Перевод: со всех языков на английский

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processing+technique

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81 laguna

f.

1 lagoon (lago).

2 gap.

3 blank, void, gap, lacuna.

4 Laguna.

5 loophole.

* * *

laguna

► nombre femenino

1 small lake, lagoon

2 figurado (de conocimiento) gap; (de la memoria) memory lapse

* * *

SF

1) (Geog) [en el interior] pool; [en la costa] lagoon

2) [en conocimientos] gap

sabe bien el inglés, pero tiene muchas lagunas — he knows English well but has many gaps

laguna legal — (legal) loophole, loophole in the law

3) [en libro, manuscrito] gap, lacuna frm

4) [en proceso] hiatus, gap, break

* * *

femenino

1) ( de agua dulce) lake, pool; ( de agua salada) lagoon

2)

a) (vacío, imperfección) gap

las lagunas de la legislación — the omissions in the legislation

b) ( en la memoria) memory lapse

•

- laguna jurídica

* * *

= gap, pond, loophole, lagoon, gaping hole.

Ex. New editions will be essentially cumulations and therefore a longer gap will exist between editions.

Ex. This article deals with the design of a computerised information system for managing ponds and lakes resources at the state level.

Ex. Problems in compiling these include loopholes in the legal deposit law, material which is not printed (leaflets, posters, speeches), exempted material, and excluded material.

Ex. The author describes a technique for processing the collected data concerning water, particulate and sediments in the lagoon of Venice.

Ex. Questia contains thousands of books in the liberal arts, but gaping holes and many old titles diminish its value as a library collection.

----

* cubrir lagunas = fill + lacunae.

* cubrir una laguna = fill + gap, fill + the breach.

* laguna informativa = information gap.

* laguna legal = loophole.

* lagunas = lacuna [lacunae, -pl.].

* * *

femenino

1) ( de agua dulce) lake, pool; ( de agua salada) lagoon

2)

a) (vacío, imperfección) gap

las lagunas de la legislación — the omissions in the legislation

b) ( en la memoria) memory lapse

•

- laguna jurídica

* * *

= gap, pond, loophole, lagoon, gaping hole.

Ex: New editions will be essentially cumulations and therefore a longer gap will exist between editions.

Ex: This article deals with the design of a computerised information system for managing ponds and lakes resources at the state level.

Ex: Problems in compiling these include loopholes in the legal deposit law, material which is not printed (leaflets, posters, speeches), exempted material, and excluded material.

Ex: The author describes a technique for processing the collected data concerning water, particulate and sediments in the lagoon of Venice.

Ex: Questia contains thousands of books in the liberal arts, but gaping holes and many old titles diminish its value as a library collection.

* cubrir lagunas = fill + lacunae.

* cubrir una laguna = fill + gap, fill + the breach.

* laguna informativa = information gap.

* laguna legal = loophole.

* lagunas = lacuna [lacunae, -pl.].

* * *

laguna

feminine

A (de agua dulce) lake, pool; (de agua salada) lagoon

B

1 (vacío, imperfección) gap, lacuna ( frml)

este caso demuestra las lagunas que existen en nuestra legislación this case demonstrates the lacunae o the omissions o the gaps in our legislation

la laguna informativa sobre el tema the lack of information on the subject

tengo una gran laguna en historia there are huge gaps in my knowledge of history

2 (en la memoria) memory lapse

se me hizo una laguna my mind went blank

¿cuando toma, sufre lagunas? ( Col); when you drink, do you suffer from loss of memory?

Compuestos:

● laguna fiscal

tax loophole

● laguna jurídica

legal loophole

* * *

laguna sustantivo femenino
1 ( de agua dulce) lake, pool;
( de agua salada) lagoon
2
a) (en estudio, artículo) gap

b) ( en la memoria) memory lapse

laguna sustantivo femenino
1 small lake
2 fig (de la memoria, de un trabajo) gap: su tesis tiene enormes lagunas, his thesis is incomplete
esta biblioteca tiene enormes lagunas en literatura, there is a lack of literature in this library
' laguna' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
salina
- estero
English:
gap
- lagoon
- loophole
- loop
- pond

* * *

laguna nf

1. [lago] [de agua salada] lagoon;
[de agua dulce] pool
2. [en memoria] gap;

tengo lagunas importantes en latín I have some major gaps in my knowledge of Latin

3. [en colección] gap

4. [en leyes, reglamento] loophole

* * *

laguna

f

1 lagoon

2 fig

gap

* * *

laguna nf

1) : lagoon

2) : lacuna, gap

Spanish-English dictionary > laguna
82 lote

m.

1 share (parte).

2 batch, lot (conjunto).

un lote de libros a set of books

3 allotment, lot.

