programme+development+system

- Committee for Economic Development

- Committee for Reciprocity Information

- Committee on Improvement of National Statistics

- Committee on Interest and Dividends

- Committee on National Resources

- Committee on Paperless Entry

- Committee on Population Problems

- Committee on Population Statistics

- Committee on State and Local Government Cooperation

- Committee on Stock List

- Committee on the Censuses of Production and Distribution

- Committee on Uniform Securities Identification Procedures

- Committee of London Clearing Bankers

- Accepting Houses Committee

- Ad Hoc Committee of Experts on Programmes in Demographic Aspects of Economic Development

- Ad Hoc Committee of the Board of Governors on Reform of the International Monetary System and Related Issues

- Appropriation Committee

- Birth Control Investigation Committee

- Capital Issues Committee

- Census of Production Advisory Committee

- Coordinating Committee for East-West Trade

- Emergency Committee for Full Funding of Educational Programs

- European Committee of Sugar Manufacturers

- Federal Open Market Committee

- Foreign Exchange Control Committee

- House Appropriation Committee

- Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration

- Interim Coordinating Committee for International Commodity Arrangements

- International Committee for Recording the Productivity of Milk Animals

- International Cotton Advisory Committee

- International Dairy Committee

- International Permanent Committee on Canned Foods

- International Standing Committee on Physiology and Pathology of Animal Reproduction

- International Tea Committee

- Machine Tool Economic Development Committee

- Mac-Millan Committee

- National Committee on Maternal Health

- National Committee on Vital and Health Statistics

- National Security Committee

- Open Market Committee

- Population Investigation Committee

- Special Committee on the Financial Situation of the United Nations

- Stock Exchange Committee

- Temporary National Economic Committee

- Transportation Allocations, Priorities and Controls Committee

- United Nations Committee on Commodities

- United Nations/FAO Intergovernmental Committee of the World Food Programme

- Whitley Committees

europski

• Economic European Area Countries ( EEA countries) drћave Europskoga gospodarskoga prostora

• European Association of Central Counterparty Clearing

• Houses ( EACH) Europsko udruћenje klirinљkih kuća koje posreduju u kliringu i namiri

• European Bank for Reconstruction and Development

( EBRD) Europska banka za obnovu i razvoj

• European capital market europsko trћiљte kapitala

• European Central Bank ( ECB) Europska srediљnja banka (ESB)

• European Central Bank open market operations

• instruments ( ECBOMO instruments) instrumenti Europske srediљnje banke za operacije na otvorenom trћiљtu

• European Central Bank payment mechanism ( EPM) sustav za obradu plaćanja Europske srediљnje banke

• European Central Securities Depository Association

( ECSDA) Europsko udruћenje srediљnjih depozitorija vrijednosnih papira

• European Committee for Banking Standards Europski odbor za bankarske norme

• European Common Market ( ECM) Europsko zajedničko trћiљte (EZT)

• European currency europska valuta

• European Currency Unit europska valutna jedinica (ECU)

• European debit card ( EDC) europska debitna kartica

• European Economic and Monetary Union Europska ekonomska i monetarna unija

• European Economic and Social Policy Research Institute Europski institut za istraћivanje gospodarske i socijalne politike

• European Economic Area ( EEA) Europski gospodarski prostor

• European Economic Interest Grouping ( EEIG) europsko gospodarsko interesno grupiranje

• European Export Bank ( EEB) Europska izvozna banka

• European free trade area europsko područje slobodne trgovine

• European Free Trade Association ( EFTA) Europsko udruћenje za slobodnu trgovinu (EFTA)

• European Fund Europski fond

• European Investment Bank ( EIB) Europska investicijska banka (EIB)

• European Investment Fund ( EIF) Related Products povezani proizvodi Europskoga investicijskoga fonda (EIF-a)

• European Master Agreement Europski okvirni ugovor

• European Monetary Agreement ( EMA) Europski monetarni sporazum

• European Monetary Cooperation Fund ( EMCF) Europski fond za monetarnu suradnju

• European Monetary Fund ( EMF) Europski monetarni fond

• European Monetary Institute ( EMI) Europski monetarni institut (EMI) (preteča ECB-a)

• European Monetary System ( EMS) europski monetarni sustav (EMS)

• European Monetary Union ( EMU) Europska monetarna unija (EMU)

• European monetary unit of account ( EMUA) europska monetarna obračunska jedinica

• European parallel currency ( EPC) usporedna valuta

• European Payment Systems Services SA ( EPSS) druљtvo koje nudi usluge kliringa, namire te autorizacije za transakcije u Europi i za prekogranične transakcije

• European Payments Union ( EPU) Europska platna unija (EPU)

• European options europske opcije

• European Recovery Programme Plan obnove Europe (Marshallov plan)

• European Securities Clearing Corporation ( ESCC) druљtvo za pruћanje usluga saldiranja i namire europskih drћavnih duћničkih vrijednosnih papira

• European Social Fund ( ESF) Europski socijalni fond

• European System of Central Banks ( ESCB) Europski sustav srediљnjih banaka (ESSB)

• European System of Integrated Economic Accounts 1995

( ESA 1995) Europski sustav integriranih ekonomskih računa 1995 (ESA 1995)

• European unit of account ( EUA) europska obračunska jedinica

   1) Grammar as Analogous to a Scientific Theory

   I think that the failure to offer a precise account of the notion "grammar" is not just a superficial defect in linguistic theory that can be remedied by adding one more definition. It seems to me that until this notion is clarified, no part of linguistic theory can achieve anything like a satisfactory development.... I have been discussing a grammar of a particular language here as analogous to a particular scientific theory, dealing with its subject matter (the set of sentences of this language) much as embryology or physics deals with its subject matter. (Chomsky, 1964, p. 213)

