-
1 producing operations
Общая лексика: производства -
2 producing pay
Карачаганак: продуктивность (пласта) (Карачаганак, Rigless Operations) -
3 operation
1. операция, действие, рабочий процесс; обслуживание, управление2. цикл [процесс] обработки3. разработка, эксплуатация4. режим
* * *
1. операция; действие; работа; эксплуатация3. обслуживание— in operation
* * *
обслуживание, управление ( машиной); работа, цикл обработки
* * *
действие, операция (математическая или физическая, обычно обозначаемая некоторым символом; операциями являются дифференцирование, интегрирование, свёртка, преобразование Фурье, взаимная корреляция и т.п); 2) деятельность; разработка
* * *
1) операция; действие; работа; эксплуатация (<<машины>)2) срабатывание ( устройства)4) обслуживание•in operation — в процессе работы; в эксплуатации;
operations inspected — число проверенных операций;
to be out of operation — находиться в неисправном состоянии;
- operation of seismic data exchangeto put a plant into operation — вводить установку в эксплуатацию;
- abnormal operation
- accident-free operation
- air-gaslift well operation
- airlift well operation
- artificial-lift well operation
- bit operation
- bit off-center operation
- breakout operation
- cased-hole operations
- cementing operations
- commercial operation
- completion operations
- construction-and-assembling operations
- continuous flowing well operation
- continuous gaslift well operation
- cyclic storage operation
- debris-free operation
- degraded operation
- depth-probing operations
- drilling operation
- drilling-and-blasting operations
- drilling-in operation
- drop weight operations
- dry land operation
- emergency operation
- failed operation
- fail-safe operation
- failure-free operation
- fault-free operation
- field operation
- finite reflux operation
- fishing operations
- flashing operation
- flowing well operation
- fueling operation
- gas-injection operation
- gaslift well operation
- gas-scrubbing operation
- gas-washing operation
- gas-welding operations
- gate valves operation
- graceful operation
- handling operations
- hole straightening operations
- hydraulic fracturing operation
- hydropacker plunger lift well operation
- infinite reflux operation
- intermittent flowing well operation
- intermittent gaslift well operation
- kick-killing operation
- launchway operation
- logging operation
- makeup operation
- mapping operation
- mild-duty operation
- milling operations
- multiduty operation
- multiple-stream operation
- natural pressure gaslift well operation
- no-failure operation
- nonresiduum operation
- nonstop operation
- offshore operations
- oil spotting operation
- one-way operation
- parallel operation
- partial reflux operation
- pilot operation
- positioned operation
- pressure-testing operation
- primary operation
- prior operation
- producing operation
- products pipeline operation
- radioactive tracer operations
- reliability assurance operation
- repair operations
- repair-and-renewal operations
- rig operation
- rig-down operations
- rig-up operations
- round-the-clock operation
- round-trip operation
- running operation
- safe operation
- salvage operation
- sand washing operation
- seismic operations
- seismic logging operations
- seismic processing operation
- series operation
- shooting operations
- shot operations
- shot-firing operation
- sidetracking operation
- sighting operation
- stacking operation
- steam injection operation
- straight gaslift well operation
- successful operation
- survey operation
- system operation
- tank-truck loading operation
- test operation
- total reflux operation
- tripping operation
- trouble-free operation
- unattended operation
- undisturbed operation
- unit operation of field
- uphole shooting operation
- velocity-analysis operation
- Vibroseis operations
- washover fishing operations
- water flood operation
- water injection operation
- weight-dropping operation
- well operation
- well operation without pumping derrick
- well-logging operations
- well-service operation
- well-surveying operation
- well-workover operation
- wireline operation
- wireline fishing operations
- wireline remedial operations
- wireline workover operations* * *Англо-русский словарь нефтегазовой промышленности > operation
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4 office
управление; департамент; комитет; отдел; бюро; секретариат, канцелярия; разг. кабина экипажаJoint Service Cruise Missile Program [Project] office — объединенное управление разработки КР (для ВВС и ВМС)
office of Information, Navy — информационное управление ВМС
office of Research, Development and Evaluation — управление НИОКР ВМС
office of the Chief, Army Reserve — управление резерва СВ
office of the Comptroller, Navy — управление главного финансового инспектора ВМС
office of the Deputy COFS for Research, Development and Acquisition — управление заместителя НШ по НИОКР и закупкам (СВ)
office, Aerospace Research — управление воздушно-космических исследований
