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41 epic
1) Компьютерная техника: Enterprise Platform For Internet Computing, Exclusively Parallel Instruction Computing, Executive Process Interactive Control, Explicitly Parallel Instruction Cpu2) Медицина: Европейское проспективное исследование взаимосвязи раковых заболеваний и питания (European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition), European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (Европейское проспективное исследование раковых заболеваний и питания)3) Американизм: Electrical Pricing Information For Contractors4) Военный термин: El Paso Intelligence Center, Electronic Properties Information Center, Encapsulated Protection Inside Clothing, Engineers Public Information Council, extended performance and increased capabilities5) Техника: electron-proton intersecting complex6) Шутливое выражение: Every Person Is Corny, Expects Perfectly Intuitive Compilers7) Строительство: проектирование, материально-техническое снабжение, строительство и изоляция8) Религия: Eternally Planted In Christ9) Биржевой термин: Exchange Price Information Code, Exchange Price Information Computer10) Сокращение: Earth Pointing Instrument Carrier, Extreme Performance Infrared Camera11) Вычислительная техника: Electronic Privacy Information Center, European Public sector Information systems Conference, Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing (Intel; chip), epitaxial passivated integrated circuit, Explicit Parallelism Instruction Computing (Intel, CPU), Electronic Privacy Information Center (Verschluesselung), explicitly parallel instruction computing12) Банковское дело: электронная система распространения информации о ценах на Лондонской фондовой бирже (electronic price information computer)13) Транспорт: Electric Powered Interurban Commuter14) Фирменный знак: Expert Professional Interior Cleaning15) Деловая лексика: E Purchasing In Collaboration, Electronic Plant Information Centre, Excellent Performance In Communications16) Бытовая техника: эпитаксиально-планарная интегральная микросхема17) Образование: Education Prevention Intervention And Counseling, Educational Process Improvement Committee, Every Person Influences Children18) Инвестиции: electronic price information computer19) Океанография: East Pacific Investigation Of Climate, Eastern Pacific Investigation of Climate Processes20) Химическое оружие: Environmental Photographic Interpretation Center22) Расширение файла: Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing (chip, Intel) -
42 law
1) закон; право ( як система законів); правознавство, законознавство; юстиція; професія юриста; суд, судовий процес, судова процедура; розм. юристи; правило; the law розм. поліція, поліцейський2) атриб. юридичний, законний, правовий•law based on judicial decisions — право, засноване на судових (прецедентних) рішеннях
law enforcement classification of confidential information — засекречування конфіденційної інформації поліцією ( або іншим правоохоронним органом)
law of international organizations — право, що регулює діяльність міжнародних організацій
law on amendments and additions — ( to the law on smth) закон про внесення змін і доповнень ( до закону про щось)
law on combating organized crime — = law on combatting organized crime закон про боротьбу з організованою злочинністю
- law-abiding citizenlaw on combatting organized crime — = law on combating organized crime
- law-abiding person
- law-abidingness
- law administration
- law agent
- law analogy
- law and equity
- law and order
- law-and-order
- law-and-order advocate
- law-and-order campaign
- law-and-order candidate
- law-and-order champion
- law-and-order force
- law and order maintenance
- law and usage of Parliament
- law application
- law as a career
- law as amended
- law as fact
- law as norm
- law blank
- law-book
- law books
- law-breaker
- law-breaking
- law case
- law canter
- law centre
- law changes
- law charge
- law charges
- law Christian
- law clerk
- law code
- law commentator
- law compliance
- law-complying
- law-complying citizen
- law-complying person
- law conference
- law costs
- law course
- law-court
- law courts
- law-creating
- law-creating process
- law-creating source
- law creation
- law day
- Law Day
- law defiance
- law-defying person
- law degree
- law department
- law dictionary
- law digest
- law doctorate
- law drafting
- law draftsman
- law due to expire
- law education
- law effectiveness
- law enforcement
- law-enforcement
- law enforcement agency
- law enforcement action
- law enforcement administration
- law enforcement administrator
- law enforcement agencies
- law enforcement forces
- law enforcement agency
- law enforcement agent
- law enforcement authority
- law enforcement body
- law enforcement classification
- law-enforcement community
- law enforcement duty
- law enforcement effectiveness
- law enforcement establishment
- law-enforcement executive
- law enforcement force
- law enforcement intelligence
- law enforcement investigator
- law enforcement manual
- law enforcement matter
- law-enforcement officer
- law-enforcement official
- law enforcement personnel
- law enforcement policy
- law enforcement procedure
- law enforcement process
- law enforcement statistics
- law enforcement structure
- law enforcement system
- law-enforcement technique
- law enforcer
- law enforcing body
- law examiner
- law-executing power
- law expenses
- law factory
- law faculty
- law firm
- law for the time being
- law form
- law-forming decision
- law French
- law-giver
- law-governed
- law-governed state
- law in effect
- law in force
- law in vigor
- law in vigour
- law-interpreting power
- law interpretation
- law is silent
- law judgement
- law judgment
- law language
- Law Latin
- law lecture
- law library
- law-list
- Law Lords
- law lords
- law-maker
- law-making
- law-making activity
- law-making body
- law-making instrument
- law-making power
- law-making process
- law-making treaty
- law manuscript
- law martial
- law matter
- law merchant
- law-monger
- law obedience
- law-obedient
- law obedient citizen
- law obedient person
- law observance
- law of accidental error
- law of agency
- law of arbitral procedure
- law of armed conflict
- law of arms
- law of business property
- law of casuality
- law of civil procedure
- law of conflict
- law of contract
- law of copyright
- law of corrections
- law of crime
- law of crimes
- law of criminal procedure
- law of domestic relations
- law of domestical relations
- law of employment
- law of enforceable rights
- law of equity
- law of evidence
- law of God
- law of immovable property
- law of industrial relations
- law of inheritance
- law of international trade
- law of landlord and tenant
- law of marriage
- law of master and servant
- law of merchant shipping
- lawof nations
- lawof nature
- law of neighboring tenements
- law of neighbouring tenements
- law of no effect
- law of obligation
- law of outer space
- law of peace
- law of persons
- law of power
- law of practice
- law of precedent
- law of prize
- law of procedure
- law of property
- law of property act
- law of quasi-contract
- law of real property
- law of rights
- law of self-preservation
- law of shipping
- law of substance
- law of succession
- law of talion
- law of the air
- law of the case
- Law of the Church
- Law of the church
- law of the Constitution
- law of the court
- law of the flag
- law of the jungle
- law of the land
- law of the land clause
- law of the sea
- law of the situs
- law of the staple
- law of the United Nations
- law of torts
- law of treaties
- law of trust
- law of wages
- law of war
- law of wills
- law offender
- law-office
- law office
- law officer
- law officers of the Crown
- law on additions
- law on amendments
- law on cooperation
- law on elections
- law on refugees
- law on the state budget
- law order
- law person
- law policy
- law position
- law practice
- law proceeding
- law proceedings
- law profession
- law professor
- law-protected
- law reform
- law remedy
- law report
- law reporter
- law reports
- law-restricted
- law review
- law revision
- law revision commission
- law school
- law school curriculum
- law side
- law sitting
- law society
- law spiritual
- law still in force
- law still in vigor
- law still in vigour
- law student
- law suit
- law system
- law teacher at the university
- law teaching
- law temporal
- law term
- law-term
- law terminology
- law terms
- law textbook
- law theory
- law-trained
- law treaty
- law-unabiding
- law-unabiding citizen
- law unacted upon
- law violation
- law-violator
- law was in being since...
