process+industry

— antipollution effluent standard

— gas standard

— reference standard

— test standard

1. стандарт || стандартный

2. эталон; образцовая мера; образец; норма; норматив

3. технические требования; технические условия

— ABC standard

— acceptable standard

— acceptance standard

— agreed standard

— American standard

— ANSI standard

— association standard

— ASTM standard

— base standard

— basic standard

— branch standard

— British standard

— certification standard

— classified standard

— commercial standard

— company standard

— complete standard

— construction standard

— coordinated standard

— design standard

— documentation standard

— domestic standard

— draft standard

— engineering performance standard

— engineering standard

— experimental standard

— federal standard

— foreign standard

— fundamental standard

— general standard

— generic standard

— graphical standard

— group standard

— harmonized standard

— inadequate standard

— industrial safety standards

— industrial standard

— industry standard

— in-plant standard

— interim standard

— internal standard

— international standard

— legal standard

— limiting standard

— local standard

— maintainability standard

— maintenance standards

— mandatory standard

— master standard

— metric standard

— multilevel standard

— national standard

— occupational standards

— operating standards

— pass-off standard

— performance standard

— permissive standard

— plant standard

— practical standard

— presumptive standard

— primary standard

— prime standard

— procedural standard

— procedure standard

— process standard

— product standard

— production standard

— prohibitory standard

— recommended standard

— regional standard

— reliability standard

— reliability-and-quality standards

— restrictive standard

— revised standard

— safety standard

— serviceability standard

— special standard

— standard of behavior

— state standard

— statutory standard

— storage serviceability standard

— suggested standard

— technical repair standards

— temporary standard

— tentative standard

— test standard

— trade standard

— trading standard

— unclassified standard

— United States standard

— universal standard

— voluntary standard

— working standard

— workmanship standard

— written standard

1) стандарт || стандартный

2) эталон; образцовая мера; образец; норма; норматив

3) технические требования; технические условия

•

- standard of behavior

* * *

• технические требования

• технические условия

noun (the process of producing or forming something: glassmaking; ( also adjective) the road-making industry.) fremstilling; -fremstilling

* * *

noun (the process of producing or forming something: glassmaking; ( also adjective) the road-making industry.) fremstilling; -fremstilling

1) (to introduce machinery into (an industry etc): We've mechanized the entire process.) mekanisere; automatisere

2) (to supply (troops) with motor vehicles.) mekanisere

* * *

1) (to introduce machinery into (an industry etc): We've mechanized the entire process.) mekanisere; automatisere

2) (to supply (troops) with motor vehicles.) mekanisere

1) (to introduce machinery into (an industry etc): We've mechanized the entire process.) mekanisere; automatisere

2) (to supply (troops) with motor vehicles.) mekanisere

* * *

1) (to introduce machinery into (an industry etc): We've mechanized the entire process.) mekanisere; automatisere

2) (to supply (troops) with motor vehicles.) mekanisere

1) (rot) (of timber, vegetation) decomposizione f.; (of area, house) decadimento m., rovina f.

2) med. carie f.

3) fig. (of society, industry) declino m.; (of civilization) decadenza f.

verbo transitivo far marcire [ timber]; cariare [ teeth]

1) (rot) [timber, vegetation, food] decomporsi, marcire; [ corpse] decomporsi, putrefarsi; [ tooth] cariarsi

2) (disintegrate) [ building] andare in rovina

3) fig. (decline) [ civilization] decadere; [ beauty] appassire

* * *

* * *

n. [u]

1 decomposizione: the natural decay of dead plants, la decomposizione naturale delle piante morte

2 marciume; putredine: The timbers were full of decay, il legname era mezzo marcio; (med.) ( tooth o dental) decay, carie (dentaria)

3 degrado, rovina: The temples had fallen into decay, i templi erano caduti in rovina

4 (fig.) decadenza; declino: moral decay, decadenza morale; social decay, degrado sociale; the decay of civil society [of capitalism], il declino della società civile [del capitalismo]; All civilizations eventually fall into decay, tutte le civiltà alla fine entrano in declino

5 (fis. nucl.) disintegrazione ( di sostanze radioattive); decadimento: radioactive decay, decadimento radioattivo; decay constant, costante di decadimento

6 (geol.) alterazione ( delle rocce).

