-
81 worldwide
adjective, adverb ((extending over or found) everywhere in the world: a worldwide sales network; Their products are sold worldwide.) mondial; dans le monde entier -
82 worldwide
adjective, adverb ((extending over or found) everywhere in the world: a worldwide sales network; Their products are sold worldwide.) mundial, mundialmente -
83 absorption costing
Finan accounting practice in which fixed and variable costs of production are absorbed by different cost centers. Providing all the products or services can be sold at a price that covers the allocated costs, this method ensures that both fixed and variable costs are recovered in full. However, should sales be lost because the resultant price is too high, the organization may lose revenue that would contribute to its overheads. -
84 counterfeit
Gen Mgtto produce forged or imitation goods or money intended to deceive or defraud. Counterfeited goods of inferior quality are often sold at substantially lower prices than genuine products and may bear the brand or trade name of the company. Counterfeiting violates trademark and intellectual property rights and may damage the reputation of producers of authentic goods. National and international legislation provides some recourse to companies against counterfeiters, but strategies such as consumer warnings and labeling methods are also used to minimize the impact of counterfeiting. Efforts to eliminate counterfeiting are coordinated by the International AntiCounterfeiting Coalition. -
85 operating cycle
Opsthe cycle of business activity in which cash is used to buy resources which are converted into products or services and then sold for cash -
86 product market
Mktgthe market in which products are sold, usually to organizations rather than consumers. The product market is concerned with purchasing by organizations for their own use, and includes such items as raw materials, machinery, and equipment which may in turn be used to manufacture items for the consumer market. -
87 retailer
Mktg, Opsan outlet through which products or services are sold to customers. Retailers can be put into three broad groups: independent traders, multiple stores, or retail cooperatives. -
88 sales quota
Gen Mgta target set for the sales force stating the number and range of products or services that should be sold -
89 Gestetner, David
SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing[br]b. March 1854 Csorna, Hungaryd. 8 March 1939 Nice, France[br]Hungarian/British pioneer of stencil duplicating.[br]For the first twenty-five years of his life, Gestetner was a rolling stone and accordingly gathered no moss. Leaving school in 1867, he began working for an uncle in Sopron, making sausages. Four years later he apprenticed himself to another uncle, a stockbroker, in Vienna. The financial crisis of 1873 prompted a move to a restaurant, also in the family, but tiring of a menial existence, he emigrated to the USA, travelling steerage. He began to earn a living by selling Japanese kites: these were made of strong Japanese paper coated with lacquer, and he noted their long fibres and great strength, an observation that was later to prove useful when he was searching for a suitable medium for stencil duplicating. However, he did not prosper in the USA and he returned to Europe, first to Vienna and finally to London in 1879. He took a job with Fairholme \& Co., stationers in Shoe Lane, off Holborn; at last Gestetner found an outlet for his inventive genius and he began his life's work in developing stencil duplicating. His first patent was in 1879 for an application of the hectograph, an early method of duplicating documents. In 1881, he patented the toothed-wheel pen, or Cyclostyle, which made good ink-passing perforations in the stencil paper, with which he was able to pioneer the first practicable form of stencil duplicating. He then adopted a better stencil tissue of Japanese paper coated with wax, and later an improved form of pen. This assured the success of Gestetner's form of stencil duplicating and it became established practice in offices in the late 1880s. Gestetner began to manufacture the apparatus in premises in Sun Street, at first under the name of Fairholme, since they had defrayed the patent expenses and otherwise supported him financially, in return for which Gestetner assigned them his patent rights. In 1882 he patented the wheel pen in the USA and appointed an agent to sell the equipment there. In 1884 he moved to larger premises, and three years later to still larger premises. The introduction of the typewriter prompted modifications that enabled stencil duplicating to become both the standard means of printing short runs of copy and an essential piece of equipment in offices. Before the First World War, Gestetner's products were being sold around the world; in fact he created one of the first truly international distribution networks. He finally moved to a large factory to the north-east of London: when his company went public in 1929, it had a share capital of nearly £750,000. It was only with the development of electrostatic photocopying and small office offset litho machines that stencil duplicating began to decline in the 1960s. The firm David Gestetner had founded adapted to the new conditions and prospers still, under the direction of his grandson and namesake.[br]Further ReadingW.B.Proudfoot, 1972, The Origin of Stencil Duplicating London: Hutchinson (gives a good account of the method and the development of the Gestetner process, together with some details of his life).H.V.Culpan, 1951, "The House of Gestetner", in Gestetner 70th Anniversary Celebration Brochure, London: Gestetner.LRD -
