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process+heating

  • 21 constante

    adj.
    2 constant.
    3 unchanging, uniform, consistent, constant.
    4 dedicated, hardworking.
    f.
    1 constant.
    2 Constante.
    * * *
    1 (invariable) constant
    2 (persona) steadfast
    1 MATEMÁTICAS constant
    \
    constantes vitales vital signs
    * * *
    adj.
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) (=continuado) constant
    2) (=frecuente) constant
    3) (=perseverante) [persona] persevering
    4) (Fís) [velocidad, temperatura, presión] constant
    2. SF
    1) (=factor predominante)

    el mar es una constante en su obra — the sea is a constant theme o an ever-present theme in his work

    2) (Mat) constant
    3) (Med)
    * * *
    I
    1) ( continuo) constant
    2) ( perseverante) < persona> persevering
    II
    a) (Mat) constant
    b) ( característica) constant feature
    c) constantes femenino plural (Med) tb
    * * *
    = constant, continual, continued, continuing, continuous, even, ongoing [on-going], persistent, regular, unvarying, steadfast, perpetual, steady [steadier -comp., steadiest -sup.], abiding, unfailing, unabated, constant, standing, unflagging, assiduous, on-the-go, unceasing, incessant, ceaseless, persevering.
    Ex. Film and videotape are stored on the premises in vaults situated at the back of the library and are air conditioned to ensure a constant temperature.
    Ex. The second point concerns the continual reference to Haykin's book, a sort of code of subject authority practice and its drawbacks.
    Ex. Instructional development is a goal-oriented, problem-solving process involving techniques such as development of specific objectives, analysis of learners and tasks, preliminary trials, formative and summative evaluation, and continued revision.
    Ex. They are likely to influence the future function of DC, and the way in which the scheme will evolve, but since there will be a continuing need for shelf arrangement, DC will remain necessary.
    Ex. However, in 1983, Forest Press decided to opt for the concept of continuous revision.
    Ex. An unvarying level of illumination, heating, cooling, ventilation and acoustics will give the even type of environment needed in an academic library.
    Ex. This study has many implications for an ongoing COMARC effort beyond the present pilot project because it is evident that a very small number of libraries can furnish machine-readable records with full LC/MARC encoding.
    Ex. Cases keep discussion grounded on certain persistent facts that must be faced, and keep a realistic rein on airy flights of academic speculation.
    Ex. Book form was generally regarded as too inflexible for library catalogues, especially where the catalogue required regular updating to cater for continuing and gradual expansion of the collection.
    Ex. An unvarying level of illumination, heating, cooling, ventilation and acoustics will give the even type of environment needed in an academic library.
    Ex. He does admit, however, that 'this power is unusual, it is a gift which must be cultivated, an accomplishment which can only be acquired by vigorous and steadfast concentration'.
    Ex. Possessed of a phenomenal memory and a perpetual smile, this paragon always is ready to meet the public without losing balance or a sense of humor.
    Ex. Susan Blanch is a fairly steady customer, taking only fiction books.
    Ex. The revision and correction of reference works is an abiding concern to the librarian and the user.
    Ex. Public libraries can be characterized by an unfailing flexibility and sincere intent to help people solve problems.
    Ex. The demand for English as the world's lingua franca continues unabated.
    Ex. In this formula, curly brackets {} indicate activities, and alpha, beta and gamma are constants = En esta fórmula, las llaves {} indican actividades y alfa, beta y gamma son las constantes.
    Ex. A standing reproach to all librarians is the non-user.
    Ex. Colleagues from all the regions of the world harnessed their combined intellectual capital, tenacity, good will and unflagging spirit of volunteerism for the good of our profession = Colegas de todas las regiones del mundo utilizaron su capital intelectual, su tenacidad, su buena voluntad y su inagotable espíritu de voluntarismo para el bien de nuestra profesión.
    Ex. The management of a large number of digital images requires assiduous attention to all stages of production.
    Ex. With technologies such as SMS, Podcasting, voice over IP (VoIP), and more becoming increasingly mainstream, the potential to provide instant, on-the-go reference is limitless.
    Ex. But just as she pulled over the road in the pitch blackness of night she heard the unceasing sound of the night like she had never heard it.
    Ex. The great practical education of the Englishman is derived from incessant intercourse between man and man, in trade.
    Ex. Children in modern society are faced with a ceaseless stream of new ideas, and responsibility for their upbringing has generally moved from parents to childminders and teachers.
    Ex. Napoleon Bonaparte said: 'Victory belongs to the most persevering' and 'Ability is of little account without opportunity'.
    ----
    * constante de bajada = slope constant.
    * constante flujo de = steady stream of.
    * constante vital = vital sign.
    * crítica constante = nagging.
    * de un modo constante = on an ongoing basis.
    * en constante expansión = ever-expanding, ever-growing.
    * en constante movimiento = on the go.
    * los constantes cambios de = the changing face of, the changing nature of.
    * mantenimiento de las constantes vitales = life support.
    * máquina que mantiene las constantes vitales = life-support system.
    * permanecer constante = remain + constant.
    * que está en constante evolución = ever-evolving.
    * serie constante de = steady stream of.
    * ser una constante = be a constant.
    * * *
    I
    1) ( continuo) constant
    2) ( perseverante) < persona> persevering
    II
    a) (Mat) constant
    b) ( característica) constant feature
    c) constantes femenino plural (Med) tb
    * * *
    = constant, continual, continued, continuing, continuous, even, ongoing [on-going], persistent, regular, unvarying, steadfast, perpetual, steady [steadier -comp., steadiest -sup.], abiding, unfailing, unabated, constant, standing, unflagging, assiduous, on-the-go, unceasing, incessant, ceaseless, persevering.