A v. i.

1 decomporsi, marcire: the decaying process, il processo di decomposizione; Bamboo has the disadvantage of decaying fast in wet conditions, il bambù ha l'inconveniente di marcire in fretta in condizioni di umidità

2 andare in rovina, degradarsi: Long neglected historic buildings are decaying visibly, gli edifici storici, trascurati a lungo, si stanno visibilmente degradando

3 (med.) cariarsi: My teeth are starting to decay, i miei denti cominciano a cariarsi; a decayed tooth, un dente cariato

4 (fig.) essere in declino: a decaying civilisation, una civiltà in declino

5 (fis. nucl.) decadere; disintegrarsi

B v. t.

1 far marcire; far imputridire

2 far cariare ( i denti).

* * *

1) (rot) (of timber, vegetation) decomposizione f.; (of area, house) decadimento m., rovina f.

2) med. carie f.

3) fig. (of society, industry) declino m.; (of civilization) decadenza f.

verbo transitivo far marcire [ timber]; cariare [ teeth]

1) (rot) [timber, vegetation, food] decomporsi, marcire; [ corpse] decomporsi, putrefarsi; [ tooth] cariarsi

2) (disintegrate) [ building] andare in rovina

3) fig. (decline) [ civilization] decadere; [ beauty] appassire

aggettivo [process, reaction, experiment, industry, formula, warfare] chimico; [ equipment] da laboratorio (chimico)

nome sostanza f. chimica, prodotto m. chimico

* * *

* * *

aggettivo [process, reaction, experiment, industry, formula, warfare] chimico; [ equipment] da laboratorio (chimico)

nome sostanza f. chimica, prodotto m. chimico

1) [consideration, importance] secondario, marginale; [effect, road, colour] secondario; [sense, meaning] derivato

2) ling. [accent, stress] secondario

3) psic. [ process] secondario

4) scol. [education, level] secondario; [ teacher] della scuola secondaria

5) econ.

nome med. metastasi f.

* * *

1) (coming after, and at a more advanced level than, primary: secondary education.) secondario

2) (lesser in importance: a matter of secondary importance.) secondario

* * *

1) [consideration, importance] secondario, marginale; [effect, road, colour] secondario; [sense, meaning] derivato

2) ling. [accent, stress] secondario

3) psic. [ process] secondario

4) scol. [education, level] secondario; [ teacher] della scuola secondaria

5) econ.

nome med. metastasi f.

[ˌmænjəˈfæktʃ^ərɪŋ, AM -ɚ-]

I. adj Herstellungs-, Produktions-

\manufacturing centre [or AM center] Industriezentrum nt

\manufacturing costs Herstellungskosten pl; (of a film) Produktionskosten pl

\manufacturing firm Hersteller m, Herstellerfirma f

\manufacturing industry verarbeitende Industrie

II. n no pl Fertigung f

* * *

1. adj

2. n

* * *

manufacturing

A adj

1. Herstellungs…, Fabrikations…, Produktions…:

manufacturing business produzierendes Unternehmen;

manufacturing cost Herstellungs-, Produktionskosten pl;

manufacturing engineering Arbeitsplanung f;

manufacturing industries Fertigungsindustrien;

manufacturing loss Betriebsverlust m;

manufacturing order Arbeits-, Werksauftrag m;

manufacturing plant Fabrikationsbetrieb m;

manufacturing process Herstellungsverfahren n;

manufacturing schedule Arbeitsplan m

2. Industrie…, Fabrik…:

manufacturing town;

manufacturing branch Industriezweig m

3. gewerbetreibend

B s → academic.ru/45126/manufacture">manufacture A 1

mfg abk manufacturing

* * *

fabrizierend adj.

herstellend adj. n.

Fertigung f.

SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy

[br]

[br]

[br]

Dudley was the fourth natural son of Edward Sutton, fifth Baron Dudley. In 1619 he was summoned from Balliol College, Oxford, to superintend his father's ironworks at Pensnet in Worcestershire. There had long been concern at the destruction of the forests in order to make charcoal for the smelting of iron ore, and unsuccessful attempts had been made to substitute coal as a fuel. Finding that charcoal was in short supply and coal plentiful near Pensnet, Dudley was stimulated by these attempts to try the process for himself. He claimed to have made good, marketable iron and in 1621 his father obtained a patent from the King to protect his process for thirty-one years. After a serious flood, Dudley moved to Staffordshire and continued his efforts there. In 1639 he was granted a further patent for making iron with coal. Although he probably made some samples of good iron, more by luck than judgement, it is hardly possible that he achieved consistent success. He blamed this on the machinations of other ironmasters. The day that King Charles II landed in England to assume his throne', Dudley petitioned him to renew his patents, but he was refused and he ceased to promote his invention. In 1665, however, he published his celebrated book Metallum Martis, Iron Made with Pit-Coaky Sea-Coale…. In this he described his efforts in general terms, but neither there nor in his patents does he give any technical details of his methods. He implied the use of slack or small coal from the Staffordshire Thick or Ten Yard coal, but this has a sulphur content that would have rendered the iron unusable; in addition, this coal would not have been suitable for converting to coke in order to remove the sulphur. Nevertheless, Dudley recognized the need to change from charcoal to coal as a fuel for iron smelting and drew attention to it, even though he himself achieved little success.

[br]

SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology

[br]

[br]

[br]

Mansfield, the son of a country clergyman, was educated privately at first, then at Winchester College and at Cambridge; ill health, which dogged his early years, delayed his graduation until 1846. He was first inclined to medicine, but after settling in London, chemistry seemed to him to offer the true basis of the grand scheme of knowledge he aimed to establish. After completing the chemistry course at the Royal College of Chemistry in London, he followed the suggestion of its first director, A.W.von Hofmann, of investigating the chemistry of coal tar. This work led to a result of great importance for industry by demonstrating the valuable substances that could be extracted from coal tar. Mansfield obtained pure benzene, and toluene by a process for which he was granted a patent in 1848 and published in the Chemical Society's journal the same year The following year he published a pamphlet on the applications of benzene.

Blessed with a private income, Mansfield had no need to support himself by following a regular profession. He was therefore able to spread his brilliant talents in several directions instead of confining them to a single interest. During the period of unrest in 1848, he engaged in social work with a particular concern to improve sanitation. In 1850, a description of a balloon machine in Paris led him to study aeronautics for a while, which bore fruit in an influential book, Aerial Navigation (London, 1851). He then visited Paraguay, making a characteristically thorough and illuminating study of conditions there. Upon his return to London in 1853, Mansfield resumed his chemical studies, especially on salts. He published his results in 1855 as Theory of Salts, his most important contribution to chemical theory.

Mansfield was in the process of preparing specimens of benzene for the Paris Exhibition of 1855 when a naphtha still overflowed and caught fire. In carrying it to a place of safety, Mansfield sustained injuries which unfortunately proved fatal.

[br]

 

дистанционное техническое обслуживание
Техническое обслуживание объекта, проводимое под управлением персонала без его непосредственного присутствия.
[ОСТ 45.152-99 ]

Параллельные тексты EN-RU из ABB Review. Перевод компании Интент

 

дистанционное техническое обслуживание
Техническое обслуживание объекта, проводимое под управлением персонала без его непосредственного присутствия.
[ОСТ 45.152-99 ]

Параллельные тексты EN-RU из ABB Review. Перевод компании Интент

1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. Database Of Interaction Proteins, Decision Implementation Process

2) Биология: differentiation-inducing factor

3) Медицина: Digital Image Pro, distal interphalangeal (дистальный межфаланговый), дистальный межфаланговый сустав

4) Военный термин: Defence Industry Productivity, Defense Imagery Program, Defense Intelligence Plan, Defense investigation program, Die In Place, display information processor, doctrine improvement program, document improvement program

5) Техника: data interchange format, defense information procedure, design internal pressure, designated inspection points, digital incremental plotter, direct iron process, dual-in-line pulse, корпус с двухразрядным расположением выводов, корпус типа DIP (штырьковых)