90 Macintosh, Charles
[br]b. 29 December 1766 Glasgow, Scotlandd. 25 July 1843 Dunchattan, near Glasgow, Scotland[br]Scottish inventor of rubberized waterproof clothing.[br]As the son of the well-known and inventive dyer George Macintosh, Charles had an early interest in chemistry. At the age of 19 he gave up his work as a clerk with a Glasgow merchant to manufacture sal ammoniac (ammonium chloride) and developed new processes in dyeing. In 1797 he started the first Scottish alum works, finding the alum in waste shale from coal mines. His first works was at Hurlet, Renfrewshire, and was followed later by others. He then formed a partnership with Charles Tennant, the proprietor of a chemical works at St Rollox, near Glasgow, and sold "lime bleaching liquor" made with chlorine and milk of lime from their bleach works at Darnley. A year later the use of dry lime to make bleaching powder, a process worked out by Macintosh, was patented. Macintosh remained associated with Tennant's St Rollox chemical works until 1814. During this time, in 1809, he had set up a yeast factory, but it failed because of opposition from the London brewers.There was a steady demand for the ammonia that gas works produced, but the tar was often looked upon as an inconvenient waste product. Macintosh bought all the ammonia and tar that the Glasgow works produced, using the ammonia in his establishment to produce cudbear, a dyestuff extracted from various lichens. Cudbear could be used with appropriate mordants to make shades from pink to blue. The tar could be distilled to produce naphtha, which was used as a flare. Macintosh also became interested in ironmaking. In 1825 he took out a patent for converting malleable iron into steel by taking it to white heat in a current of gas with a carbon content, such as coal gas. However, the process was not commercially successful because of the difficulty keeping the furnace gas-tight. In 1828 he assisted J.B. Neilson in bringing hot blast into use in blast furnaces; Neilson assigned Macintosh a share in the patent, which was of dubious benefit as it involved him in the tortuous litigation that surrounded the patent until 1843.In June 1823, as a result of experiments into the possible uses of naphtha obtained as a by-product of the distillation of coal tar, Macintosh patented his process for waterproofing fabric. This comprised dissolving rubber in naphtha and applying the solution to two pieces of cloth which were afterwards pressed together to form an impermeable compound fabric. After an experimental period in Glasgow, Macintosh commenced manufacture in Manchester, where he formed a partnership with H.H.Birley, B.Kirk and R.W.Barton. Birley was a cotton spinner and weaver and was looking for ways to extend the output of his cloth. He was amongst the first to light his mills with gas, so he shared a common interest with Macintosh.New buildings were erected for the production of waterproof cloth in 1824–5, but there were considerable teething troubles with the process, particularly in the spreading of the rubber solution onto the cloth. Peter Ewart helped to install the machinery, including a steam engine supplied by Boulton \& Watt, and the naphtha was supplied from Macintosh's works in Glasgow. It seems that the process was still giving difficulties when Thomas Hancock, the foremost rubber technologist of that time, became involved in 1830 and was made a partner in 1834. By 1836 the waterproof coat was being called a "mackintosh" [sic] and was gaining such popularity that the Manchester business was expanded with additional premises. Macintosh's business was gradually enlarged to include many other kinds of indiarubber products, such as rubber shoes and cushions.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1823.Further ReadingG.Macintosh, 1847, Memoir of Charles Macintosh, London (the fullest account of Charles Macintosh's life).T.Hancock, 1957, Narrative of the Indiarubber Manufacture, London.H.Schurer, 1953, "The macintosh: the paternity of an invention", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 28:77–87 (an account of the invention of the mackintosh).RLH / LRD -
91 Voigtländer, Peter Wilhelm Friedrich