* * *

lote

► nombre masculino

1 (parte) share, portion

2 COMERCIO lot, batch

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

darse el lote familiar to pet

pegarse el lote familiar to pet

* * *

noun m.

lot, batch

* * *
I
SM

1) [de herencia, reparto] portion, share

2) [en subasta] lot

el lote 37 es una estantería de caoba — lot 37 is a mahogany bookcase

3) (Inform) batch

4) LAm (=solar) lot, piece of land, building site

5) LAm * [de drogas] cache ( of drugs)

6) **

- darse o pegarse el lote con algn

7) (=medida) Méx about 100 hectares ; Cono Sur about 400 hectares

8)

- al lote
II
* SM Cono Sur (=imbécil) idiot, clot *

* * *

masculino

1) ( de un producto) batch; ( en subastas) lot

darse un lote de algo — (Esp fam) to stuff oneself with something (colloq)

2) ( terreno) plot ( of land)

- lote urbanizado

3) (fam) ( montón) loads (pl) (colloq)

un lote de — loads of

* * *

= batch [batches, -pl.], bundle, tranche.

Ex. A KWIC index is based upon the 'keywords' in the titles of the batch of documents to be indexed.

Ex. Many of them use a technique called packet-switching in which data are sent from transmitter to receiver in small bundles or packets.

Ex. The first tranche of NATO enlargement -- adding Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic next year -- will help stabilize an historically unstable region.

----

* darse el lote = snog, neck.

* fichero de ejecución por lotes = batch file.

* modalidad por lotes = batch mode.

* ofrecer en un lote = bundle.

* procesar por lotes = batch-process.

* proceso por lotes = batch processing.

* * *

masculino

1) ( de un producto) batch; ( en subastas) lot

darse un lote de algo — (Esp fam) to stuff oneself with something (colloq)

2) ( terreno) plot ( of land)

- lote urbanizado

3) (fam) ( montón) loads (pl) (colloq)

un lote de — loads of

* * *

= batch [batches, -pl.], bundle, tranche.

Ex: A KWIC index is based upon the 'keywords' in the titles of the batch of documents to be indexed.

Ex: Many of them use a technique called packet-switching in which data are sent from transmitter to receiver in small bundles or packets.

Ex: The first tranche of NATO enlargement -- adding Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic next year -- will help stabilize an historically unstable region.

* darse el lote = snog, neck.

* fichero de ejecución por lotes = batch file.

* modalidad por lotes = batch mode.

* ofrecer en un lote = bundle.

* procesar por lotes = batch-process.

* proceso por lotes = batch processing.

* * *

lote

masculine

A

1 (de un producto) batch, lot

2 (en subastas) lot

darse or pegarse el lote ( Esp fam); to make out ( colloq), to pet ( colloq)

darse or pegarse un lote de algo ( Esp fam); to stuff oneself with sth ( colloq)

B ( AmL) (terreno) plot, lot ( AmE)

Compuesto:

lote urbanizado

serviced site

C ( Chi fam) (montón) loads (pl) ( colloq)

un lote de cosas que hacer loads o lots of things to do

al lote ( Chi fam): tiene mujeres al lote he has loads o lots of women chasing after him

los asuntos aquí andan al lote things are in a total mess here ( colloq)

es muy al lote she's very careless o slapdash

* * *

lote sustantivo masculino
a) ( de un producto) batch;

( en subastas) lot
b) ( terreno) plot ( of land)

lote sustantivo masculino
1 set
2 Com lot
3 Inform batch
♦ Locuciones: vulgar darse el lote, to snog, make out
' lote' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
partida
- terreno
English:
batch
- lot
- job

* * *

lote nm

1. [parte] [para vender, subastar] lot;

han hecho varios lotes con sus muebles they've divided their furniture into several lots

2. [conjunto] [de productos] batch;

regalamos un lote de libros we're giving away a set of books

3. Informát batch

4. Esp Fam
darse o [m5] pegarse el lote (con) to neck (with), Br to snog

5. Am [solar] plot (of land)

6. CSur Fam [cantidad]
acaba de comprarse un lote de cosas she's just bought a whole load of stuff

* * *

lote

m

1 en reparto share, part

2 L.Am. ( solar) lot

3 pop

:

darse el lote make out fam

* * *

lote nm

1) : part, share

2) : batch, lot

3) : plot of land, lot

* * *

lote n (de productos) batch

lote de navidad Christmas hamper

Spanish-English dictionary > lote
83 partícula

f.

1 particle.

2 particle, subatomic particle, subatomic particle with a definite mass and electric charge.

3 dot.

* * *

partícula

► nombre femenino

1 particle

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

partícula elemental elementary particle

* * *

noun f.

particle

* * *

SF particle

partícula alfa — alpha particle

partícula atómica — atomic particle

partícula elemental — elementary particle

* * *

femenino particle

* * *

= connecting word, particulate, particle.

Ex. It is only the order in which they are cited and, in natural language, the connecting words that distinguish the statements of the two subjects.

Ex. The author describes a technique for processing the collected data concerning water, particulate and sediments in the Lagoon of Venice.

Ex. We can therefore use this principle to arrange the entities in our list in order: Level I - Fundamental particles; Level II - Atoms, isotopes; and Level III - Molecules = Por lo tanto, podemos utilizar este principio para ordenar las entidades de la lista: Nivel I - Partículas fundamentales; Nivel II - †tomos, isótopos; y Nivel III - Moléculas.

----

* acelerador de partículas = particle accelerator.

* acelerador de partículas atómicas = atomic particle accelerator.

* emisión de partículas = particle emission.

* física de partículas = particle physics, high energy physics.

* partícula que aparece en los nombres de origen holandés = Van.