    Ex: Film and videotape are stored on the premises in vaults situated at the back of the library and are air conditioned to ensure a constant temperature.

    Ex: The second point concerns the continual reference to Haykin's book, a sort of code of subject authority practice and its drawbacks.
    Ex: Instructional development is a goal-oriented, problem-solving process involving techniques such as development of specific objectives, analysis of learners and tasks, preliminary trials, formative and summative evaluation, and continued revision.
    Ex: They are likely to influence the future function of DC, and the way in which the scheme will evolve, but since there will be a continuing need for shelf arrangement, DC will remain necessary.
    Ex: However, in 1983, Forest Press decided to opt for the concept of continuous revision.
    Ex: An unvarying level of illumination, heating, cooling, ventilation and acoustics will give the even type of environment needed in an academic library.
    Ex: This study has many implications for an ongoing COMARC effort beyond the present pilot project because it is evident that a very small number of libraries can furnish machine-readable records with full LC/MARC encoding.
    Ex: Cases keep discussion grounded on certain persistent facts that must be faced, and keep a realistic rein on airy flights of academic speculation.
    Ex: Book form was generally regarded as too inflexible for library catalogues, especially where the catalogue required regular updating to cater for continuing and gradual expansion of the collection.
    Ex: An unvarying level of illumination, heating, cooling, ventilation and acoustics will give the even type of environment needed in an academic library.
    Ex: He does admit, however, that 'this power is unusual, it is a gift which must be cultivated, an accomplishment which can only be acquired by vigorous and steadfast concentration'.
    Ex: Possessed of a phenomenal memory and a perpetual smile, this paragon always is ready to meet the public without losing balance or a sense of humor.
    Ex: Susan Blanch is a fairly steady customer, taking only fiction books.
    Ex: The revision and correction of reference works is an abiding concern to the librarian and the user.
    Ex: Public libraries can be characterized by an unfailing flexibility and sincere intent to help people solve problems.
    Ex: The demand for English as the world's lingua franca continues unabated.
    Ex: In this formula, curly brackets {} indicate activities, and alpha, beta and gamma are constants = En esta fórmula, las llaves {} indican actividades y alfa, beta y gamma son las constantes.
    Ex: A standing reproach to all librarians is the non-user.
    Ex: Colleagues from all the regions of the world harnessed their combined intellectual capital, tenacity, good will and unflagging spirit of volunteerism for the good of our profession = Colegas de todas las regiones del mundo utilizaron su capital intelectual, su tenacidad, su buena voluntad y su inagotable espíritu de voluntarismo para el bien de nuestra profesión.
    Ex: The management of a large number of digital images requires assiduous attention to all stages of production.
    Ex: With technologies such as SMS, Podcasting, voice over IP (VoIP), and more becoming increasingly mainstream, the potential to provide instant, on-the-go reference is limitless.
    Ex: But just as she pulled over the road in the pitch blackness of night she heard the unceasing sound of the night like she had never heard it.
    Ex: The great practical education of the Englishman is derived from incessant intercourse between man and man, in trade.
    Ex: Children in modern society are faced with a ceaseless stream of new ideas, and responsibility for their upbringing has generally moved from parents to childminders and teachers.
    Ex: Napoleon Bonaparte said: 'Victory belongs to the most persevering' and 'Ability is of little account without opportunity'.
    * constante de bajada = slope constant.
    * constante flujo de = steady stream of.
    * constante vital = vital sign.
    * crítica constante = nagging.
    * de un modo constante = on an ongoing basis.
    * en constante expansión = ever-expanding, ever-growing.
    * en constante movimiento = on the go.
    * los constantes cambios de = the changing face of, the changing nature of.
    * mantenimiento de las constantes vitales = life support.
    * máquina que mantiene las constantes vitales = life-support system.
    * permanecer constante = remain + constant.
    * que está en constante evolución = ever-evolving.
    * serie constante de = steady stream of.
    * ser una constante = be a constant.