- law wife
- law-writer
- law's provision
- laws of war -
43 device
1) устройство; приспособление; механизм2) аппарат; прибор•- absolute position measuring device
- accident preventing device
- accounting device
- activation device
- actuation device
- add-on device
- adjusting device
- adjustment device
- alarm device
- alignment device
- alpha-numeric output display device
- AND device
- anticollision device
- anticreep device
- antipumping device
- antirotation device
- arc-control device
- assemblage device
- assembly feed device
- assembly-and-disassembly device
- attenuation measuring device
- automated material/part handling device
- automatic compression release device
- automatic jaw shift device
- automatic program locate device
- automatic tracking device
- automatic workhandling device
- auxiliary device
- backlash elimination device
- balancing device
- bar feeding device
- beam lead device
- belt-on control device
- belt-shifting device
- bistable device
- blocking device
- breakaway device
- breakaway safety device
- bridge device
- bridging device
- broach-handling device
- bubble memory device
- bucket-brigade device
- built-in diagnostic device
- burr-removing device
- calculation device
- camming device
- canted device
- cartridge magnetic tape data origination device
- catch device
- catching device
- center-locating device
- central control device
- chain-stretching device
- charge-coupled device
- charging device
- checking device
- chip control device
- chip flushing device
- choice device
- chuck jaw-changing device
- chuck jaw-forming device
- chuck location device
- chucking device
- circular milling device
- clamping device
- clearance device
- clearing device
- clever device
- clutch antirotation device
- CMOS device
- code device
- coded automatic reader device
- collet release device
- compensating device
- complete device
- compliance device
- compliant device
- computer access device
- conditioning device
- connected speech voice input device
- constant torque device
- contact sealing device
- continuously variable adjustment device
- control device
- control/monitor device
- controlled device
- controlling device
- conveying/loading device
- coolant transfer device
- copy device
- copying device
- correcting device
- countdown device
- counter device
- counter-indicating device
- counter-switching device
- counting device
- coupling device
- crane device
- cross rail clamping device
- custom device
- cutoff device
- cut-out device
- cutter angle testing device
- cutter-checking device
- cutter-trueing device
- cutting device
- damping device
- data origination device
- data storage device
- data-setting device
- deburring device
- deep hole tapping device
- delta-connected device
- detachable device
- detecting device
- diagnostic device
- differential device
- differential speed reduction device
- digital measuring device
- dimension monitoring device
- directed beam display device
- discrete output device
- disk storage device
- display device
- distributive numerical control device
- dividing device
- dressing device
- drive device
- driven device
- driving roller device
- duplicating device
- educational device
- EEPROM device
- electric control device
- electronic storage device
- emergency cutoff device
- emergency stop device
- emergency-knockoff device
- emptying device
- end device
- end-finishing device
- end-machining device
- end-of-arm tooling safety device
- energy storage device
- error-detection device
- error-sensing device
- escapement device
- etching device
- executive device
- expandable holding device
- external read-in device
- fastening device
- feed control device
- feeding device
- fixed length stroke device
- fixing device
- fixturing device
- floppy magnetic disk data origination device
- flow control device
- fluid logic device
- fluid pressure-operated device
- focusing device
- follow-up device
- functional control device
- functional switching device
- galvanic device
- gas discharge device
- grabbing device
- graphic input device
- gravitational separating device
- gravity device
- gripping device
- guard device
- guide device
- handling device
- hard-wired command-and-control device
- height setting-and-measuring device
- helical milling device
- hoisting device
- hold-down device
- holding device
- holding down device
- hole-locating device
- honing device
- hopper-type loading device
- I.D. datum device
- IC device
- ignition device
- image-digitizing device
- indexing device
- indicating device
- information-processing device
- in-line device
- in-process gaging device
- in-process storage device
- input device
- inspection device
- insulation monitoring device
- intelligence device
- interference detection device
- interlock device
- interlocking device
- isolated word voice input device
- isolating device
- jaw shift device
- jet device
- joint device
- knock-off device
- labor-saving device
- laser modulation device
- laser protection device
- laser pumping device
- laser scanned devices
- latching device
- lift device with insulating arm
- lift device
- lifting device
- limiting device
- linear measuring device
- load/unload device
- load-handling device
- loading/unloading device
- locating device
- locking device
- low-frequency galvanic device
- lubricating device
- M code device
- machine retaining device
- machine-dedicated device
- machining device
- magnetic card data origination device
- magnetic domain device
- magnetic holding device
- magnetic medium data origination device
- magnetic medium input device
- magnetic medium output device
- magnetic tape data origination device
- manual input device
- manual programming device
- marking device
- master device
- master locating device
- matching device
- materials-handling device
- measuring device
- mechanical switching device
- mechanical system diagnostic device
- memory device
- mending device
- metering device
- metrology room device
- microfilm input device
- micrometric displacement device
- miter-cutting device
- monitoring device
- monostable device
- motion translation device
- movement position device
- multichannel analyzer device
- multipallet automatic pallet-changing device
- multipart clamping device
- multiple switching device
- multipoint measuring device
- NC automatic sizing device
- NC positioning device
- NC-controlled handling device
- noise-attenuating device
- noise-eliminating device
- nonsynchronous loading device
- NOVRAM device
- numerical control device
- O.D. datum device
- off-line device
- offloading device
- offtake device
- oiling device
- oleodynamic device
- on-line device
- operating device
- operation-performing device
- optical reading device
- optical scanning device
- optoelectronic device
- OR device
- orienting device
- output device
- oval turning device
- overload device
- overload protection device
- overload release device
- overload safety device
- overload-detecting device
- pallet load/unload device
- pallet locating-and-clamping device
- pallet shuttle device
- pallet transfer device
- pallet transport device
- part handling-and-storage device
- part present device
- part presentation device
- part probing device
- partitioning device
- part-marking device
- pen-equipped device
- peripheral recording device
- permanent insulation monitoring device
- photocopying device
- photoelectric device
- photoelectric semiconductor device
- photosensitive device
- pick device
- pick-and-place device
- pickup device
- pipe-cutting device
- pipe-shearing device
- plotting device
- pointer device
- pointer-type device
- poligon-cutting device
- polyphase device
- polyphase electrical device
- position control device
- positioning device
- power chucking device
- power-assisted clamping device
- preselector device
- presence sensing device
- pressure abnormal fall detecting device
- pressure fall preventing device
- printing device
- probe control device
- probe-changing device
- probing device
- process-monitoring device
- profiling device
- program transfer device
- programmable device
- programmable wheel trueing device
- projection optical device
- propulsion device
- propulsive device
- protecting device
- punch card input/output device
- punch card output device
- punch tape data origination device
- punch tape input/output device
- punch tape output device
- radial stretching device
- radiation-hardened device
- radius planing device
- radius trueing device
- rail-clamping device
- rail-setting device
- RAM card device
- RAM storage device
- raster display device
- ratchet closing device
- RCC device
- reading device
- readout device
- recognition device
- recording device
- regulating device
- relay device
- releasing device
- relief device
- relieving device
- remote maintenance device
- resetting device
- resolver position measuring device
- rest device
- restraint device
- retaining device
- retrieval device
- return spring device
- reversing device
- rewriting device
- right-angle orientating device
- robot device
- robot load/unload device
- robot part-handling device
- robotic device
- robotic inspection device
- robotic loading device
- robot-like device
- roll feed device
- rotary machining device
- rotating device
- safety control device
- safety device
- safety interlock device
- safety slipping device
- scanning device
- scraping device
- screening device
- screw copying device
- screw locking device
- sealing device
- search device
- searching device
- securing device
- self-balancing device
- self-diagnosis device
- self-gripping device
- semiconductor device
- semiconductor power device
- semiconductor switching device
- sending device
- sensing device
- sensor device
- serial device
- setting device
- short-time memory device
- shut-down device
- shut-off device
- shutting-off device
- sighting device
- signaling device
- single-lever locking device
- single-phase device
- single-phase electrical device
- single-pole switching device
- sizing device
- skew-compensating device
- slitter device
- slowing-down device
- smart device
- smart power device
- snap-action switching device
- sonic device
- special machine retaining device
- speed reduction device
- speed-limit device
- speed-limiting device
- spindle-keylock device
- spindle-keylocking device
- spiral milling device
- split clamping device
- spring balancing device
- star-connected device
- starting device
- static switching device
- steadying device
- stocking device
- stop device
- stopping device
- storage device
- stretching device
- strip-off device
- stroke device
- surface-mount device
- swing arm device
- switch device
- switching device
- switching-off device
- switch-type sensing device
- table-tilting device
- tactile sensing device
- take-up device
- talking technology device
- taper-turning device
- tapping device
- tensioning device
- thermoelectric device
- three-axis sensing device
- three-dimensional sensing device
- three-linear axis device
- tightening device
- tilting device
- time-cycling device
- time-delay device
- tipping device
- tool feed control device
- tool life control device
- tool storage device
- tool-changing device
- tool-checking device
- tool-guiding device
- toolholder-changing device
- toolholding device
- tool-loading device
- tool-pregaging device
- tool-presetting device
- tool-setting device
- torque release device
- tracing device
- transfer device
- trip-free mechanical switching device
- tripping device
- trueing device
- trunnion device
- tube end finishing device
- tube-cutting device
- tube-trimming device
- turnaround device
- turnover device
- twin-pallet rotating device
- two-axis sensing device
- ultrasonic proximity device
- universal machine retaining device
- variable gain device
- variable speed device
- vector-measuring device
- visible light emission device
- voice input device
- voice input/output device
- voice output device with limited vocabulary
- voice output device with unlimited vocabulary
- voice output device
- warning device
- washing device
- water suction device
- wear-sensing device
- weighting device
- wheel-trueing device
- withdrawing device
- work recognition device
- work rest device
- work transfer device
- workhandling device
- workholding device
- workpiece holddown device
- workpiece support device
- workpiece-sensing device
- work-staging device
- zero-resetting device
- zero-setting deviceEnglish-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > device
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44 equipment
1) оборудование; аппаратура2) установка•- actuated equipment