   2) Native Speakers and Their Grammar

   Obviously, every speaker of a language has mastered and internalized a generative grammar that expresses his knowledge of his language. This is not to say that he is aware of the rules of grammar or even that he can become aware of them, or that his statements about his intuitive knowledge of his language are necessarily accurate. (Chomsky, 1965, p. 8)

   3) The Reduction of Transformation Rules In a Science of Grammar

   Much effort has been devoted to showing that the class of possible transformations can be substantially reduced without loss of descriptive power through the discovery of quite general conditions that all such rules and the representations they operate on and form must meet.... [The] transformational rules, at least for a substantial core grammar, can be reduced to the single rule, "Move alpha" (that is, "move any category anywhere"). (Mehler, Walker & Garrett, 1982, p. 21)

   4) The Relationship of Transformational Grammar to Semantics and to Human Performance

   he implications of assuming a semantic memory for what we might call "generative psycholinguistics" are: that dichotomous judgments of semantic well-formedness versus anomaly are not essential or inherent to language performance; that the transformational component of a grammar is the part most relevant to performance models; that a generative grammar's role should be viewed as restricted to language production, whereas sentence understanding should be treated as a problem of extracting a cognitive representation of a text's message; that until some theoretical notion of cognitive representation is incorporated into linguistic conceptions, they are unlikely to provide either powerful language-processing programs or psychologically relevant theories.

   Although these implications conflict with the way others have viewed the relationship of transformational grammars to semantics and to human performance, they do not eliminate the importance of such grammars to psychologists, an importance stressed in, and indeed largely created by, the work of Chomsky. It is precisely because of a growing interdependence between such linguistic theory and psychological performance models that their relationship needs to be clarified. (Quillian, 1968, p. 260)

   5) The Terminologies of Formal Grammar

   here are some terminological distinctions that are crucial to explain, or else confusions can easily arise. In the formal study of grammar, a language is defined as a set of sentences, possibly infinite, where each sentence is a string of symbols or words. One can think of each sentence as having several representations linked together: one for its sound pattern, one for its meaning, one for the string of words constituting it, possibly others for other data structures such as the "surface structure" and "deep structure" that are held to mediate the mapping between sound and meaning. Because no finite system can store an infinite number of sentences, and because humans in particular are clearly not pullstring dolls that emit sentences from a finite stored list, one must explain human language abilities by imputing to them a grammar, which in the technical sense is a finite rule system, or programme, or circuit design, capable of generating and recognizing the sentences of a particular language. This "mental grammar" or "psychogrammar" is the neural system that allows us to speak and understand the possible word sequences of our native tongue. A grammar for a specific language is obviously acquired by a human during childhood, but there must be neural circuitry that actually carries out the acquisition process in the child, and this circuitry may be called the language faculty or language acquisition device. An important part of the language faculty is universal grammar, an implementation of a set of principles or constraints that govern the possible form of any human grammar. (Pinker, 1996, p. 263)

   6) The Theory of Grammar

   A grammar of language L is essentially a theory of L. Any scientific theory is based on a finite number of observations, and it seeks to relate the observed phenomena and to predict new phenomena by constructing general laws in terms of hypothetical constructs.... Similarly a grammar of English is based on a finite corpus of utterances (observations), and it will contain certain grammatical rules (laws) stated in terms of the particular phonemes, phrases, etc., of English (hypothetical constructs). These rules express structural relations among the sentences of the corpus and the infinite number of sentences generated by the grammar beyond the corpus (predictions). (Chomsky, 1957, p. 49)

phase [feɪz]

1 noun

(a) (period → gen) phase f, période f; (→ of illness) phase f, stade m; (→ of career, project) étape f; (→ of civilization) période f;

∎ the project is going through a critical phase le projet traverse une phase critique;

∎ it's still in the development phase c'est encore en cours de développement;

∎ the final phase of the election campaign la dernière étape de la campagne électorale;

∎ phase two of the government's incomes policy la deuxième étape de la politique salariale du gouvernement;

∎ phase two of the restoration project/rebuilding programme la deuxième tranche des travaux de restauration/de reconstruction;

∎ the investigation/trial has entered a new phase l'enquête/le procès est désormais dans une nouvelle phase;

∎ their daughter's going through a difficult phase leur fille traverse une période difficile;

∎ don't worry, it's just a phase she's going through ne vous inquiétez pas, ça lui passera

(b) Astronomy (of moon) phase f

(c) Chemistry, Electricity & Physics phase f;

∎ in the solid phase en phase ou à l'état solide;

∎ also figurative to be in phase être en phase;

∎ also figurative to be out of phase être déphasé;

∎ the government is out of phase with the mood of the country le gouvernement est en décalage complet avec les sentiments de la population

2 transitive verb

(a) (changes, new methods) introduire progressivement; (project) développer en phases successives; (schedule, introduction of technology etc) échelonner;

∎ the closure of the plant will be phased over three years la fermeture de l'usine se fera progressivement, sur trois ans

(b) (synchronize) synchroniser, faire coïncider;

∎ the two operations have to be perfectly phased les deux opérations doivent être parfaitement synchronisées

(c) American (prearrange → delivery, development) planifier, programmer

(d) Electricity & Technology mettre en phase

➲ phase in separable transitive verb

(new methods) introduire progressivement ou par étapes; (new systems, new equipment) mettre progressivement en place;

∎ the reforms will obviously have to be phased in il est évident que les réformes devront être introduites progressivement;

∎ the increases will be phased in over five years les augmentations seront échelonnées sur cinq ans