    * * *
    A
    1 (continuo) constant
    estaba sometido a una constante vigilancia he was kept under constant surveillance
    2 ‹tema/motivo› constant
    B (perseverante) persevering
    1 ( Mat) constant
    2 (característica) constant feature
    las escaseces han sido una constante durante los últimos siete años shortages have been a constant feature of the last seven years
    durante estas fechas las colas son una constante en las tiendas at this time of year queues are a regular feature in the shops
    una constante en su obra a constant theme in his work
    el malhumor es una constante en él he's always in a bad mood
    constantes vitales vital signs (pl)
    * * *

     

    constante adjetivo


    ■ sustantivo femenino
    a) (Mat) constant


    c)

    ◊ constantes sustantivo femenino plural (Med) tb constantes vitales vital signs (pl)

    constante
    I adjetivo
    1 (tenaz) steadfast: es una persona constante en sus ambiciones, he is steadfast in his ambitions
    2 (incesante, sin variaciones) constant, incessant, unchanging: me mareaba el constante barullo que había allí, the constant racket there made me dizzy
    II sustantivo femenino
    1 constant feature: los desengaños fueron una constante a lo largo de su vida, disappointments were a constant during his lifetime
    2 Mat constant
    ' constante' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    fiel
    - salario
    - sangría
    English:
    constant
    - continual
    - cruise
    - equable
    - even
    - incessant
    - recurrent
    - steadily
    - steady
    - unfailing
    - uniform
    - unremitting
    - break
    - consistent
    - drive
    - eternal
    - niggling
    - persistent
    - wear
    * * *
    ♦ adj
    1. [persona] [en una empresa] persistent;
    [en ideas, opiniones] steadfast;
    se mantuvo constante en su esfuerzo he persevered in his efforts
    2. [lluvia, atención] constant, persistent;
    [temperatura] constant
    3. [que se repite] constant
    ♦ nf
    1. [rasgo] constant;
    las desilusiones han sido una constante en su vida disappointments have been a constant feature in her life;
    las tormentas son una constante en sus cuadros storms are an ever-present feature in his paintings;
    la violencia es una constante histórica en la región the region has known violence throughout its history
    2. Mat constant
    3. constantes vitales vital signs;
    * * *
    I adj constant
    II f MAT constant
    * * *
    : constant
    : constant
    * * *
    constante adj (continuo) constant