- add-on equipment
- air-chucking equipment
- ancillary equipment
- answering equipment
- assembly equipment
- autoload equipment
- automatic brazing equipment
- automatic check-out recording equipment
- automatic control equipment
- automatic test equipment
- automation equipment
- autopallet transfer equipment
- auxiliary data processing equipment
- avionic equipment
- balancing equipment
- beam handling equipment
- bolt-on equipment
- built-in test equipment
- CAD equipment
- CAM equipment
- capital equipment
- centrifugal pumping equipment
- checking equipment
- CIM-related equipment
- collective protective equipment
- component-handling equipment
- computer-aided test equipment
- computer-automated equipment
- consumption equipment
- continuous handling equipment
- control and indicating equipment
- control equipment
- controllable balancing equipment
- conveying equipment
- coolant clarification equipment
- cost-effective equipment
- CPC equipment
- crane electrical equipment
- data communications equipment
- data reduction equipment
- data terminal equipment
- data-processing equipment
- dedicated equipment
- diagnosis equipment
- digital readout equipment
- dimensional-inspection equipment
- drawing equipment
- driven equipment
- duplicating equipment
- earth-moving equipment
- electrical discharge equipment
- electrical equipment
- electroheat equipment
- electrothermal equipment
- energy-intensive equipment
- external CNC equipment
- external test equipment
- fabricating equipment
- fabrication equipment
- FA-related equipment
- feeding equipment
- field-balancing equipment
- finishing equipment
- fixed path equipment
- flatness testing equipment
- foundry equipment
- gaging equipment
- gear testing equipment
- general test equipment
- general-purpose equipment
- handling equipment
- hard automation equipment
- heat-treating equipment
- higher-horsepower equipment
- high-technology equipment
- hydraulic equipment
- hydraulic tracing equipment
- independent equipment
- industrial equipment
- input equipment
- inspection equipment
- instrumental equipment
- instrumented equipment
- jaw-type work-holding equipment
- joining equipment
- laser associated equipment
- laser equipment
- laser-interferometry equipment
- lifting equipment
- machine-computer interfacing equipment
- machine-intelligence equipment
- machine-tool equipment
- machining equipment
- magnetic tape preparation equipment
- maintenance equipment
- manipulating equipment
- manufacturing equipment
- materials-handling equipment
- MDI equipment
- measurement-processing equipment
- measuring equipment
- mechanical handling equipment
- metal-cutting equipment
- microprocessing equipment
- microwave heating equipment
- mill-turn equipment
- mobile equipment
- monitoring equipment
- multidimension gaging equipment
- multisensor equipment
- NC equipment
- networking equipment
- noise abatement equipment
- off-road equipment
- outmoded equipment
- output equipment
- packaging equipment
- parts-handling equipment
- parts-washing equipment
- pattern equipment
- peripheral equipment
- personal protection equipment
- personal protective equipment
- piece positioning equipment
- pneumatic equipment
- postprocess gaging equipment
- preparatory machining equipment
- presetting equipment
- primary equipment
- primary machining equipment
- process control monitoring equipment
- process equipment
- process monitoring equipment
- processing equipment
- production equipment
- protective equipment
- proving-and-indicating equipment
- recording equipment
- refrigeration equipment
- remote control equipment
- retrofit equipment
- safeguarding equipment
- safety equipment
- safety/survival equipment
- secondary equipment
- self-balancing equipment
- sensing equipment
- service equipment
- ship electrical equipment
- spark erosion equipment
- special test equipment
- specialty equipment
- standalone equipment
- supervisory equipment
- surface-measuring equipment
- swarf-handling equipment
- terrestrial equipment
- test equipment
- testing equipment
- tool-holding equipment
- tooling equipment
- tool-setting equipment
- touch-probe inspection equipment
- tracer equipment
- training equipment
- transferring equipment
- transportation equipment
- turning gaging equipment
- unattended equipment
- value-added equipment
- video-measuring equipment
- warehousing equipment
- waste-minimization equipment
- water-fed equipment
- work-holding equipmentEnglish-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > equipment
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45 Language
Philosophy is written in that great book, the universe, which is always open, right before our eyes. But one cannot understand this book without first learning to understand the language and to know the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and the characters are triangles, circles, and other figures. Without these, one cannot understand a single word of it, and just wanders in a dark labyrinth. (Galileo, 1990, p. 232)It never happens that it [a nonhuman animal] arranges its speech in various ways in order to reply appropriately to everything that may be said in its presence, as even the lowest type of man can do. (Descartes, 1970a, p. 116)It is a very remarkable fact that there are none so depraved and stupid, without even excepting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while, on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be, which can do the same. (Descartes, 1967, p. 116)Human beings do not live in the object world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reflection. The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built on the language habits of the group.... We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir, 1921, p. 75)It powerfully conditions all our thinking about social problems and processes.... No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same worlds with different labels attached. (Sapir, 1985, p. 162)[A list of language games, not meant to be exhaustive:]Giving orders, and obeying them- Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements- Constructing an object from a description (a drawing)Reporting an eventSpeculating about an eventForming and testing a hypothesisPresenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagramsMaking up a story; and reading itPlay actingSinging catchesGuessing riddlesMaking a joke; and telling itSolving a problem in practical arithmeticTranslating from one language into anotherLANGUAGE Asking, thanking, cursing, greeting, and praying-. (Wittgenstein, 1953, Pt. I, No. 23, pp. 11 e-12 e)We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages.... The world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... No individual is free to describe nature with absolute impartiality but is constrained to certain modes of interpretation even while he thinks himself most free. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 153, 213-214)We dissect nature along the lines laid down by our native languages.The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar or can in some way be calibrated. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 213-214)9) The Forms of a Person's Thoughts Are Controlled by Unperceived Patterns of His Own LanguageThe forms of a person's thoughts are controlled by inexorable laws of pattern of which he is unconscious. These patterns are the unperceived intricate systematizations of his own language-shown readily enough by a candid comparison and contrast with other languages, especially those of a different linguistic family. (Whorf, 1956, p. 252)It has come to be commonly held that many utterances which look like statements are either not intended at all, or only intended in part, to record or impart straightforward information about the facts.... Many traditional philosophical perplexities have arisen through a mistake-the mistake of taking as straightforward statements of fact utterances which are either (in interesting non-grammatical ways) nonsensical or else intended as something quite different. (Austin, 1962, pp. 2-3)In general, one might define a complex of semantic components connected by logical constants as a concept. The dictionary of a language is then a system of concepts in which a phonological form and certain syntactic and morphological characteristics are assigned to each concept. This system of concepts is structured by several types of relations. It is supplemented, furthermore, by redundancy or implicational rules..., representing general properties of the whole system of concepts.... At least a relevant part of these general rules is not bound to particular languages, but represents presumably universal structures of natural languages. They are not learned, but are rather a part of the human ability to acquire an arbitrary natural language. (Bierwisch, 1970, pp. 171-172)In studying the evolution of mind, we cannot guess to what extent there are physically possible alternatives to, say, transformational generative grammar, for an organism meeting certain other physical conditions characteristic of humans. Conceivably, there are none-or very few-in which case talk about evolution of the language capacity is beside the point. (Chomsky, 1972, p. 98)[It is] truth value rather than syntactic well-formedness that chiefly governs explicit verbal reinforcement by parents-which renders mildly paradoxical the fact that the usual product of such a training schedule is an adult whose speech is highly grammatical but not notably truthful. (R. O. Brown, 1973, p. 330)he conceptual base is responsible for formally representing the concepts underlying an utterance.... A given word in a language may or may not have one or more concepts underlying it.... On the sentential level, the utterances of a given language are encoded within a syntactic structure of that language. The basic construction of the sentential level is the sentence.The next highest level... is the conceptual level. We call the basic construction of this level the conceptualization. A conceptualization consists of concepts and certain relations among those concepts. We can consider that both levels exist at the same point in time and that for any unit on one level, some corresponding realizate exists on the other level. This realizate may be null or extremely complex.... Conceptualizations may relate to other conceptualizations by nesting or other specified relationships. (Schank, 1973, pp. 191-192)The mathematics of multi-dimensional interactive spaces and lattices, the projection of "computer behavior" on to possible models of cerebral functions, the theoretical and mechanical investigation of artificial intelligence, are producing a stream of sophisticated, often suggestive ideas.But it is, I believe, fair to say that nothing put forward until now in either theoretic design or mechanical mimicry comes even remotely in reach of the most rudimentary linguistic realities. (Steiner, 1975, p. 284)The step from the simple tool to the master tool, a tool to make tools (what we would now call a machine tool), seems to me indeed to parallel the final step to human language, which I call reconstitution. It expresses in a practical and social context the same understanding of hierarchy, and shows the same analysis by function as a basis for synthesis. (Bronowski, 1977, pp. 127-128)t is the language donn eґ in which we conduct our lives.... We have no other. And the danger is that formal linguistic models, in their loosely argued analogy with the axiomatic structure of the mathematical sciences, may block perception.... It is quite conceivable that, in language, continuous induction from simple, elemental units to more complex, realistic forms is not justified. The extent and formal "undecidability" of context-and every linguistic particle above the level of the phoneme is context-bound-may make it impossible, except in the most abstract, meta-linguistic sense, to pass from "pro-verbs," "kernals," or "deep deep structures" to actual speech. (Steiner, 1975, pp. 111-113)A higher-level formal language is an abstract machine. (Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 113)Jakobson sees metaphor and metonymy as the characteristic modes of binarily opposed polarities which between them underpin the two-fold process of selection and combination by which linguistic signs are formed.... Thus messages are constructed, as Saussure said, by a combination of a "horizontal" movement, which combines words together, and a "vertical" movement, which