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  • 41 Computers

       The brain has been compared to a digital computer because the neuron, like a switch or valve, either does or does not complete a circuit. But at that point the similarity ends. The switch in the digital computer is constant in its effect, and its effect is large in proportion to the total output of the machine. The effect produced by the neuron varies with its recovery from [the] refractory phase and with its metabolic state. The number of neurons involved in any action runs into millions so that the influence of any one is negligible.... Any cell in the system can be dispensed with.... The brain is an analogical machine, not digital. Analysis of the integrative activities will probably have to be in statistical terms. (Lashley, quoted in Beach, Hebb, Morgan & Nissen, 1960, p. 539)
       It is essential to realize that a computer is not a mere "number cruncher," or supercalculating arithmetic machine, although this is how computers are commonly regarded by people having no familiarity with artificial intelligence. Computers do not crunch numbers; they manipulate symbols.... Digital computers originally developed with mathematical problems in mind, are in fact general purpose symbol manipulating machines....
       The terms "computer" and "computation" are themselves unfortunate, in view of their misleading arithmetical connotations. The definition of artificial intelligence previously cited-"the study of intelligence as computation"-does not imply that intelligence is really counting. Intelligence may be defined as the ability creatively to manipulate symbols, or process information, given the requirements of the task in hand. (Boden, 1981, pp. 15, 16-17)
       The task is to get computers to explain things to themselves, to ask questions about their experiences so as to cause those explanations to be forthcoming, and to be creative in coming up with explanations that have not been previously available. (Schank, 1986, p. 19)
       In What Computers Can't Do, written in 1969 (2nd edition, 1972), the main objection to AI was the impossibility of using rules to select only those facts about the real world that were relevant in a given situation. The "Introduction" to the paperback edition of the book, published by Harper & Row in 1979, pointed out further that no one had the slightest idea how to represent the common sense understanding possessed even by a four-year-old. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 102)
       A popular myth says that the invention of the computer diminishes our sense of ourselves, because it shows that rational thought is not special to human beings, but can be carried on by a mere machine. It is a short stop from there to the conclusion that intelligence is mechanical, which many people find to be an affront to all that is most precious and singular about their humanness.
       In fact, the computer, early in its career, was not an instrument of the philistines, but a humanizing influence. It helped to revive an idea that had fallen into disrepute: the idea that the mind is real, that it has an inner structure and a complex organization, and can be understood in scientific terms. For some three decades, until the 1940s, American psychology had lain in the grip of the ice age of behaviorism, which was antimental through and through. During these years, extreme behaviorists banished the study of thought from their agenda. Mind and consciousness, thinking, imagining, planning, solving problems, were dismissed as worthless for anything except speculation. Only the external aspects of behavior, the surface manifestations, were grist for the scientist's mill, because only they could be observed and measured....
       It is one of the surprising gifts of the computer in the history of ideas that it played a part in giving back to psychology what it had lost, which was nothing less than the mind itself. In particular, there was a revival of interest in how the mind represents the world internally to itself, by means of knowledge structures such as ideas, symbols, images, and inner narratives, all of which had been consigned to the realm of mysticism. (Campbell, 1989, p. 10)
       [Our artifacts] only have meaning because we give it to them; their intentionality, like that of smoke signals and writing, is essentially borrowed, hence derivative. To put it bluntly: computers themselves don't mean anything by their tokens (any more than books do)-they only mean what we say they do. Genuine understanding, on the other hand, is intentional "in its own right" and not derivatively from something else. (Haugeland, 1981a, pp. 32-33)
       he debate over the possibility of computer thought will never be won or lost; it will simply cease to be of interest, like the previous debate over man as a clockwork mechanism. (Bolter, 1984, p. 190)
       t takes us a long time to emotionally digest a new idea. The computer is too big a step, and too recently made, for us to quickly recover our balance and gauge its potential. It's an enormous accelerator, perhaps the greatest one since the plow, twelve thousand years ago. As an intelligence amplifier, it speeds up everything-including itself-and it continually improves because its heart is information or, more plainly, ideas. We can no more calculate its consequences than Babbage could have foreseen antibiotics, the Pill, or space stations.
       Further, the effects of those ideas are rapidly compounding, because a computer design is itself just a set of ideas. As we get better at manipulating ideas by building ever better computers, we get better at building even better computers-it's an ever-escalating upward spiral. The early nineteenth century, when the computer's story began, is already so far back that it may as well be the Stone Age. (Rawlins, 1997, p. 19)
       According to weak AI, the principle value of the computer in the study of the mind is that it gives us a very powerful tool. For example, it enables us to formulate and test hypotheses in a more rigorous and precise fashion than before. But according to strong AI the computer is not merely a tool in the study of the mind; rather the appropriately programmed computer really is a mind in the sense that computers given the right programs can be literally said to understand and have other cognitive states. And according to strong AI, because the programmed computer has cognitive states, the programs are not mere tools that enable us to test psychological explanations; rather, the programs are themselves the explanations. (Searle, 1981b, p. 353)
       What makes people smarter than machines? They certainly are not quicker or more precise. Yet people are far better at perceiving objects in natural scenes and noting their relations, at understanding language and retrieving contextually appropriate information from memory, at making plans and carrying out contextually appropriate actions, and at a wide range of other natural cognitive tasks. People are also far better at learning to do these things more accurately and fluently through processing experience.
       What is the basis for these differences? One answer, perhaps the classic one we might expect from artificial intelligence, is "software." If we only had the right computer program, the argument goes, we might be able to capture the fluidity and adaptability of human information processing. Certainly this answer is partially correct. There have been great breakthroughs in our understanding of cognition as a result of the development of expressive high-level computer languages and powerful algorithms. However, we do not think that software is the whole story.
       In our view, people are smarter than today's computers because the brain employs a basic computational architecture that is more suited to deal with a central aspect of the natural information processing tasks that people are so good at.... hese tasks generally require the simultaneous consideration of many pieces of information or constraints. Each constraint may be imperfectly specified and ambiguous, yet each can play a potentially decisive role in determining the outcome of processing. (McClelland, Rumelhart & Hinton, 1986, pp. 3-4)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Computers

  • 42 ciencia

    f.
    1 science.
    a ciencia cierta for certain
    no se conoce a ciencia cierta el número de víctimas the number of victims isn't known for certain
    ciencias naturales natural sciences
    ciencias ocultas occultism
    ciencias políticas political science
    ciencias sociales social sciences
    2 learning, knowledge.
    * * *
    1 (disciplina) science
    2 (saber) knowledge, learning
    \
    saber algo a ciencia cierta figurado to know something for certain
    ser un pozo de ciencia to be a well of knowledge
    ciencia ficción science fiction
    ciencia infusa intuition
    ciencias empresariales business studies
    ciencias exactas mathematics sing
    ciencias naturales natural sciences
    ciencias ocultas the occult sing
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=conocimiento) science

    no tener mucha ciencia —

    ciencia infusa, lo sabe por ciencia infusa — iró he has God-given intelligence

    2) (=doctrina) science, sciences pl

    ciencias sociales — social science, social sciences pl

    3) pl ciencias (Educ) science sing, sciences
    * * *
    a) ( rama del saber) science; (saber, conocimiento) knowledge, learning

    a ciencia cierta — for sure, for certain

    b) ciencias femenino plural (Educ) science
    * * *
    = scholarship, science.
    Ex. The most important of the functions of librarians is the collection, preservation and affording access to the materials of scholarship.
    Ex. Thus we all agree that one component of a building is a roof (and not vice versa!), and that chemistry is a branch of science.
    ----
    * academia de las ciencias = academy of sciences.
    * a ciencia cierta = for sure, for certain.
    * alfabetización en ciencias de la salud = health literacy.
    * árbol de la ciencia, el = tree of knowledge, the.
    * biblioteca de ciencias = science library.
    * biblioteca de ciencias de la salud = health sciences library, health library.
    * Biblioteca Nacional de Préstamo para la Ciencia y la Tecnología (NLL) = National Lending Library for Science and Technology (NLL).
    * bibliotecario de ciencias de la salud = health librarian.
    * bibliotecario de las ciencias de la salud = health sciences librarian.
    * centro de las ciencias = science centre.
    * ciencia aplicada = applied science.
    * Ciencia Cristiana, la = Christian Science.
    * ciencia de la comunicación = communication science.
    * ciencia de las zonas polares = polar science.
    * ciencia del conocimiento = cognitive science.
    * ciencia del libro = bookmanship.
    * ciencia de los alimentos = food science.
    * ciencia del suelo = soil science.
    * ciencia experimental = hard sciences, the.
    * ciencia ficción = science fiction, sci-fi.
    * ciencia forense = forensic science.
    * ciencia médica = medical science.
    * ciencia militar = military science.
    * ciencia mundial = world science.
    * ciencias agrícolas = agricultural economics.
    * ciencias biológicas = biological sciences.
    * ciencias biomédicas = biomedical sciences.
    * ciencias de la atmósfera = atmospheric sciences.
    * ciencias de la computación = computer science, computational science.
    * ciencias de la computación y tecnología informática = computer science and technology.
    * ciencias de la construcción = building sciences.
    * ciencias de la documentación = information science, library science.
    * ciencias de la educación = educational science.
    * ciencias de la navegación = nautical science.
    * ciencias de la salud = health sciences.
    * ciencias de las plantas = plant science(s).
    * ciencias de la tierra = geosciences.
    * ciencias de la tierra, las = earth sciences, the.
    * ciencias de la vida = biosciences.
    * ciencias de la vida, las = life sciences, the.
    * ciencias del comportamiento = behavioural sciences.
    * ciencias del espacio, las = space science(s), the.
    * ciencias del mar = aquatic sciences.
    * ciencias del mar, las = ocean sciences, the.
    * ciencias de los materiales = materials sciences.
    * ciencias domésticas = domestic science.
    * ciencias duras, las = hard sciences, the.
    * ciencias exactas, las = exact sciences, the, hard sciences, the.
    * ciencias físicas = physical science.
    * ciencias forestales = forestry.
    * ciencias históricas = historical sciences.
    * ciencias humanas = human science.
    * ciencias naturales = natural sciences.
    * ciencias navales = ship science.
    * ciencias planetarias, las = planetary sciences, the.
    * ciencias políticas = political science.
    * ciencias puras = pure sciences.
    * ciencias sobre la vida en el espacio = space life sciences.
    * ciencias sociales = social sciences, soft sciences, the, social studies.
    * ciencia virtual = e-science.
    * ciencia y tecnología = sci-tech [scitech o sci/tech].
    * Ciencia y Tecnología (C + T) = S & T (Science and Technology).
    * ciencia y tecnología de los alimentos = food science and technology.
    * ciencia y tecnología de los materiales = materials science and technology.
    * científico de las ciencias de la tierra = geoscientist.
    * conocer a ciencia cierta = know for + certain, know for + sure, know for + a fact.
    * delegación de educación y ciencia = local education authority (LEA).
    * enseñanza de las ciencias = science education.
    * especialista en ciencias de la tierra = earth scientist.
    * estudiante de ciencias de la educación = education student, student teacher.
    * facultad de ciencias de la educación = teachers college, teacher training college.
    * filosofía de la ciencia = philosophy of science.
    * Fundación Nacional para las Ciencias (NSF) = National Science Foundation (NSF).
    * humanidades y ciencias sociales = arts and social sciences.
    * Indice de Citas de Ciencia (SCI) = Science Citation Index (SCI).
    * Indice de Citas de las Ciencias Sociales (SSCI) = Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI).
    * investigación en ciencias de la documentación = information science research.
    * Licenciatura de Ciencias = M.Sc. (Master of Science).
    * Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia = Department of Education and Science.
    * mundo de la ciencia, el = world of science, the, scientific world, the.
    * museo de ciencias naturales = natural science museum.
    * museo de las ciencias = science museum.
    * no es una ciencia exacta = not (exactly) rocket science.
    * novela de ciencia ficción = science fiction novel.
    * relacionado con las ciencias = science-related.
    * revista de ciencia y tecnología = science and technology journal.
    * saber a ciencia cierta = know for + certain, know for + sure, know for + a fact.
    * saber a ciencia cierta que = know + for a fact that.
    * ser una ciencia exacta = be an exact science.
    * sistema de la ciencia, el = system of science, the.
    * tecnología de la información para ciencias de la salud = health informatics.
    * * *
    a) ( rama del saber) science; (saber, conocimiento) knowledge, learning