* partícula sólida = solid particle.

* * *

femenino particle

* * *

= connecting word, particulate, particle.

Ex: It is only the order in which they are cited and, in natural language, the connecting words that distinguish the statements of the two subjects.

Ex: The author describes a technique for processing the collected data concerning water, particulate and sediments in the Lagoon of Venice.

Ex: We can therefore use this principle to arrange the entities in our list in order: Level I - Fundamental particles; Level II - Atoms, isotopes; and Level III - Molecules = Por lo tanto, podemos utilizar este principio para ordenar las entidades de la lista: Nivel I - Partículas fundamentales; Nivel II - tomos, isótopos; y Nivel III - Moléculas.

* acelerador de partículas = particle accelerator.

* acelerador de partículas atómicas = atomic particle accelerator.

* emisión de partículas = particle emission.

* física de partículas = particle physics, high energy physics.

* partícula que aparece en los nombres de origen holandés = Van.

* partícula sólida = solid particle.

* * *

partícula

feminine

1 ( Fís, Quím) particle

2 (parte muy pequeña) particle, speck

3 ( Ling) particle

* * *

partícula sustantivo femenino
particle
partícula sustantivo femenino particle
' partícula' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
elemental
- cargar
- mota
English:
particle
- to
- phrasal verb

* * *

partícula nf

1. [trozo pequeño] particle, speck;

partículas de polvo dust particles

2. Fís particle

Comp
partícula alfa alpha particle;
partícula beta beta particle;

partícula elemental elementary particle;

partícula subatómica subatomic particle

3. Ling particle

* * *

partícula

f particle

* * *

partícula nf

: particle

Spanish-English dictionary > partícula
84 reprografía

f.

reprography, reproduction.

* * *

reprografía

► nombre femenino

1 reprography

* * *

SF reprography

* * *

= reprography, reprographics.

Ex. The gap between the archivally developed and undeveloped countries has widened since 1979 and technical changes relating to automation, conservation, reprography, deterioration due to pollution and wear and tear cause increasing problems.

Ex. These organisations have successfully implemented the 'integrated office' concept, utilising such technologies as electronic mail, word processing, micrographics, and reprographics.

----

* equipos de reprografía = reprographic equipment.

* taller de reprografía = reprographics workshop.

* técnica de repografía = reprography technique.

* * *

= reprography, reprographics.

Ex: The gap between the archivally developed and undeveloped countries has widened since 1979 and technical changes relating to automation, conservation, reprography, deterioration due to pollution and wear and tear cause increasing problems.

Ex: These organisations have successfully implemented the 'integrated office' concept, utilising such technologies as electronic mail, word processing, micrographics, and reprographics.

* equipos de reprografía = reprographic equipment.

* taller de reprografía = reprographics workshop.

* técnica de repografía = reprography technique.

* * *

reprografía

feminine

reprographics, reprography

* * *

reprografía sustantivo femenino reprographics

* * *

reprografía nf

reprographics [singular];

(servicio de) reprografía copying service

* * *

reprografía

f reprographics sg

Spanish-English dictionary > reprografía
85 técnico

adj.

1 technical, expert.

2 technical.

m.

1 technician, technicist, technical expert.

2 repairperson, repairman.

* * *

técnico

► adjetivo

1 technical

► nombre masculino,nombre femenino

1 technician, technical expert

* * *
1. (f. - técnica)
adj.

technical
2. (f. - técnica)
noun

technician, engineer

* * *
técnico, -a
1.

ADJ technical

2. SM / F

1) [en fábrica, laboratorio] technician

técnico/a de laboratorio — laboratory technician, lab technician *

técnico/a de mantenimiento — maintenance engineer

técnico/a de sonido — sound engineer, sound technician

técnico/a de televisión — television engineer, television repairman

técnico/a informático/a — computer programmer

2) (=experto) expert, specialist

es un técnico en la materia — he's an expert on the subject

3) (Dep) trainer, coach
técnica
* * *
I
- ca adjetivo technical
II
- ca masculino, femenino, técnico masculino y femenino

a) ( en fábrica) technician

b) (de lavadoras, etc) repairman (AmE), engineer (BrE)

c) (Dep) trainer, coach (AmE), manager (BrE)

* * *
I
- ca adjetivo technical
II
- ca masculino, femenino, técnico masculino y femenino

a) ( en fábrica) technician

b) (de lavadoras, etc) repairman (AmE), engineer (BrE)

c) (Dep) trainer, coach (AmE), manager (BrE)

* * *

técnico¹

¹ = technician, techie, tech, tech guy, technie.

Ex: They admitted that they did not evaluate their technicians and aides, and confirmed that increases were automatic and the same 'across-the-board'; superior performance was not rewarded, nor inferior performance punished.

Ex: The article 'CD-ROMs for techies' profiles CD-ROM based tools providing personal computer technical support.

Ex: Dell had me jumping through hoops for two and a half days to no avail and ultimately sent a human tech here to fix my system.

Ex: Our tech guys are currently working on a solution.

Ex: The information superhighway is more than just a technies' playground.

* técnico de audiovisuales = audiovisual technician.

* técnico de sonido = sound technician.