➲ phase out separable transitive verb

(stop using → machinery, weapon) cesser progressivement d'utiliser (stop producing → car, model) abandonner progressivement la production de; (do away with → jobs, tax) supprimer progressivement ou par étapes; (→ grant) retirer progressivement;

∎ when the use of these pesticides has been phased out quand ces pesticides auront cessé d'être utilisés;

∎ the system is being phased out ce système est en cours d'abandon

1) экономический, хозяйственный

2) экономически выгодный, целесообразный; экономичный; рентабельный

•

- curb economic growth

- economic progress

- economic phenomenon

- economic miracle

- economic questions

- economic motivation

- economic environment

- economic penetration

- enhance economic growth

- new international economic order

- economic rehabilitation

- economic machine

- economic cycle

- economic indices

- economic royalists

- economic issues

- economic slump

- economic conditions

- economic trend

- economic intelligence

- economic order

- major economic issues

- economic warfare

- economic strength

- economic advancement and social progress

- economic base study

- economic indexes

- economic slack

- Economic Message to Congress

- economic problems

- economic development

- economic and social systems

- economic system

- economic sanctions

- economic law

- economic forces

- economic assistance programme

- economic ailments

- economic relations

- economic doldrums

- Western economic summits

- economic dependence

- economic self-sufficiency

- economic ties

- economic relationship

- economic achievements

- stage an economic recovery

- Common Economic Space

- economic recovery

- economic potential

- economic transactions

- economic policy

- economic data

- economic crisis

- economic integration

- economic management

- economical felony

- international economic co-operation

- economic upturn

- new economic strategy

- performance of economic system

- economic performance

- economic situation

- economic base

- economic growth

- economic opportunity

- economic capacity

- outward-looking economic policies

- economic stabilization

- economic activity

- world economic intercourse

- economic turn

- economic maturity

- economic event

- economic planning

- economic cooperation

1) законодавча влада; законодавчий орган, законодавчі органи; нормативний акт

2) законодавчий; правотворчий; правоутворюючий; нормовстановчий

•

- legislative act

osiguranje

• accident insurance osiguranje od nezgode

• additional living expense insurance dopunsko osiguranje troљkova ћivota

• adjustable life insurance promjenjivo ћivotno osiguranje

• alien insurance company inozemno osiguravajuće druљtvo

• alimony insurance osiguranje alimentacije

• all-risk insurance osiguranje od svih rizika

• alternative risk transfer insurance strategies ( ARTIS) strategije osiguranja od alternativnoga prijenosa rizika

• automobile insurance plan osiguranje vozila

• automobile liability insurance automobilsko osiguranje

• aviation insurance osiguranje zrakoplova

• bad debt insurance osiguranje protiv loљih zajmova (instrument osiguranja)

• boiler and machinery insurance osiguranje kotla i strojeva

• business life insurance komercijalno ћivotno osiguranje

• cargo insurance osiguranje tereta

• casualty insurance osiguranje od nezgode

• certificate of insurance potvrda o osiguranju

• commercial paper insurance osiguranje komercijalnih papira

• commissioner of insurance povjerenik osiguranja

• comprehensive major medical insurance kombinirano osiguranje velikih troљkova liječenja

• comprehensive personal liability insurance kombinirano osiguranje od osobne odgovornosti

• compulsory insurance obvezno osiguranje

• contract of insurance ugovor o osiguranju

• convertible term insurance promjenjivo ћivotno osiguranje s fiksnim trajanjem (moћe se pretvoriti u trajno osiguranje)

• credit insurance osiguranje kredita

• credit life insurance kreditno ћivotno osiguranje

• crop-hail insurance osiguranje usjeva od tuče

• defined benefit insurance policy mirovinski program s unaprijed određenim iznosom mirovine

• dental insurance stomatoloљko osiguranje

• deposit insurance depozitno osiguranje

• direct life insurance (izravno) ћivotno osiguranje

• direct non-life insurance (izravno) neћivotno osiguranje

• endowment insurance osiguranje zaklade

• equipment value insurance ( EVI) osiguranje vrijednosti opreme

• excess insurance prekomjerno osiguranje

• export credit insurance osiguranje izvoznih kredita

• extended coverage insurance osiguranje proљirenoga pokrića

• extended term insurance produljeno osiguranje

• extended unemployment insurance benefit proљirena novčana potpora nezaposlenim osiguranicima

• extra expense insurance osiguranje dodatnih troљkova

• federal crime insurance program savezni program osiguranja od kriminala

• federal flood insurance savezni program osiguranja od poplave

• Federal Insurance Administration savezna uprava za osiguranje

• financial guarantee insurance osiguranje financijskoga jamstva

• fire insurance protupoћarno osiguranje, osiguranje za slučaj poћara

• fixed income insurance product proizvod osiguranja s fiksnim dohotkom

• foreign credit insurance association udruћenje za osiguranje inozemnoga kredita

• franchise insurance grupno osiguranje osoba temeljem individualne procjene rizika

• fraternal insurance osiguranje članova bratstva/tajnih druљtava/loћa

• free-for-all insurance besplatno osiguranje

• general liability insurance osiguranje od opće odgovornosti

• group insurance grupno osiguranje

• health insurance zdravstveno osiguranje

• hull insurance ( in ocean marine and aviation insurance) kasko osiguranje (u osiguranju oceanskih brodova i zrakoplova)

• improvements and betterments insurance osiguranje povećanja vrijednosti tuđe imovine nakon ulaganja

Bilj.: Npr. kada zakupnik adaptira nekretninu kojom se koristi, ali koja nije njegovo vlasniљtvo

• indeterminate premium life insurance premijsko ћivotno osiguranje na neodređeno vrijeme

• industrial development bond insurance osiguranje obveznice za industrijski razvoj