    Spanish-English dictionary > constante

  • 22 Eisler, Paul

    [br]
    b. 1907 Vienna, Austria
    [br]
    Austrian engineer responsible for the invention of the printed circuit.
    [br]
    At the age of 23, Eisler obtained a Diploma in Engineering from the Technical University of Vienna. Because of the growing Nazi influence in Austria, he then accepted a post with the His Master's Voice (HMV) agents in Belgrade, where he worked on the problems of radio reception and sound transmission in railway trains. However, he soon returned to Vienna to found a weekly radio journal and file patents on graphical sound recording (for which he received a doctorate) and on a system of stereoscopic television based on lenticular vertical scanning.
    In 1936 he moved to England and sold the TV patent to Marconi for £250. Unable to find a job, he carried out experiments in his rooms in a Hampstead boarding-house; after making circuits using strip wires mounted on bakelite sheet, he filed his first printed-circuit patent that year. He then tried to find ways of printing the circuits, but without success. Obtaining a post with Odeon Theatres, he invented a sound-level control for films and devised a mirror-drum continuous-film projector, but with the outbreak of war in 1939, when the company was evacuated, he chose to stay in London and was interned for a while. Released in 1941, he began work with Henderson and Spalding, a firm of lithographic printers, to whom he unwittingly assigned all future patents for the paltry sum of £1. In due course he perfected a means of printing conducting circuits and on 3 February 1943 he filed three patents covering the process. The British Ministry of Defence rejected the idea, considering it of no use for military equipment, but after he had demonstrated the technique to American visitors it was enthusiastically taken up in the US for making proximity fuses, of which many millions were produced and used for the war effort. Subsequently the US Government ruled that all air-borne electronic circuits should be printed.
    In the late 1940s the Instrument Department of Henderson and Spalding was split off as Technograph Printed Circuits Ltd, with Eisler as Technical Director. In 1949 he filed a further patent covering a multilayer system; this was licensed to Pye and the Telegraph Condenser Company. A further refinement, patented in the 1950s, the use of the technique for telephone exchange equipment, but this was subsequently widely infringed and although he negotiated licences in the USA he found it difficult to license his ideas in Europe. In the UK he obtained finance from the National Research and Development Corporation, but they interfered and refused money for further development, and he eventually resigned from Technograph. Faced with litigation in the USA and open infringement in the UK, he found it difficult to establish his claims, but their validity was finally agreed by the Court of Appeal (1969) and the House of Lords (1971).
    As a freelance inventor he filed many other printed-circuit patents, including foil heating films and batteries. When his Patent Agents proved unwilling to fund the cost of filing and prosecuting Complete Specifications he set up his own company, Eisler Consultants Ltd, to promote food and space heating, including the use of heated cans and wallpaper! As Foil Heating Ltd he went into the production of heating films, the process subsequently being licensed to Thermal Technology Inc. in California.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1953, "Printed circuits: some general principles and applications of the foil technique", Journal of the British Institution of Radio Engineers 13: 523.
    1959, The Technology of Printed Circuits: The Foil Technique in Electronic Production.
    1984–5, "Reflections of my life as an inventor", Circuit World 11:1–3 (a personal account of the development of the printed circuit).
    1989, My Life with the Printed Circuit, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania: Lehigh University Press.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Eisler, Paul

  • 23 máximo

    adj.
    maximum, greatest, maximal, top.
    m.
    1 maximum, high point, peak.
    2 Máximo.
    3 maximum, acme of a process or disease.
    * * *
    1 (velocidad) maximum; (puntuación, condecoración) highest
    1 maximum
    ————————
    1 maximum
    * * *
    1. noun m. - como máximo 2. (f. - máxima)
    adj.
    * * *
    1.
    ADJ [altura, temperatura, velocidad, carga] maximum

    máximo jefe o líder — esp LAm President, leader

    2.

    • al máximo — to the maximum

    debemos aprovechar al máximo nuestros recursos — we must exploit our resources to the maximum, we must make the best of the resources we have

    • como máximo — (=como mucho) at the most, at the outside; (=como muy tarde) at the latest

    te costará 5.000 como máximo — it'll cost you 5,000 at the most

    * * *
    I
    - ma adjetivo <temperatura/velocidad> top (before n), maximum (before n); <carga/altura> maximum (before n); < punto> highest; < esfuerzo> greatest, maximum (before n)

    era su máxima ilusión/ambición — it was her great dream/greatest ambition

    lo máximo que puede ocurrir es... — the worst that can happen is...

    II
    masculino maximum

    100 palabras como máximo — 100 words, maximum

    rendir al máximo — < persona> to give a hundred percent; < máquina> to work to its full capacity