    a ciencia cierta — for sure, for certain

    b) ciencias femenino plural (Educ) science
    * * *
    = scholarship, science.

    Ex: The most important of the functions of librarians is the collection, preservation and affording access to the materials of scholarship.

    Ex: Thus we all agree that one component of a building is a roof (and not vice versa!), and that chemistry is a branch of science.
    * academia de las ciencias = academy of sciences.
    * a ciencia cierta = for sure, for certain.
    * alfabetización en ciencias de la salud = health literacy.
    * árbol de la ciencia, el = tree of knowledge, the.
    * biblioteca de ciencias = science library.
    * biblioteca de ciencias de la salud = health sciences library, health library.
    * Biblioteca Nacional de Préstamo para la Ciencia y la Tecnología (NLL) = National Lending Library for Science and Technology (NLL).
    * bibliotecario de ciencias de la salud = health librarian.
    * bibliotecario de las ciencias de la salud = health sciences librarian.
    * centro de las ciencias = science centre.
    * ciencia aplicada = applied science.
    * Ciencia Cristiana, la = Christian Science.
    * ciencia de la comunicación = communication science.
    * ciencia de las zonas polares = polar science.
    * ciencia del conocimiento = cognitive science.
    * ciencia del libro = bookmanship.
    * ciencia de los alimentos = food science.
    * ciencia del suelo = soil science.
    * ciencia experimental = hard sciences, the.
    * ciencia ficción = science fiction, sci-fi.
    * ciencia forense = forensic science.
    * ciencia médica = medical science.
    * ciencia militar = military science.
    * ciencia mundial = world science.
    * ciencias = science and technology.
    * ciencias agrícolas = agricultural economics.
    * ciencias biológicas = biological sciences.
    * ciencias biomédicas = biomedical sciences.
    * ciencias de la atmósfera = atmospheric sciences.
    * ciencias de la computación = computer science, computational science.
    * ciencias de la computación y tecnología informática = computer science and technology.
    * ciencias de la construcción = building sciences.
    * ciencias de la documentación = information science, library science.
    * ciencias de la educación = educational science.
    * ciencias de la navegación = nautical science.
    * ciencias de la salud = health sciences.
    * ciencias de las plantas = plant science(s).
    * ciencias de la tierra = geosciences.
    * ciencias de la tierra, las = earth sciences, the.
    * ciencias de la vida = biosciences.
    * ciencias de la vida, las = life sciences, the.
    * ciencias del comportamiento = behavioural sciences.
    * ciencias del espacio, las = space science(s), the.
    * ciencias del mar = aquatic sciences.
    * ciencias del mar, las = ocean sciences, the.
    * ciencias de los materiales = materials sciences.
    * ciencias domésticas = domestic science.
    * ciencias duras, las = hard sciences, the.
    * ciencias exactas, las = exact sciences, the, hard sciences, the.
    * ciencias físicas = physical science.
    * ciencias forestales = forestry.
    * ciencias históricas = historical sciences.
    * ciencias humanas = human science.
    * ciencias naturales = natural sciences.
    * ciencias navales = ship science.
    * ciencias planetarias, las = planetary sciences, the.
    * ciencias políticas = political science.
    * ciencias puras = pure sciences.
    * ciencias sobre la vida en el espacio = space life sciences.
    * ciencias sociales = social sciences, soft sciences, the, social studies.
    * ciencia virtual = e-science.
    * ciencia y tecnología = sci-tech [scitech o sci/tech].
    * Ciencia y Tecnología (C + T) = S & T (Science and Technology).
    * ciencia y tecnología de los alimentos = food science and technology.
    * ciencia y tecnología de los materiales = materials science and technology.
    * científico de las ciencias de la tierra = geoscientist.
    * conocer a ciencia cierta = know for + certain, know for + sure, know for + a fact.
    * delegación de educación y ciencia = local education authority (LEA).
    * enseñanza de las ciencias = science education.
    * especialista en ciencias de la tierra = earth scientist.
    * estudiante de ciencias de la educación = education student, student teacher.
    * facultad de ciencias de la educación = teachers college, teacher training college.
    * filosofía de la ciencia = philosophy of science.
    * Fundación Nacional para las Ciencias (NSF) = National Science Foundation (NSF).
    * humanidades y ciencias sociales = arts and social sciences.
    * Indice de Citas de Ciencia (SCI) = Science Citation Index (SCI).
    * Indice de Citas de las Ciencias Sociales (SSCI) = Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI).
    * investigación en ciencias de la documentación = information science research.
    * Licenciatura de Ciencias = M.Sc. (Master of Science).
    * Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia = Department of Education and Science.
    * mundo de la ciencia, el = world of science, the, scientific world, the.
    * museo de ciencias naturales = natural science museum.
    * museo de las ciencias = science museum.
    * no es una ciencia exacta = not (exactly) rocket science.
    * novela de ciencia ficción = science fiction novel.
    * relacionado con las ciencias = science-related.
    * revista de ciencia y tecnología = science and technology journal.
    * saber a ciencia cierta = know for + certain, know for + sure, know for + a fact.
    * saber a ciencia cierta que = know + for a fact that.
    * ser una ciencia exacta = be an exact science.
    * sistema de la ciencia, el = system of science, the.
    * tecnología de la información para ciencias de la salud = health informatics.

    * * *
    1 (rama del saber) science; (saber, conocimiento) knowledge, learning
    los adelantos de la ciencia scientific advances, the advances of science
    a ciencia cierta for sure, for certain
    no tiene ninguna ciencia there's nothing difficult o complicated about it
    2 ciencias fpl ( Educ) science
    Compuestos:
    soil science
    space science
    science fiction
    tiene la ciencia infusa ( iró); he has God-given intelligence ( iro)
    fpl Education
    fpl Media Studies
    fpl Business Studies
    fpl exact sciences
    fpl natural science(s)
    fpl occultism
    fpl Political Science, Politics
    * * *

     

    ciencia sustantivo femenino

    (saber, conocimiento) knowledge, learning;

    a ciencia cierta for sure, for certain
    b)

    ◊ ciencias sustantivo femenino plural (Educ) science;