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 1812 Vienna, Austria d. 1878[br]Austrian manufacturer of the first purpose-designed photographic objective; key member of a dynasty of optical instrument makers.[br]Educated at the Polytechnic Institute in Vienna, Voigtländer travelled widely before taking over the family business in 1837. The business had been founded by Voigtländer's grandfather in 1756, and was continued by his father, Johann Friedrich, the inventor of the opera glass, and by the 1830s enjoyed one of the highest reputations in Europe. When Petzval made the calculations for the first purpose-designed photographic objective in 1840, it was inevitable that he should go to Peter Voigtländer for advice. The business went on to manufacture Petzval's lens, which was also fitted to an all-metal camera of totally original design by Voigtländer.The Petzval lens was an extraordinary commercial success and Voigtländer sold specimens all over the world. Unfortunately Petzval had no formal agreement with Voigtländer and made little financial gain from his design, a fact which was to lead to dispute and separation; the Voigtländer concern continued to prosper, however. To meet the increasing demand for his products, Peter Voigtländer built a new factory in Brunswick and closed the business in Vienna. The closure is seen by at least one commentator as the death blow to Vienna's optical industry, a field in which it was once preeminent. The Voigtländer dynasty continued long after Peter's death and the name enjoyed a reputation for high-quality photographic equipment well into the twentieth century.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsHereditary Peerage bestowed by the Emperor of Austria 1868.Further ReadingL.W.Sipley, 1965, Photography's Great Inventors, Philadelphia (a brief biography). J.M.Eder, 1945, History of Photography, trans. E.Epstean, New York.JWBiographical history of technology > Voigtländer, Peter Wilhelm Friedrich
-
92 package
- упаковка (радиоактивных отходов)
- упаковка
- тюк
- радиационно-защитная упаковка
- Радиационно-защитная
- комплектная установка
- комплекс (мероприятий)
- компактное устройство
- грузовое место
- герметизированный блок (оборудования)
герметизированный блок (оборудования)
—
[ http://slovarionline.ru/anglo_russkiy_slovar_neftegazovoy_promyishlennosti/]Тематики
EN
грузовое место
упаковка
—
[[Англо-русский словарь сокращений транспортно-экспедиторских и коммерческих терминов и выражений ФИАТА]]Тематики
Синонимы
EN
радиационно-защитная упаковка
упаковка
Транспортный радиационно-защитный упаковочный комплект с радиоактивным содержимым, подготовленный к транспортированию.
Примечание
Радиоактивное содержимое может быть в виде: радионуклидных источников (веществ), свежего ядерного топлива, отработавшего ядерного топлива, радиоактивных отходов, руд, концентратов и т.п.
[ ГОСТ 12916-89]Тематики
Синонимы
EN
тюк
кипа
пакет
свёрток
пачка
тара
упаковка
контейнер
упаковывать
—
[ http://slovarionline.ru/anglo_russkiy_slovar_neftegazovoy_promyishlennosti/]Тематики
Синонимы
EN
упаковка
Ндп. тара
Средство или комплекс средств, обеспечивающих защиту продукции от повреждения и потерь, окружающей среды от загрязнений, а также обеспечивающих процесс обращения продукции.
Примечание
Под процессом обращения понимают транспортирование, хранение и реализацию продукции.
[ ГОСТ 17527-2003]
упаковка
Вспомогательное упаковочное средство для укупоривания тары после наполнения ее продукцией.
[МУ 64-01-001-2002]
упаковка
Коробки, стаканы, бутылки или обертки, в которых хранятся и обычно продаются продукты питания или напитки.
[Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]EN
packaging
Containers, cups, bottles or wrappers in which food or beverage products are customarily sold and actually contained.
[Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]Недопустимые, нерекомендуемые
Тематики
- производство лекарственных средств
- спорт (коммерческая деятельность)
- упаковка, упаковывание
EN
DE
FR
упаковка (радиоактивных отходов)
Контейнер с помещенными в него радиоактивными отходами, подготовленными для транспортирования, хранения и захоронения.
[ ГОСТ Р 50996-96]Тематики
EN
1. Упаковка
Ндп. Тара
D. Verpackung
E. Package
F. Emballage
Источник: ГОСТ 16299-78: Упаковывание. Термины и определения оригинал документа
2. Радиационно-защитная упаковка
Упаковка
E. Package
Источник: ГОСТ 12916-89: Транспортирование радиоактивных веществ. Термины и определения оригинал документа
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > package
-
93 packaging
- упаковывание
- упаковочный комплект
- упаковка (в экологическом менеджменте)
- упаковка
- транспортный радиационно-защитный упаковочный комплект
- размещение деталей
размещение деталей
монтаж
—
[Л.Г.Суменко. Англо-русский словарь по информационным технологиям. М.: ГП ЦНИИС, 2003.]Тематики
Синонимы
EN
транспортный радиационно-защитный упаковочный комплект
транспортный упаковочный комплект
Комплекс средств, используемый для транспортирования радиоактивных веществ, с обеспечением сохранности ядерной и радиационной безопасности и защиты от их вредного воздействия на окружающую среду, обслуживающий персонал и население
[ ГОСТ 12916-89]Тематики
Синонимы
EN
упаковка
Ндп. тара
Средство или комплекс средств, обеспечивающих защиту продукции от повреждения и потерь, окружающей среды от загрязнений, а также обеспечивающих процесс обращения продукции.