selects the particular words from the available inventory or "inner storehouse" of the language. The combinative (or syntagmatic) process manifests itself in contiguity (one word being placed next to another) and its mode is metonymic. The selective (or associative) process manifests itself in similarity (one word or concept being "like" another) and its mode is metaphoric. The "opposition" of metaphor and metonymy therefore may be said to represent in effect the essence of the total opposition between the synchronic mode of language (its immediate, coexistent, "vertical" relationships) and its diachronic mode (its sequential, successive, lineal progressive relationships). (Hawkes, 1977, pp. 77-78)It is striking that the layered structure that man has given to language constantly reappears in his analyses of nature. (Bronowski, 1977, p. 121)First, [an ideal intertheoretic reduction] provides us with a set of rules"correspondence rules" or "bridge laws," as the standard vernacular has it-which effect a mapping of the terms of the old theory (T o) onto a subset of the expressions of the new or reducing theory (T n). These rules guide the application of those selected expressions of T n in the following way: we are free to make singular applications of their correspondencerule doppelgangers in T o....Second, and equally important, a successful reduction ideally has the outcome that, under the term mapping effected by the correspondence rules, the central principles of T o (those of semantic and systematic importance) are mapped onto general sentences of T n that are theorems of Tn. (P. Churchland, 1979, p. 81)If non-linguistic factors must be included in grammar: beliefs, attitudes, etc. [this would] amount to a rejection of the initial idealization of language as an object of study. A priori such a move cannot be ruled out, but it must be empirically motivated. If it proves to be correct, I would conclude that language is a chaos that is not worth studying.... Note that the question is not whether beliefs or attitudes, and so on, play a role in linguistic behavior and linguistic judgments... [but rather] whether distinct cognitive structures can be identified, which interact in the real use of language and linguistic judgments, the grammatical system being one of these. (Chomsky, 1979, pp. 140, 152-153)23) Language Is Inevitably Influenced by Specific Contexts of Human InteractionLanguage cannot be studied in isolation from the investigation of "rationality." It cannot afford to neglect our everyday assumptions concerning the total behavior of a reasonable person.... An integrational linguistics must recognize that human beings inhabit a communicational space which is not neatly compartmentalized into language and nonlanguage.... It renounces in advance the possibility of setting up systems of forms and meanings which will "account for" a central core of linguistic behavior irrespective of the situation and communicational purposes involved. (Harris, 1981, p. 165)By innate [linguistic knowledge], Chomsky simply means "genetically programmed." He does not literally think that children are born with language in their heads ready to be spoken. He merely claims that a "blueprint is there, which is brought into use when the child reaches a certain point in her general development. With the help of this blueprint, she analyzes the language she hears around her more readily than she would if she were totally unprepared for the strange gabbling sounds which emerge from human mouths. (Aitchison, 1987, p. 31)Looking at ourselves from the computer viewpoint, we cannot avoid seeing that natural language is our most important "programming language." This means that a vast portion of our knowledge and activity is, for us, best communicated and understood in our natural language.... One could say that natural language was our first great original artifact and, since, as we increasingly realize, languages are machines, so natural language, with our brains to run it, was our primal invention of the universal computer. One could say this except for the sneaking suspicion that language isn't something we invented but something we became, not something we constructed but something in which we created, and recreated, ourselves. (Leiber, 1991, p. 8)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Language
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46 Memory
To what extent can we lump together what goes on when you try to recall: (1) your name; (2) how you kick a football; and (3) the present location of your car keys? If we use introspective evidence as a guide, the first seems an immediate automatic response. The second may require constructive internal replay prior to our being able to produce a verbal description. The third... quite likely involves complex operational responses under the control of some general strategy system. Is any unitary search process, with a single set of characteristics and inputoutput relations, likely to cover all these cases? (Reitman, 1970, p. 485)[Semantic memory] Is a mental thesaurus, organized knowledge a person possesses about words and other verbal symbols, their meanings and referents, about relations among them, and about rules, formulas, and algorithms for the manipulation of these symbols, concepts, and relations. Semantic memory does not register perceptible properties of inputs, but rather cognitive referents of input signals. (Tulving, 1972, p. 386)The mnemonic code, far from being fixed and unchangeable, is structured and restructured along with general development. Such a restructuring of the code takes place in close dependence on the schemes of intelligence. The clearest indication of this is the observation of different types of memory organisation in accordance with the age level of a child so that a longer interval of retention without any new presentation, far from causing a deterioration of memory, may actually improve it. (Piaget & Inhelder, 1973, p. 36)4) The Logic of Some Memory Theorization Is of Dubious Worth in the History of PsychologyIf a cue was effective in memory retrieval, then one could infer it was encoded; if a cue was not effective, then it was not encoded. The logic of this theorization is "heads I win, tails you lose" and is of dubious worth in the history of psychology. We might ask how long scientists will puzzle over questions with no answers. (Solso, 1974, p. 28)We have iconic, echoic, active, working, acoustic, articulatory, primary, secondary, episodic, semantic, short-term, intermediate-term, and longterm memories, and these memories contain tags, traces, images, attributes, markers, concepts, cognitive maps, natural-language mediators, kernel sentences, relational rules, nodes, associations, propositions, higher-order memory units, and features. (Eysenck, 1977, p. 4)The problem with the memory metaphor is that storage and retrieval of traces only deals [ sic] with old, previously articulated information. Memory traces can perhaps provide a basis for dealing with the "sameness" of the present experience with previous experiences, but the memory metaphor has no mechanisms for dealing with novel information. (Bransford, McCarrell, Franks & Nitsch, 1977, p. 434)7) The Results of a Hundred Years of the Psychological Study of Memory Are Somewhat DiscouragingThe results of a hundred years of the psychological study of memory are somewhat discouraging. We have established firm empirical generalisations, but most of them are so obvious that every ten-year-old knows them anyway. We have made discoveries, but they are only marginally about memory; in many cases we don't know what to do with them, and wear them out with endless experimental variations. We have an intellectually impressive group of theories, but history offers little confidence that they will provide any meaningful insight into natural behavior. (Neisser, 1978, pp. 12-13)A schema, then is a data structure for representing the generic concepts stored in memory. There are schemata representing our knowledge about all concepts; those underlying objects, situations, events, sequences of events, actions and sequences of actions. A schema contains, as part of its specification, the network of interrelations that is believed to normally hold among the constituents of the concept in question. A schema theory embodies a prototype theory of meaning. That is, inasmuch as a schema underlying a concept stored in memory corresponds to the mean ing of that concept, meanings are encoded in terms of the typical or normal situations or events that instantiate that concept. (Rumelhart, 1980, p. 34)Memory appears to be constrained by a structure, a "syntax," perhaps at quite a low level, but it is free to be variable, deviant, even erratic at a higher level....Like the information system of language, memory can be explained in part by the abstract rules which underlie it, but only in part. The rules provide a basic competence, but they do not fully determine performance. (Campbell, 1982, pp. 228, 229)When people think about the mind, they often liken it to a physical space, with memories and ideas as objects contained within that space. Thus, we speak of ideas being in the dark corners or dim recesses of our minds, and of holding ideas in mind. Ideas may be in the front or back of our minds, or they may be difficult to grasp. With respect to the processes involved in memory, we talk about storing memories, of searching or looking for lost memories, and sometimes of finding them. An examination of common parlance, therefore, suggests that there is general adherence to what might be called the spatial metaphor. The basic assumptions of this metaphor are that memories are treated as objects stored in specific locations within the mind, and the retrieval process involves a search through the mind in order to find specific memories....However, while the spatial metaphor has shown extraordinary longevity, there have been some interesting changes over time in the precise form of analogy used. In particular, technological advances have influenced theoretical conceptualisations.... The original Greek analogies were based on wax tablets and aviaries; these were superseded by analogies involving switchboards, gramophones, tape recorders, libraries, conveyor belts, and underground maps. Most recently, the workings of human memory have been compared to computer functioning... and it has been suggested that the various memory stores found in computers have their counterparts in the human memory system. (Eysenck, 1984, pp. 79-80)Primary memory [as proposed by William James] relates to information that remains in consciousness after it has been perceived, and thus forms part of the psychological present, whereas secondary memory contains information about events that have left consciousness, and are therefore part of the psychological past. (Eysenck, 1984, p. 86)Once psychologists began to study long-term memory per se, they realized it may be divided into two main categories.... Semantic memories have to do with our general knowledge about the working of the world. We know what cars do, what stoves do, what the laws of gravity are, and so on. Episodic memories are largely events that took place at a time and place in our personal history. Remembering specific events about our own actions, about our family, and about our individual past falls into this category. With amnesia or in aging, what dims... is our personal episodic memories, save for those that are especially dear or painful to us. Our knowledge of how the world works remains pretty much intact. (Gazzaniga, 1988, p. 42)The nature of memory... provides a natural starting point for an analysis of thinking. Memory is the repository of many of the beliefs and representations that enter into thinking, and the retrievability of these representations can limit the quality of our thought. (Smith, 1990, p. 1)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Memory
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47 budget authority
1) гос. фин. бюджетные полномочия (полномочия на принятие решения о выделении средств либо на участие в процессе составления и утверждения плана расходов)The DCI has sufficient budget authorities to assure the preparation and execution of an effective national intelligence program. — Директор Центрального разведывательного управления (Director of Central Intelligence) обладает достаточными бюджетными полномочиями, чтобы обеспечивать разработку и реализацию эффективной национальной разведывательной программы.