6) Химия: Dissolved Inorganic Phosphate

7) Религия: Discipleship In Progress

8) Юридический термин: Debtor In Possession, Disciplinary Intervention Program

9) Металлургия: direct-iron process

10) Телекоммуникации: Dialup Internet Protocol, Dual Inline Package

11) Сокращение: Design Improvement Process (USA), Digital Image Processing, Dual In-line Package (RAM chip)

12) Физиология: Descending Inhibitory Pathway

13) Вычислительная техника: Dual In-line Package (IC, DRAM), Dial-up Internet Protocol (Linux)

14) Нефть: dipmeter

15) Биотехнология: Database of Interacting Proteins

16) Транспорт: Driver Improvement Program

17) Целлюлозно-бумажная промышленность: deinked pulp, облагороженная макулатурная масса

18) Бытовая техника: корпус с двухрядным расположением выводов

19) Сетевые технологии: Dynamic Internet Protocol, distributed information processing, document and image processing, document image processing, dual-in-line package, блок двухпозиционных переключателей, двухрядный корпус, обработка документов и изображений, распределённая обработка информации, формат обмена данными, формат цифрового стыка

20) Расширение файла: Digital Imaging Processing, Dual In-line Package, Dual In-line Pin, Dialup Internet Protocol (Internet), Debug info processor (Watcom Debugger)

21) Нефтеперерабатывающие заводы: Колонна отделения изопентановой фракции (de-isopentanizer (DIP) column)

22) Базы данных: Database Initialization Program

1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. Database Of Interaction Proteins, Decision Implementation Process

2) Биология: differentiation-inducing factor

3) Медицина: Digital Image Pro, distal interphalangeal (дистальный межфаланговый), дистальный межфаланговый сустав

4) Военный термин: Defence Industry Productivity, Defense Imagery Program, Defense Intelligence Plan, Defense investigation program, Die In Place, display information processor, doctrine improvement program, document improvement program

5) Техника: data interchange format, defense information procedure, design internal pressure, designated inspection points, digital incremental plotter, direct iron process, dual-in-line pulse, корпус с двухразрядным расположением выводов, корпус типа DIP (штырьковых)

6) Химия: Dissolved Inorganic Phosphate

7) Религия: Discipleship In Progress

8) Юридический термин: Debtor In Possession, Disciplinary Intervention Program

9) Металлургия: direct-iron process

10) Телекоммуникации: Dialup Internet Protocol, Dual Inline Package

11) Сокращение: Design Improvement Process (USA), Digital Image Processing, Dual In-line Package (RAM chip)

12) Физиология: Descending Inhibitory Pathway

13) Вычислительная техника: Dual In-line Package (IC, DRAM), Dial-up Internet Protocol (Linux)

14) Нефть: dipmeter

15) Биотехнология: Database of Interacting Proteins

16) Транспорт: Driver Improvement Program

17) Целлюлозно-бумажная промышленность: deinked pulp, облагороженная макулатурная масса

18) Бытовая техника: корпус с двухрядным расположением выводов

19) Сетевые технологии: Dynamic Internet Protocol, distributed information processing, document and image processing, document image processing, dual-in-line package, блок двухпозиционных переключателей, двухрядный корпус, обработка документов и изображений, распределённая обработка информации, формат обмена данными, формат цифрового стыка

20) Расширение файла: Digital Imaging Processing, Dual In-line Package, Dual In-line Pin, Dialup Internet Protocol (Internet), Debug info processor (Watcom Debugger)

21) Нефтеперерабатывающие заводы: Колонна отделения изопентановой фракции (de-isopentanizer (DIP) column)

22) Базы данных: Database Initialization Program

1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. Database Of Interaction Proteins, Decision Implementation Process

2) Биология: differentiation-inducing factor

3) Медицина: Digital Image Pro, distal interphalangeal (дистальный межфаланговый), дистальный межфаланговый сустав

4) Военный термин: Defence Industry Productivity, Defense Imagery Program, Defense Intelligence Plan, Defense investigation program, Die In Place, display information processor, doctrine improvement program, document improvement program