    * * *
    = maximum, utmost, peak, maximal, ultimate, upper bound.
    Ex. When used by skilled abstractors this mixture of styles can achieve the maximum transmission of information, within a minimum length.
    Ex. Indeed, he must take the utmost care never to jump to conclusions.
    Ex. Peak use of the libraries occurs during lunch hours.
    Ex. Summaries typically convey maximal information in minimal space.
    Ex. The whole project is undeniably full of sentimental, cinephiliac rapture, but it provided the ultimate opportunity for filmmakers to talk feverishly about the basic nature of their medium.
    Ex. It also provides a simple yet powerful mechanism for establishing the upper bound of the maximal substructural commonality of a series of compounds.
    ----
    * alcanzar el máximo = reach + a head.
    * al máximo = to the full, to the utmost, to the hilt, to the extreme, at full stretch.
    * a lo máximo = at best, at most, at the most.
    * aprovechamiento al máximo = optimisation [optimization, -USA].
    * aprovechar al máximo = maximise [maximize, -USA], optimise [optimize, -USA], realise + to its full potential, exploit + full potential, take + full advantage (of), get + the best out of, take + the best advantage, get + the most out of, realise + the potential, make + the best possible use of.
    * aprovechar al máximo las oportunidades = maximise + opportunities.
    * aprovecharse al máximo de = make + the best of.
    * aspirar a lo máximo = shoot (for) + the moon.
    * búsqueda por máxima proximidad = nearest neighbour searching.
    * cargado al máximo = fully-loaded.
    * coste máximo = maximum cost.
    * de máxima categoría = top-class.
    * de máxima seguridad = safety critical [safety-critical].
    * disfrutar al máximo = enjoy + every minute of, love + every minute of it.
    * enojado al máximo = mad as hell.
    * esforzarse al máximo = do + Posesivo + utmost, stretch + Reflexivo, stretch + Nombre + to the limit, give + Posesivo + utmost, lean over + backwards, work + hard, give + Posesivo + best.
    * estar al máximo = overstretch.
    * explotar al máximo = realise + to its full potential, realise + the potential.
    * funcionando al máximo = overstretched.
    * funcionar al máximo = stretch + Nombre + to the limit.
    * hasta el máximo de las posibilidades de Algo = to + Posesivo + full potential.
    * hasta un máximo de + Número = up to + Número.
    * lleno al máximo = packed to capacity, packed to the rafters.
    * lo máximo = the be all and end all, the bee's knees, the cat's pyjamas, the cat's meow, the cat's whiskers, the dog's bollocks.
    * máximo anotador = highest scorer, top scorer, leading scorer.
    * máximo goleador = leading scorer, top scorer, highest scorer.
    * máximo interés = maximum interest.
    * nivel máximo del agua = high-water mark.
    * obtener el máximo beneficio = reap + full potential.
    * ofrecer lo máximo = shoot (for) + the moon.
    * premio máximo = jackpot.
    * producir el rendimiento máximo = come into + Posesivo + own.
    * prueba de la máxima proximidad = nearest neighbour test.
    * sacar el máximo partido = exploit + full potential, take + full advantage (of), take + the best advantage.
    * sacar el máximo partido a = get + the most out of.
    * sacar el máximo partido a Algo = reach + the full potential of.
    * sacar el máximo partido de = make + the best of, harness + the power of.
    * sacar el máximo partido de Algo = make + the most of.
    * sacar el máximo provecho de = get + the most out of.
    * sacar el máximo provecho de Algo = make + the most of.
    * ser el máximo = be the limit.
    * temperatura máxima = maximum temperature.
    * utilizar al máximo = stretch + Nombre + to the limit.
    * utilizar al máximo por medio del ordenador = explode.
    * velocidad máxima = speed limit.
    * velocidad máxima permitida = speed limit.
    * vivir la vida al máximo = live + life to the full.
    * * *
    I
    - ma adjetivo <temperatura/velocidad> top (before n), maximum (before n); <carga/altura> maximum (before n); < punto> highest; < esfuerzo> greatest, maximum (before n)

    era su máxima ilusión/ambición — it was her great dream/greatest ambition

    lo máximo que puede ocurrir es... — the worst that can happen is...

    II
    masculino maximum

    100 palabras como máximo — 100 words, maximum

    rendir al máximo — < persona> to give a hundred percent; < máquina> to work to its full capacity

    * * *
    = maximum, utmost, peak, maximal, ultimate, upper bound.

    Ex: When used by skilled abstractors this mixture of styles can achieve the maximum transmission of information, within a minimum length.