* técnico encargado del proceso de datos = data-processing professional.

* técnico informático = data-processing professional, computer technician.

técnico²

= technical, under-the-hood.

Ex: Some subjects have both common and technical names, and the different names must be recognised, and reflected in the index in accordance with the audience for whom the index is intended.

Ex: As a Web user, you aren't likely to see the scheme in action on your screen because it's an under-the-hood way of communicating the identity of an information asset to a Web application.

* alfabetización técnica = technical literacy, technical literacy.

* apoyo técnico de aplicaciones informáticas = software support.

* asesoramiento técnico = technical advice.

* asesor técnico de bibliotecas = library consultant.

* asesor técnico en construcción de bibliot = library building consultant.

* asesor técnico en construcción de bibliotecas = library building consultant.

* asistencia técnica = technical assistance.

* aspecto técnico = technical aspect.

* avance técnico = technical advance.

* bibliotecario de servicios técnicos = technical services librarian.

* biblioteca técnica = technical library.

* características técnicas = technical specification, technical features, technical data.

* conocimiento técnico = know-how, technical knowledge.

* cuestión técnica = technical issue.

* demostración técnica = technical presentation.

* departamento de procesos técnicos = processing department.

* desde un punto de vista estrictamente técnico = technically speaking.

* desde un punto de vista técnico = technically.

* dibujo técnico = architectural rendering, engineering drawing, technical drawing.

* dificultad técnica = technical difficulty.

* diseño técnico = technical design.

* documentación técnica = technical documentation.

* documento técnico = technical document.

* económico-técnico = economic-technical.

* experto técnico = technical expert.

* hoja técnica = bluesheet, fact sheet.

* información científica y técnica = scientific and technical information (STI).

* información técnica = technical information.

* informe técnico = technical report.

* manual técnico = technical book.

* no técnico = non-technical.

* pérdida de las técnicas profesionales = de-skilling.

* personal técnico = technical staff.

* personal técnico de apoyo = support staff.

* personas sin conocimientos técnicos, las = non-technical, the.

* presentación técnica = technical presentation.

* problema técnico = technical difficulty, technical problem.

* proceso técnico = technical process.

* proceso técnico del libro = book preparation, book processing.

* secretaría técnica del congreso = conference secretariat.

* servicio técnico = technical service.

* suministrar conocimientos técnicos = supply + know-how.

* técnicas documentales = documentation techniques.

* validez técnica = technical soundness, technical validity.

* * *

técnico¹ -ca

adjective

technical

por razones técnicas for technical reasons

técnico² -ca

masculine, feminine

, técnico

masculine and feminine

1 (en una fábrica) technician

2 (de lavadoras, etc) repairman ( AmE), engineer ( BrE)

3 ( Dep) trainer, coach ( AmE), manager ( BrE)

Compuestos:

● técnico de grabación

recording engineer

● técnico de sonido

sound technician o engineer

* * *

técnico
◊ -ca adjetivo

technical
■ sustantivo masculino, femenino
a) ( en fábrica) technician

b) (de lavadoras, etc) repairman (AmE), engineer (BrE)

c) (Dep) trainer, coach (AmE), manager (BrE)

técnico,-a
I adjetivo technical
un problema técnico, a technical hitch
II sustantivo masculino y femenino technician, technical expert
' técnico' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
ATS
- diccionario
- error
- fallo
- ingeniera
- ingeniero
- refrigeración
- técnica
- tecnicismo
- término
- taller
- vulgar
English:
advice
- electrical engineer
- repairman
- technical
- technical drawing
- technical hitch
- technicality
- technician
- work-to-rule
- coach
- engineer
- hitch
- manager
- professional
- quantity
- repairer
- repair
- technically

* * *

técnico, -a

♦ adj

1. [estudio, palabra, diccionario] technical;

hubo un problema técnico there was a technical hitch o problem

2. [persona] technically proficient, with a good technique;

es un futbolista muy técnico he's a very technical player

♦ nm,f

1. [mecánico] technician;

un técnico en iluminación a lighting technician;

vino el técnico a arreglar la lavadora the repairman came to fix the washing machine

Comp
técnico agrícola agronomist;
técnico electricista electrical engineer;

técnico de laboratorio laboratory o lab technician;

técnico de sonido sound technician

2. [entrenador] coach, Br manager

3. [experto] expert

* * *

técnico

I adj technical

II m/f

1 technician; de televisor, lavadora etc repairman;

técnico de sistemas INFOR systems technician

2 en fútbol coach, manager

* * *

técnico, -ca adj

: technical

♦ técnicamente adv

técnico, -ca n

: technician, expert, engineer

* * *

técnico¹ adj technical

el progreso técnico technical progress

técnico² n technician / engineer

el técnico lo reparó the engineer repaired it

Spanish-English dictionary > técnico
86 informatique

informatique [ɛ̃fɔʀmatik]

1. feminine noun

computing ; ( = sujet d'études) computer studies

• il est dans l'informatique he's in computers

• loi informatique et libertés data protection law ≈ Data Protection Act (Brit)

2. adjective

computer

* * *
ɛ̃fɔʀmatik
1.

adjectif [système, équipement] computer

2.

nom féminin ( science) computer science, computing; ( techniques) information technology

* * *
ɛ̃fɔʀmatik
1. nf

1) (= technique) data processing

2) (= science) computer science

2. adj

computer modif

* * *

informatique

A adj [système, équipement] computer; [presse] computing.