office, Analysis and Review — управление анализа и контроля потребностей
office, Armor Force Management and Standardization — управление по вопросам администрации и стандартизации бронетанковых войск
office, Assistant COFS for Force Development — управление ПНШ по строительству ВС
office, Assistant COFS for Intelligence — управление ПНШ по разведке
office, Assistant COFS — управление [отдел] ПНШ
office, Assistant Secretary of Defense — аппарат [секретариат] ПМО
office, Chief of Chaplains — управление начальника службы военных священников (СВ)
office, Chief of Civil Affairs — управление по связям с гражданской администрацией и населением
office, Chief of Engineers — управление начальника инженерных войск
office, Chief of Finance (and Accounting) — управление начальника финансовой службы (СВ)
office, Chief of Legislative Liaison — отдел связи с законодательными органами
office, Chief of Ordnance — управление начальника артиллерийско-технической службы (СВ)
office, Chief of R&D — управление НИОКР (СВ)
office, Chief of Transportation — управление [отдел] начальника транспортной службы
office, Chief, Chemical Corps — управление начальника химической службы
office, COFS for Operations — оперативное управление НШ
office, COFS, Army — аппарат НШ СВ
office, Consolidated Personnel — управление гражданских рабочих и служащих
office, Coordinator of Army Studies — управление координатора разработок СВ
office, Defense Transportation — управление военно-транспортной службы
office, Deputy Chief of Naval Operations, Air Warfare — управление заместителя НШ ВМС по боевому применению авиации
office, Deputy COFS for Aviation — отдел заместителя НШ по авиации (МП)
office, Deputy COFS for Installations and Logistics — управление заместителя НШ по расквартированию и тыловому обеспечению
office, Deputy COFS for Manpower — управление заместителя НШ по людским ресурсам
office, Deputy COFS for Operations and Training — управление заместителя НШ по оперативной и боевой подготовке
office, Deputy COFS for Plans and Logistics — управление заместителя НШ по планированию тылового обеспечения
office, Development and Engineering — отдел технических разработок (ЦРУ)
office, Development and Weapon Systems Analysis — управление разработки и анализа систем вооружения
office, Director of Development Planning — управление планирования строительства (ВВС)
office, Director of Foreign Intelligence — управление начальника внешней разведки
office, Distribution Services — отдел распределения и рассылки картографических изданий (МО)
office, Economic Research — отдел экономических исследований (ЦРУ)
office, Emergency Transportation — управление чрезвычайных перевозок
office, Employment Policy and Grievance Review — отдел по вопросам занятости и рассмотрению жалоб (СВ)
office, Federal Procurement Policy — управление разработки федеральной политики в области закупок
office, Force Planning and Analysis — управление планирования и анализа строительства ВС
office, General Council — управление генерального юрисконсульта
office, Geographic and Cartographic Research — отдел географических и картографических исследований (ЦРУ)
office, Imagery Analysis — отдел анализа видовой информации (ЦРУ)
office, Information and Legal Affairs — управление информации и права (МО)
office, Information for. the Armed Forces — управление информации ВС
office, JCS — аппарат КНШ
office, Judge Advocate General — управление начальника военно-юридической службы
office, Management and Budget — административно-бюджетное управление
office, Military Assistance — управление по оказанию военной помощи
office, Personnel Manager — отдел кадров (СВ)
office, Services and Information Agency — отдел управления информационного обеспечения
office, Special Assistant for Logistical Support of Army Aircraft — отдел специального помощника по вопросам МТО армейской авиации
office, Special Assistant for Logistical Support of Tactical Communications — отдел специального помощника по вопросам МТО тактических систем связи
office, the Inspector General — управление генерального инспектора
office, the Legislative Affairs — управление военного законодательства
office, Under Secretary of Navy — аппарат заместителя министра ВМС
office, Under Secretary of the Air Force — аппарат заместителя министра ВВС
Personnel, Plans and Training office — отдел по вопросам ЛС, планирования и боевой подготовки
Strategic Objectives [Targets] Planning office — управление планирования стратегических задач (КНШ)
Surveillance, Target Acquisition and Night Observation System office — управление разработки систем наблюдения, засечки целей и ПНВ
— Resources Management office -
5 field
1. месторождение; бассейн; промысел2. поле; пространство3. область науки; область применения; сфера деятельностиfield going to water — месторождение, начинающее обводняться
* * *
2. промысел
* * *
1. месторождение; промысел3. поле (пространство, пересеченное линиями какой-либо силы, напр., магнитное поле и т.п.)4. область ( исследований).