    Cciencias Empresariales/de la Información Business/Media Studies;
    Cciencias Políticas/de la Educación Politics/Education
    ciencia sustantivo femenino
    1 science
    2 frml (conocimiento) knowledge: descorchar un botella no tiene mucha ciencia, there is no mystery about uncorking a bottle
    3 ciencia ficción, science fiction
    irón ciencia infusa, divine inspiration
    ciencias ocultas, the occult sing
    ♦ Locuciones: a ciencia cierta, for certain: lo sé a ciencia cierta, I'm absolutely sure o I know it for certain
    ' ciencia' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    divulgación
    - estadística
    - interés
    - jurisprudencia
    - mecánica
    - óptica
    - ortopedia
    - padre
    - ramo
    - reino
    - toponimia
    - acústica
    - adelanto
    - aeronáutica
    - avanzar
    - contabilidad
    - dedicar
    - economía
    - evolucionar
    - ramificarse
    - triunfo
    - veterinaria
    English:
    advancement
    - area
    - branch
    - certain
    - data processing
    - economics
    - electronic
    - forestry
    - medicine
    - sci-fi
    - science
    - science fiction
    - statistics
    - surgery
    - social
    - wishful thinking
    * * *
    ♦ nf
    1. [método, estudio] science;
    la ciencia ya no puede hacer nada para salvar al enfermo science is unable to do anything more to help the patient;
    la astronomía es la ciencia que estudia los cuerpos celestes astronomy is the science in which heavenly bodies are studied
    ciencias aplicadas applied sciences;
    ciencias biológicas life sciences;
    ciencia del conocimiento cognitive science;
    ciencias económicas economics [singular];
    ciencias empresariales business studies;
    ciencias exactas mathematics [singular];
    ciencia ficción science fiction;
    ciencias físicas physical sciences;
    ciencias naturales natural sciences;
    ciencias ocultas occultism;
    ciencias políticas political science;
    ciencias de la salud medical sciences;
    ciencias sociales social sciences;
    ciencias de la Tierra earth sciences
    2. [sabiduría] learning, knowledge;
    Fam
    tener poca ciencia to be straightforward;
    la cocina tiene poca ciencia, pero requiere mucho sentido común cooking doesn't require a lot of skill, but you do need to use common sense;
    Hum
    por ciencia infusa through divine inspiration
    3. Educ
    ciencias science;
    soy de ciencias I studied science
    ciencias mixtas = secondary school course comprising mainly science subjects but including some arts subjects;
    ciencias puras = secondary school course comprising science subjects only
    ♦ a ciencia cierta loc adv
    for certain;
    no se conoce a ciencia cierta el número de víctimas the number of victims isn't known for certain
    * * *
    f
    1 science;
    a ciencia cierta for certain, for sure;
    ser un pozo de ciencia fam be a fount of knowledge
    2
    :
    ciencias pl EDU science sg ;
    ciencias (naturales) natural sciences
    * * *
    1) : science
    2) : learning, knowledge
    3)
    a ciencia cierta : for a fact, for certain
    * * *
    ciencia n science

    Spanish-English dictionary > ciencia

  • 43 производственная площадь

    1) General subject: production space
    2) Engineering: operating area
    3) Construction: processing area
    4) Mathematics: floor area
    6) Mining: working area
    8) Business: floor
    9) Microelectronics: floor space

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > производственная площадь

  • 44 часовая объёмная скорость жидкости

    1) Oil: LHSV (liquid hourly space velocity), liquid hourly space velocity
    2) Sakhalin energy glossary: liquid hourly space velocity (normally expressed as volume of oil charged per hour per unit volume of catalyst [vo/hr/vc])
    3) Oil processing plants: liquid hourly space velocity, LHSV

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > часовая объёмная скорость жидкости

  • 45 шпация

    2) Engineering: frame space
    3) Polygraphy: quad (сокр. от quadrat), quadrat, space, spacing bar, spacing bar (переплётной крышки)
    4) Sakhalin energy glossary: frame spacing (мор.), span (мор.)
    5) Wood processing: timber room

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > шпация

  • 46 distancia

    f.
    1 distance (espacio).
    estábamos a bastante distancia del incendio we were quite a distance from the fire
    ¿a qué distancia está el próximo pueblo? how far is the next town?
    está a varios kilómetros de distancia it is several kilometers away
    a distancia from a distance
    mantener a distancia to keep at a distance
    mantenerse a una distancia prudencial de to keep at a safe distance from
    distancia de seguridad safe distance
    We traveled quite a long distance Recorrimos un buena distancia.
    2 gap, space.
    está a dos minutos de distancia del ciclista francés he's two minutes away from the French cyclist
    3 difference (diferencia).
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: distanciar.
    * * *
    1 distance
    2 figurado (diferencia) difference, gap
    \
    a distancia from a distance
    acortar distancias to bridge the gap
    guardar las distancias to keep one's distance
    distancia focal focal length
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) [en el espacio] distance

    ¿qué distancia hay entre Sevilla y Granada? — what's the distance between Seville and Granada?

    ¿a qué distancia está Madrid de Barcelona? — how far (away) is Madrid from Barcelona?, how far is it from Madrid to Barcelona?

    • a distancia — from a distance

    la Universidad a distancia — ≈ the Open University

    • acortar las distancias — to shorten the distance

    el Real Madrid ha acortado las distancias con el Barcelona — Real Madrid is closing in on Barcelona, Real Madrid is closing the gap with Barcelona

    • ganar distancias — to get ahead, make progress

    • guardar o mantener las distancias, mantenerse a distancia — to keep one's distance

    • marcar distancias, el Atlético marcó distancias con el segundo clasificado — Atlético put some distance between itself and the second-placed team

    • salvando las distancias, es, salvando las distancias, el Picasso de nuestros días — he's the Picasso of today, give or take some obvious differences

    distancia de despegue — (Aer) length of takeoff

    distancia de seguridad — (Aut) safe distance

    2) [entre opiniones, creencias] distance, gap
    * * *
    1) ( en el espacio) distance

    ¿qué distancia hay de Tijuana a Tucson? — how far is it from Tijuana to Tucson?

    ¿a qué distancia está Londres? — how far is it to London?

    una llamada de or a larga distancia — a long-distance call

    a distancia: se situó a distancia para verlo en conjunto she stood back to see it as a whole; se veía a distancia one could see it from a distance; mantenerse a distancia to keep at a distance; en la distancia in the distance; guardar or mantener las distancias to keep one's distance; salvando las distancias: es como París, salvando las distancias — it's like Paris, up to a point (colloq)

    4) ( afectiva) distance

    una gran distancia los separa — a rift has opened up between them

    * * *
    = remoteness, separation, distance.
    Ex. One of the major problems to be overcome in this unique form of supranational government is that of remoteness.
    Ex. This wide separation of related subject areas is one of the major criticisms of the Dewey scheme.
    Ex. This has proved a useful way of reducing some of the problems of distance and cost in relation to both travelling and telephone calls.
    ----
    * a cierta distancia = some distance away.
    * a cierta distancia de = off.
    * a cierta distancia de la costa = offshore.
    * a cierta distancia del litoral = offshore.
    * acortar las distancias = close + the gap.
    * acortar las distancias entre... y = narrow + the gap between... and.
    * a distancia = remote, remotely, distantly.
    * a poca distancia = not far behind.
    * a poca distancia andando = within walking distance, within an easy walk.
    * a poca distancia a pie = within an easy walk, within walking distance.
    * aprendizaje a distancia = distance learning, open learning.
    * a un día de distancia de = one day away from.
    * controlado a distancia = remotely controllable.
    * corta distancia de desplazamiento = easy travelling distance.
    * curso a distancia = telecourse.
    * de larga distancia = long-distance.
    * desaparecer en la distancia = disappear in + the distance.
    * desplazarse grandes distancias = travel + long distances.
    * distancia a pie = walking distance.
    * distancia de desplazamiento = travel distance.
    * distancia de frenado = braking distance.
    * distancia de Hausdorff = Hausdorff distance.
    * distancia de seguridad = stopping distance, braking distance.
    * distancia focal = focal length.
    * distancia recorrida = mileage.
    * distancia + ser de + Número = be + Medida + apart.
    * distancia social = social distance.
    * Educación a Distancia = distance education, Open College.
    * enseñanza a distancia = distance learning, distance teaching.
    * Enseñanza Politécnica a Distancia = Open Polytechnic.
    * estar a años de distancia = be years away.
    * estar a + Cantidad + de distancia = Cantidad + distant from.
    * estar a + Expresión Numérica + de distancia = be + Número + away.
    * estudiante a distancia = distance student.
    * informática a distancia = telecomputing.
    * larga distancia = long haul.
    * largas distancias = large distances.
    * llamada de larga distancia = long-distance call.
    * llamada telefónica de larga distancia = long-distance (tele)phone call.
    * mando a distancia = remote control, remote controller.
    * mantener las distancias con = keep + Nombre + at arm's length.
    * mantenerse a distancia = stand off.
    * medicina a distancia = telemedicine.
    * Medida de Distancia + de distancia = Medida de Distancia + off.
    * otear en la distancia = loom + far in the distance.
    * recorrer grandes distancias = travel + long distances.
    * red de larga distancia = long haul network.
    * reducir las distancias = reduce + distance, close + the gap.
    * salvar las distancias = bridge + the chasm, bridge + the gap, bridge + the divide, bridge + the gulf.
    * situado a cierta distancia = further afield.
    * tener mucha distancia que recorrer = have + a long way to go.
    * trabajador a distancia = teleworker, telecommuter.
    * trabajar a distancia = telecommute.
    * trabajo a distancia = telecommuting, teleworking, telework.
    * universidad a distancia = open university, open college.
    * universidad nacional de educación a distancia (UNED) = open university.
    * vislumbrar en la distancia = loom + far in the distance.
    * * *
    1) ( en el espacio) distance

    ¿qué distancia hay de Tijuana a Tucson? — how far is it from Tijuana to Tucson?

    ¿a qué distancia está Londres? — how far is it to London?

    una llamada de or a larga distancia — a long-distance call

    a distancia: se situó a distancia para verlo en conjunto she stood back to see it as a whole; se veía a distancia one could see it from a distance; mantenerse a distancia to keep at a distance; en la distancia in the distance; guardar or mantener las distancias to keep one's distance; salvando las distancias: es como París, salvando las distancias — it's like Paris, up to a point (colloq)

    4) ( afectiva) distance

    una gran distancia los separa — a rift has opened up between them

    * * *
    = remoteness, separation, distance.

    Ex: One of the major problems to be overcome in this unique form of supranational government is that of remoteness.