See:appropriation, contract authority, borrowing authority, budget resolution, negative budget authority2) гос. фин. бюджетные власти* (лица или руководящие органы (как на государственном, так и на уровне компании), уполномоченные на принятие решений по структуре бюджета и направлениям расходования средств)In fact, we have already been told by budget authorities to prepare for a no-growth budget once again. — На деле бюджетные власти уже велели нам подготовиться к еще одному бюджету с нулевым приростом.
Syn:See: -
48 NID
1) Компьютерная техника: node identifier2) Военный термин: National Intelligence Daily, Naval Intelligence Directorate4) Сокращение: New International Dictionary5) Вычислительная техника: Namespace IDentifier (URN)6) Энергетика: NID-технология, новая интегрированная десульфуризация, NID process, NID technology, new integrated desulfurization7) Сетевые технологии: Networked Intelligent Device, network information database, network interface device, сетевая информационная база данных, устройство сопряжения с сетью8) Контроль качества: normally independently distributed9) Безопасность: Network Intrusion Detection10) Расширение файла: Next ID, New Interactive Display (NEC)11) Фармация: non-interfering dilution12) Библиотечное дело: New India Digest -
49 PIN
1) Общая лексика: персональный код2) Медицина: Provider Identification Number, интраэпителиальная неоплазия предстательной железы (prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia), penile intraepithelial neoplasia (интраэпителиальная неоплазия полового члена)3) Американизм: Personal Identity Number4) Военный термин: PACOM Intelligence Net, Personal Increment Number, Personnel Item Number, Photographic Intelligence Note, Preliminary Imagery Nomination File, personal injury notice, plan identification number, private identification number, program identification number, proposal identification number, publication index number6) Шутливое выражение: Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia7) Бухгалтерия: Project Identification Number8) Оптика: positive-intrinsic-negative9) Телекоммуникации: Positive-Intrinsic-Negative (Fiber Optics, SONET)10) Сокращение: Personal Identification Number (password), Police Information Network, Positive-Intrinsic-Negative (semiconductor), Precision Inertial Navigation, part or identification number, positive-intrinsic-negative (transistor)11) Физиология: Pain In The Neck, Prostate Intraepithelial Neoplasia12) Вычислительная техника: procedure interrupt negative, Personal Identification Number (Banking, ICC), Processor Independent Netware (Novell, HP, DEC, Apple, Sun), Personal Internet Name (RFC 3042), сигнал негативного прерывания процедуры13) Связь: personal identification14) Банковское дело: личный идентификационный номер (personal identification number)15) Экология: товарный код, товарный шифр17) Деловая лексика: Performance Index Number, Product Identification Number, Property Index Number, (Periodic Indicative Notice) Периодическое показательное уведомление18) Сетевые технологии: Processor Independent NetWare, пароль для доступа к системе, персональный идентификационный номер, персональный код пользователя19) Автоматика: pinion20) Полупроводники: p-type Insulator n-type21) Океанография: Pacific Island network22) Расширение файла: Personal Identification Number, Game data (Epic Pinball), Process Identification Number (Unix)23) Автодорожное право: Pan-American Institute of Highways, Панамериканский автодорожный институт24) Электротехника: position indicator25) Майкрософт: ПИН26) Общественная организация: People In Need27) NYSE. A M F Bowling, Inc.28) Профсоюзы: Postal Index Number29) Дактилоскопия: средство идентификации, личный номер (Personal Identification Number) -
50 PiN
1) Общая лексика: персональный код2) Медицина: Provider Identification Number, интраэпителиальная неоплазия предстательной железы (prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia), penile intraepithelial neoplasia (интраэпителиальная неоплазия полового члена)3) Американизм: Personal Identity Number4) Военный термин: PACOM Intelligence Net, Personal Increment Number, Personnel Item Number, Photographic Intelligence Note, Preliminary Imagery Nomination File, personal injury notice, plan identification number, private identification number, program identification number, proposal identification number, publication index number6) Шутливое выражение: Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia7) Бухгалтерия: Project Identification Number8) Оптика: positive-intrinsic-negative9) Телекоммуникации: Positive-Intrinsic-Negative (Fiber Optics, SONET)10) Сокращение: Personal Identification Number (password), Police Information Network, Positive-Intrinsic-Negative (semiconductor), Precision Inertial Navigation, part or identification number, positive-intrinsic-negative (transistor)11) Физиология: Pain In The Neck, Prostate Intraepithelial Neoplasia12) Вычислительная техника: procedure interrupt negative, Personal Identification Number (Banking, ICC), Processor Independent Netware (Novell, HP, DEC, Apple, Sun), Personal Internet Name (RFC 3042), сигнал негативного прерывания процедуры13) Связь: personal identification14) Банковское дело: личный идентификационный номер (personal identification number)15) Экология: товарный код, товарный шифр17) Деловая лексика: Performance Index Number, Product Identification Number, Property Index Number, (Periodic Indicative Notice) Периодическое показательное уведомление18) Сетевые технологии: Processor Independent NetWare, пароль для доступа к системе, персональный идентификационный номер, персональный код пользователя19) Автоматика: pinion20) Полупроводники: p-type Insulator n-type21) Океанография: Pacific Island network22) Расширение файла: Personal Identification Number, Game data (Epic Pinball), Process Identification Number (Unix)23) Автодорожное право: Pan-American Institute of Highways, Панамериканский автодорожный институт24) Электротехника: position indicator25) Майкрософт: ПИН26) Общественная организация: People In Need27) NYSE. A M F Bowling, Inc.28) Профсоюзы: Postal Index Number29) Дактилоскопия: средство идентификации, личный номер (Personal Identification Number) -
51 Pin
1) Общая лексика: персональный код2) Медицина: Provider Identification Number, интраэпителиальная неоплазия предстательной железы (prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia), penile intraepithelial neoplasia (интраэпителиальная неоплазия полового члена)3) Американизм: Personal Identity Number4) Военный термин: PACOM Intelligence Net, Personal Increment Number, Personnel Item Number, Photographic Intelligence Note, Preliminary Imagery Nomination File, personal injury notice, plan identification number, private identification number, program identification number, proposal identification number, publication index number6) Шутливое выражение: Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia7) Бухгалтерия: Project Identification Number8) Оптика: positive-intrinsic-negative9) Телекоммуникации: Positive-Intrinsic-Negative (Fiber Optics, SONET)10) Сокращение: Personal Identification Number (password), Police Information Network, Positive-Intrinsic-Negative (semiconductor), Precision Inertial Navigation, part or identification number, positive-intrinsic-negative (transistor)11) Физиология: Pain In The Neck, Prostate Intraepithelial Neoplasia12) Вычислительная техника: procedure interrupt negative, Personal Identification Number (Banking, ICC), Processor Independent Netware (Novell, HP, DEC, Apple, Sun), Personal Internet Name (RFC 3042), сигнал негативного прерывания процедуры13) Связь: personal identification14) Банковское дело: личный идентификационный номер (personal identification number)15) Экология: товарный код, товарный шифр17) Деловая лексика: Performance Index Number, Product Identification Number, Property Index Number, (Periodic Indicative Notice) Периодическое показательное уведомление18) Сетевые технологии: Processor Independent NetWare, пароль для доступа к системе, персональный идентификационный номер, персональный код пользователя19) Автоматика: pinion20) Полупроводники: p-type Insulator n-type21) Океанография: Pacific Island network22) Расширение файла: Personal Identification Number, Game data (Epic Pinball), Process Identification Number (Unix)23) Автодорожное право: Pan-American Institute of Highways, Панамериканский автодорожный институт24) Электротехника: position indicator25) Майкрософт: ПИН26) Общественная организация: People In Need27) NYSE. A M F Bowling, Inc.28) Профсоюзы: Postal Index Number29) Дактилоскопия: средство идентификации, личный номер (Personal Identification Number) -
52 TIP