* * *
2. поле (гравитационное, магнитное и т.д.)3. месторождение (нефти, газа)4. область ( исследования)
* * *
2) промысел•field authorized to commence operations — промысел, на разработку которого дано официальное разрешение;
field going to water — месторождение в начале обводнения;
to discover a field — открывать месторождение;
to explore a field — разведывать месторождение;
to find a field — открывать месторождение;
- abandoned fieldfield under development — месторождение, находящееся в разработке
- automated oil field
- commercial field
- condensate field
- depleted field
- depletion drive oil field
- developed field
- drowned field
- essentially depleted oil field
- far field
- fissuring field
- flooded field
- gas field
- gas-and-oil field
- gas-cap field
- gas-condensate field
- gas-controlled oil field
- gas-drive field
- high-pressure field
- impressed magnetic field
- maiden field
- major field
- marginal field
- medium size field
- microseismic field
- multihorizon field
- multilayered field
- multiplay field
- multireservoir field
- natural gas field
- near field
- nonassociated gas field
- offshore field
- offshore oil field
- oil field
- oil-and-gas field
- oil-gas condensate field
- primary sound field
- producing field
- proven oil field
- reflected field
- reflected displacement field
- reflected stress field
- secondary sound field
- seismic field
- shallow-water field
- single-horizon field
- single-layer field
- sleek field
- stratigraphic oil field
- tank field
- test field
- transmitted stress field
- undrilled field
- virgin field
- water controlled oil field
- watered field* * *• бассейн• залежь• поле -
6 phase
phase [feɪz]1 noun(a) (period → gen) phase f, période f; (→ of illness) phase f, stade m; (→ of career, project) étape f; (→ of civilization) période f;∎ the project is going through a critical phase le projet traverse une phase critique;∎ it's still in the development phase c'est encore en cours de développement;∎ the final phase of the election campaign la dernière étape de la campagne électorale;∎ phase two of the government's incomes policy la deuxième étape de la politique salariale du gouvernement;∎ phase two of the restoration project/rebuilding programme la deuxième tranche des travaux de restauration/de reconstruction;∎ the investigation/trial has entered a new phase l'enquête/le procès est désormais dans une nouvelle phase;∎ their daughter's going through a difficult phase leur fille traverse une période difficile;∎ don't worry, it's just a phase she's going through ne vous inquiétez pas, ça lui passera∎ in the solid phase en phase ou à l'état solide;∎ also figurative to be in phase être en phase;∎ also figurative to be out of phase être déphasé;∎ the government is out of phase with the mood of the country le gouvernement est en décalage complet avec les sentiments de la population(a) (changes, new methods) introduire progressivement; (project) développer en phases successives; (schedule, introduction of technology etc) échelonner;∎ the closure of the plant will be phased over three years la fermeture de l'usine se fera progressivement, sur trois ans(b) (synchronize) synchroniser, faire coïncider;∎ the two operations have to be perfectly phased les deux opérations doivent être parfaitement synchronisées(new methods) introduire progressivement ou par étapes; (new systems, new equipment) mettre progressivement en place;∎ the reforms will obviously have to be phased in il est évident que les réformes devront être introduites progressivement;∎ the increases will be phased in over five years les augmentations seront échelonnées sur cinq ans(stop using → machinery, weapon) cesser progressivement d'utiliser (stop producing → car, model) abandonner progressivement la production de; (do away with → jobs, tax) supprimer progressivement ou par étapes; (→ grant) retirer progressivement;∎ when the use of these pesticides has been phased out quand ces pesticides auront cessé d'être utilisés;∎ the system is being phased out ce système est en cours d'abandon -
7 GOR
