of effort, pooling volume purchases for discounts, enabling more effective inventory control, consolidating transport loads to achieve lower costs, increasing skills development in purchasing personnel, and enhancing relationships with suppliers. -
8 contract purchasing
Opsa mechanism for buying leased goods. In contract purchasing, a purchaser agrees to buy goods or equipment to be paid for in a series of installments, each comprising a proportion of the capital and an interest element. After a final payment, legal ownership passes to the user. -
9 current purchasing power accounting
Fina method of accounting in which the values of non-monetary items in the historical cost accounts are adjusted, using a general price index, so that the resulting profit allows for the maintenance of the purchasing power of the shareholders’ interest in the organizationThe ultimate business dictionary > current purchasing power accounting
-
10 just-in-time purchasing
Fina purchasing system in which material purchases are contracted so that the receipt and usage of material coincide to the maximum extent possible -
11 production versus purchasing
The ultimate business dictionary > production versus purchasing
-
12 real purchasing power
Econthe purchasing power of a country or a household adjusted for changes in prices -
13 consumer panel
Mktga carefully selected group of people whose purchasing habits are regularly monitored. A consumer panel usually consists of a large cross-section of the population so as to provide meaningful data. There are two types of panel: diary panels, where members fill in a regular detailed diary of purchases, and, less commonly, home audit panels, where visits are made to the homes of members to check purchases, packaging, and used cartons. These panels run over a period of time to gain a broad overview of purchasing habits. A focus group is similar to a consumer panel, but is usually used to determine customers’ views of a specific product or range of products. Members of a group meet together under the guidance of a facilitator to discuss their opinions on a face-to-face basis. -
14 customer satisfaction
Mktgthe degree to which customer expectations of a product or service are met or exceeded. Corporate and individual customers may have widely differing reasons for purchasing a product or service and therefore any measurement of satisfaction will need to be able to measure such differences. The quality of after-sales service can also be a crucial factor in influencing any purchasing decision. More and more companies are striving, not just for customer satisfaction, but for customer delight, that extra bit of added value that may lead to increased customer loyalty. Any extra added value, however, will need to be carefully costed. -
15 e-marketplace
E-coman Internet-based environment that brings together businessto-business buyers and sellers so that they can trade more efficiently online.The key benefits for users of an emarketplace are reduced purchasing costs, greater flexibility, saved time, better information, and better collaboration. However, the drawbacks include costs in changing procurement processes, cost of applications, setup, and integration with internal systems, and transaction/subscription fees.There are three distinct types of emarketplace: independent, in which public environments seek simply to attract buyers and sellers to trade together; consortiumbased, in which sites are set up on an industry-wide basis, typically when a number of key buyers in a particular industry get together; and private, in which emarketplaces are established by a particular organization to manage its purchasing alone. -
16 Economy
Portugal's economy, under the influence of the European Economic Community (EEC), and later with the assistance of the European Union (EU), grew rapidly in 1985-86; through 1992, the average annual growth was 4-5 percent. While such growth rates did not last into the late 1990s, portions of Portugal's society achieved unprecedented prosperity, although poverty remained entrenched. It is important, however, to place this current growth, which includes some not altogether desirable developments, in historical perspective. On at least three occasions in this century, Portugal's economy has experienced severe dislocation and instability: during the turbulent First Republic (1911-25); during the Estado Novo, when the world Depression came into play (1930-39); and during the aftermath of the Revolution of 25 April, 1974. At other periods, and even during the Estado Novo, there were eras of relatively steady growth and development, despite the fact that Portugal's weak economy lagged behind industrialized Western Europe's economies, perhaps more than Prime Minister Antônio de Oliveira Salazar wished to admit to the public or to foreigners.For a number of reasons, Portugal's backward economy underwent considerable growth and development following the beginning of the colonial wars in Africa in early 1961. Recent research findings suggest that, contrary to the "stagnation thesis" that states that the Estado Novo economy during the last 14 years of its existence experienced little or no growth, there were important changes, policy shifts, structural evolution, and impressive growth rates. In fact, the average annual gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate (1961-74) was about 7 percent. The war in Africa was one significant factor in the post-1961 economic changes. The new costs of finance and spending on the military and police actions in the African and Asian empires in 1961 and thereafter forced changes in economic policy.Starting in 1963-64, the relatively closed economy was opened up to foreign investment, and Lisbon began to use deficit financing and more borrowing at home and abroad. Increased foreign investment, residence, and technical and military assistance also had effects on economic growth and development. Salazar's government moved toward greater trade and integration with various international bodies by signing agreements with the European Free Trade Association and several international finance groups. New multinational corporations began to operate in the country, along with foreign-based banks. Meanwhile, foreign tourism increased massively from the early 1960s on, and the tourism industry experienced unprecedented expansion. By 1973-74, Portugal received more than 8 million tourists annually for the first time.Under Prime Minister Marcello Caetano, other important economic changes occurred. High annual economic growth rates continued until the world energy crisis inflation and a recession hit Portugal in 1973. Caetano's system, through new development plans, modernized aspects of the agricultural, industrial, and service sectors and linked reform in education with plans for social change. It also introduced cadres of forward-looking technocrats at various levels. The general motto of Caetano's version of the Estado