    Ex: Indeed, he must take the utmost care never to jump to conclusions.
    Ex: Peak use of the libraries occurs during lunch hours.
    Ex: Summaries typically convey maximal information in minimal space.
    Ex: The whole project is undeniably full of sentimental, cinephiliac rapture, but it provided the ultimate opportunity for filmmakers to talk feverishly about the basic nature of their medium.
    Ex: It also provides a simple yet powerful mechanism for establishing the upper bound of the maximal substructural commonality of a series of compounds.
    * alcanzar el máximo = reach + a head.
    * al máximo = to the full, to the utmost, to the hilt, to the extreme, at full stretch.
    * a lo máximo = at best, at most, at the most.
    * aprovechamiento al máximo = optimisation [optimization, -USA].
    * aprovechar al máximo = maximise [maximize, -USA], optimise [optimize, -USA], realise + to its full potential, exploit + full potential, take + full advantage (of), get + the best out of, take + the best advantage, get + the most out of, realise + the potential, make + the best possible use of.
    * aprovechar al máximo las oportunidades = maximise + opportunities.
    * aprovecharse al máximo de = make + the best of.
    * aspirar a lo máximo = shoot (for) + the moon.
    * búsqueda por máxima proximidad = nearest neighbour searching.
    * cargado al máximo = fully-loaded.
    * coste máximo = maximum cost.
    * de máxima categoría = top-class.
    * de máxima seguridad = safety critical [safety-critical].
    * disfrutar al máximo = enjoy + every minute of, love + every minute of it.
    * enojado al máximo = mad as hell.
    * esforzarse al máximo = do + Posesivo + utmost, stretch + Reflexivo, stretch + Nombre + to the limit, give + Posesivo + utmost, lean over + backwards, work + hard, give + Posesivo + best.
    * estar al máximo = overstretch.
    * explotar al máximo = realise + to its full potential, realise + the potential.
    * funcionando al máximo = overstretched.
    * funcionar al máximo = stretch + Nombre + to the limit.
    * hasta el máximo de las posibilidades de Algo = to + Posesivo + full potential.
    * hasta un máximo de + Número = up to + Número.
    * lleno al máximo = packed to capacity, packed to the rafters.
    * lo máximo = the be all and end all, the bee's knees, the cat's pyjamas, the cat's meow, the cat's whiskers, the dog's bollocks.
    * máximo anotador = highest scorer, top scorer, leading scorer.
    * máximo goleador = leading scorer, top scorer, highest scorer.
    * máximo interés = maximum interest.
    * nivel máximo del agua = high-water mark.
    * obtener el máximo beneficio = reap + full potential.
    * ofrecer lo máximo = shoot (for) + the moon.
    * premio máximo = jackpot.
    * producir el rendimiento máximo = come into + Posesivo + own.
    * prueba de la máxima proximidad = nearest neighbour test.
    * sacar el máximo partido = exploit + full potential, take + full advantage (of), take + the best advantage.
    * sacar el máximo partido a = get + the most out of.
    * sacar el máximo partido a Algo = reach + the full potential of.
    * sacar el máximo partido de = make + the best of, harness + the power of.
    * sacar el máximo partido de Algo = make + the most of.
    * sacar el máximo provecho de = get + the most out of.
    * sacar el máximo provecho de Algo = make + the most of.
    * ser el máximo = be the limit.
    * temperatura máxima = maximum temperature.
    * utilizar al máximo = stretch + Nombre + to the limit.
    * utilizar al máximo por medio del ordenador = explode.
    * velocidad máxima = speed limit.
    * velocidad máxima permitida = speed limit.
    * vivir la vida al máximo = live + life to the full.

    * * *
    máximo1 -ma
    ‹temperatura/velocidad› top ( before n), maximum ( before n); ‹carga/precio› maximum
    le fue conferido el máximo galardón she was awarded the highest honor
    su máxima ilusión/ambición es llegar a ser senadora her great dream/greatest ambition is to become a senator
    lo máximo que puede ocurrir es que llegue con retraso the worst that can happen is that she'll arrive late
    Compuestos:
    masculine ( period); penalty
    masculine highest common factor
    maximum
    el máximo de tiempo que le concedieron para pagar fue un año he was given a maximum of one year in which to pay
    el trabajo puede tener un máximo de 20 folios the piece can be up to 20 pages long
    como máximo te costará mil pesetas it'll cost you a thousand pesetas at the most o at the outside
    como máximo llegaremos a las once we'll get there at eleven at the latest
    aprovechó las vacaciones al máximo he enjoyed his vacation to the full, he made the most of his vacation
    las máquinas están rindiendo al máximo the machines are working flat out
    se esforzó al máximo she did her utmost
    * * *

     

    máximo 1
    ◊ -ma adjetivo ‹temperatura/velocidad› top ( before n), maximum ( before n);


    ‹carga/altura› maximum ( before n);
    ‹ punto› highest;
    ‹esfuerzo/ambición› greatest ( before n);

    máximo 2 sustantivo masculino
    maximum;
    como máximo at the most;
    aprovechar algo al máximo to make the most of sth;
    se esforzó al máximo she did her utmost;
    rendir al máximo [ persona] to give a hundred percent;