1) Общая лексика: gas/oil ratio (АД)2) Военный термин: Gurkha other rank, general operational requirements, general operations room3) Металлургия: газокислородное рафинирование (gas-oxygen refining)4) Сокращение: Gradual-Onset-Rate, Gurkha, Other Rank (British Army), general operational requirement, General Operating Room5) Нефть: gas content, газовый фактор, газосодержание, газосодержание нефти, общие эксплуатационные требования (general operational requirements), газовый фактор (gas-oil ratio)6) Транспорт: Grille Open Reinforcement7) Бурение: gas-oil ratio (ration of gas to oil production during a test (SCF/bbl or m3/m3))8) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: Government and Oblast Relations, gas/oil ratio, соотношение газ/нефть (gas-oil ratio), gas-oil ratio (quantity of gas produced with oil from an oil well)9) Сахалин Р: gas / oil rate, gas-oil ratio10) Сахалин А: gas to oil ratio11) Химическое оружие: Government of Russia -
8 MOE
1) Авиация: Maintenance Organization Exposition2) Военный термин: Maintenance Of Effort, Measures Of Effectiveness, major organizational entity, mission-oriented equipment3) Техника: method of evaluation, millioersted, minimum operable equipment, mobile equipment, model operating environment, modulus of elasticity4) Астрономия: Moon Of Earth5) Музыка: Monkeys On Extasy6) Телекоммуникации: Modem Operating Environment7) Университет: Miracle Of Engineering8) Электроника: Marble Obsessive Electronics9) Нефть: milled other end, Margin of Exposure (Maximum amount of exposure producing no measurable adverse effect in animals (or studied humans) divided by the actual amount of human exposure in a population. Previously called the margin of safety.)10) СМИ: Mask Of Eternity11) Деловая лексика: Management, Operations, Etc.12) Образование: My Online Educator13) Полимеры: measure of effectiveness14) Контроль качества: maintenance ground equipment15) НАСДАК: Mark Of Excellence -
9 gor
1) Общая лексика: gas/oil ratio (АД)2) Военный термин: Gurkha other rank, general operational requirements, general operations room3) Металлургия: газокислородное рафинирование (gas-oxygen refining)4) Сокращение: Gradual-Onset-Rate, Gurkha, Other Rank (British Army), general operational requirement, General Operating Room5) Нефть: gas content, газовый фактор, газосодержание, газосодержание нефти, общие эксплуатационные требования (general operational requirements), газовый фактор (gas-oil ratio)6) Транспорт: Grille Open Reinforcement7) Бурение: gas-oil ratio (ration of gas to oil production during a test (SCF/bbl or m3/m3))8) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: Government and Oblast Relations, gas/oil ratio, соотношение газ/нефть (gas-oil ratio), gas-oil ratio (quantity of gas produced with oil from an oil well)9) Сахалин Р: gas / oil rate, gas-oil ratio10) Сахалин А: gas to oil ratio11) Химическое оружие: Government of Russia -
10 operative
1. adjective1) (in operation)2) (most relevant)2. nounthe operative word is ‘quietly’ — die Betonung liegt auf "leise"
[Fach]arbeiter, der/-arbeiterin, die* * *[-rətiv, ]( American[) -reitiv]* * *op·era·tive[ˈɒpəretɪv, AM ˈɑ:pɚət̬ɪv]I. nFBI \operative FBI-Agent(in) m(f)these reasons still remain \operative diese Gründe bestehen immer noch\operative treatment chirurgische Behandlung* * *['ɒpərətIv]1. adj1) (= producing an effect) measure, laws wirksam; clause maßgeblich, entscheidend; (= in effect) law rechtsgültig, geltend; plan, system, service operativ"if" being the operative word — wobei "wenn" das entscheidende Wort ist
to become operative (law) — in Kraft treten; (system etc) verbindlich eingeführt werden