1) Компьютерная техника: Texas Instruments Package, True Image Projector, trunk interface processor2) Американизм: Three I's Of Poverty, Treasury Investment Program, Turn In Poachers3) Спорт: Track Impact Program4) Военный термин: TACSIM Interface Processor, Tactical Imagery Program, Tactical Impact Programs, Target Intelligence Package, Technical Information Panel, Technical Insertion Program, Technology Insertion Plan, Technology Insertion Project, Theater Intelligence Plan, Tracking and Impact Prediction, Training In Place, target identification point, target illustration print, target impact point, target input panel, technical improvement program, technical information pool, technical information program, technology integration program, terminal interface package, total information processing, track initiation and prediction, transportation improvement program, troop information program, turn-in point, телефон для связи пехоты с экипажем танка, Taking Inward Pilot5) Техника: TACAMO improvement program, To Improve Promptness, teletype input processing, thermionic plant, transponder interrogator processor, traversing in-core probe6) Религия: Time Is Precious7) Юридический термин: Terminable Interest Property, Total Inmate Penetration, Turn In A Poacher8) Биржевой термин: Targeted Investor Protection, Trade In Process, Trade In Progress, Trust Implementation Plan, Trust Investment Protection9) Политика: Tennessee Independent Party10) Телекоммуникации: Telecommunications Infrastructure Planning11) Сокращение: Tailored Instruction Programme, Technical Improvement Programme, Terminal Interface message Processor, Test Integration Plan, The Institute of Physics, Track Initiation Processor, Tracking & Impact Prediction, Transit Improvement Program (USA), Treaty Implementation Plan, turbine inlet pressure, Terminal Interface Processor (replaced by TAC; ARPANET/MILNET), Theory Into Practice12) Университет: Theories Into Practice, Turn In Problem13) Физиология: Thylakoid Insertion Protein, Treatment Improvement Protocol14) Электроника: Tcl Improvement Proposal15) Вычислительная техника: Tactile Information Presentation, Transputer Image Processing, terminal interface processor, Terminal Interface Processor (ARPANET/MILNET, replaced by TAC)16) Литература: Talk Is Power17) Нефть: Tertiary Incentive Program18) Транспорт: Transportation Improvement Plan, Transportation Incentive Program19) Пищевая промышленность: Tablet Input Panel21) Деловая лексика: Technology Information Project, Technology Infusion Project, Technology Integrated Project, Technology Integration Project, To Insure Performance, To Insure Policy, To Insure Prompt...., To Insure Promptness, Trade Industry Profession, Training In Partnership22) Нефтегазовая техника третичная нефть, подлежащая налоговым льготам23) Нефтепромысловый: Topside Inlet Pressure24) Образование: Tabulation Interpretation And Placement, Transformative Intercultural Pedagogy25) Океанография: TAO Implementation Panel26) Авиационная медицина: face tingle27) Расширение файла: Transaction Internet Protocol28) Имена и фамилии: Thomas P. O'Neil29) Должность: Talent Interest Profile30) Чат: Technology Interest Profile32) Программное обеспечение: Tip Isn't Pico33) СМС: To Insure Proper....34) Международная торговля: Trade Investment Partnering -
53 nid
1) Компьютерная техника: node identifier2) Военный термин: National Intelligence Daily, Naval Intelligence Directorate4) Сокращение: New International Dictionary5) Вычислительная техника: Namespace IDentifier (URN)6) Энергетика: NID-технология, новая интегрированная десульфуризация, NID process, NID technology, new integrated desulfurization7) Сетевые технологии: Networked Intelligent Device, network information database, network interface device, сетевая информационная база данных, устройство сопряжения с сетью8) Контроль качества: normally independently distributed9) Безопасность: Network Intrusion Detection10) Расширение файла: Next ID, New Interactive Display (NEC)11) Фармация: non-interfering dilution12) Библиотечное дело: New India Digest -
54 pin
1) Общая лексика: персональный код2) Медицина: Provider Identification Number, интраэпителиальная неоплазия предстательной железы (prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia), penile intraepithelial neoplasia (интраэпителиальная неоплазия полового члена)3) Американизм: Personal Identity Number4) Военный термин: PACOM Intelligence Net, Personal Increment Number, Personnel Item Number, Photographic Intelligence Note, Preliminary Imagery Nomination File, personal injury notice, plan identification number, private identification number, program identification number, proposal identification number, publication index number6) Шутливое выражение: Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia7) Бухгалтерия: Project Identification Number8) Оптика: positive-intrinsic-negative9) Телекоммуникации: Positive-Intrinsic-Negative (Fiber Optics, SONET)10) Сокращение: Personal Identification Number (password), Police Information Network, Positive-Intrinsic-Negative (semiconductor), Precision Inertial Navigation, part or identification number, positive-intrinsic-negative (transistor)11) Физиология: Pain In The Neck, Prostate Intraepithelial Neoplasia12) Вычислительная техника: procedure interrupt negative, Personal Identification Number (Banking, ICC), Processor Independent Netware (Novell, HP, DEC, Apple, Sun), Personal Internet Name (RFC 3042), сигнал негативного прерывания процедуры13) Связь: personal identification14) Банковское дело: личный идентификационный номер (personal identification number)15) Экология: товарный код, товарный шифр17) Деловая лексика: Performance Index Number, Product Identification Number, Property Index Number, (Periodic Indicative Notice) Периодическое показательное уведомление18) Сетевые технологии: Processor Independent NetWare, пароль для доступа к системе, персональный идентификационный номер, персональный код пользователя19) Автоматика: pinion20) Полупроводники: p-type Insulator n-type21) Океанография: Pacific Island network22) Расширение файла: Personal Identification Number, Game data (Epic Pinball), Process Identification Number (Unix)23) Автодорожное право: Pan-American Institute of Highways, Панамериканский автодорожный институт24) Электротехника: position indicator25) Майкрософт: ПИН26) Общественная организация: People In Need27) NYSE. A M F Bowling, Inc.28) Профсоюзы: Postal Index Number29) Дактилоскопия: средство идентификации, личный номер (Personal Identification Number) -
55 tip
1) Компьютерная техника: Texas Instruments Package, True Image Projector, trunk interface processor2) Американизм: Three I's Of Poverty, Treasury Investment Program, Turn In Poachers3) Спорт: Track Impact Program4) Военный термин: TACSIM Interface Processor, Tactical Imagery Program, Tactical Impact Programs, Target Intelligence Package, Technical Information Panel, Technical Insertion Program, Technology Insertion Plan, Technology Insertion Project, Theater Intelligence Plan, Tracking and Impact Prediction, Training In Place, target identification point, target illustration print, target impact point, target input panel, technical improvement program, technical information pool, technical information program, technology integration program, terminal interface package, total information processing, track initiation and prediction, transportation improvement program, troop information program, turn-in point, телефон для связи пехоты с экипажем танка, Taking Inward Pilot5) Техника: TACAMO improvement program, To Improve Promptness, teletype input processing, thermionic plant, transponder interrogator processor, traversing in-core probe6) Религия: Time Is Precious7) Юридический термин: Terminable Interest Property, Total Inmate Penetration, Turn In A Poacher8) Биржевой термин: Targeted Investor Protection, Trade In Process, Trade In Progress, Trust Implementation Plan, Trust Investment Protection9) Политика: Tennessee Independent Party10) Телекоммуникации: Telecommunications Infrastructure Planning11) Сокращение: Tailored Instruction Programme, Technical Improvement Programme, Terminal Interface message Processor, Test Integration Plan, The Institute of Physics, Track Initiation Processor, Tracking & Impact Prediction, Transit Improvement Program (USA), Treaty Implementation Plan, turbine inlet pressure, Terminal Interface Processor (replaced by TAC; ARPANET/MILNET), Theory Into Practice12) Университет: Theories Into Practice, Turn In Problem13) Физиология: Thylakoid Insertion Protein, Treatment Improvement Protocol14) Электроника: Tcl Improvement Proposal15) Вычислительная техника: Tactile Information Presentation, Transputer Image Processing, terminal interface processor, Terminal Interface Processor (ARPANET/MILNET, replaced by TAC)16) Литература: Talk Is Power17) Нефть: Tertiary Incentive Program18) Транспорт: Transportation Improvement Plan, Transportation Incentive Program19) Пищевая промышленность: Tablet Input Panel21) Деловая лексика: Technology Information Project, Technology Infusion Project, Technology Integrated Project, Technology Integration Project, To Insure Performance, To Insure Policy, To Insure Prompt...., To Insure Promptness, Trade Industry Profession, Training In Partnership22) Нефтегазовая техника третичная нефть, подлежащая налоговым льготам23) Нефтепромысловый: Topside Inlet Pressure24) Образование: Tabulation Interpretation And Placement, Transformative Intercultural Pedagogy25) Океанография: TAO Implementation Panel26) Авиационная медицина: face tingle27) Расширение файла: Transaction Internet Protocol28) Имена и фамилии: Thomas P. O'Neil29) Должность: Talent Interest Profile30) Чат: Technology Interest Profile32) Программное обеспечение: Tip Isn't Pico33) СМС: To Insure Proper....34) Международная торговля: Trade Investment Partnering -
56 system
1) система || системный2) система; установка; устройство; комплекс3) программа•- adaptive control system
- address selection system
- addressing system
- advice-giving system
- AI planning system
- AI system
- analog computing system
- analog-digital computing system
- analysis information system
- application system
- arabic number system
- arithmetic system
- assembly system
- asymmetrical system
- atomic system
- attached processor system
- audio system