5) Техника: data interchange format, defense information procedure, design internal pressure, designated inspection points, digital incremental plotter, direct iron process, dual-in-line pulse, корпус с двухразрядным расположением выводов, корпус типа DIP (штырьковых)

6) Химия: Dissolved Inorganic Phosphate

7) Религия: Discipleship In Progress

8) Юридический термин: Debtor In Possession, Disciplinary Intervention Program

9) Металлургия: direct-iron process

10) Телекоммуникации: Dialup Internet Protocol, Dual Inline Package

11) Сокращение: Design Improvement Process (USA), Digital Image Processing, Dual In-line Package (RAM chip)

12) Физиология: Descending Inhibitory Pathway

13) Вычислительная техника: Dual In-line Package (IC, DRAM), Dial-up Internet Protocol (Linux)

14) Нефть: dipmeter

15) Биотехнология: Database of Interacting Proteins

16) Транспорт: Driver Improvement Program

17) Целлюлозно-бумажная промышленность: deinked pulp, облагороженная макулатурная масса

18) Бытовая техника: корпус с двухрядным расположением выводов

19) Сетевые технологии: Dynamic Internet Protocol, distributed information processing, document and image processing, document image processing, dual-in-line package, блок двухпозиционных переключателей, двухрядный корпус, обработка документов и изображений, распределённая обработка информации, формат обмена данными, формат цифрового стыка

20) Расширение файла: Digital Imaging Processing, Dual In-line Package, Dual In-line Pin, Dialup Internet Protocol (Internet), Debug info processor (Watcom Debugger)

21) Нефтеперерабатывающие заводы: Колонна отделения изопентановой фракции (de-isopentanizer (DIP) column)

22) Базы данных: Database Initialization Program

1) (to (cause to) grow bigger or to a more advanced state: The plan developed slowly in his mind; It has developed into a very large city.) desarrollar(se)

2) (to acquire gradually: He developed the habit of getting up early.) contraer, adquirir

3) (to become active, visible etc: Spots developed on her face.) aparecer

4) (to use chemicals to make (a photograph) visible: My brother develops all his own films.) revelar

•

- development

develop vb

1. desarrollar

2. revelar

3. convertirse

4. surgir / salir

tr[dɪ'veləp]

transitive verb

1 (cultivate, cause to grow - gen) desarrollar; (foster - trade, arts) fomentar, promover; (expand - business, industry) ampliar; (build up, improve - skill, ability, talent) perfeccionar

2 (elaborate, expand - idea, argument, story) desarrollar; (- theory, plan) desarrollar, elaborar

3 (start - roots) echar; (devise, invent - policy, method, strategy) idear, desarrollar; (- drug, product, technology) crear

4 (acquire - habit, quality, feature) contraer, adquirir; (- talent, interest) mostrar; (- tendency) revelar, manifestar; (get - illness, disease) contraer; (- immunity, resistance) desarrollar

■ he's developed a sudden interest in tennis muestra un repentino interés por el tenis

■ the machine has developed a fault ha surgido un problema con la máquina

5 (exploit - resources) explotar; (- site, land) urbanizar

6 (film, photograph) revelar

intransitive verb

1 (grow - person, body, nation, region, etc) desarrollarse; (- system) perfeccionarse; (feeling, interest) aumentar, crecer

2 (evolve - emotion) convertirse ( into, en), transformarse ( into, en), evolucionar; (plot, novel) desarrollarse

3 (appear - problem, complication, symptom) aparecer, surgir; (situation, crisis) producirse

4 (of film, photograph) salir

\

to develop a taste for something cogerle gusto a algo

■ she developed a taste for cocktails le cogió el gusto a los cócteles

develop [di'vɛləp] vt

1) form, make: desarrollar, elaborar, formar

2) : revelar (en fotografía)

3) foster: desarrollar, fomentar

4) exploit: explotar (recursos), urbanizar (un área)

5) acquire: adquirir

to develop an interest: adquirir un interés

6) contract: contraer (una enfermedad)

develop vi

1) grow: desarrollarse

2) arise: aparecer, surgir

develop (film)

• revelar (una película) v.

• desarrollar v.

• desenvolver v.

• explotar v.

• progresar v.

• urbanizar v.