2. n(of machinery) Maschinenarbeiter(in) m(f); (= detective) Detektiv(in) m(f); (= spy) Agent(in) m(f); (US POL = campaign worker) Parteiarbeiter(in) m(f)* * *A adj1. wirkend:the operative date das maßgebliche Datum;the operative point der springende Punkt;2. wirksam (Dosis etc):become operative in Kraft treten, (rechts)wirksam werden;be operative in Kraft oder wirksam sein3. praktisch:4. WIRTSCH, TECH Arbeits…, Betriebs…, betrieblich, betriebsfähig:operative condition betriebsfähiger Zustand;operative position Arbeitslage f5. MED operativ, chirurgisch, Operations…:operative treatment operative Behandlung;operative dentistry Zahn- und Kieferchirurgie f6. arbeitend, tätig, beschäftigtB s1. Werktätige(r) m/f(m), besondersa) Facharbeiter(in)b) angelernte(r) Arbeiter(in)c) Handwerker(in)d) Mechaniker(in)2. US Privatdetektiv m* * *1. adjective2. nounthe operative word is ‘quietly’ — die Betonung liegt auf "leise"
[Fach]arbeiter, der/-arbeiterin, die* * *adj.funktionsfähig adj.funktionstüchtig adj. n.Fabrikarbeiter m. -
11 capacity
1) способность2) паспортная [техническая] мощность; допустимая нагрузка (машины); (номинальная) производительность; выработка; номинальная мощность; производственная мощность; производственные возможности3) трансп. пропускная способность4) ёмкость; вместимость; объём; грузовместимость (напр. судна)5) компетенция; должность -
12 department
1) структурное подразделение, административный орган (министерство, департамент, управление, отдел)2) секция (в торговом предприятии)3) функциональный отдел (напр. кадров, финансов)4) факультет (университета) -
13 course
курс; маршрут; трасса; линия пути; траектория; курс обучения; учебный городок; учебное поле; учебная полоса; танкодром; автодром;— career development course -
14 weapon
оружие; система оружия; боевое [огневое] средство; боеприпас; средство поражения; АБ; pl. вооружение, боевая техника; оснащать оружием, вооружать; см. тж. cannon, gun, missile, systemdepressed trajectory (capability) weapon — орудие для настильной стрельбы; боеприпас с пологой траекторией (подхода к цели)
enhanced (penetrating) radiation weapon — оружие с повышенным уровнем [выходом] начальной [проникающей] радиации
ethnic (group selection) weapon — этническое оружие, поражающее отдельные группы населения
neutral (charge) beam weapon — пучковое оружие; оружие, поражающее узконаправленным потоком нейтральных частиц
reduced blast and heat (nuclear) weapon — ЯО с пониженным действием ударной волны и теплового [светового] излучения
— acoustic wave weapon— aerial warfare weapon— antiarmor-capable weapon— dirty nuclear weapon— fission -type weapon— flame-blast weapon— fusion-type weapon— genetic weapon— high-yield nuclear weapon— howitzer-type weapon— limited-yield nuclear weapon— loader's station weapon— low-yield nuclear weapon— medium-yield nuclear weapon— nominal nuclear weapon— optimum-yield nuclear weapon— point-target weapon— recoil-energy operated weapon— rifled-bore weapon— satellite-borne weapon— second-strike retaliatory weapon— supporting weapon— vehicle-mounted weapon -
15 clearing
1. n очистка; расчисткаclearing out — вычищающий; чистка
2. n участок земли, расчищенный под пашню3. n прогалина, поляна4. n ком. распродажа по сниженным ценам5. n банк. клиринг, безналичные расчёты между банкам и6. n банк. клиринговое соглашение7. n банк. ком. очистка от пошлин8. n банк. тех. зазор9. n банк. тех. устранение дефекта10. n банк. спец. осветление; очистка11. a эвакуационный12. a фин. клиринговыйСинонимический ряд:1. grassland (noun) alp; field; grassland; meadow; pasture; plain; polder; prairie; steppe2. burning off (verb) burning off3. clarifying (verb) brightening; clarifying; clear up; clearing up; elucidating; explaining; illuminating; illustrating4. cleaning (verb) cleaning; policing; sprucing; straightening; tidying5. clearing off (verb) clearing off; discharging; liquidating; paying up; quitting; satisfying; settling; squaring6. emptying (verb) clean out; emptying; evacuating; vacating; voiding7. exculpating (verb) absolving; acquitting; exculpating; exonerating; vindicating8. extricating (verb) clearing away; disembarrassing; disencumbering; disengaging; disentangling; extricating; unscrambling; untangling; untying or untieing9. hurdling (verb) hurdling; leaping; negotiating; overleaping; surmounting; vaulting10. opening (verb) opening11. passing (verb) carrying; passing12. paying (verb) bring in; cleaning up; drawing; earning; gaining; grossing; making; netting; paying; producing; realising; repaying; returning; yielding13. removing (verb) abolishing; annihilating; blot out; eradicating; erasing; exterminating; extinguishing; obliterating; removing; root out; rub out; snuff out; stamp out; uprooting; wipe out14. ridding (verb) losing; releasing; relieving; ridding; shaking; shaking off; throw off; throwing off; unburdening15. vanishing (verb) disappearing; evanescing; evaporating; fading; vanishing -