    Ex: This wide separation of related subject areas is one of the major criticisms of the Dewey scheme.
    Ex: This has proved a useful way of reducing some of the problems of distance and cost in relation to both travelling and telephone calls.
    * a cierta distancia = some distance away.
    * a cierta distancia de = off.
    * a cierta distancia de la costa = offshore.
    * a cierta distancia del litoral = offshore.
    * acortar las distancias = close + the gap.
    * acortar las distancias entre... y = narrow + the gap between... and.
    * a distancia = remote, remotely, distantly.
    * a poca distancia = not far behind.
    * a poca distancia andando = within walking distance, within an easy walk.
    * a poca distancia a pie = within an easy walk, within walking distance.
    * aprendizaje a distancia = distance learning, open learning.
    * a un día de distancia de = one day away from.
    * controlado a distancia = remotely controllable.
    * corta distancia de desplazamiento = easy travelling distance.
    * curso a distancia = telecourse.
    * de larga distancia = long-distance.
    * desaparecer en la distancia = disappear in + the distance.
    * desplazarse grandes distancias = travel + long distances.
    * distancia a pie = walking distance.
    * distancia de desplazamiento = travel distance.
    * distancia de frenado = braking distance.
    * distancia de Hausdorff = Hausdorff distance.
    * distancia de seguridad = stopping distance, braking distance.
    * distancia focal = focal length.
    * distancia recorrida = mileage.
    * distancia + ser de + Número = be + Medida + apart.
    * distancia social = social distance.
    * Educación a Distancia = distance education, Open College.
    * enseñanza a distancia = distance learning, distance teaching.
    * Enseñanza Politécnica a Distancia = Open Polytechnic.
    * estar a años de distancia = be years away.
    * estar a + Cantidad + de distancia = Cantidad + distant from.
    * estar a + Expresión Numérica + de distancia = be + Número + away.
    * estudiante a distancia = distance student.
    * informática a distancia = telecomputing.
    * larga distancia = long haul.
    * largas distancias = large distances.
    * llamada de larga distancia = long-distance call.
    * llamada telefónica de larga distancia = long-distance (tele)phone call.
    * mando a distancia = remote control, remote controller.
    * mantener las distancias con = keep + Nombre + at arm's length.
    * mantenerse a distancia = stand off.
    * medicina a distancia = telemedicine.
    * Medida de Distancia + de distancia = Medida de Distancia + off.
    * otear en la distancia = loom + far in the distance.
    * recorrer grandes distancias = travel + long distances.
    * red de larga distancia = long haul network.
    * reducir las distancias = reduce + distance, close + the gap.
    * salvar las distancias = bridge + the chasm, bridge + the gap, bridge + the divide, bridge + the gulf.
    * situado a cierta distancia = further afield.
    * tener mucha distancia que recorrer = have + a long way to go.
    * trabajador a distancia = teleworker, telecommuter.
    * trabajar a distancia = telecommute.
    * trabajo a distancia = telecommuting, teleworking, telework.
    * universidad a distancia = open university, open college.
    * universidad nacional de educación a distancia (UNED) = open university.
    * vislumbrar en la distancia = loom + far in the distance.

    * * *
    A (en el espacio) distance
    la distancia que separa dos puntos the distance between two points
    ¿qué distancia hay de Tijuana a Tucson? what's the distance between Tijuana and Tucson?, how far is it from Tijuana to Tucson?
    ¿a qué distancia está Londres? how far is it to London?, how far is London?
    presenciaron la explosión a una distancia prudencial they witnessed the explosion from a safe distance
    una llamada de or a larga distancia a long-distance call
    B ( en locs):
    a distancia: procesamiento de textos a distancia off-site o remote text processing
    se situó a distancia para verlo en conjunto she stood back o she stood some distance away to see it as a whole
    en la distancia in the distance
    guardar or mantener las distancias to keep one's distance
    salvando las distancias: ¡es un Einstein! — salvando las distancias he's another Einstein! — well, I wouldn't go that far!
    es como París, salvando las distancias it's like Paris, although clearly you can only take the comparison so far ( colloq)
    tomar distancia ( Mil) to measure an arm's length from the next person
    hay que tomar distancia para ser objetivo in order to be objective you have to stand back from it o distance yourself from it o ( colloq) get a distance on it
    Compuesto:
    distancia de frenado/parada
    braking/stopping distance
    C
    (en el tiempo): la distancia que nos separa de la Reconquista the distance (in time) between the Reconquest and the present day
    a distancia el incidente le pareció una tontería looking back o in retrospect, the incident seemed insignificant
    D (afectiva) distance
    este incidente aumentó la distancia entre ellos this incident widened the distance o gap between them
    ahora una gran distancia los separa now they're worlds o poles apart, a rift o gulf has opened up between them
    * * *

     

    Del verbo distanciar: ( conjugate distanciar)

    distancia es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

    2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    distancia    
    distanciar
    distancia sustantivo femenino


    ¿a qué distancia está Londres? how far is it to London?, se situó a una distancia de un metro she stood a meter away;
    See Also→ llamada
    b) ( en locs)

    ◊ a distancia: se situó a distancia para verlo en conjunto she stood back to see it as a whole;

    se veía a distancia one could see it from a distance;
    mantenerse a distancia to keep at a distance;
    en la distancia in the distance;
    See Also→ educación 1, See Also→ enseñanza b
    distanciar ( conjugate distanciar) verbo transitivo
    a) ( espaciar) to space … out

    b) ( en lo afectivo) [amigos/familiares] to make … drift apart;

    distancia a algn de algn to distance sb from sb
    distanciarse verbo pronominal
    a) ( en el espacio) distanciase de algo to get far from sth

    b) ( en lo afectivo) ( recípr) to grow o drift apart;

    ( refl) distanciase de algn to distance oneself from sb
    distancia sustantivo femenino distance: lo contemplábamos a distancia, we looked at it from a distance
    nos sentamos a cierta distancia, we sat at a distance
    su silueta apareció en la distancia, her figure appeared in the distance
    distanciar verbo transitivo to separate
    ' distancia' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    A
    - calcular
    - cerca
    - corta
    - corto
    - cuentakilómetros
    - desde
    - enfriar
    - focal
    - mando
    - mantenerse
    - notable
    - pequeña
    - pequeño
    - recorrer
    - salvar
    - separar
    - separación
    - separarse
    - tirada
    - trayecto
    - UNED
    - a
    - acortar
    - ahuyentar
    - breve
    - caminar
    - cuadra
    - educación
    - enseñanza
    - hacer
    - llamada
    - medir
    - noviazgo
    - ómnibus
    - paso
    - radio
    - trecho
    - universidad
    - vislumbrar
    English:
    apart
    - control
    - cover
    - discreet
    - distance
    - do
    - far
    - fly
    - for
    - from
    - gap
    - haul
    - hold off
    - into
    - journey
    - keep away
    - narrow
    - off
    - pace
    - remote control
    - ride
    - stare
    - step
    - walk
    - way
    - within
    - commuter
    - detachment
    - long-distance
    - long
    - mileage
    - open
    - recede
    - remote
    * * *
    1. [espacio] distance;
    recorrer la distancia entre dos pueblos to cover the distance between two towns;
    ¿a qué distancia está el próximo pueblo? how far is the next town?;
    ¿cuál es la distancia o [m5] qué distancia hay entre Asunción y Montevideo? what is the distance between Asunción and Montevideo?;
    estábamos a bastante distancia del incendio we were quite a distance from the fire;
    los viandantes observaban el incidente a cierta distancia the passers-by watched the incident from a distance;
    a tanta distancia no puedo decirte quién es I can't say who it is from this distance;
    mantenerse a una distancia prudencial de to keep at a safe distance from;
    está a varios kilómetros de distancia it is several kilometres away;
    a distancia from a distance;
    estudiar a distancia to study by distance learning;
    mantener algo/a alguien a distancia to keep sth/sb at a distance;
    mantenerse a distancia (de) to keep one's distance (from);
    en la distancia in the distance
    distancia focal focal distance, focal length;
    distancia de frenado braking distance;
    distancia de seguridad safe distance [from the vehicle in front];
    mantenga la distancia de seguridad [en letrero de tráfico] keep your distance
    2. [en el tiempo] gap, space;
    está a dos minutos de distancia del ciclista francés he's two minutes away from the French cyclist;
    hay varios años de distancia entre estas dos fotografías the two photographs were taken several years apart;
    con la distancia que da el tiempo, desde la distancia looking back, in retrospect;
    ahora, desde la distancia, creo que nos equivocamos now, in retrospect, I think we were wrong
    3. [diferencia] difference;
    hay o [m5] media una gran distancia entre ambas teorías there is a great difference between the two theories;
    salvando las distancias allowing for the obvious differences
    4. [entre personas] distance;
    la lucha por la herencia aumentó la distancia entre los hermanos the dispute over the inheritance drove the brothers further apart;
    guardar o [m5] mantener las distancias (con alguien) to keep one's distance (from sb);
    acortar (las) distancias to come closer (to an agreement)
    * * *
    distance;
    a distancia at a distance;
    acortar distancias tb fig bridge the gap, catch up;
    guardar (las) distancias fig keep one’s distance
    * * *
    : distance
    * * *
    distancia n distance
    ¿a qué distancia? how far
    ¿a qué distancia está el mar? how far is the sea?
    ¿qué distancia hay entre Cádiz y Córdoba? how far is it from Cádiz to Córdoba?