1)

a) (elaborate, devise) \<\<theory/plan\>\> desarrollar, elaborar; \<\<idea\>\> desarrollar; \<\<method\>\> idear, desarrollar; \<\<plot/story/character\>\> desarrollar

b) ( improve) \<\<skill/ability/quality\>\> desarrollar

c) ( exploit) \<\<land/area\>\> urbanizar*

d) ( expand) \<\<business/range\>\> ampliar*

e) ( create) \<\<drug/engine\>\> crear

2) ( acquire) \<\<immunity/resistance\>\> desarrollar; \<\<disease\>\> contraer* (frml)

3) ( Phot) revelar

1)

a) ( grow) \<\<person/industry\>\> desarrollarse; \<\<interest\>\> crecer*, aumentar

b) ( evolve)

c) ( Econ) \<\<nation/region\>\> desarrollarse, progresar

d) ( unfold) \<\<plot/novel\>\> desarrollarse

2) ( appear) \<\<problem/complication\>\> surgir*, aparecer*; \<\<crisis\>\> producirse*

1. VT

1) (=make bigger, stronger etc) [+ mind, body] desarrollar; (fig) [+ argument, idea] desarrollar

2) (=generate) [+ plan] elaborar; [+ process] perfeccionar

3) (=acquire) [+ interest, taste, habit] adquirir; [+ disease] contraer; [+ tendency] coger, desarrollar; [+ engine trouble] empezar a tener

4) (=build on) [+ region] desarrollar, fomentar; [+ land] urbanizar; [+ site] ampliar

5) (=exploit) [+ resources, mine etc] explotar

6) (Phot) revelar

2. VI

1) (=change, mature) desarrollarse

2) (=progress) [country] desarrollarse

3) (=come into being) aparecer; [symptoms] aparecer, mostrarse

4) (=come about) [idea, plan, problem] surgir

* * *

1)

a) (elaborate, devise) \<\<theory/plan\>\> desarrollar, elaborar; \<\<idea\>\> desarrollar; \<\<method\>\> idear, desarrollar; \<\<plot/story/character\>\> desarrollar

b) ( improve) \<\<skill/ability/quality\>\> desarrollar

c) ( exploit) \<\<land/area\>\> urbanizar*

d) ( expand) \<\<business/range\>\> ampliar*

e) ( create) \<\<drug/engine\>\> crear

2) ( acquire) \<\<immunity/resistance\>\> desarrollar; \<\<disease\>\> contraer* (frml)

3) ( Phot) revelar

1)

a) ( grow) \<\<person/industry\>\> desarrollarse; \<\<interest\>\> crecer*, aumentar

b) ( evolve)

c) ( Econ) \<\<nation/region\>\> desarrollarse, progresar

d) ( unfold) \<\<plot/novel\>\> desarrollarse

2) ( appear) \<\<problem/complication\>\> surgir*, aparecer*; \<\<crisis\>\> producirse*

1) (to introduce machinery into (an industry etc): We've mechanized the entire process.) mecanizar

2) (to supply (troops) with motor vehicles.) mecanizar

tr['mekənaɪz]

transitive verb

1 mecanizar

intransitive verb

1 mecanizarse

mechanize ['mɛkə.naɪz] vt, - nized ; - nizing : mecanizar

mechanize (US/UK)

• mecanizar v.

• motorizar v.

transitive verb \<\<process/agriculture\>\> mecanizar*; \<\<unit/regiment\>\> motorizar*

['mekǝnaɪz]

* * *

transitive verb \<\<process/agriculture\>\> mecanizar*; \<\<unit/regiment\>\> motorizar*

1) (of industry, economy, population) Wachstum, das (of, in Gen.); (of interest, illiteracy) Zunahme, die (of, in Gen.); attrib. Wachstums[hormon, -rate]

2) (of organisms, amount grown) Wachstum, das

3) (thing grown) Vegetation, die; Pflanzenwuchs, der

4) (Med.) Geschwulst, die; Gewächs, das

* * *

1) (the act or process of growing, increasing, developing etc: the growth of trade unionism.) das Wachsen