16 production planning
Opsthe process of producing a specification or chart of the manufacturing operations to be performed by different functions and workstations over a particular time period. Production scheduling takes account of factors such as the availability of plant and materials, customer delivery requirements, and maintenance schedules. -
17 production scheduling
Opsthe process of producing a specification or chart of the manufacturing operations to be performed by different functions and workstations over a particular time period. Production scheduling takes account of factors such as the availability of plant and materials, customer delivery requirements, and maintenance schedules. -
18 Fox, Samson
SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering, Metallurgy, Steam and internal combustion engines[br]b. 11 July 1838 Bowling, near Bradford, Yorkshire, Englandd. 24 October 1903 Walsall, Staffordshire, England[br]English engineer who invented the corrugated boiler furnace.[br]He was the son of a cloth mill worker in Leeds and at the age of 10 he joined his father at the mill. Showing a mechanical inclination, he was apprenticed to a firm of machine-tool makers, Smith, Beacock and Tannett. There he rose to become Foreman and Traveller, and designed and patented tools for cutting bevelled gears. With his brother and one Refitt, he set up the Silver Cross engineering works for making special machine tools. In 1874 he founded the Leeds Forge Company, acting as Managing Director until 1896 and then as Chairman until shortly before his death.It was in 1877 that he patented his most important invention, the corrugated furnace for steam-boilers. These furnaces could withstand much higher pressures than the conventional form, and higher working pressures in marine boilers enabled triple-expansion engines to be installed, greatly improving the performance of steamships, and the outcome was the great ocean-going liners of the twentieth century. The first vessel to be equipped with the corrugated furnace was the Pretoria of 1878. At first the furnaces were made by hammering iron plates using swage blocks under a steam hammer. A plant for rolling corrugated plates was set up at Essen in Germany, and Fox installed a similar mill at his works in Leeds in 1882.In 1886 Fox installed a Siemens steelmaking plant and he was notable in the movement for replacing wrought iron with steel. He took out several patents for making pressed-steel underframes for railway wagons. The business prospered and Fox opened a works near Chicago in the USA, where in addition to wagon underframes he manufactured the first American pressed-steel carriages. He later added a works at Pittsburgh.Fox was the first in England to use water gas for his metallurgical operations and for lighting, with a saving in cost as it was cheaper than coal gas. He was also a pioneer in the acetylene industry, producing in 1894 the first calcium carbide, from which the gas is made.Fox took an active part in public life in and around Leeds, being thrice elected Mayor of Harrogate. As a music lover, he was a benefactor of musicians, contributing no less than £45,000 towards the cost of building the Royal College of Music in London, opened in 1894. In 1897 he sued for libel the author Jerome K.Jerome and the publishers of the Today magazine for accusing him of misusing his great generosity to the College to give a misleading impression of his commercial methods and prosperity. He won the case but was not awarded costs.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsRoyal Society of Arts James Watt Silver Medal and Howard Gold Medal. Légion d'honneur 1889.Bibliography1877, British Patent nos. 1097 and 2530 (the corrugated furnace or "flue", as it was often called).Further ReadingObituary, 1903, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers: 919–21.Obituary, 1903, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers (the fullest of the many obituary notices).G.A.Newby, 1993, "Behind the fire doors: Fox's corrugated furnace 1877 and the high pressure steamship", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 64.LRD -