    Spanish-English dictionary > distancia

  • 47 industria

    f.
    1 industry.
    industria alimentaria food industry
    industria automovilística o del automóvil car industry
    industria cinematográfica o del cine film o movie industry
    industria del ocio leisure industry
    industria punta sunrise industry
    2 factory.
    3 diligence, industry, application, sedulousness.
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: industriar.
    imperat.
    2nd person singular (tú) Imperative of Spanish verb: industriar.
    * * *
    1 (gen) industry
    2 (fábrica) factory
    \
    industria terciaria tertiary industry
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (Com) industry

    industria automovilística — car industry, auto industry (EEUU)

    industria del automóvil — car industry, automobile industry (EEUU)

    industria militar — weapons industry, defence industry

    2) (=fábrica) factory
    3) (=dedicación) industry, industriousness
    4) † (=maña) ingenuity, skill, expertise
    * * *
    femenino (Com, Econ) industry
    * * *
    = industry, industrial organisation.
    Ex. Library automation has become a multimillion dollar industry.
    Ex. This article discusses the changing information needs of users in industrial organisations.
    ----
    * científico de la industria = industrial scientist.
    * crisis de la industria del libro = book crisis.
    * estándar de la industria = industry standard.
    * industria aeroespacial, la = aerospace industry, the.
    * industria aeronáutica, la = airline industry, the, aviation industry, the.
    * industria agrícola = agro-industry.
    * industria agrícola, la = agricultural industry, the.
    * industria alcoholera, la = alcohol industry, the.
    * industria alimentaria = food industry.
    * industria alimenticia = food industry.
    * industria artesanal = cottage industry.
    * industria bancaria, la = banking industry, the.
    * industria cárnica, la = meat industry, the.
    * industria cinematográfica, la = film making industry, the, film industry, the, movie industry, the.
    * industria de actividades al aire libre, la = outdoor industry, the.
    * industria de defensa, la = defence industry, the [defense industry, -USA].
    * industria dedicada a la producción de carne de vaca, la = beef industry, the.
    * industria de la aeronáutica, la = aviation industry, the, airline industry, the.
    * industria de la aviación, la = aviation industry, the.
    * industria de la bebida, la = beverage industry, the.
    * industria del acero = steel industry.
    * industria de la cerveza, la = brewing industry, the.
    * industria de la comida rápida, la = fast-food industry, the.
    * industria de la confección = clothing industry.
    * industria de la confección, la = garment industry, the.
    * industria de la conserva, la = canned goods industry, the, tinned goods industry, the.
    * industria de la construcción, la = construction industry, the, building industry, the.
    * industria de la edición = book publishing industry.
    * industria de la edición de libros = book publishing industry.
    * industria de la edición impresa = print industry.
    * industria de la edición, la = publishing industry, the.
    * industria de la fabricación de muelles, la = spring industry, the.
    * industria de la hojalata, la = tinplate industry, the.
    * industria de la iluminación, la = lighting industry, the.
    * industria de la imprenta, la = printing industry, the.
    * industria de la información electrónica = electronic information industry.
    * industria de la información en línea, la = online industry, the, online information industry, the.
    * industria de la información, la = information industry, the.
    * industria de la informática = computer industry.
    * industria de la ingeniería eléctrica, la = electrical engineering industry, the.
    * industria de la ingeniería química, la = chemical engineering industry, the.
    * industria del alcohol, la = alcohol industry, the.
    * industria del aluminio, la = aluminium industry, the.
    * industria de la madera = timber industry.
    * industria de la moda, la = fashion industry, the.
    * industria de la prensa, la = newspaper industry, the.
    * industria de la propiedad = property industry.
    * industria de la propiedad intelectual = intellectual property industry.
    * industria de la radio y televisión, la = broadcasting industry, the.
    * industria de las bases de datos = database industry.
    * industria de las comunicaciones = communications industry.
    * industria de las exposiciones comerciales = trade show industry.
    * industria de las ferias de muestras = trade show industry.
    * industria de las finanzas, la = finance industry, the.
    * industria de las publicaciones periódicas, la = serial industry, the.
    * industria de las publicaciones seriadas, la = serials industry, the.
    * industria de las telecomunicaciones, la = telecommunications industry, the.
    * industria del automóvil, la = automotive industry, the, automobile industry, the, motor trade, the, motor industry, the.
    * industria del carbón = coal industry.
    * industria del CD-ROM = CD-ROM industry.
    * industria del cine, la = film making industry, the, film industry, the, movie industry, the.
    * industria del cuero = leather industry.
    * industria del espectáculo, la = show business.
    * industria del ganado lanar = sheep farming.
    * industria del gas = gas industry.
    * industria del libro = book industry.
    * industria del libro, la = bookmaking industry, the.
    * industria del motor, la = motor industry, the.
    * industria del ocio, la = entertainment industry, the.
    * industria de los alimentos = food industry.
    * industria de los medios de comunicación de masas = mass communications industry.
    * industria de los productos lácteos, la = dairy industry, the.
    * industria del papel = paper industry.
    * industria del periódico, la = newspaper industry, the.
    * industria del petróleo = petroleum industry.
    * industria del sector turístico = tourism industry.
    * industria del software, la = software industry, the.
    * industria del tabaco, la = tobacco industry, the.
    * industria del turismo = tourism industry.
    * industria del vestir = clothing industry.
    * industria de servicios = service industry.
    * industria de servicios financieros, la = financial services industry, the.
    * industria discográfica, la = record production industry, the, music industry, the, record industry, the, recording industry, the, music business, the.
    * industria editorial = book industry.
    * industria editorial, la = publishing industry, the.
    * industria energética = energy industry, energy company.
    * industria energética, la = energy utility business, the.
    * industria farmacéutica, la = pharmaceutical industry, the.
    * industria financiera, la = finance industry, the.
    * industria hotelera, la = hotel industry, the.
    * industria láctea, la = dairy industry, the.
    * industria ligera = light industry.
    * industria maderera = timber industry.
    * industria manufacturera = manufacturing industry.
    * industria marina, la = marine industry, the.
    * industria marítima, la = maritime industry, the.
    * industria metalúrgica, la = metallurgical industry, the.
    * industria naval, la = shipping industry, the.
    * industria naviera = shipbuilding industry.
    * industria naviera, la = shipping industry, the.
    * industria nuclear, la = nuclear industry, the.
    * industria papelera = paper industry.
    * industria para la preparación de alimentos = food processing industry.
    * industria pesada = heavy industry.
    * industria pesquera, la = fishing industry, the, fishery industry, the.
    * industria petroquímica = petrochemical industry.
    * industria química = chemical industry.
    * industria química, la = chemical industry, the.
    * industrias que dependen de los recursos humanos = personnel based industries.
    * industria textil = textile industry.
    * industria turística = tourism industry.
    * industria turística, la = tourist industry, the.
    * la industria de la informática = computer industry.
    * Ministerio de Comercio e Industria = Department of Trade and Industry.
    * norma de la industria = industry standard.
    * para toda la industria = industry-wide.
    * período de prácticas en la industria = industrial placement.
    * sector de la industria farmacéutica, el = pharmaceutical sector, the.
    * trabajador de la industria = industrial worker.
    * * *
    femenino (Com, Econ) industry
    * * *
    = industry, industrial organisation.

    Ex: Library automation has become a multimillion dollar industry.

    Ex: This article discusses the changing information needs of users in industrial organisations.
    * científico de la industria = industrial scientist.
    * crisis de la industria del libro = book crisis.
    * estándar de la industria = industry standard.
    * industria aeroespacial, la = aerospace industry, the.
    * industria aeronáutica, la = airline industry, the, aviation industry, the.
    * industria agrícola = agro-industry.
    * industria agrícola, la = agricultural industry, the.
    * industria alcoholera, la = alcohol industry, the.
    * industria alimentaria = food industry.
    * industria alimenticia = food industry.
    * industria artesanal = cottage industry.
    * industria bancaria, la = banking industry, the.
    * industria cárnica, la = meat industry, the.
    * industria cinematográfica, la = film making industry, the, film industry, the, movie industry, the.
    * industria de actividades al aire libre, la = outdoor industry, the.
    * industria de defensa, la = defence industry, the [defense industry, -USA].
    * industria dedicada a la producción de carne de vaca, la = beef industry, the.
    * industria de la aeronáutica, la = aviation industry, the, airline industry, the.
    * industria de la aviación, la = aviation industry, the.
    * industria de la bebida, la = beverage industry, the.
    * industria del acero = steel industry.
    * industria de la cerveza, la = brewing industry, the.
    * industria de la comida rápida, la = fast-food industry, the.
    * industria de la confección = clothing industry.
    * industria de la confección, la = garment industry, the.
    * industria de la conserva, la = canned goods industry, the, tinned goods industry, the.
    * industria de la construcción, la = construction industry, the, building industry, the.
    * industria de la edición = book publishing industry.
    * industria de la edición de libros = book publishing industry.
    * industria de la edición impresa = print industry.
    * industria de la edición, la = publishing industry, the.
    * industria de la fabricación de muelles, la = spring industry, the.
    * industria de la hojalata, la = tinplate industry, the.
    * industria de la iluminación, la = lighting industry, the.
    * industria de la imprenta, la = printing industry, the.
    * industria de la información electrónica = electronic information industry.
    * industria de la información en línea, la = online industry, the, online information industry, the.
    * industria de la información, la = information industry, the.
    * industria de la informática = computer industry.
    * industria de la ingeniería eléctrica, la = electrical engineering industry, the.
    * industria de la ingeniería química, la = chemical engineering industry, the.
    * industria del alcohol, la = alcohol industry, the.
    * industria del aluminio, la = aluminium industry, the.
    * industria de la madera = timber industry.
    * industria de la moda, la = fashion industry, the.
    * industria de la prensa, la = newspaper industry, the.
    * industria de la propiedad = property industry.
    * industria de la propiedad intelectual = intellectual property industry.
    * industria de la radio y televisión, la = broadcasting industry, the.
    * industria de las bases de datos = database industry.
    * industria de las comunicaciones = communications industry.
    * industria de las exposiciones comerciales = trade show industry.
    * industria de las ferias de muestras = trade show industry.
    * industria de las finanzas, la = finance industry, the.
    * industria de las publicaciones periódicas, la = serial industry, the.
    * industria de las publicaciones seriadas, la = serials industry, the.
    * industria de las telecomunicaciones, la = telecommunications industry, the.
    * industria del automóvil, la = automotive industry, the, automobile industry, the, motor trade, the, motor industry, the.
    * industria del carbón = coal industry.
    * industria del CD-ROM = CD-ROM industry.
    * industria del cine, la = film making industry, the, film industry, the, movie industry, the.
    * industria del cuero = leather industry.
    * industria del espectáculo, la = show business.
    * industria del ganado lanar = sheep farming.
    * industria del gas = gas industry.
    * industria del libro = book industry.
    * industria del libro, la = bookmaking industry, the.
    * industria del motor, la = motor industry, the.
    * industria del ocio, la = entertainment industry, the.
    * industria de los alimentos = food industry.
    * industria de los medios de comunicación de masas = mass communications industry.
    * industria de los productos lácteos, la = dairy industry, the.
    * industria del papel = paper industry.
    * industria del periódico, la = newspaper industry, the.
    * industria del petróleo = petroleum industry.
    * industria del sector turístico = tourism industry.
    * industria del software, la = software industry, the.
    * industria del tabaco, la = tobacco industry, the.
    * industria del turismo = tourism industry.
    * industria del vestir = clothing industry.
    * industria de servicios = service industry.
    * industria de servicios financieros, la = financial services industry, the.
    * industria discográfica, la = record production industry, the, music industry, the, record industry, the, recording industry, the, music business, the.
    * industria editorial = book industry.
    * industria editorial, la = publishing industry, the.
    * industria energética = energy industry, energy company.
    * industria energética, la = energy utility business, the.
    * industria farmacéutica, la = pharmaceutical industry, the.
    * industria financiera, la = finance industry, the.
    * industria hotelera, la = hotel industry, the.
    * industria láctea, la = dairy industry, the.
    * industria ligera = light industry.
    * industria maderera = timber industry.
    * industria manufacturera = manufacturing industry.
    * industria marina, la = marine industry, the.
    * industria marítima, la = maritime industry, the.
    * industria metalúrgica, la = metallurgical industry, the.
    * industria naval, la = shipping industry, the.
    * industria naviera = shipbuilding industry.
    * industria naviera, la = shipping industry, the.
    * industria nuclear, la = nuclear industry, the.
    * industria papelera = paper industry.
    * industria para la preparación de alimentos = food processing industry.
    * industria pesada = heavy industry.
    * industria pesquera, la = fishing industry, the, fishery industry, the.
    * industria petroquímica = petrochemical industry.
    * industria química = chemical industry.
    * industria química, la = chemical industry, the.
    * industrias que dependen de los recursos humanos = personnel based industries.
    * industria textil = textile industry.
    * industria turística = tourism industry.
    * industria turística, la = tourist industry, the.
    * la industria de la informática = computer industry.
    * Ministerio de Comercio e Industria = Department of Trade and Industry.
    * norma de la industria = industry standard.
    * para toda la industria = industry-wide.
    * período de prácticas en la industria = industrial placement.
    * sector de la industria farmacéutica, el = pharmaceutical sector, the.
    * trabajador de la industria = industrial worker.