- authoring system
- automated office system
- automatic block system
- automatic checkout system
- automatic control system
- automatic search system
- automatic test system
- automatically programmed system
- automatically taught system
- autoprogrammable system
- axiomatic system
- backup system
- bad system
- bang-bang system
- base-2 system
- basic system
- batch-processing system
- binary system
- binary-coded decimal system
- binary-number system
- biquinary system
- bit-mapped system
- bit-slice system
- black-board expert system
- block parity system
- buddy system
- business system
- bus-oriented system
- bussed system
- CAD system
- call-reply system
- carrier system
- cause-controlled system
- character recognition system
- character-reading system
- chargeback system
- check sum error-detecting system
- chip-layout system
- clock system
- closed loop system
- closed system
- co-authoring system
- code recognition system
- code system
- coded-decimal system
- code-dependent system
- code-insensitive system
- code-sensitive system
- code-transparent system
- coding system
- coincident selection system
- cold system
- color-coded system
- command system
- common-bus system
- communication data system
- communications-oriented system
- complete articulated system
- computer system
- computer-aided design system
- computer-aided system
- computer-based system
- computer-based weapon system
- computerized system
- computing system
- concatenated coding system
- concealment system
- conservative system
- contention system
- continuous presence system
- control system
- controlled system
- controlling system
- coordinate system
- cordonnier system
- costrained vision system
- cross system
- crossbar switch system
- data acquisition system
- data collection system
- data exchange system
- data flow system
- data gethering system
- data handling system
- data management system
- data preparation system
- data processing system
- data reduction system
- data retrieval system
- data storage system
- data system
- data transmission system
- database management system
- database support system
- data-managed system
- decimal number system
- decimal system
- decimal numeration system
- decision support system
- decision-aided system
- decision-making system
- decision-support system
- decision-taking system
- decoding selection system
- decomposable system
- dedicated system
- degenerate system
- design library support system
- design-automation system
- design-verification system
- development support system
- development system
- digital communication system
- digital computing system
- direct-current system
- directly coupled system
- discrete system
- discrete-continuous system
- disk operating system
- display system
- distributed database management system
- distributed function system
- distributed intelligence system
- distributed parameter system
- distributed system
- distribution system
- double intermediate tape system
- down system
- drafting system
- dual system
- dual-computer system
- dual-processor system
- duodecimal number system
- duodecimal system
- duotricenary number system
- duotricenary system
- duplexed computer system
- duplex computer system
- dyadic number system
- dyadic system
- dynamic mapping system
- dynamic scene system
- dynamic support system
- electronic data processing system
- electronic sorting system
- encoding system
- equipment adapted data system
- erasing system
- error-controlled system
- error-correcting system
- error-detecting system
- executive file-control system
- executive system
- expert control system
- expert support system
- expert system
- expert-planning system
- externally pulsed system
- fail-safe system
- fail-soft system
- fan-out system
- fault-tolerant system
- feasible system
- federated system
- feed system
- feedback system
- feedforward control system
- fiche retrieval system
- file control system
- file system
- fixed-lenght record system
- fixed-point system
- fixed-radix numeration system
- floating-point system
- fluid transport system
- follow-up system
- forgiving system
- front-end system
- fuzzy expert system
- generic expert system
- geographically distributed system
- goal-seeking system
- good system
- graceful degradation system
- graphic data system
- graphics display system
- graphics system
- help system
- heterogeneous system
- hexadecimal number system
- hexadecimal system - host system
- hostless system
- host-satellite system
- human visual system
- hunting system
- hypermedia system
- imaging system
- incremental system
- independent system
- indirectly coupled system
- information storage and retrieval system
- information retrieval system
- information handling system
- information management system
- information processing system
- information system
- information-feedback system
- in-plant system
- input/output control system
- instruction system
- instrumentation management system
- integrated system
- intelligence system
- interactive control system
- interactive system
- intercommunicating system
- interlock system
- internal number system
- internal system
- Internet-enabled system
- interrupt system
- isolated system
- kernel system
- key-to-disk/tape system
- knowledge base management system
- knowledge system
- knowledge-based system
- large-scale computing system
- laser communication system
- layered control system - lexicon-driven system
- library reference system
- local-network system
- long-haul system
- lumped-parameter system
- machine tool control system
- machine-limited system
- machine-oriented programming system
- macroinstruction system
- macro system
- magnetic memory system
- magnetic recording system
- magnetic tape plotting system
- mail message system
- mail system
- mailbox system
- management information system
- man-machine system
- mapping system
- map-reading system
- mass memory system
- mass storage system
- master/slave system
- matrix memory system
- memory driver system
- memory system
- message handling system
- message system
- microcomputer system
- microfilm printing system
- midsplit system
- MIMO system
- mixed-base numbering system
- mixed-base number system
- mixed-radix numeration system
- model-based expert system
- modular system
- monitoring system
- monitor system
- mosaic system - multicomputer system
- multidimensional system
- multifrequency system
- multilevel storage system
- multiloop system
- multimaster communication system
- multimicroprocessor system
- multiple computation system
- multiple-bus system
- multiple-coincident magnetic storage system
- multiple-output control system
- multiplex system
- multiport system
- multiprocessing system
- multiprocessor system
- multiprogramming computer system
- multiprogramming system
- multisite system
- multispeaker system
- multistable system
- multitasking operating system
- multiterminal system
- multiuser computer system
- multiuser system
- multiuser operating system
- multivariable system
- multivariate system
- negative-base number representation system
- negative-base number system
- network operating system
- node-replicated system
- noncomputerized system
- nonconsistently based number system
- nondegenerate system
- number representation system
- numbering system
- number system
- numeral system
- numeration system
- numerical system
- octal number system
- octal system
- office automation system
- off-line system
- on-demand system
- one-level storage system
- one-loop system
- one-over-one address system
- on-line system
- open-ended system
- open system
- open-loop system
- operating system
- operational system
- optical memory system
- overdetermined system
- overload-hold system
- page-on-demand system
- panelboard system
- paper-tape system
- parameter-driven expert system
- pattern recognition system
- peek-a-boo system
- peripheral system
- pipeline system
- polled system
- polymorphic system
- polyphase system
- portable system
- positional representation system
- Post-production system
- priority scheduling system
- priority system
- procedural expert system
- process control system
- processor-sharing system
- production control system
- production system
- program system
- programming system
- protection system
- pulse system
- pulse-or-no-pulse system
- pulse-signal system
- punch card computer system
- pure-binary numeration system
- purposeful system
- quadruplex system
- question-answering system
- queueing system
- queue system
- radix numbering system
- radix number system
- reactive system
- reading system
- real-time expert system
- real-time operating system
- real-time system
- reasoning system
- recognition system
- recording system
- recovery system
- reduntant number system
- reduntant system
- reflected binary number system
- reflected binary system
- refreshment system
- remote-access system
- replicating system
- representation system
- request-repeat system
- rerecording system
- residue number system
- residue system
- resource-sharing system
- restorable system
- retrieval system
- retrieval-only system - robotic system
- robot system
- rule-based expert system
- rule-based system
- scalable system
- selection system
- self-adapting system
- self-adjusting system
- self-aligning system
- self-balancing system
- self-check system
- self-contained system
- self-correcting system
- self-descriptive system
- self-learning system
- self-organizing system
- self-sustained oscillation system
- self-test system
- sensor-based system