• industrial life insurance industrijsko ћivotno osiguranje

• inland marine insurance osiguranje riječne mornarice

• insurance binder osiguravateljsko obvezivanje

• insurance broker broker u osiguranju, posrednik za osiguranje

• insurance claims potraћivanja od osiguranja

• insurance company osiguravajuće druљtvo

• insurance company term loan (dugo)ročni zajam osiguravajućih druљtava

• insurance corporation osiguravajuće druљtvo/poduzeće

• insurance entity osiguravateljski subjekt

• insurance group osiguravateljska grupacija

• insurance industry osiguravateljska djelatnost

• insurance policy polica osiguranja

• insurance premium premija osiguranja

• insurance premium prepayment pretplata premija osiguranja

• insurance product osiguravateljski proizvod

• insurance purchasing group grupa za kupovinu osiguranja

Bilj.: Grupa koja od odobrenih osiguravatelja kupuje osiguranja od odgovornosti isključivo za svoje članove

• Insurance Regulatory Information System ( IRIS) nadzorni informativni sustav osiguranja (NISO)

• insurance risk osiguravateljski rizik

• insurance service usluga osiguranja

• Insurance Services Office ( ISO) ured za usluge u osiguranju

Bilj.: Ured koji se bavi prikupljanjem statističih podataka, objavom premijskih stopa i izradom obrazaca polica u osiguranju imovine i odgovornosti

• insurance supervisor direktor tijela za nadzor osiguravajućih druљtava

• insurance technical reserves tehničke pričuve osiguranja (kapital osiguravajućega druљtva)

• insurance undertaking osiguravajući pothvat; osiguravajuće poduzeće/tvrtka

• joint life insurance zajedničko ћivotno osiguranje

• jumping juvenile insurance polica osiguranja djece

Bilj.: Vrijednost se police automatski povećava kad dijete navrљi određenu dob, obično kad postane punoljetno, bez plaćanja dodatne premije

• key-persons insurance osiguranje ključnih osoba

• legal expenses insurance osiguranje od troљkova sudskih postupaka

• level premium insurance osiguranje s konstantnom premijom

• life insurance ћivotno osiguranje

• life insurance policy polica ћivotnoga osiguranja

• life insurance reserves (tehničke) pričuve (ћivotnog) osiguranja

• major medical expense insurance zdravstveno osiguranje koje pokriva velike troљkove liječenja

• marine insurance pomorsko osiguranje

• multiple-line insurance paket polica osiguranja (polica koja pokriva viљe vrsta osiguranja)

• municipal bond guarantee insurance osiguranje jamstva općinske obveznice

Bilj.: Osiguranje koje jamči isplatu glavnice i kamate na obveznice koje izdaju općinske ili lokalne uprave (za financiranje raznih projekata poput izgradnje љkola ili stambenih objekata) u slučaju da izdavatelj nema sredstava za isplatu

• municipal lease insurance osiguranje općinskoga zakupa

• mutual insurance company druљtvo za uzajamno osiguranje

• national insurance drћavno (socijalno) osiguranje

• no-fault insurance kasko osiguranje

Bilj.: Zakon prema kojemu oљtećenik u automobilskoj nezgodi moћe postaviti odљtetni zahtjev za liječničke i bolničke troљkove izravno svomu osiguravatelju bez obzira na to tko je skrivio nezgodu

• non-life insurance neћivotno osiguranje

• non-life insurance claims potraћivanja (zbog) neћivotnoga osiguranja

• nonparticipating insurance osiguranje bez sudjelovanja u dobiti

• ocean marine insurance prekooceansko pomorsko osiguranje

• ordinary life insurance obično osiguranje ћivota

Bilj.: Sve vrste osiguranja ћivota osim industrijskoga osiguranja ћivota

• outage insurance osiguranje gubitka zarade (nakon prekida rada zbog osigurane opasnosti)

• paid-up insurance otplaćeno osiguranje

• participating insurance osiguranje sa sudjelovanjem u dobiti

Bilj.: Osiguranje koje proporcionalno sudjeluje u istom riziku s drugim osiguranjima

• permanent life insurance trajno ћivotno osiguranje

• personal insurance osobno osiguranje

• private insurance privatno osiguranje

• property insurance imovinsko osiguranje

• Protection and Indemnity insurance (P&I) osiguranje P&I

Bilj.: U pomorskom osiguranju, osiguranje preko klubova P&I

• public guarantee insurance programme program osiguranja drћavnih jamstava

• reduced paid-up insurance umanjeno otplaćeno osiguranje

• regular medical expense insurance osiguranje redovitih troљkova liječenja

• relation of earnings to insurance clause klauzula o odnosu zarade i osiguranja

• renewable term insurance obnovljivo osiguranje

• rental value insurance osiguranje vrijednosti najamnine

• replacement cost insurance osiguranje troљkova zamjene stvari

• sickness insurance osiguranje za slučaj bolesti

• social insurance socijalno osiguranje

• stock insurance company dioničko druљtvo za osiguranje

• straight life insurance izravno osiguranje ћivota

Bilj.: Osiguranje kod kojega se premija plaća do kraja ћivota

• suplementary medical insurance ( SMI) dopunsko zdravstveno osiguranje

• surety insurance osiguranje uz jamstvo

• term insurance osiguranje s rokom

• third party insurance osiguranje od građanskopravne odgovornosti

• time element insurance osiguranje temeljeno na vremenskom trajanju љtete

• title insurance osiguranje prava vlasniљtva

• transport insurance osiguranje prijevoza

• transportation insurance osiguranje transporta/prijevoza

• umbrella liability insurance krovno osiguranje odgovornosti

• unit-linked insurance policy polica osiguranja povezanoga s investicijskim fondovima