2) (something that has grown: a week's growth of beard.) der Wuchs

3) (the amount by which something grows: to measure the growth of a plant.) die Zunahme

4) (something unwanted which grows: a cancerous growth.) die Wucherung

* * *

[grəʊθ, AM groʊθ]

1. no pl (in size) Wachstum nt

plant \growth Pflanzenwuchs m, Pflanzenwachstum nt

to reach full \growth ausgewachsen sein

2. no pl (increase) Wachstum nt, Zunahme f, Anstieg m

rate of \growth Wachstumsrate f, Zuwachsrate f

\growth industry Wachstumsindustrie f

3. no pl (development) Entwicklung f; of sb's character, intellect Entfaltung f; (in importance) Wachstum nt

\growth area Entwicklungsgebiet nt

4. (of plant) Trieb m, Schössling m

there is new \growth sprouting in spring im Frühling sprießen neue Triebe

5. no pl (whiskers) [wenige Tage alter] Bartwuchs

to have a three days' \growth on one's chin einen Drei-Tage-Bart haben

6. MED Geschwulst f, Wucherung f; (cancerous) Tumor m

* * *

1) Wachstum nt; (= increase in quantity, fig of love, interest etc) Zunahme f, Anwachsen nt; (= increase in size) Vergrößerung f, Wachstum nt; (of capital etc) Zuwachs m

2) (= plants) Vegetation f; (of one plant) Triebe pl

3) (MED) Gewächs nt, Wucherung f

* * *

growth [ɡrəʊθ] s

1. Wachsen n, Wachstum n (beide auch fig):

a four days’ growth of beard ein Viertagebart m

2. Wuchs m, Größe f

3. fig Anwachsen n, Zunahme f, Zuwachs m ( alle:

in gen): → academic.ru/60341/rate">rate¹ A 1

4. fig Entwicklung f

5. BOT Schössling m, Trieb m

6. Erzeugnis n, Produkt n

7. Anbau m:

of foreign growth ausländisch;

of one’s own growth selbst gezogen

8. MED Gewächs n, Wucherung f

* * *

1) (of industry, economy, population) Wachstum, das (of, in Gen.); (of interest, illiteracy) Zunahme, die (of, in Gen.); attrib. Wachstums[hormon, -rate]

2) (of organisms, amount grown) Wachstum, das

3) (thing grown) Vegetation, die; Pflanzenwuchs, der

4) (Med.) Geschwulst, die; Gewächs, das

* * *

Bewuchs -¨e m. n.

Auswuchs -¨e m.

Entwicklung f.

Geschwulst f.

Gewachs -¨e n.

Gewächs -e n.

Wachstum -¨er n.

Wuchs nur sing. m.

Zuwachs m.

SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics

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The young Eastman was a clerk-bookkeeper in the Rochester Savings Bank when in 1877 he took up photography. Taking lessons in the wet-plate process, he became an enthusiastic amateur photographer. However, the cumbersome equipment and noxious chemicals used in the process proved an obstacle, as he said, "It seemed to be that one ought to be able to carry less than a pack-horse load." Then he came across an account of the new gelatine dry-plate process in the British Journal of Photography of March 1878. He experimented in coating glass plates with the new emulsions, and was soon so successful that he decided to go into commercial manufacture. He devised a machine to simplify the coating of the plates, and travelled to England in July 1879 to patent it. In April 1880 he prepared to begin manufacture in a rented building in Rochester, and contacted the leading American photographic supply house, E. \& H.T.Anthony, offering them an option as agents. A local whip manufacturer, Henry A.Strong, invested $1,000 in the enterprise and the Eastman Dry Plate Company was formed on 1 January 1881. Still working at the Savings Bank, he ran the business in his spare time, and demand grew for the quality product he was producing. The fledgling company survived a near disaster in 1882 when the quality of the emulsions dropped alarmingly. Eastman later discovered this was due to impurities in the gelatine used, and this led him to test all raw materials rigorously for quality. In 1884 the company became a corporation, the Eastman Dry Plate \& Film Company, and a new product was announced. Mindful of his desire to simplify photography, Eastman, with a camera maker, William H.Walker, designed a roll-holder in which the heavy glass plates were replaced by a roll of emulsion-coated paper. The holders were made in sizes suitable for most plate cameras. Eastman designed and patented a coating machine for the large-scale production of the paper film, bringing costs down dramatically, the roll-holders were acclaimed by photographers worldwide, and prizes and medals were awarded, but Eastman was still not satisfied. The next step was to incorporate the roll-holder in a smaller, hand-held camera. His first successful design was launched in June 1888: the Kodak camera. A small box camera, it held enough paper film for 100 circular exposures, and was bought ready-loaded. After the film had been exposed, the camera was returned to Eastman's factory, where the film was removed, processed and printed, and the camera reloaded. This developing and printing service was the most revolutionary part of his invention, since at that time photographers were expected to process their own photographs, which required access to a darkroom and appropriate chemicals. The Kodak camera put photography into the hands of the countless thousands who wanted photographs without complications. Eastman's marketing slogan neatly summed up the advantage: "You Press the Button, We Do the Rest." The Kodak camera was the last product in the design of which Eastman was personally involved. His company was growing rapidly, and he recruited the most talented scientists and technicians available. New products emerged regularly—notably the first commercially produced celluloid roll film for the Kodak cameras in July 1889; this material made possible the introduction of cinematography a few years later. Eastman's philosophy of simplifying photography and reducing its costs continued to influence products: for example, the introduction of the one dollar, or five shilling, Brownie camera in 1900, which put photography in the hands of almost everyone. Over the years the Eastman Kodak Company, as it now was, grew into a giant multinational corporation with manufacturing and marketing organizations throughout the world. Eastman continued to guide the company; he pursued an enlightened policy of employee welfare and profit sharing decades before this was common in industry. He made massive donations to many concerns, notably the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and supported schemes for the education of black people, dental welfare, calendar reform, music and many other causes, he withdrew from the day-to-day control of the company in 1925, and at last had time for recreation. On 14 March 1932, suffering from a painful terminal cancer and after tidying up his affairs, he shot himself through the heart, leaving a note: "To my friends: My work is done. Why wait?" Although Eastman's technical innovations were made mostly at the beginning of his career, the organization which he founded and guided in its formative years was responsible for many of the major advances in photography over the years.

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SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy

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Junghans was of the family that owned Gebrüder Junghans, one of the largest firms in the German watch-and clockmaking industry. From 1906 to 1918 he served in the German Army, after which he took a course in metallurgy and analytical chemistry at the Technical High School in Stuttgart. Junghans was then given control of the brassworks owned by his family. He wanted to make castings simply and cheaply, but he found that he lacked the normal foundry equipment. By 1927, formulating his ideas on continuous casting, he had conceived a way of overcoming this deficiency and began experiments. By the time the firm was taken over by Wieland-Werke AG in 1931, Junghans had achieved positive results. A test plant was erected in 1932, and commercial production of continuously cast metal followed the year after. Wieland told Junghans that a brassfounder who had come up through the trade would never have hit on the idea: it took an outsider like Junghans to do it. He was made Technical Director of Wielands but left in 1935 to work privately on the development of continuous casting for all metals. He was able to license the process for non-ferrous metals during 1936–9 in Germany and other countries, but the Second World War interrupted his work; however, the German government supported him and a production plant was built. In 1948 he was able to resume work on the continuous casting of steel, which he had been considering since 1936. He pushed on in spite of financial difficulties and produced the first steel by this process at Schorndorf in March 1949. From 1950 he made agreements with four firms to work towards the pilot plant stage, and this was achieved in 1954 at Mannesmann's Huckingen works. The aim of continuous casting is to bypass the conventional processes of casting molten steel into ingots, reheating the ingots and shaping them by rolling them in a large mill. Essentially, in continuous casting, molten steel is drawn through the bottom of a ladle and down through a water-cooled copper mould. The unique feature of Junghans's process was the vertically reciprocating mould, which prevented the molten metal sticking as it passed through. A continuous length of steel is taken off and cooled until it is completely solidified into the required shape. The idea of continuous casting can be traced back to Bessemer, and although others tried to apply it later, they did not have any success. It was Junghans who, more than anybody, made the process a reality.

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