B nf ( science) computer science, computing; ( techniques) information technology, IT.

[ɛ̃fɔrmatik] adjectif

computer (modificateur)

un système informatique a computer system

————————

[ɛ̃fɔrmatik] nom féminin

[science] computer science, information technology

[traitement des données] data processing

faire de l'informatique to work ou to be in computing

informatique documentaire (electronic) information retrieval

informatique familiale home ou domestic computing

informatique de gestion

a. [dans une administration] administrative data processing

b. [dans une entreprise] business data processing, business applications

informatique grand public mass (consumer) computing

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > informatique
87 Verfahren

Verfahren n 1. COMP procedure (Programm); 2. GEN process, procedure; 3. IND process, technique; 4. MGT method; 5. RECHT procedure proceedings, action, suit (Rechtsstreit); 6. ADMIN procedure • ein Verfahren für ungültig erklären RECHT extinguish an action • gegen jmdn. ein Verfahren anstrengen RECHT bring a lawsuit against sb
* * *

n 1. < Comp> Programm procedure; 2. < Geschäft> process, procedure; 3. < Ind> process, technique; 4. < Mgmnt> method; 5. < Recht> procedure Rechtsstreit proceedings, action, suit; 6. < Verwalt> procedure ■ ein Verfahren für ungültig erklären < Recht> extinguish an action ■ gegen jmdn. ein Verfahren anstrengen < Recht> bring a lawsuit against sb

* * *
Verfahren
(Arbeitsvorgang) operation, course, (Behandlung) treatment, (Gericht) procedure, proceeding[s], process, case, suit at law (US), lawsuit (US), (Handlungsweise) deal (coll.), dealings, (Herstellung) process, method, technique, departure, (Methode) manner, method, plan, line, way, mode, (Schema) policy, system;
• in einem schwebenden Verfahren pendente lite (lat.);
• abgekürztes Verfahren summary proceeding;
• aufeinander abgestimmtes Verfahren concerted practices;
• abgetrenntes Verfahren separate trial;
• anhängiges Verfahren case at law, proceedings instituted;
• beschleunigtes Verfahren speedup;
• bildgebendes Verfahren imaging technique;
• disziplinarisches Verfahren disciplinary proceedings;
• einheitliches Verfahren standard practice, uniform procedure;
• Einsparungen ermöglichendes Verfahren saver;
• gerichtliches Verfahren legal proceedings, judicial process (proceedings);
• getrenntes Verfahren separate action;
• industrielles Verfahren know-how, industrial technique;
• konkursrechtliches Verfahren bankruptcy proceedings (procedure);
• kostspieliges Verfahren costly proceedings, wasteful process;
• neuartiges Verfahren novel method;
• neues Verfahren new departure;
• ordentliches Verfahren regular process, ordinary proceedings;
• ordnungsgemäßes Verfahren due process of law;
• patentfähiges Verfahren patentable process;
• patentiertes Verfahren patented process;
• schiedsgerichtliches Verfahren arbitration procedure;
• schriftliches Verfahren written proceedings;
• übliches steuernsparendes Verfahren tax-saving pattern;
• überholtes Verfahren outmoded process;
• [allgemein] übliches Verfahren common practice;
• ungerechtes Verfahren unfair hearing;
• ungesetzliches Verfahren illegal proceedings;
• ungültiges Verfahren void (irregular) process, mistrial;
• unvorschriftsmäßiges Verfahren undue proceedings;
• verbessertes Verfahren improved process;
• Verfahren bei der Aufstellung des Haushalts budget procedure;
• Verfahren bei der Aufstellung des Werbeetats (Werbebudgets) advertising-budget procedure;
• Verfahren zur besseren Ausnutzung elektronischer Datenverarbeitungsanlagen time-sharing of data-processing machines;
• Verfahren zur Beilegung von Tarifstreitigkeiten disputes procedure;
• Verfahren zur Festsetzung der Folgeprämie renewal procedure;
• Verfahren zur Festsetzung eines Prioritätsrechtes (Patentrecht) interference proceedings;
• Verfahren zur Feststellung der Schadenhöhe writ of inquiry [after judgment by default];
• Verfahren zur Freigabe von Geheimmaterial declassification procedure;
• Verfahren der freiwilligen Gerichtsbarkeit non-contentious business;
• Verfahren zur Gründung einer Kapitalgesellschaft incorporation procedure (US);
• Verfahren im Interesse einer Klägergruppe class action (suit);
• Verfahren in Nachlassangelegenheiten administration suit;
• Verfahren zur Offenlegung der Vermögensverhältnisse equitable garnishment, supplementary proceedings (US);
• Verfahren eines integrierten Planungs-, Programmierungs- und Haushaltssystems Planning-Programming-Budgeting System;
• Verfahren zur Regelung arbeitsrechtlicher Streitigkeiten disputes procedure;
• Verfahren zur Regelung von Versicherungsansprüchen claim procedure;
• Verfahren in der Revisionsinstanz proceedings in error;
• Verfahren in Steuersachen process in tax proceedings;
• Verfahren in Warenzeichenangelegenheiten trademark procedure;
• Verfahren abtrennen to separate a case;
• Verfahren anstrengen to institute legal proceedings, to bring a suit;
• neues Verfahren anwenden to take a new departure;
• sein übliches Verfahren anwenden to follow one’s standard practice;
• Verfahren wieder aufnehmen to reopen a case;
• neue Verfahren ausprobieren to experiment with new methods;
• gerichtliches Verfahren aussetzen to stay (suspend) the proceedings, to arrest judgment;
• Verfahren beschleunigen to accelerate proceedings, to speed up procedures;
• Verfahren gegen j. in Gang bringen to take out a process against s. o.;
• Verfahren durchführen to proceed with a case, to carry on legal proceedings;
• neue technologische Verfahren in der Industrie einführen to make technical innovations in industry;
• in ein laufendes Verfahren eingreifen to publish comment on cases pending;
• Verfahren wegen Amtsmissbrauchs einleiten to take misfeasance proceedings;
• Verfahren einstellen to abate proceedings, to dismiss a case;
• einheitliches Verfahren erarbeiten to standardize procedure;
• ordnungsgemäßes Verfahren sicherstellen to regularize the proceedings;
• sich einem schiedsrichterlichen Verfahren unterwerfen to submit a claim for arbitration;
• Verfahren verschleppen to delay the proceedings;
• in einem schiedsgerichtlichen Verfahren tätig werden to arbitrate between parties to a suit;
• zu den Kosten des Verfahrens verurteilt werden to be condemned in (ordered to pay) the costs.