    [ máquina] to work to its full capacity
    máximo,-a
    I adjetivo maximum, highest
    carga máxima autorizada, maximum load allowed
    el máximo esplendor del imperio, the most brilliant period of the empire
    II m (tope) maximum: nos esforzamos al máximo, we did our utmost
    un máximo de cinco personas, a maximum of five people
    como máximo, (como mucho) at the most
    (a más tardar) at the latest
    ' máximo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    límite
    - máxima
    - suma
    - sumo
    - tasar
    - techo
    - tope
    English:
    absolute
    - aim
    - level
    - max
    - maximum
    - most
    - N
    - nth degree
    - out
    - peak
    - top
    - ultimate
    - limit
    - live
    - load
    - mileage
    - outside
    - stretch
    - take
    - utmost
    * * *
    máximo, -a
    ♦ superlativo
    ver grande
    ♦ adj
    [capacidad, cantidad, temperatura] maximum; [honor, galardón] highest;
    la máxima puntuación [posible] the maximum score;
    [entre varias] the highest score;
    el máximo goleador the top scorer;
    soy el máximo responsable del proyecto I am the most senior person on the project;
    los máximos responsables políticos del partido the party's senior politicians
    Mat máximo común denominador highest common denominator; Mat máximo común divisor highest common factor
    ♦ nm
    maximum;
    trabajan un máximo de 35 horas they work a maximum of 35 hours;
    al máximo to the utmost;
    llegar al máximo to reach the limit;
    pon la calefacción al máximo put the heating on maximum o as high as it will go;
    están trabajando al máximo they're working flat out;
    la libra alcanzó un máximo histórico frente al dólar the pound reached an all-time high against the dollar
    ♦ como máximo loc adv
    [a más tardar] at the latest; [como mucho] at the most;
    llegaremos como máximo a las seis we'll be there by six at the latest;
    podemos gastar como máximo cinco millones we can spend up to a maximum of five million
    * * *
    adj maximum
    * * *
    máximo, -ma adj
    : maximum, greatest, highest
    1) : maximum
    2)
    al máximo : to the utmost
    3)
    como máximo : at the most, at the latest
    * * *
    máximo1 adj maximum
    ¿cuál es la velocidad máxima? what's the maximum speed?
    máximo2 n maximum

    Spanish-English dictionary > máximo

  • 24 sistema

    m.
    por sistema systematically
    sistema circulatorio circulatory system
    sistema decimal decimal system
    sistema fiscal o impositivo tax system
    sistema inmunológico immune system
    sistema métrico (decimal) metric (decimal) system
    sistema monetario europeo European Monetary System
    sistema montañoso mountain chain o range
    sistema nervioso nervous system
    sistema periódico de los elementos periodic table of elements
    sistema de seguridad security system
    sistema solar solar system
    2 method.
    3 system (computing).
    sistema experto/operativo expert/operating system
    * * *
    1 system
    \
    por sistema as a rule
    sistema cableado hard-wired system
    sistema de ecuaciones simultaneous equations plural
    sistema experto expert system
    sistema métrico decimal decimal metric system
    sistema montañoso mountain chain
    sistema nervioso nervous system
    sistema operativo operative system
    sistema planetario planetary system
    sistema solar solar system
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=conjunto ordenado) system

    sistema binario — (Inform) binary system

    sistema de calefacción — heating, heating system

    sistema de fondo fijo — (Com) imprest system

    sistema frontal — (Meteo) front, frontal system

    sistema inmunitario, sistema inmunológico — immune system

    sistema rastreador — [en investigaciones espaciales] tracking system

    2) (=método) method

    yo por sistema lo hago así — I make it a rule to do it this way, I've got into the habit of doing it this way