Novo was "Evolution with Continuity," but he was unable to solve the key problems, which were more political and social than economic. As the boom period went "bust" in 1973-74, and growth slowed greatly, it became clear that Caetano and his governing circle had no way out of the African wars and could find no easy compromise solution to the need to democratize Portugal's restive society. The economic background of the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was a severe energy shortage caused by the world energy crisis and Arab oil boycott, as well as high general inflation, increasing debts from the African wars, and a weakening currency. While the regime prescribed greater Portuguese investment in Africa, in fact Portuguese businesses were increasingly investing outside of the escudo area in Western Europe and the United States.During the two years of political and social turmoil following the Revolution of 25 April 1974, the economy weakened. Production, income, reserves, and annual growth fell drastically during 1974-76. Amidst labor-management conflict, there was a burst of strikes, and income and productivity plummeted. Ironically, one factor that cushioned the economic impact of the revolution was the significant gold reserve supply that the Estado Novo had accumulated, principally during Salazar's years. Another factor was emigration from Portugal and the former colonies in Africa, which to a degree reduced pressures for employment. The sudden infusion of more than 600,000 refugees from Africa did increase the unemployment rate, which in 1975 was 10-15 percent. But, by 1990, the unemployment rate was down to about 5-6 percent.After 1985, Portugal's economy experienced high growth rates again, which averaged 4-5 percent through 1992. Substantial economic assistance from the EEC and individual countries such as the United States, as well as the political stability and administrative continuity that derived from majority Social Democratic Party (PSD) governments starting in mid-1987, supported new growth and development in the EEC's second poorest country. With rapid infrastruc-tural change and some unregulated development, Portugal's leaders harbored a justifiable concern that a fragile environment and ecology were under new, unacceptable pressures. Among other improvements in the standard of living since 1974 was an increase in per capita income. By 1991, the average minimum monthly wage was about 40,000 escudos, and per capita income was about $5,000 per annum. By the end of the 20th century, despite continuing poverty at several levels in Portugal, Portugal's economy had made significant progress. In the space of 15 years, Portugal had halved the large gap in living standards between itself and the remainder of the EU. For example, when Portugal joined the EU in 1986, its GDP, in terms of purchasing power-parity, was only 53 percent of the EU average. By 2000, Portugal's GDP had reached 75 percent of the EU average, a considerable achievement. Whether Portugal could narrow this gap even further in a reasonable amount of time remained a sensitive question in Lisbon. Besides structural poverty and the fact that, in 2006, the EU largesse in structural funds (loans and grants) virtually ceased, a major challenge for Portugal's economy will be to reduce the size of the public sector (about 50 percent of GDP is in the central government) to increase productivity, attract outside investment, and diversify the economy. For Portugal's economic planners, the 21st century promises to be challenging. -
17 butterfly spread
Fina complex option strategy based on simultaneously purchasing and selling calls at different exercise prices and maturity dates, the profit being the premium collected when the options are sold. Such a strategy is most profitable when the price of the underlying security is relatively stable. -
18 buying economies of scale
Fina reduction in the cost of purchasing raw materials and components or of borrowing money due to the increased size of the purchaseThe ultimate business dictionary > buying economies of scale
-
19 buying manager
-
20 buy or make
См. также в других словарях:
Purchasing — refers to a business or organization attempting to acquire goods or services to accomplish the goals of the enterprise. Though there are several organizations that attempt to set standards in the purchasing process, processes can vary greatly… … Wikipedia
purchasing — pur‧chas‧ing [ˈpɜːtʆsɪŋ ǁ ˈpɜːr ] noun [uncountable] COMMERCE the activity of buying the materials, stock, equipment etc that a company needs to produce goods: • She is the company s purchasing manager. • The purchasing of consulting services… … Financial and business terms
purchasing — noun Purchasing is used before these nouns: ↑power Purchasing is used after these nouns: ↑bulk … Collocations dictionary
purchasing — n. act of buying, act of purchasing in exchange for money; act of obtaining, act of procuring pur·chase || pÉœrtʃɪs / pÉœË n. something which has been purchased; act of purchasing, act of buying v. buy, acquire in exchange for money; procure … English contemporary dictionary
Purchasing — Purchase Pur chase (?; 48), v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Purchased}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Purchasing}.] [OE. purchasen, porchacen, OF. porchacier, purchacier, to pursue, to seek eagerly, F. pourchasser; OF. pour, por, pur, for (L. pro) + chacier to pursue,… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
purchasing — noun the act of buying buying and selling fill their days shrewd purchasing requires considerable knowledge • Syn: ↑buying • Derivationally related forms: ↑purchase, ↑buy (for: ↑ … Useful english dictionary
Purchasing Managers Index — (1948–2008): oberer Wert Jahresmaximum, unterer Wert Jahresminimum Der Purchasing Managers Index (PMI), auch „ISM Manufacturing Index“ oder „ISM Einkaufsmanagerindex“, ist der wichtigste und verlässlichste Frühindikator für die wirtschaftliche… … Deutsch Wikipedia
Purchasing power — is the amount of value of a good/services compared to the amount paid with a currency. Currency can be either a commodity money, like gold or silver, or fiat currency like US dollars which are the world reserve currency. As Adam Smith noted,… … Wikipedia
Purchasing process — Purchasing is the formal process of buying goods and services. The Purchasing Process can vary from one organization to another, but there are some common key elements. The process usually starts with a Demand or requirements[1] – this could be… … Wikipedia
Purchasing Managers' index — ➔ index1 * * * ► See PMI. * * * Purchasing Managers index UK US noun [S] (ABBREVIATION PMI) ECONOMICS ► a measurement of economic activity, based on how many purchasing managers i … Financial and business terms
purchasing officer — ➔ officer * * * purchasing officer UK US noun [C] COMMERCE ► PROCUREMENT OFFICER(Cf. ↑procurement officer) … Financial and business terms