Business german-english dictionary > Verfahren
88 метод

1.method 2.technique

методы астрономии

techniques of astronomy
методы астрономических исследований
astronomical techniques
метод Аргеландера
см. метод ступеней
метод Весселинка при определении радиуса переменной звезды
Wesselink analysis
метод возмущений
perturbation method
метод ‘глаз – ухо’
eye-and-ear method
метод зависимостей
method of dependences
метод затменных наблюдений
eclipse technique
метод наблюдений
observational method
метод ножа Фуко
см. теневой метод
методы обработки данных наблюдений
techniques of data processing
метод определения спектральных классов звезд
classification method
метод отклонений{ (ненулевой)
deflection method
методы приближенных вычислений
approximation technique
метод проб
cut-and-try method
метод прямого визуального наблюдения
direct-vision method
метод регистрации звездных прохождений
method of recording
метод серого клина
grey-wedge technique
метод сравнения
comparison method
метод ступеней
step method (in visual photometry)
метод Талкотта
Talcott method (of latitude determination)
метод Тернера
см. метод шести постоянных
метод фотоэмульсий
emulsion technique
метод шести постоянных
амт. six-constant method
метод Шустера-Шварцшильда
Shuster – Schwarzschild method
абсолютный метод
absolute method
астрономические методы
astronomical methods
грубый метод
crude method
дифференциальный метод
differential method
количественный метод определения спектральных классов звезд
quantitative classification method
компенсационный метод
balanced method
неточный метод
inexact method
нулевой метод
1.balanced method 2.null method
оптические методы
optical techniques
прямой метод
direct method
радиоастрономический метод
radio astronomy method
сложный метод
elaborate method
спектрографический метод
spectrographic method
спектроскопический метод
spectroscopic method
статистические методы
statistical methods
суточный метод
diurnal method
теневой метод
опт. 1.knife-edge analysis 2.shadow method
точный метод
exact method
триангуляционный метод
геод. triangulation method
фотографический метод
photographic method
фотометрический метод
photometric method
фотоэлектрический метод
photoelectric method
цифровой метод
digital method
численный метод
numerical method

Русско-английский астрономический словарь > метод
89 планарная технология

1) Engineering: planar technology

2) Electronics: diffused planar process, planar process

3) Household appliances: planar technique

4) Microelectronics: all-planar process, diffused planar technique, planar approach, planar fabrication technology, planar processing

5) Electrical engineering: planar technique (полупроводников)

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > планарная технология
90 статистическая обработка данных

1) Computers: statistical processing of data

2) Information technology: statistical data manipulation

3) Geophysics: statistical data processing

4) Mechanics: cusum technique

5) Quality control: statistical manipulation

6) Chemical weapons: statistical services

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > статистическая обработка данных
91 технологический приём

1) Engineering: process, technic, technique

2) Information technology: processor

3) Mechanics: process technology

4) Perfume: procedure

5) Automation: manufacturing method, processing method, processing technology, working method

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > технологический приём
92 технология

Все больше расходится с англ [ref dict="OurDictionary (En-Ru)"]technology[/ref]. Cлово «технология» относится к производственным процессам и к тому же, на мой взгляд, сильно десемантизировалось, что часто бывает от частого употребления. Поэтому нередко при переводе словосочетаний с этим словом оно имеет по-английски «нулевой эквивалент»

технологический прием — process, technique

технологические характеристики станка — machine tool data

технологические возможности станка — machine’s capabilities

технологическая щепа — pulp chips

технологические требования — process requirements

технологические свойства — handling ability, processing behavior, processing characteristics

технологические осложнения — operating problems

технологическая карта (сборки) — assembly chart

технологическая совместимость — manufacturing compatibility

технологический маршрут — process flow

Русско-английский словарь общей лексики > технология
93 Artificial Intelligence

   1) Programs and the Complexity of Human Mental Processes

   In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)

   2) Artificial Intelligence Is an Engineering Discipline

   Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)

   3) A Sceptical View of Artificial Intelligence

   Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inﬂated predictions....