Примечание
Под процессом обращения понимают транспортирование, хранение и реализацию продукции.
[ ГОСТ 17527-2003]
упаковка
Вспомогательное упаковочное средство для укупоривания тары после наполнения ее продукцией.
[МУ 64-01-001-2002]
упаковка
Коробки, стаканы, бутылки или обертки, в которых хранятся и обычно продаются продукты питания или напитки.
[Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]EN
packaging
Containers, cups, bottles or wrappers in which food or beverage products are customarily sold and actually contained.
[Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]Недопустимые, нерекомендуемые
Тематики
- производство лекарственных средств
- спорт (коммерческая деятельность)
- упаковка, упаковывание
EN
DE
FR
упаковка (в экологическом менеджменте)
Материал, который используется для защиты или размещения продукции при ее транспортировке, хранении, сбыте или использовании.
Примечание
В контексте экологической маркировки термин «упаковка» также включает любой элемент, физически скрепленный или включенный в комплект с изделием или его тарой для целей маркетинга продукции или информирования о продукции.
[ http://www.14000.ru/glossary/main.php?PHPSESSID=25e3708243746ef7c85d0a8408d768af]EN
packaging
Material that is used to protect or contain a product during transportation, storage, marketing or use.Note. In the context of environmental labelling, the term "packaging" also includes any item that is physically attached to, or included with, a product or its container for the purpose of marketing the product or communicating information about the product.
[ISO 14021]Тематики
EN
упаковочный комплект
Совокупность элементов, необходимых для полного размещения и удержания радиоактивного содержимого. В частности, он может включать одну или несколько приемных емкостей, поглощающие материалы, дистанционирующие конструкции, средства защиты от излучения и сервисное оборудование для заполнения, опорожнения, вентиляции и сброса давления; устройства для охлаждения, амортизации механических ударов, обработки груза и крепления, тепловой изоляции, а также сервисные устройства, составляющие одно целое с упаковкой. Упаковочный комплект может быть в форме ящика, коробки, бочки или аналогичной приемной емкости или может также представлять собой грузовой контейнер, резервуар или контейнер средней грузоподъемности для массовых грузов. (Из [2].)
[Глоссарий МАГАТЭ по вопросам безопасности]Тематики
EN
упаковывание
Ндп. завертывание
упаковка
затаривание
укупорка
Подготовка продукции к транспортированию, хранению, реализации и потреблению с применением упаковки
[ ГОСТ 16299-78]
[ ГОСТ 17527-2003]
[ГОСТ 3.1109-82]Недопустимые, нерекомендуемые
Тематики
- технологические процессы в целом
- упаковка, упаковывание
EN
DE
FR
- operation d’emballage
2. Упаковывание
Ндп. Завертывание
D. Verpacken
E. Packaging
F. Operation d´emballage
Подготовка продукции к транспортированию, хранению, реализации и потреблению с применением упаковки
Источник: ГОСТ 16299-78: Упаковывание. Термины и определения оригинал документа
3.1.10 упаковка (packaging): Материал, который используют для защиты или размещения продукции при ее транспортировании, хранении, продаже или использовании.
Примечание - Применительно к настоящему стандарту термин «упаковка» также включает любой предмет, физически скрепленный или соединенный с изделием или его тарой для поставки продукции на рынок или информирования о продукции.
Источник: ГОСТ Р ИСО 14021-2000: Этикетки и декларации экологические. Самодекларируемые экологические заявления (экологическая маркировка по типу II) оригинал документа
6.2.3 упаковка (packaging): Материал, используемый для защиты продукции (5.2) от внешних воздействий во время транспортирования, хранения, реализации или применения по назначению.
Примечание - Для целей настоящего стандарта термин «упаковка» также включает в себя любой предмет, который физически крепится или прилагается к продукции или к ее таре с целью маркетинга продукции или передачи информации о продукции.
[ИСО 14021:1999]
Источник: ГОСТ Р ИСО 14050-2009: Менеджмент окружающей среды. Словарь оригинал документа
6. Транспортный радиационно-защитный упаковочный комплект
Транспортный упаковочный комплект
E. Packaging
Источник: ГОСТ 12916-89: Транспортирование радиоактивных веществ. Термины и определения оригинал документа
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > packaging
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