• universal life insurance univerzalno ћivotno osiguranje

• whole-life insurance doћivotno osiguranje

n мен. планування; проектування; програмування; a плановий

визначення шляхів для досягнення цілей, майбутніх потреб, розв'язання проблем тощо

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advanced planning довгострокове планування • перспективне планування; aggregate planning сукупне планування; annual planning річне планування; budget planning планування бюджету • планування кошторису • розробка (основних показників) плану і кошторисів; business planning планування випуску і збуту продукції; calendar production planning оперативно-виробниче планування; capacity planning планування завантаження виробничої потужності; capital resource planning планування капітальних ресурсів; career planning планування кар'єри; career succession planning планування послідовності кар'єри; city planning міське планування; corporate planning внутрішньокорпора-тивне планування; cost planning планування витрат; current planning поточне планування; development planning планування розвитку; directive planning директивне планування; economic planning економічне планування; financial planning фінансове планування; fiscal planning фінансове планування • бюджетне планування; forward planning довгострокове планування • перспективне планування; indicative planning індикативне планування; interbranch planning міжгалузеве планування; long-range planning довгострокове планування • перспективне планування; long-term planning довгострокове планування • перспективне планування; management planning планування організаційної діяльності • планування управлінської діяльності; manpower planning планування людських ресурсів • планування трудових ресурсів; media planning планування засобів реклами; medium-term planning середньострокове планування; network planning мережне планування; operational planning оперативне планування; optimal planning оптимальне планування; product planning планування номенклатури виробів; production planning планування випуску продукції • виробниче планування; profit planning планування прибутку • планування розміру прибутку; programme planning програмне планування; project planning планування роботи над проектом • проектування; recruitment planning планування набору персоналу • планування особового складу; resource planning планування ресурсів; routine planning поточне планування; sales planning планування збуту; short-range planning короткострокове планування • поточне планування; short-term planning короткострокове планування • поточне планування; strategic planning стратегічне планування; system planning системне планування; tactical planning тактичне планування; technological planning планування розвитку технології; town planning міське планування; work force planning планування робочої сили

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planning act закон про планування; planning and allocation of resources планування і розподіл ресурсів; planning and building committee комітет з планування і будівництва; planning application заява про планування; planning area галузь планування; planning committee плановий комітет; planning department відділ планування • плановий відділ; planning permission дозвіл на планування; planning review перевірка планування

▹▹ budget

▹▹ management¹

1) планирование; проектирование

2) разработка технологии

1) работа; труд; действие; функционирование

2) обработка

3) обрабатываемая заготовка; обрабатываемая деталь; обрабатываемое изделие

4) механизм

5) конструкция

6) мн. ч. завод; фабрика; мастерские; технические сооружения; строительные работы

7) мн. ч. работающие части механизма, подвижные органы механизма

8) работать; обрабатывать

9) действовать, двигаться, поворачиваться ( о подвижных частях механизмов)

10) коробиться

•

- work between centres

* * *

1.   работа

2.   изделие

3.   обработка

4.   возводимый объект (строительства) ( по подрядному договору); конструкция, сооружение

5.   работа, мощность

6.   pl сооружение, сооружения

7.   pl завод, фабрика, мастерские

hold ⇒ Capacity measurement

A n

1 (grasp, grip) prise f ; to get hold of attraper [rope, handle] ; to keep (a) hold of ou on tenir [ball, rail, hand] ; ⇒ catch, grab, grasp, seize, take ;

2 ( possession) to get hold of se procurer [book, ticket, document] ; [press] avoir vent de [story] ; découvrir [details, information] ;

3 ( contact) to get hold of ( by phone) joindre [person] ; ( by other means) trouver [person] ;

4 ( control) emprise f (on, over sur) ; to have a hold on ou over sb avoir de l'emprise sur qn ; to get a hold of oneself se reprendre ;

5 (storage, area) Aviat soute f ; Naut cale f ;

6 Sport ( in wrestling) prise f ; to have sb in a hold faire une prise à qn ;

7 (of hairspray, gel) fixation f ; normal/extra hold fixation normale/extra-forte.

B vtr ( prét, pp held)

1 ( clasp) tenir [object, hand, person] (above, over au-dessus de ; against contre) ; to hold sth in one's hand tenir qch à la main [brush, pencil, stick] ; ( enclosed) tenir qch dans la main [button, coin, sweet] ; to hold sth/sb by tenir qch/qn par [handle, stem, sleeve, leg] ; to hold one's stomach/head (in pain) se tenir l'estomac/la tête (à cause de la douleur) ; to hold sb (in one's arms) serrer qn dans ses bras ; to hold each other se serrer l'un contre l'autre ; can you hold my bag for me? tu peux me tenir mon sac? ;

2 ( maintain) to hold one's head upright/still tenir sa tête droite/immobile ; to hold one's hands apart/still tenir ses mains écartées/immobiles ; to hold a pose/smile garder une pose/un sourire ; to hold sth in place ou position maintenir qch en place ; to hold one's speed maintenir sa vitesse ;

3 ( arrange) organiser, tenir [meeting, talks] ; organiser [competition, ballot, demonstration, course, election] ; organiser, donner [party, reception] ; organiser, monter [exhibition, show] ; avoir [conversation] ; célébrer [church service] ; mener [enquiry] ; faire passer [interview] ; to be held avoir lieu ;

4 ( have capacity for) [box, case, tank] (pouvoir) contenir [objects, amount] ; [theatre, room] avoir une capacité de [350 people] ; the bus holds ten (people) le bus a dix places ; to (be able to) hold one's drink ou liquor tenir l'alcool ;

5 ( contain) [drawer, cupboard, box, case] contenir [objects, possessions] ;