    * * *
    A ( Com, Econ) industry
    la industria de la construcción the construction industry
    Compuestos:
    cottage industry
    motor industry, car industry
    cottage industry
    telecommunications industry
    sex industry
    space industry
    light industry
    arms o weapons industry, defense* industry
    heavy industry
    fishing industry
    staple industries (pl)
    iron and steel industry
    B
    1 (esfuerzo) diligence, industry
    2 (destreza) resourcefulness, ingenuity
    * * *

    industria sustantivo femenino (Com, Econ) industry;

    industria pesquera fishing industry
    industria sustantivo femenino industry
    industria siderúrgica, iron and steel industry

    ' industria' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    aeronáutica
    - aeronáutico
    - azucarera
    - azucarero
    - cafetera
    - cafetero
    - cárnica
    - cárnico
    - cinematográfica
    - cinematográfico
    - confección
    - construcción
    - manufactura
    - minería
    - peletería
    - perfumería
    - repunte
    - revolucionar
    - sombrerería
    - turismo
    - alimenticio
    - ascenso
    - atrasar
    - automotor
    - crecimiento
    - fomentar
    - hotelería
    - lechero
    - levantar
    - nacional
    - nacionalización
    - nacionalizar
    - obrero
    - paralizar
    - ramo
    - reconvertir
    - usina
    - vinícola
    English:
    cosmetic
    - cottage industry
    - cripple
    - develop
    - DTI
    - encourage
    - encouragement
    - forefront
    - high-tech
    - industry
    - meat industry
    - oil industry
    - printing
    - publishing
    - rag trade
    - rundown
    - service industry
    - standstill
    - steel industry
    - tourist industry
    - trade
    - woolen
    - woollen
    - business
    - fishery
    - growth industry
    - manufacturing
    - tourist
    * * *
    1. [sector] industry
    la industria agroalimentaria the food and agriculture industry;
    industria automotriz car o Br motor o US automobile industry;
    industria del automóvil car o Br motor o US automobile industry;
    industria automovilística car o Br motor o US automobile industry;
    industria del entretenimiento entertainment industry;
    industria en expansión growth industry;
    industria ligera light industry;
    industria del ocio leisure industry;
    industria pesada heavy industry;
    industria punta sunrise industry;
    industria textil textile industry;
    industria de transformación manufacturing industry;
    industria del turismo tourist industry;
    industria turística tourist industry
    2. [fábrica] factory
    3. [habilidad] industry, hard work
    * * *
    f
    1 actividad, sector industry
    2 ( esfuerzo) industriousness, industry
    * * *
    : industry
    * * *
    industria n industry [pl. industries]

    Spanish-English dictionary > industria

  • 48 центр

    center, site
    * * *
    центр м.
    1. centre; central point
    в це́нтрах — on centres
    шлифова́ть в це́нтрах — grind on centres
    вне це́нтра — out-of-centre
    нака́лывать центр ( для проведения окружности) — prick off a centre
    помещё́нный в це́нтре — centrally located, centrally positioned
    (расстоя́ние) ме́жду це́нтрами — centre-to-centre (distance), (distance) on centres
    с це́нтром в то́чке, напр. А — with point A as centre
    устана́вливать по це́нтру — mount on centre
    устана́вливать совмеще́нием от це́нтра — mount off centre
    2. (напр. кристалла) nucleus
    актива́торный центр — activation centre
    акти́вный центр — active centre
    акце́пторный центр — acceptor centre
    центр архитекту́рного оформле́ния автомоби́ля — styling centre
    веду́щий центр ( токарный) — driving centre
    центр величины́ мор. — centre of buoyancy, centre of cavity, centre of displacement
    центр вневпи́санной окру́жности — excentre (of a triangle)
    центр впи́санной в треуго́льник окру́жности — incentre of a triangle, orthocentre of a triangle
    центр враще́ния — centre of rotation
    центр вы́борки мат., стат. — centre of a sample
    вычисли́тельный центр — computing [computation] centre, computer bureau
    центр гармони́ческого движе́ния — centre of harmonic motion
    геодези́ческий центр — centre of a beacon
    центр гомоте́тии — centre of similitude, homothetic centre
    центр гра́ни — face centre
    центр гру́ппы мат. — centre [central] of a group
    центр давле́ния — centre of pressure
    центр давле́ния — э́то то́чка пересече́ния результи́рующей си́лы давле́ния на крыло́ с пло́скостью хо́рды крыла́ ав. — the centre of pressure is the point where the resultant aerodynamic force cuts the chord line of an airfoil
    центр да́льней косми́ческой свя́зи — deep-space communications centre
    центр движе́ния — centre of motion
    центр де́йствия — centre of action
    центр деформа́ции — strain centre
    диагности́ческий центр — diagnostic centre
    до́норный центр — donor centre
    центр жё́сткости ав. — elastic centre
    за́дний центр ( токарный) — tailstock centre
    закладно́й центр геод. — lower [underground] centre
    центр захва́та полупр. — trapping site
    центр захва́та ды́рки — hole trapping site
    центр захва́та электро́на — electron trapping site
    центр зо́ны генера́ции клистро́на — centre of a klystron mode
    центр изги́ба — flexural centre
    центр инве́рсии — centre of inversion
    центр ине́рции — centre of mass, centre of inertia
    информацио́нно-вычисли́тельный центр — data-processing [dp] (computer) centre
    центр кача́ний ( физического маятника) — centre of oscillation
    центр колеба́ний — centre of oscillation
    колё́сный центр — wheel spider, wheel centre
    коммутацио́нный центр свз. — switching centre, switching office
    соединя́ть коммутацио́нные це́нтры по при́нципу “ка́ждый с ка́ждым” — connect switching centres each to all others by direct circuits
    коммутацио́нный, гла́вный центр — regional switching centre, regional switching office
    коммутацио́нный, областно́й центр — primary outlet
    коммутацио́нный, райо́нный центр — toll centre
    центр конденса́ции — condensation centre
    центр кре́на — roll centre
    центр кре́на, мгнове́нный — instantaneous (roll) centre
    центр кривизны́ — centre of curvature
    центр кристаллиза́ции — crystallization centre, nucleus of crystallization
    центр круче́ния — centre of twist, shear centre
    центр ли́нзы, опти́ческий — centre of lens
    центр люминесце́нции — luminescence [luminescent] centre
    центр масс — centre of mass, centre of inertia
    мгнове́нный центр — instant(aneous) centre
    неподви́жный центр ( токарный) — dead centre
    центр обрабо́тки да́нных — data processing centre
    обра́тный центр ( токарный) — reverse [female] centre
    центр окра́ски — colour centre
    центр опи́санной окру́жности — circumcentre
    опти́ческий центр — optical centre
    центр паралле́льных сил — centre of parallel forces
    пере́дний центр ( токарный) — headstock centre
    центр перемеще́ния — centre of movement
    центр пита́ния эл. — main substation
    пла́вающий центр ( токарный) — floating a centre
    центр поворо́та, мгнове́нный — instantaneous centre of turn
    центр подве́са — centre of suspension
    центр подо́бия — centre of similitude, homothetic centre
    центр пото́ка — core of flow
    центр приведе́ния — reduction centre
    центр прилипа́ния полупр. — trap(ping) centre
    при́месный центр — impurity site
    центр проекти́рования мат. — centre of projection; station point
    центр прое́кций — centre of projection, projection centre
    промежу́точный центр ( станция или установка) — intermediate centre
    центр проя́вления — development nucleus, development centre
    центр пучка́ мат. — vertex of a pencil
    центр равнове́сия — centre of equilibrium
    радика́льный центр мат. — radical centre
    рассе́ивающий центр — scattering centre
    центр регули́рования — control centre
    центр рекомбина́ции — recombination centre
    центр свече́ния — luminescence [luminescent] centre
    центр сил — centre of force
    силово́й центр — centre of force
    центр симме́трии — centre of symmetry
    центр си́мплекса — midpoint of a simplex
    сре́занный центр ( токарный) — half-centre
    центр сры́ва пото́ка — separation centre
    таре́льчатый центр ( токарный) — disk centre
    телевизио́нный центр — television centre
    центр тя́жести — centre of gravity
    центр уда́ра — centre of percussion
    центр управле́ния — control centre
    центр управле́ния возду́шным движе́нием — air traffic control centre
    центр ускоре́ний — acceleration centre
    центр циркуля́ции су́дна — centre of the turning circle of a vessel
    центр шарни́ра — fulcrum