19 Mond, Ludwig
SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology[br]b. 7 March 1839 Cassel, Germanyd. 11 December 1909 London, England[br]German (naturalized English) industrial chemist.[br]Born into a prosperous Jewish merchant family, Mond studied at the Polytechnic in Cassel and then under the distinguished chemists Hermann Kolbe at Marburg and Bunsen at Heidelberg from 1856. In 1859 he began work as an industrial chemist in various works in Germany and Holland. At this time, Mond was pursuing his method for recovering sulphur from the alkali wastes in the Leblanc soda-making process. Mond came to England in 1862 and five years later settled permanently, in partnership with John Hutchinson \& Co. at Widnes, to perfect his process, although complete success eluded him. He became a naturalized British subject in 1880.In 1872 Mond became acquainted with Ernest Solvay, the Belgian chemist who developed the ammonia-soda process which finally supplanted the Leblanc process. Mond negotiated the English patent rights and set up the first ammoniasoda plant in England at Winnington in Cheshire, in partnership with John Brunner. After overcoming many difficulties by incessant hard work, the process became a financial success and in 1881 Brunner, Mond \& Co. was formed, for a time the largest alkali works in the world. In 1926 the company merged with others to form Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd (ICI). The firm was one of the first to adopt the eight-hour day and to provide model dwellings and playing fields for its employees.From 1879 Mond took up the production of ammonia and this led to the Mond producer-gas plant, patented in 1883. The process consisted of passing air and steam over coal and coke at a carefully regulated temperature. Ammonia was generated and, at the same time, so was a cheap and useful producer gas. Mond's major discovery followed the observation in 1889 that carbon monoxide could combine with nickel in its ore at around 60°C to form a gaseous compound, nickel carbonyl. This, on heating to a higher temperature, would then decompose to give pure nickel. Mond followed up this unusual way of producing and purifying a metal and by 1892 had succeeded in setting up a pilot plant to perfect a large-scale process and went on to form the Mond Nickel Company.Apart from being a successful industrialist, Mond was prominent in scientific circles and played a leading role in the setting up of the Society of Chemical Industry in 1881. The success of his operations earned him great wealth, much of which he donated for learned and charitable purposes. He formed a notable collection of pictures which he bequeathed to the National Gallery.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1891.Bibliography1885, "On the origin of the ammonia-soda process", Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry 4:527–9.1895. "The history of the process of nickel extraction", Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry 14:945–6.Further ReadingJ.M.Cohen, 1956, The Life of Ludwig Mond, London: Methuen. Obituary, 1918, Journal of the Chemical Society 113:318–34.F.C.Donnan, 1939, Ludwig Mond 1839–1909, London (a valuable lecture).LRD -
20 SHIFT key
"A keyboard key that, when pressed in combination with another key, gives that key an alternative meaning, for example, producing an uppercase character when a letter key is pressed. The SHIFT key is also used in various key combinations to create nonstandard characters or to perform special operations."
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