6 ( support) [shelf, fridge, branch, roof] supporter [weight, load, crate] ; the branch won't hold you la branche ne supportera pas ton poids ;

7 ( restrain) [dam, wall] retenir, contenir [water, flood waters] ; [person] tenir [dog] ; maîtriser [thief] ; there is/there'll be no holding him fig on ne peut/pourra plus l'arrêter ;

8 ( keep against will) [police, kidnappers] détenir [person] ; to hold sb prisoner/hostage garder qn prisonnier/en otage ;

9 ( possess) détenir, avoir [shares, power, record, playing card] ; être titulaire de [degree, sporting title, cup] ; occuper [job, position] ; avoir, être en possession de [ticket, passport, licence] ; porter [title] ; Jur, gen [bank, computer, police, solicitor] conserver [document, information, money] ; avoir [mortgage] ;

10 ( keep back) garder [place, seat, ticket] ; faire attendre [train, flight] ; mettre [qch] en attente [letter, order] ; hold it ○ ! minute ○ ! ; hold everything! arrête tout! ; two burgers, but hold the mustard! deux hamburgers, sans moutarde ;

11 ( believe) avoir [opinion, belief] ; to hold sb/sth to be tenir qn/qch pour, considérer qn/qch comme ; to hold that [person] soutenir que ; [law, theory] dire que ; to hold sb liable ou responsible tenir qn pour responsable ;

12 ( defend successfully) Mil tenir [territory, city, bridge] ; Pol, Sport conserver [title, seat, lead, position] ; ( in tennis) to hold one's serve ou service gagner or remporter son service ; to hold one's own [person] se défendre tout seul (against contre) ; [army] tenir bon (against devant) ;

13 ( captivate) captiver [person, audience, class] ; capter, retenir [attention, interest] ;

14 Telecom to hold the line patienter, rester en ligne ; can you hold the line please ne quittez pas s'il vous plaît ;

15 Mus tenir [note] (for pendant) ;

16 Aut to hold the road tenir la route.

C vi ( prét, pp held)

1 ( remain intact) [rope, shelf, bridge, dam, glue] tenir ; fig ( also hold good) [theory, offer, objection, law] tenir ;

2 ( continue) [weather] rester beau/belle, se maintenir ; [luck] continuer, durer ;

3 Telecom patienter ;

4 ( remain steady) hold still! tiens-toi tranquille!

D v refl ( prét, pp held) to hold oneself upright/well se tenir droit/bien.

E on hold adv phr

1 Telecom en attente ; to put sb on hold Telecom faire patienter qn ; to put a call on hold Telecom mettre un appel en attente ;

2 to put one's plan/a project on hold gen laisser ses projets/un projet en suspens.

■ hold against: to hold sth against sb reprocher qch à qn ; to hold it against sb that en vouloir à qn parce que ; I don't hold it against him/them je ne lui/leur en veux pas ; your age could be held against you ton âge pourrait jouer en ta défaveur.

■ hold back:

▶ hold back se retenir ; to hold back from doing se retenir de faire, préférer ne pas faire ;

▶ hold [sb/sth] back, hold back [sb/sth]

1 ( restrain) contenir [water, tide, crowd, animals] ; retenir [hair, tears] ; retenir [person] ; refouler [feelings] ; contenir [anger] ; to hold back one's laughter se retenir or s'empêcher de rire ;

2 ( prevent progress of) ( involuntarily) [person] retarder [person, group] ; ( deliberately) [person] retenir [person] ; [background, poor education] gêner [person] ; entraver [production, progress, development] ;

3 ( withhold) [person, government, organization] cacher [information, result] ; ( to protect privacy) tenir [qch] secret, ne pas divulguer [name, information, identity] ; [person, company] différer [payment].

■ hold down:

▶ hold [sb/sth] down, hold down [sb/sth]

1 ( prevent from moving) maintenir [qch] en place [tent, carpet, piece of paper] ; tenir, maîtriser [person] ;

2 ( press down) appuyer sur [pedal, key] ;

3 ( keep at certain level) limiter [number, rate, expenditure, costs, inflation] ; limiter l'augmentation de [wages, taxes, prices] ;

4 ( keep) ( not lose) garder [job] ; ( have) avoir [job].

■ hold forth péj disserter, pérorer pej (about, on sur).

■ hold in:

▶ hold [sth] in, hold in [sth]

1 ( restrain) réprimer, contenir [feeling, anger, disappointment] ;

2 ( pull in) rentrer [stomach, buttocks].

■ hold off:

▶ hold off [enemy] accorder un répit ; [creditors] accorder un délai ; I hope the rain holds off j'espère qu'il ne pleuvra pas ; the rain held off until after the match il s'est mis à pleuvoir après le match ; to hold off buying/making a decision reporter l'achat/la décision à plus tard ; he held off leaving until the weekend il a reporté son départ au week-end ;

▶ hold [sb] off, hold off [sb] tenir [qn] à distance [enemy, creditor, journalists] ; faire patienter [client] ;

▶ hold [sth] off repousser [attack].

■ hold on:

▶ hold on

1 ( wait) gen attendre ; Telecom patienter ; ‘hold on, I'll just get him’ ( on telephone) ‘ne quittez pas, je vais le chercher’ ;

2 ( grip) tenir (with de, avec) ; ‘hold on (tight)!’ ‘tiens-toi (bien)!’ ;

3 ( endure) [person, company] tenir ;

▶ hold [sth] on [screw, glue] maintenir [qch] en place ; to be held on with sth [door, handle, wheel] être maintenu par qch.