   When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)

   4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually

   Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)

   5) Problems in Machine Intelligence Arise Because Things Obvious to Any Person Are Not Represented in the Program

   Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)

   6) The Meaning of a Symbolic Description

   What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)

   7) The Principle of Artificial Intelligence

   [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)

   8) Artificial Intelligence Recognizes the Need for Knowledge in Its Systems

   The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)

   9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form

   The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)

    10) There Are Many Types of Reasoning

   There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:

    Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins ﬂy? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can ﬂy, so robins probably can ﬂy."

    Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)

    11) Programs Are Beginning to Do Things That Critics Have Asserted to Be Impossible

   Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)

    12) The Synthesis of Man and Machine

   Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)

    13) The Thesis of Good Old-Fashioned Artificial Intelligence (GOFAI)

   The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)

    14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation

   It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)

    15) Four Kinds of Artificial Intelligence

   We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.

   ♦ Nonpsychological AI

   Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.

   ♦ Weak Psychological AI

   Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.

   ♦ Strong Psychological AI

... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)

   ♦ Suprapsychological AI

   Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)

    16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts

   Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)

    17) Form and Content Are Not Fundamentally Different

   Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)

    18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System

   Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)

    19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence

   The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.

   The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)

    20) Mathematical Logic Provides the Basis for Theory in AI

   The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....

   AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)

    21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions

   In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)

    22) Definitions of Artificial Intelligence

   Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)

    23) The Computer Can Not Be a Model of the Mind

   Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)

    24) Computers Will Not Always Be Inferior to Human Brains

   The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence
94 вычислительная техника

1) General subject: computation, computing technics

2) Computers: datamation, computing hardware, computational engineering, IT-equipment

3) Military: computing technology

4) Engineering: computation engineering, computer engineering, computer facilities, computer science (как научная дисциплина), computer technology, computing, computing machinery

5) Information technology: ADP equipment, computer art, computer engineering (как область знаний), computer field (область 'знаний), computer science (область знаний), computing science

6) Mechanics: machine-computing technique

7) Patents: computer field (область знаний)

8) Household appliances: computing technique

9) Automation: numerical engineering

10) Makarov: computer machines, computers, computers and data processing

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > вычислительная техника
95 технология ИС

1) Engineering: IC processing, IC technology (изготовления), integrated technique (изготовления), integrated technology (изготовления), integrated-circuit technique (изготовления), integrated-circuit technology (изготовления), integration technology (изготовления)

2) Microelectronics: microcircuit technology

3) Makarov: IC engineering

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > технология ИС
96 développement

c black développement [dev(ə)lɔpmɑ̃]

masculine noun

   a. ( = croissance) development

• un secteur en plein développement a fast-developing sector

• l'entreprise a connu un développement important the firm has developed greatly

• le développement durable sustainable development ; → pays

   b. développements [d'affaire, enquête] developments

• cette affaire pourrait connaître de nouveaux développements there could be some new developments in this affair

   c. [de sujet] exposition

• entrer dans des développements inutiles to go into unnecessary details

   d. [de produit] development

   e. [de photos] developing

c black   f. [de bicyclette] choisir un grand/petit développement to choose a high/low gear

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

✎ Le mot anglais n'a qu'un seul p.

* * *
devlɔpmɑ̃
nom masculin

1) (de faculté, science, pensée, d'organisme) development (de of)

2) (d'entreprise, économie, de pays) development, expansion (de of)

pays en voie de développement — developing nation

l'entreprise a connu un fort développement dans les années 80 — the firm expanded greatly in the eighties

en plein développement — [pays] rapidly developing (épith); [industrie] fast-growing (épith); [ville, université] rapidly expanding (épith)

3) (de produit, technique, stratégie) development

4) Photographie developing

détail qui est apparu au développement — detail which appeared when the picture was developed

•

Phrasal Verbs:

- développement durable

* * *
dev(ə)lɔpmɑ̃ nm
1) [musculature, talents] development

2) [pays, affaire, économie] development

les pays en voie de développement — developing countries

3) [produit, logiciel] development

4) [pellicule] development

5) (= événement, rebondissement) development

* * *

développement nm

1 (de faculté, science, pensée, d'organisme) development; le développement de l'embryon/du langage the development of the embryo/of language; les développements d'une affaire the developments in an affair; surveiller de près le développement des événements to keep a close eye on how things develop;

2 (d'entreprise, économie, de pays) development, expansion (de of); pays en voie de développement developing nation ou country; l'entreprise a connu un fort développement dans les années 80 the firm expanded greatly in the eighties; en plein développement [pays] rapidly developing ( épith); [industrie] fast-growing ( épith); [ville, université] rapidly expanding ( épith);

3 ( croissance) ( de mouvement) growth (de of), spread (de of); (de fraude, chômage) increase (de in), rise (de in); ( d'investissements) increase (de in);

4 (de produit, technique, stratégie) development; le développement de produits nouveaux development of new products;

5 Phot developing; détail qui est apparu au développement detail which appeared when the picture was developed;

6 (de sujet, thème) development; entrer dans des développements oiseux to ramble;

7 Math (de solide, fonction) development; ( d'expression algébrique) simplification, reduction;

8 ( en cyclisme) distance covered for each revolution of the pedal; avec un petit développement, on grimpe mieux it's easier to ride uphill in a low gear.