- sequential scheduling system
- sexadecimal number system
- sexadecimal system
- shared-files system
- shell expert system
- silicon-development system
- simplex system
- single-drive system
- single-inheritance system
- single-phase clock system
- single-site system
- single-user computer system
- SISO system
- skeletal expert system
- slave system
- soft-sectored disk system
- software system
- sound system
- source code control system
- source-destination system
- space-division system
- stabilizing system
- stable system
- stand-alone system
- start-stop system
- state-determined system
- stepped start-stop system
- stereo system
- stochastically disturbed system
- storage system
- stripped-down expert system
- subsplit system
- supervisor control system
- switching system
- symbolic assembly system
- syntactical system
- system explanation system
- system of logic
- system of notation
- system with delay
- system with time lag
- tabulating system
- tape data processing system
- tape drive system
- tape handling system
- tape operating system
- tape plotting system
- tape resident system
- tape-oriented system
- target system
- taught system
- telecommunictions system
- telecontrol system
- terminal system
- ternary number system
- ternary system
- test system
- testbed system
- text-to-speech system
- time-division system
- time-pattern control system
- time-shared system
- time-shared-bus system
- time-sharing system
- timing system
- total system
- translating system
- translation system
- translator writing system
- transmitting system
- tree-structured system
- trusted computer system
- two-failure mode system
- two-level return system
- two-level system
- two-phase clock system
- ultrastable system
- Unified system
- uninterruptible power system
- uniprocessor system
- unrestorable system
- unstable system
- up system
- variable-lenght record system
- virtual system
- virtual-memory operating system
- vision system
- visual system
- voice/audio processing system
- voice-response system
- volunteer system
- weighted number system
- weighted system
- writing system
- xerox copy system
- zero-one systemEnglish-Russian dictionary of computer science and programming > system
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57 FPI
2) Американизм: Федеральные тюремные производственные службы (одно из гос. учреждений, созданных в период проведения администрацией Ф. Д. Рузвельта `НОВОГО КУРСА`, т.н. "алфавитных ведомств")3) Военный термин: Federal Process Improvement, Foreign Positive Intelligence, Functional Process Improvement, first periodic inspection5) Юридический термин: Formal Public Identifier6) Сокращение: Federal Procurement Institute (USA), Fixed Price Incentive, fluorescent penetrant inspection7) Вычислительная техника: Formal Public Identifier (DTD, SGML), Flux Changes per Inch (HDD)9) Единицы измерений: Flux changes Per Inch -
58 IRP
1) Общая лексика: (independent review panel) независимая комиссия по проверке2) Компьютерная техника: Information Retrieval Protocol3) Медицина: interventional reference point5) Военный термин: ice on runway-patchy, improved replenishment program, in-flight reporting post, in-process review, industrial readiness planning, infrared radiation profile, intelligence report plan6) Техника: incident response plan, initial boiling point, initial receiving point, input/output request packet, intermediate rotating plug7) Химия: ИК-отражающие пигменты8) Юридический термин: Investigative Review Panel9) Бухгалтерия: Intermediary Relending Program10) Телекоммуникации: Independent Routing Processor11) Сокращение: Individual Reinforcement Plan, Islamic Renaissance Party (Afghanistan), I/O Request Packet12) Университет: Intensive Research Project13) Физиология: Iron Regulatory Protein14) Вычислительная техника: Infinite Resource Planning, Interrupt Request Packet, I/O Request Packet (I/O)15) Нефть: ice-resistant platform, ice-resistant platforms, рекомендованные для промышленности практики работ (Industry Recommended Practice)16) Иммунология: Interrupted Renewal Process17) Фирменный знак: Independent Research Provider18) Деловая лексика: Integrated Resource Package, Integrated Resource Plan19) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: ЛСП (ice-resistant platform), ледостойкая платформа (ice-resistant platform), ледостойкие платформы (ice-resistant platformsя), Interposing relay panel20) Образование: Independent Reading Program, Independent Reading Project, Individualized Reading Program22) Сахалин Р: ice-resistant platform23) Химическое оружие: Installation Restoration Program24) Фармация: International Reference Panel -
59 MSIP
1) Военный термин: Multi Stage Improvement Program, Multi- Spectral Imagery Processor, Multi-Spectral Image Processor, Multiple Source Interface Processor, Multisensored Intelligence Processor, multistaged improvement program2) Техника: modified stabilization in place3) Сокращение: Multinational Staged Improvement Programme (US armed forces)4) Университет: Multi Subject Instructional Period5) Атомная энергия: Mechanical Stress Improvement Process, (Mechanical Stress Improvement Process) метод механического перераспределения остаточных напряжений -
60 PIC
1) Общая лексика: Роттердамская конвенция о применении процедуры предварительного обоснованного согласия в от (Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemical and Pesticides in International Trade)2) Компьютерная техника: Platform For Internet Content, Portable Imaging Computer, Programmable Instruction Chip, Programmable Intelligent Controller, programmable chip3) Авиация: КВС (Командир Воздушного Судна) (Pilot In Command), (pilot in command) командир экипажа4) Медицина: Pharmaceutical Inspection Convention, preinitiation complex5) Американизм: Pre Ike Credential, Public Interest Committee6) Военный термин: Pacific Imagery Processing and Interpretation Center, Parent Indicator Code, Persistence In Combat, Pioneers In Control, Processing and Interpretation Center, Public Information Committee, photointerpretation center, preinstallation calibration, preinstallation checkout, priority indicator code, procedures for instrument calibration, procurement information center, procurement information for contracts, program identification code, project information center, public information center, purpose identification code7) Техника: photographic interpretation center, pressure-indicating controller, pressurized ion chamber, program interrupt control, programmable integrated control equipment8) Шутливое выражение: Pissed Idiotic Child9) Юридический термин: Partner In Crime, Partners In Crime, Pre Inquiry Change10) Фармакология: Конвенция по фармацевтическим инспекциям (Pharmaceutical Inspection Convention)11) Биржевой термин: property index certificate12) Оптика: photonic integrated circuit13) Телекоммуникации: Personal Instant Communications, Physical Interface Card, Polyolefin Insulated Cable, Preferred Interexchange Carrier, Programmable Interrupt Controller14) Сокращение: Pacific Intelligence Center, Package Identification Code (barcode, USPS pub. 109), Pilot In Command, Plastic Insulated Conductor, Plastic/Polyethylene Insulated Cable, Position Independant Code, Programmable Integrated Circuit, Position Independent Code, Programmable Interruption Controller15) Университет: Pioneer Involvement Center16) Физика: Particle-In-Cell, Precision Ion Chamber17) Электроника: PC Paint image format18) Вычислительная техника: Primary Independent Carrier, personal intelligent communicator, programmable interface controller, расширение файлов в формате Lotus Pie, сжатие неподвижных изображений, Priority Interrupt Controller (IC), Point in Call (IN), Programmable Interrupt Controller (PIC), Plastic/Polyethelene Insulated Cable (Telephony)19) Нефть: Perforating Investigating Committee, person in charge, pressure indicator control, process interface unit20) Иммунология: Pre Initiation Complex21) Токсикология: poison information center22) Транспорт: Preferred Interstate Carrier23) Фирменный знак: Pig Improvement Company24) Экология: Pollution Identification And Correction25) СМИ: Picture In Case26) Деловая лексика: Paid In Capital, Purchase Integration And Completion27) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: project inspection coordinator, контроллер индикатора давления (pressure indicator controller)28) Образование: Parent Involvement Committee, Polite In Class, Private Industry Council, Professional Instruction Center29) Сетевые технологии: Picture Image Compression, personal identification code, персональный идентификационный код30) Полимеры: polymer-impregnated concrete31) Программирование: Punch Invalid Character32) Сахалин Р: pressure indicator controller33) Химическое оружие: products of incomplete combustion34) Макаров: prior informed consent35) Расширение файла: Macintosh black & white PICT1 or color PICT2 file, PIXAR picture file, Personal Information Carrier, Pictor page format, Priority Interrupt Controller, Process Interface Control, Program Interrupt Controller, Picture file (and Graphic format, CShow, Alchemy, PC Paint, Pictor)36) Нефть и газ: person-in-charge, ответственное лицо37) Электротехника: polyethylene-insulated conductor38) Майкрософт: контроллер PIC39) Должность: Personal Information Connection, Pictorial Inventory Of Careers, Professional Interest Committee40) NYSE. Piccadilly Cafeterias, Inc.41) Аэропорты: Pine Cay, Turks & Caicos Islands
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