■ hold on to:

▶ hold on to [sb/sth]

1 ( grip) s'agripper à [branch, railing, rope] ; s'agripper à, se tenir à [person] ; ( to prevent from falling) agripper, retenir [person] ; serrer [object, purse] ; (bien) tenir [dog] ;

2 ( retain) conserver [power, title, lead] ; garder [shares, car] ; to hold on to one's dreams fig s'accrocher à ses rêves ; to hold on to one's ou the belief that persister à croire que ;

3 ( look after) garder [object] (for pour).

■ hold out:

▶ hold out

1 ( endure) tenir le coup, tenir bon ; to hold out against tenir bon devant [enemy, changes, threat] ;

2 ( remain available) [supplies, food, stocks] durer ;

▶ hold [sth] out, holdout [sth] tendre [glass, money, ticket] (to à) ; to hold out one's hand/leg tendre la main/la jambe ;

▶ hold out [sth] garder, conserver [hope] ; I don't hold out much hope je ne me fais guère d'illusions, je n'ai plus beaucoup d'espoir ; they don't hold out much hope of finding him ils ont perdu presque tout espoir de le retrouver ; to hold out for insister pour obtenir [pay rise, increase] ; to hold out on sb ○ cacher des choses à qn ; they know something, but they're holding out on us ils sont au courant mais ils nous cachent quelque chose.

■ hold over:

▶ hold [sth] over, hold over [sth]

1 ( postpone) ajourner [question, programme] ;

2 ( continue to show) maintenir [qch] à l'affiche [film] ; prolonger [show, exhibition].

■ hold to:

▶ hold to [sth] s'en tenir à [belief, opinion, decision] ;

▶ hold sb to [sth] faire tenir [qch] à qn [promise] ; faire honorer [qch] à qn [contract, offer] ; I'll hold you to that! je note!, je m'en souviendrai!

■ hold together:

▶ hold together

1 ( not break) [car, shoes, chair] tenir ;

2 ( remain united) [family, party] rester uni ; [alliance] rester intact ;

▶ hold [sth] together

1 ( keep intact) faire tenir [car, machine, chair] ; maintenir ensemble [papers, pieces] ; to be held together with sth tenir avec qch ;

2 ( unite) assurer la cohésion de [company, party, government] ; my mother held the family together la famille est restée unie grâce à ma mère.

■ hold up:

▶ hold up

1 ( remain intact) tenir, résister ; to hold up well [currency] résister ;

2 ( remain valid) [theory, argument] tenir ;

▶ hold [sb/sth] up, hold up [sb/sth]

1 ( support) soutenir [shelf, picture] ; tenir [trousers, stockings] ; to be held up by ou with sth tenir avec qch ;

2 ( raise) lever [object] ; to hold one's hand up lever la main ;

3 ( display) to hold sb/sth up as an example ou model of présenter qn/ qch comme un exemple de ; to hold sb up to ridicule tourner qn en ridicule, ridiculiser qn ;

4 ( delay) retarder [person, flight] ; ralentir [production, traffic] ; arrêter, interrompre [procession] ;

5 ( rob) attaquer [train, bank, person].

■ hold with: not to hold with ne pas être d'accord avec [idea, system] ; être contre [television, imitations etc] ; he doesn't hold with teaching children French il est contre le fait qu'on enseigne le français aux enfants.

SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace, Weapons and armour

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Von Braun's mother was an amateur astronomer who introduced him to the futuristic books of Jules Verne and H.G.Wells and gave him an astronomical telescope. He was a rather slack and undisciplined schoolboy until he came across Herman Oberth's book By Rocket to Interplanetary Space. He discovered that he required a good deal of mathematics to follow this exhilarating subject and immediately became an enthusiastic student.

The Head of the Ballistics and Armaments branch of the German Army, Professor Karl Becker, had asked the engineer Walter Dornberger to develop a solid-fuel rocket system for short-range attack, and one using liquid-fuel rockets to carry bigger loads of explosives beyond the range of any known gun. Von Braun joined the Verein für Raumschiffsfahrt (the German Space Society) as a young man and soon became a leading member. He was asked by Rudolf Nebel, VfR's chief, to persuade the army of the value of rockets as weapons. Von Braun wisely avoided all mention of the possibility of space flight and some financial backing was assured. Dornberger in 1932 built a small test stand for liquid-fuel rockets and von Braun built a small rocket to test it; the success of this trial won over Dornberger to space rocketry.

Initially research was carried out at Kummersdorf, a suburb of Berlin, but it was decided that this was not a suitable site. Von Braun recalled holidays as a boy at a resort on the Baltic, Peenemünde, which was ideally suited to rocket testing. Work started there but was not completed until August 1939, when the group of eighty engineers and scientists moved in. A great fillip to rocket research was received when Hitler was shown a film and was persuaded of the efficacy of rockets as weapons of war. A factory was set up in excavated tunnels at Mittelwerk in the Harz mountains. Around 6,000 "vengeance" weapons were built, some 3,000 of which were fired on targets in Britain and 2,000 of which were still in storage at the end of the Second World War.

Peenemünde was taken by the Russians on 5 May 1945, but by then von Braun was lodging with many of his colleagues at an inn, Haus Ingeburg, near Oberjoch. They gave themselves up to the Americans, and von Braun presented a "prospectus" to the Americans, pointing out how useful the German rocket team could be. In "Operation Paperclip" some 100 of the team were moved to the United States, together with tons of drawings and a number of rocket missiles. Von Braun worked from 1946 at the White Sands Proving Ground, New Mexico, and in 1950 moved to Redstone Arsenal, Huntsville, Alabama. In 1953 he produced the Redstone missile, in effect a V2 adapted to carry a nuclear warhead a distance of 320 km (199 miles). The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was formed in 1958 and recruited von Braun and his team. He was responsible for the design of the Redstone launch vehicles which launched the first US satellite, Explorer 1, in 1958, and the Mercury capsules of the US manned spaceflight programme which carried Alan Shepard briefly into space in 1961 and John Glenn into earth orbit in 1962. He was also responsible for the Saturn series of large, staged launch vehicles, which culminated in the Saturn V rocket which launched the Apollo missions taking US astronauts for the first human landing on the moon in 1969. Von Braun announced his resignation from NASA in 1972 and died five years later.