Composé

développement personnel Psych personal growth.

[devlɔpmɑ̃] nom masculin

1. [fait de grandir] development

le développement normal de l'enfant/du chêne a child's/an oak's normal development

[fait de progresser] development, growth

pour aider au développement du sens des responsabilités chez les jeunes in order to foster a sense of responsibility in the young

2. ÉCONOMIE

le développement development

une région en plein développement a fast-developing area

développement durable sustainable development

3. [exposé] exposition

entrer dans des développements superflus to go into unnecessary detail

MUSIQUE development (section)

4. [perfectionnement] developing

nous leur avons confié le développement du prototype we asked them to develop the prototype for us

5. PHOTOGRAPHIE [traitement complet] processing, developing

[étape du traitement] developing

6. MÉCANIQUE gear

bicyclette avec un développement de six mètres bicycle with a six metre gear

7. MATHÉMATIQUES development

8. [déploiement - d'une banderole] unrolling

————————

développements nom masculin pluriel

[prolongements - d'une affaire] developments

à la lumière des récents développements in the light of recent developments

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > développement
97 Champion, Nehemiah

SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy

[br]

b. 1678 probably Bristol, England

d. 9 September 1747 probably Bristol, England

[br]

English merchant and brass manufacturer of Bristol.

[br]

Several members of Champion's Quaker family were actively engaged as merchants in Bristol during the late seventeenth and the eighteenth centuries. Port records show Nehemiah in receipt of Cornish copper ore at Bristol's Crews Hole smelting works by 1706, in association with the newly formed brassworks of the city. He later became a leading partner, managing the company some time after Abraham Darby left the Bristol works to pursue his interest at Coalbrookdale. Champion, probably in company with his father, became the largest customer for Darby's Coalbrookdale products and also acted as Agent, at least briefly, for Thomas Newcomen.

A patent in 1723 related to two separate innovations introduced by the brass company.

The first improved the output of brass by granulating the copper constituent and increasing its surface area. A greater proportion of zinc vapour could permeate the granules compared with the previous practice, resulting in the technique being adopted generally in the cementation process used at the time. The latter part of the same patent introduced a new type of coal-fired furnace which facilitated annealing in bulk so replacing the individual processing of pieces. The principle of batch annealing was generally adopted, although the type of furnace was later improved. A further patent, in 1739, in the name of Nehemiah, concerned overshot water-wheels possibly intended for use in conjunction with the Newcomen atmospheric pumping engine employed for recycling water by his son William.

Champion's two sons, John and William, and their two sons, both named John, were all concerned with production of non-ferrous metals and responsible for patented innovations. Nehemiah, shortly before his death, is believed to have partnered William at the Warmley works to exploit his son's new patent for producing metallic zinc.

[br]

Bibliography

1723, British patent no. 454 (granulated copper technique and coal-fired furnace). 1739, British patent no. 567 (overshot water-wheels).

Further Reading

A.Raistrick, 1950, Quakers in Science and Industry, London: Bannisdale Press (for the Champion family generally).

J.Day, 1973, Bristol Brass, a History of the Industry, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles (for the industrial activities of Nehemiah).

JD

Biographical history of technology > Champion, Nehemiah
98 автоматическая аппаратура передачи и обработки данных

Astronautics: automatic data processing - data handling technique

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > автоматическая аппаратура передачи и обработки данных
99 безлюдная технология

1) Engineering: automated machining, unattended machining, unattended mode, unattended operation, unmanned application, unmanned machining, unmanned manufacturing, unmanned mode, unmanned operation, unmanned production technique, unmanned running, unmanned situation

2) Mechanics: unattended run

3) Microelectronics: unattended processing

4) Automation: method for unmanned manufacture, untended manufacturing, untended run

5) Makarov: method for unmanned manufacture( MUM)

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > безлюдная технология
100 вакуумирование

1) Engineering: compaction by vacuum (бетона), consolidation by vacuum (бетона), degasifying treatment, degassing, evacuation (откачка), exhaust, exhaustion, pumpdown (откачка), pumping, vacuum degassing, vacuum draw-down, vacuum processing (обработка под вакуумом), vacuum treatment evacuation

2) Chemistry: vacuum blowing

3) Mining: pumping (откачка)

4) Food industry: air elimination, vacuuming, vacuumizing

5) Silicates: deaeration, deairing

6) Chemical weapons: pumping out (откачка)

7) Makarov: evacuation (процесс откачки), exhaust (откачка), high-vacuum technique, vacuum pumping (откачка), vacuum treatment (обработка под вакуумом)

8) oil&gas: vacuum evaporation

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > вакуумирование

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