    Русско-английский политехнический словарь > центр

  • 49 levytila

    automatic data processing
    • disk space
    automatic data processing
    • disk storage

    Suomi-Englanti sanakirja > levytila

  • 50 метод

    м. method; procedure; technique

    Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > метод

  • 51 центр

    1. м. centre; central point
    2. м. nucleus

    центр давления — это точка пересечения результирующей силы давления на крыло с плоскостью хорды крыла — the centre of pressure is the point where the resultant aerodynamic force cuts the chord line of an airfoil

    центр проектирования — centre of projection; station point

    Синонимический ряд:
    1. середина (сущ.) середина; середка; середку
    2. средоточие (сущ.) средоточие; фокус

    Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > центр

  • 52 космическое материаловедение

    1) General subject: materials processing in space
    2) Astronautics: space materials science

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > космическое материаловедение

  • 53 производственная среда

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > производственная среда

  • 54 производственное помещение

    1) General subject: shop floor, working space, workplace
    5) Accounting: workroom
    6) Insurance: business premises
    7) Automation: workshop
    8) Cables: working assembly
    10) Disaster recovery: site

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > производственное помещение

  • 55 БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ

    Мы приняли следующие сокращения для наиболее часто упоминаемых книг и журналов:
    IJP - International Journal of Psycho-analysis
    JAPA - Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association
    SE - Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. James Strachey (London: Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1953—74.)
    PSOC - Psychoanalytic Study of the Child (New Haven: Yale University Press)
    PQ - Psychoanalytic Quarterly
    WAF - The Writings of Anna Freud, ed. Anna Freud (New York: International Universities Press, 1966—74)
    PMC - Psychoanalysis The Major Concepts ed. Burness E. Moore and Bernard D. Fine (New Haven: Yale University Press)
    \
    О словаре: _about - Psychoanalytic Terms and Concepts
    \
    1. Abend, S. M. Identity. PMC. Forthcoming.
    2. Abend, S. M. (1974) Problems of identity. PQ, 43.
    3. Abend, S. M., Porder, M. S. & Willick, M. S. (1983) Borderline Patients. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    4. Abraham, K. (1916) The first pregenital stage of libido. Selected Papers. London, Hogarth Press, 1948.
    5. Abraham, K. (1917) Ejaculatio praecox. In: selected Papers. New York Basic Books.
    6. Abraham, K. (1921) Contributions to the theory of the anal character. Selected Papers. New York: Basic Books, 1953.
    7. Abraham, K. (1924) A Short study of the development of the libido, viewed in the light of mental disorders. In: Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1927.
    8. Abraham, K. (1924) Manic-depressive states and the pre-genital levels of the libido. In: Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1949.
    9. Abraham, K. (1924) Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1948.
    10. Abraham, K. (1924) The influence of oral erotism on character formation. Ibid.
    11. Abraham, K. (1925) The history of an impostor in the light of psychoanalytic knowledge. In: Clinical Papers and Essays on Psychoanalysis. New York: Basic Books, 1955, vol. 2.
    12. Abrams, S. (1971) The psychoanalytic unconsciousness. In: The Unconscious Today, ed. M. Kanzer. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    13. Abrams, S. (1981) Insight. PSOC, 36.
    14. Abse, D W. (1985) The depressive character In Depressive States and their Treatment, ed. V. Volkan New York: Jason Aronson.
    15. Abse, D. W. (1985) Hysteria and Related Mental Disorders. Bristol: John Wright.
    16. Ackner, B. (1954) Depersonalization. J. Ment. Sci., 100.
    17. Adler, A. (1924) Individual Psychology. New York: Harcourt, Brace.
    18. Akhtar, S. (1984) The syndrome of identity diffusion. Amer. J. Psychiat., 141.
    19. Alexander, F. (1950) Psychosomatic Medicine. New York: Norton.
    20. Allen, D. W. (1974) The Feat- of Looking. Charlottesvill, Va: Univ. Press of Virginia.
    21. Allen, D. W. (1980) Psychoanalytic treatment of the exhibitionist. In: Exhibitionist, Description, Assessment, and Treatment, ed. D. Cox. New York: Garland STPM Press.
    22. Allport, G. (1937) Personality. New York: Henry Holt.
    23. Almansi, R. J. (1960) The face-breast equation. JAPA, 6.
    24. Almansi, R. J. (1979) Scopophilia and object loss. PQ, 47.
    25. Altman, L. Z. (1969) The Dream in Psychoanalysis. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    26. Altman, L. Z. (1977) Some vicissitudes of love. JAPA, 25.
    27. American Psychiatric Association. (1987) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3d ed. revised. Washington, D. C.
    28. Ansbacher, Z. & Ansbacher, R. (1956) The Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler. New York: Basic Books.
    29. Anthony, E. J. (1981) Shame, guilt, and the feminine self in psychoanalysis. In: Object and Self, ed. S. Tuttman, C. Kaye & M. Zimmerman. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    30. Arlow. J. A. (1953) Masturbation and symptom formation. JAPA, 1.
    31. Arlow. J. A. (1959) The structure of the deja vu experience. JAPA, 7.
    32. Arlow. J. A. (1961) Ego psychology and the study of mythology. JAPA, 9.
    33. Arlow. J. A. (1963) Conflict, regression and symptom formation. IJP, 44.
    34. Arlow. J. A. (1966) Depersonalization and derealization. In: Psychoanalysis: A General Psychology, ed. R. M. Loewenstein, L. M. Newman, M. Schur & A. J. Solnit. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    35. Arlow. J. A. (1969) Fantasy, memory and reality testing. PQ, 38.
    36. Arlow. J. A. (1969) Unconscious fantasy and disturbances of mental experience. PQ, 38.
    37. Arlow. J. A. (1970) The psychopathology of the psychoses. IJP, 51.
    38. Arlow. J. A. (1975) The structural hypothesis. PQ, 44.
    39. Arlow. J. A. (1977) Affects and the psychoanalytic situation. IJP, 58.
    40. Arlow. J. A. (1979) Metaphor and the psychoanalytic situation. PQ, 48.
    41. Arlow. J. A. (1979) The genesis of interpretation. JAPA, 27 (suppl.).
    42. Arlow. J. A. (1982) Problems of the superego concept. PSOC, 37.
    43. Arlow. J. A. (1984) Disturbances of the sense of time. PQ, 53.
    44. Arlow. J. A. (1985) Some technical problems of countertransference. PQ, 54.
    45. Arlow, J. A. & Brenner, C. (1963) Psychoanalytic Concepts and the Structural Theory, New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    46. Arlow, J. A. & Brenner, C. (1969) The psychopathology of the psychoses. IJP, 50.
    47. Asch, S. S. (1966) Depression. PSOC, 21.
    48. Asch, S. S. (1976) Varieties of negative therapeutic reactions and problems of technique. JAPA, 24.
    49. Atkins, N. (1970) The Oedipus myth. Adolescence, and the succession of generations. JAPA, 18.
    50. Atkinson, J. W. & Birch, D. (1970) The Dynamics of Action. New York: Wiley.
    51. Bachrach, H. M. & Leaff, L. A. (1978) Analyzability. JAPA, 26.
    52. Bacon, C. (1956) A developmental theory of female homosexuality. In: Perversions,ed, S. Lorand & M. Balint. New York: Gramercy.
    53. Bak, R. C. (1953) Fetishism. JAPA. 1.
    54. Bak, R. C. (1968) The phallic woman. PSOC, 23.
    55. Bak, R. C. & Stewart, W. A. (1974) Fetishism, transvestism, and voyeurism. An American Handbook of Psychiatry, ed. S. Arieti. New York: Basic Books, vol. 3.
    56. Balint, A. (1949) Love for mother and mother-love. IJP, 30.
    57. Balter, L., Lothane, Z. & Spencer, J. H. (1980) On the analyzing instrument, PQ, 49.
    58. Basch, M. F. (1973) Psychoanalysis and theory formation. Ann. Psychoanal., 1.
    59. Basch, M. F. (1976) The concept of affect. JAPA, 24.
    60. Basch, M. F. (1981) Selfobject disorders and psychoanalytic theory. JAPA, 29.
    61. Basch, M. F. (1983) Emphatic understanding. JAPA. 31.
    62. Balldry, F. Character. PMC. Forthcoming.
    63. Balldry, F. (1983) The evolution of the concept of character in Freud's writings. JAPA. 31.
    64. Begelman, D. A. (1971) Misnaming, metaphors, the medical model and some muddles. Psychiatry, 34.
    65. Behrends, R. S. & Blatt, E. J. (1985) Internalization and psychological development throughout the life cycle. PSOC, 40.
    66. Bell, A. (1961) Some observations on the role of the scrotal sac and testicles JAPA, 9.
    67. Benedeck, T. (1949) The psychosomatic implications of the primary unit. Amer. J. Orthopsychiat., 19.
    68. Beres, C. (1958) Vicissitudes of superego functions and superego precursors in childhood. FSOC, 13.
    69. Beres, D. Conflict. PMC. Forthcoming.
    70. Beres, D. (1956) Ego deviation and the concept of schizophrenia. PSOC, 11.
    71. Beres, D. (1960) Perception, imagination and reality. IJP, 41.
    72. Beres, D. (1960) The psychoanalytic psychology of imagination. JAPA, 8.
    73. Beres, D. & Joseph, E. D. (1965) Structure and function in psychoanalysis. IJP, 46.
    74. Beres, D. (1970) The concept of mental representation in psychoanalysis. IJP, 51.
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    839. Tolpin, M. (1970) The infantile neurosis. PSOC, 25.
    840. Tolpin, M. (1971) On the beginnings of a cohesive self. PSOC. 26.
    841. Tolpin, M. & Kohut, H. (1980) The disorders of the self. In: The Course of Life, ed. S. Greenspan & G. Pollock. Washington, B. C.: U. S. Dept. Health and Human Services.
    842. Turkle, S. (1986) A review of Grosskurth, P.: Molanie Klein. New York: Times Books, Review, May 18, 1986.
    843. Tyson, P. Development. PMC. Forthcoming.
    844. Tyson, P. (1982) A developmental line of gender identity, gender role, and choice of love object. JAPA, 30.
    845. Tyson, P. & Tyson, R. L. Development. PMC. Forthcoming.
    846. Tyson, P. & Tyson, R. L. The psychoanalitic theory of development. PMC. Forthcoming.
    847. Tyson, P. & Tyson, R. L. (1984) Narcissism and superego development. JAPA, 34.
    848. Tyson, R. & Sundler, J. (1971) Problems in the selection of patients for psychoanalysis. Brit. J. Med. Psychol., 44.
    849. Valenstein, A. F. (1979) The concept of "classical" psycho-analysis. JAPA. 27. (suppl.).
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    851. Waelder, R. (1930) The principle of multiple function. PQ, 5.
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    Словарь психоаналитических терминов и понятий > БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ

  • 56 Creativity

       Put in this bald way, these aims sound utopian. How utopian they areor rather, how imminent their realization-depends on how broadly or narrowly we interpret the term "creative." If we are willing to regard all human complex problem solving as creative, then-as we will point out-successful programs for problem solving mechanisms that simulate human problem solvers already exist, and a number of their general characteristics are known. If we reserve the term "creative" for activities like discovery of the special theory of relativity or the composition of Beethoven's Seventh Symphony, then no example of a creative mechanism exists at the present time. (Simon, 1979, pp. 144-145)
       Among the questions that can now be given preliminary answers in computational terms are the following: how can ideas from very different sources be spontaneously thought of together? how can two ideas be merged to produce a new structure, which shows the influence of both ancestor ideas without being a mere "cut-and-paste" combination? how can the mind be "primed," so that one will more easily notice serendipitous ideas? why may someone notice-and remember-something fairly uninteresting, if it occurs in an interesting context? how can a brief phrase conjure up an entire melody from memory? and how can we accept two ideas as similar ("love" and "prove" as rhyming, for instance) in respect of a feature not identical in both? The features of connectionist AI models that suggest answers to these questions are their powers of pattern completion, graceful degradation, sensitization, multiple constraint satisfaction, and "best-fit" equilibration.... Here, the important point is that the unconscious, "insightful," associative aspects of creativity can be explained-in outline, at least-by AI methods. (Boden, 1996, p. 273)
       There thus appears to be an underlying similarity in the process involved in creative innovation and social independence, with common traits and postures required for expression of both behaviors. The difference is one of product-literary, musical, artistic, theoretical products on the one hand, opinions on the other-rather than one of process. In both instances the individual must believe that his perceptions are meaningful and valid and be willing to rely upon his own interpretations. He must trust himself sufficiently that even when persons express opinions counter to his own he can proceed on the basis of his own perceptions and convictions. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 58)
       he average level of ego strength and emotional stability is noticeably higher among creative geniuses than among the general population, though it is possibly lower than among men of comparable intelligence and education who go into administrative and similar positions. High anxiety and excitability appear common (e.g. Priestley, Darwin, Kepler) but full-blown neurosis is quite rare. (Cattell & Butcher, 1970, p. 315)
       he insight that is supposed to be required for such work as discovery turns out to be synonymous with the familiar process of recognition; and other terms commonly used in the discussion of creative work-such terms as "judgment," "creativity," or even "genius"-appear to be wholly dispensable or to be definable, as insight is, in terms of mundane and well-understood concepts. (Simon, 1989, p. 376)
       From the sketch material still in existence, from the condition of the fragments, and from the autographs themselves we can draw definite conclusions about Mozart's creative process. To invent musical ideas he did not need any stimulation; they came to his mind "ready-made" and in polished form. In contrast to Beethoven, who made numerous attempts at shaping his musical ideas until he found the definitive formulation of a theme, Mozart's first inspiration has the stamp of finality. Any Mozart theme has completeness and unity; as a phenomenon it is a Gestalt. (Herzmann, 1964, p. 28)
       Great artists enlarge the limits of one's perception. Looking at the world through the eyes of Rembrandt or Tolstoy makes one able to perceive aspects of truth about the world which one could not have achieved without their aid. Freud believed that science was adaptive because it facilitated mastery of the external world; but was it not the case that many scientific theories, like works of art, also originated in phantasy? Certainly, reading accounts of scientific discovery by men of the calibre of Einstein compelled me to conclude that phantasy was not merely escapist, but a way of reaching new insights concerning the nature of reality. Scientific hypotheses require proof; works of art do not. Both are concerned with creating order, with making sense out of the world and our experience of it. (Storr, 1993, p. xii)
       The importance of self-esteem for creative expression appears to be almost beyond disproof. Without a high regard for himself the individual who is working in the frontiers of his field cannot trust himself to discriminate between the trivial and the significant. Without trust in his own powers the person seeking improved solutions or alternative theories has no basis for distinguishing the significant and profound innovation from the one that is merely different.... An essential component of the creative process, whether it be analysis, synthesis, or the development of a new perspective or more comprehensive theory, is the conviction that one's judgment in interpreting the events is to be trusted. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 59)
       In the daily stream of thought these four different stages [preparation; incubation; illumination or inspiration; and verification] constantly overlap each other as we explore different problems. An economist reading a Blue Book, a physiologist watching an experiment, or a business man going through his morning's letters, may at the same time be "incubating" on a problem which he proposed to himself a few days ago, be accumulating knowledge in "preparation" for a second problem, and be "verifying" his conclusions to a third problem. Even in exploring the same problem, the mind may be unconsciously incubating on one aspect of it, while it is consciously employed in preparing for or verifying another aspect. (Wallas, 1926, p. 81)
       he basic, bisociative pattern of the creative synthesis [is] the sudden interlocking of two previously unrelated skills, or matrices of thought. (Koestler, 1964, p. 121)
        11) The Earliest Stages in the Creative Process Involve a Commerce with Disorder
       Even to the creator himself, the earliest effort may seem to involve a commerce with disorder. For the creative order, which is an extension of life, is not an elaboration of the established, but a movement beyond the established, or at least a reorganization of it and often of elements not included in it. The first need is therefore to transcend the old order. Before any new order can be defined, the absolute power of the established, the hold upon us of what we know and are, must be broken. New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive that world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." (Ghiselin, 1985, p. 4)
       New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive our world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." Chaos and disorder are perhaps the wrong terms for that indeterminate fullness and activity of the inner life. For it is organic, dynamic, full of tension and tendency. What is absent from it, except in the decisive act of creation, is determination, fixity, and commitment to one resolution or another of the whole complex of its tensions. (Ghiselin, 1952, p. 13)
       [P]sychoanalysts have principally been concerned with the content of creative products, and with explaining content in terms of the artist's infantile past. They have paid less attention to examining why the artist chooses his particular activity to express, abreact or sublimate his emotions. In short, they have not made much distinction between art and neurosis; and, since the former is one of the blessings of mankind, whereas the latter is one of the curses, it seems a pity that they should not be better differentiated....
       Psychoanalysis, being fundamentally concerned with drive and motive, might have been expected to throw more light upon what impels the creative person that in fact it has. (Storr, 1993, pp. xvii, 3)
       A number of theoretical approaches were considered. Associative theory, as developed by Mednick (1962), gained some empirical support from the apparent validity of the Remote Associates Test, which was constructed on the basis of the theory.... Koestler's (1964) bisociative theory allows more complexity to mental organization than Mednick's associative theory, and postulates "associative contexts" or "frames of reference." He proposed that normal, non-creative, thought proceeds within particular contexts or frames and that the creative act involves linking together previously unconnected frames.... Simonton (1988) has developed associative notions further and explored the mathematical consequences of chance permutation of ideas....
       Like Koestler, Gruber (1980; Gruber and Davis, 1988) has based his analysis on case studies. He has focused especially on Darwin's development of the theory of evolution. Using piagetian notions, such as assimilation and accommodation, Gruber shows how Darwin's system of ideas changed very slowly over a period of many years. "Moments of insight," in Gruber's analysis, were the culminations of slow long-term processes.... Finally, the information-processing approach, as represented by Simon (1966) and Langley et al. (1987), was considered.... [Simon] points out the importance of good problem representations, both to ensure search is in an appropriate problem space and to aid in developing heuristic evaluations of possible research directions.... The work of Langley et al. (1987) demonstrates how such search processes, realized in computer programs, can indeed discover many basic laws of science from tables of raw data.... Boden (1990a, 1994) has stressed the importance of restructuring the problem space in creative work to develop new genres and paradigms in the arts and sciences. (Gilhooly, 1996, pp. 243-244; emphasis in original)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Creativity

  • 57 бортовая система обработки данных многоразового воздушно-космического аппарата

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > бортовая система обработки данных многоразового воздушно-космического аппарата

  • 58 монтажно-сборочный цех космической станции

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > монтажно-сборочный цех космической станции

  • 59 обработка полупроводниковых материалов в космосе

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > обработка полупроводниковых материалов в космосе

  • 60 площадка ТРК

    Oil processing plants: gas station dispenser space

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > площадка ТРК

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