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[̈ɪdʒɔb]

job: active job вчт. выполняемая работа additional job дополнительная работа additional job дополнительная специальность agent's job агентская работа job sl. кража; an inside job амер. кража совершенная кем либо из своих assign a job назначать на должность background job вчт. фоновое задание a job of work нелегкая работенка; a bad job безнадежное дело; неудача batch job вчт. пакетное задание batched job вчт. пакетное задание job работа, труд; сдельная работа; by the job сдельно, поурочно (об оплате) create a job создавать рабочее место development job задача развития divided job вчт. расчлененное задание to lie down on the job работать кое-как; to do (smb.'s) job, to do the job (for smb.) разг. погубить (кого-л.) to lie down on the job работать кое-как; to do (smb.'s) job, to do the job (for smb.) разг. погубить (кого-л.) foreground job вчт. приоритетное задание full-time job полная занятость full-time job работа полный рабочий день a good job хорошие дела (положение вещей); ирон. хорошенькое дело; to make a good job of it сделать (что-л.) хорошо; a good job you made of it! хорошеньких дел вы натворили! a good job хорошо выполненная работа a good job хорошие дела (положение вещей); ирон. хорошенькое дело; to make a good job of it сделать (что-л.) хорошо; a good job you made of it! хорошеньких дел вы натворили! graphic job вчт. графическое задание job использование своего положения в личных целях; his appointment was a job он получил назначение по протекции in-process job вчт. незавершенная работа job полигр. акциденция job брать внаем лошадей, напрокат экипажи job внезапный удар, толчок job внезапный удар, толчок job действовать недобросовестно (при заключении сделок и т. п.) job действовать недобросовестно (при заключении сделок) job дело job тех. деталь, изделие, обрабатываемый предмет job задание; урок job вчт. задание job задание job заказ job заниматься посредническими операциями job изделие Job: Job библ. Иов job: job использование своего положения в личных целях; his appointment was a job он получил назначение по протекции job использование своего положения в личных целях job квалификация job колоть, вонзать; пронзать; пырнуть (at) job лошадь или экипаж, взятые напрокат job разг. место, служба; out of job без работы job место работы Job: Job многострадальный, терпеливый человек; to be as patient as Job = обладать ангельским терпением job: job злоупотреблять своим положением; to job (smb.) into a post устроить (кого-л.) на место по протекции job нанимать на сдельную работу job профессия job работа, труд; сдельная работа; by the job сдельно, поурочно (об оплате) job работа, труд, сдельная работа job работа job работать нерегулярно, случайно job работать сдельно job работать сдельно job сдавать подряды; давать внаем лошадей, напрокат экипажи job сдельная работа job сильно дернуть лошадь за удила job спекулировать, барышничать; быть маклером job специальность job толкнуть; ударить job труд Job: Job: job's comforter человек, который под видом утешения только усугубляет (чье-л.) горе job: job: active job вчт. выполняемая работа Job: Job: this would try the patience of job от этого хоть у кого терпение лопнет; Job's news плохая весть, печальные новости job: job: trainee job стажировка job as an apprentice обучаться специальности на рабочем месте job attr. нанятый на определенную работу; наемный; job classification амер. основная ставка (зарплаты рабочего) job cost system система калькуляции издержек производства по заказам job costing accountant бухгалтер-калькулятор издержек производства по заказам job creating investment инвестиции для создания новых рабочих мест job creation programme программа создания рабочих мест job creation scheme программа создания рабочих мест job lot вещи, купленные по дешевке с целью перепродажи job lot партия разрозненных товаров, продающихся оптом job lot разрозненная коллекция lot: job job одиночный заказ на партию изделий job job отдельная партия товаров job job партия разрозненных товаров, продающаяся оптом job lot purchase покупка отдельной партии изделий job lot sale продажа отдельной партии изделий a job of work нелегкая работенка; a bad job безнадежное дело; неудача job offer scheme система предложения работы job order cost accounting бухгалтерский учет затрат на изготовление партии продукции job order costing калькуляция затрат на изготовление партии продукции job ranking method метод классификации рабочих заданий job security agreement соглашение о гарантиях занятости job sl. кража; an inside job амер. кража совершенная кем либо из своих job time ticket талон, подтверждающий время завершения операции on the job готовый на все; just the job то самое, как раз то, что требуется to lie down on the job работать кое-как; to do (smb.'s) job, to do the job (for smb.) разг. погубить (кого-л.) a good job хорошие дела (положение вещей); ирон. хорошенькое дело; to make a good job of it сделать (что-л.) хорошо; a good job you made of it! хорошеньких дел вы натворили! to make the best of a bad job мужественно переносить невзгоды newly starting job новая работа odd job нерегулярная работа odd job случайная работа odd: job случайный; odd job случайная работа; odd man (или lad, hand) человек, выполняющий случайную работу; разнорабочий on the job в действии, в движении on the job готовый на все; just the job то самое, как раз то, что требуется on the job очень занятой one-off job одноразовая работа one-off job случайная работа one-shot job вчт. разовое задание job разг. место, служба; out of job без работы permanent job постоянная работа to put up a job (on smb.) амер. сыграть (с кем-л.) шутку remote job вчт. дистанционное задание rush job срочная работа stacked job вчт. пакетированное задание job: trainee job стажировка unskilled job работа, не требующая квалификации