    * * *
    1) ( método) system
    2) ( conjunto organizado) system

    el sistema educativo/impositivo — the education/tax system

    •
    * * *
    = framework, machinery, system, regime [régime], ways and means.
    Ex. The intention is to establish a general framework, and then to give exceptions or further explanation and examples for each area in turn.
    Ex. We can choose to turn our backs on these principles with fatuous arguments which posit their anachronism and the nonexistent intelligence of computing machinery.
    Ex. The training of users of On-line Public Access Catalogues (OPACs) should be attuned to the characteristics of the system = La formación de usuarios de los catálogos en linea de acceso público (CEAP) debería estar en consonancia con las características del sistema.
    Ex. This study found that online access to scientific serials is most appropriate in the third world, principally due to the presence of a small number of scientists with a broad range of interests which makes the fixed-price regimes of print, microform or CD-ROM disadvantageous.
    Ex. Teachers need to be more familiar with bibliographical ways and means: librarians should be more aware of problems from the teachers' perspective and make active efforts to inform teachers of sources of help.
    ----
    * abusar del sistema = game + the system, milk + the system.
    * activar un sistema = activate + system.
    * administrador del sistema = system administrator.
    * ADONIS (Distribución automática de documentos a través de sistemas de inform = ADONIS (Automated Document Delivery Over Networked Information Systems).
    * alterar el sistema = perturb + the system.
    * análisis de sistemas = system(s) analysis.
    * analista de sistemas = system(s) analyst.
    * analista de sistemas de gestión bibliotecaria = library systems analyst.
    * aprovecharse del sistema = game + the system, milk + the system.
    * auditoría de sistemas = systems audit, systems auditing.
    * auditoría de sistemas de información = information systems auditing, information systems audit.
    * bibliotecario de sistemas = systems librarian.
    * brecha del sistema de seguridad = security leak.
    * brecha en el sistema de seguridad = security hole.
    * burlar el sistema = beat + the system, game + the system.
    * caída del sistema = system crash.
    * catálogo del sistema = system catalogue.
    * Comité Conjunto para Sistemas de Información (JISC) = Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC).
    * configurador del sistema = system configurator.
    * controlador del sistema = system controller.
    * conversión al sistema decimal = decimalisation [decimalization, -USA].
    * conversión al sistema métrico = metrication.
    * convertir al sistema decimal = decimalise [decimalize, -USA].
    * copia de seguridad del sistema = system backup.
    * desafiar al sistema = beat + the system.
    * desarrollo de sistemas = system(s) development.
    * de todo el sistema = systemwide.
    * diseñador de sistemas = systems designer, system designer, system developer.
    * diseño de sistemas = systems design.
    * documentación del sistema = system documentation.
    * engañar al sistema = beat + the system, game + the system.
    * en todo el sistema = systemwide.
    * entre el hombre y el sistema = human-system.
    * en varios sistemas = cross-system.
    * evaluación de sistemas = system(s) evaluation.
    * fichero de existencias del sistema = system holdings file.
    * fichero de usuarios del sistema = system user file.
    * funcionar por un sistema de turnos = work on + a rota system, work on + a rota, work + shifts.
    * interfaz usuario-sistema = user/system interface.
    * ir en contra del sistema = buck + the system.
    * ISDS (Sistema Internacional de Datos sobre Publicaciones Seriadas) = ISDS (International Serials Data System).
    * mantener un sistema de turnos = hold + a rota of.
    * mostrar el prompt del sistema = prompt.
    * NISTF (Grupo de Trabajo sobre los Sistemas Nacionales de Información de la A = NISTF (Society of American Archivists National Information Systems Task Force).
    * nombre de acceso al sistema = system logon name.
    * organizar un sistema de turnos de + Nombre = organise + a rota of + Nombre.
    * PADIS (Sistema de Información para el Desarrollo de Africa) = PADIS (Pan-African Development Information System).
    * parecido a un sistema experto = expert-type.
    * promovido por el propio sistema de información = information-led.
    * prompt del sistema = system prompt.
    * propio del sistema = built-in.
    * protección del sistema = system security.
    * proveedor de sistemas = systems supplier, system supplier [systems supplier].
    * Proyecto para Sistemas Conectados (LSP) = Linked Systems Project (LSP).
    * responsable del sistema = system programmer.
    * seguridad del sistema = system security.
    * sistema abierto = open system.
    * sistema agrícola = farming system.
    * sistema anglosajón de medidas = imperial measures.
    * sistema anticuado = legacy system.
    * sistema antiguo = legacy system.
    * sistema antirrobo de libros = book security system, library security system.
    * sistema auditivo, el = auditory system, the.
    * sistema automatizado = data system, automated system, computerised system.
    * sistema automatizado de bibliotecas = automated library information system, library computer system.
    * sistema automatizado de indización = computer-based indexing system.
    * sistema automatizado de préstamo = automated lending system, computerised issue system.
    * sistema automatizado multimedia = multimedia computer system.
    * sistema automatizado para la recuperación = computerised document retrieval system, computerised information retrieval system.
    * sistema automatizado para la recuperación de documentos = computerised document retrieval system.
    * sistema automatizado para la recuperación de información = computerised information retrieval system.
    * sistema automatizado por microordenador = microcomputer-based system.
    * sistema bancario, el = banking system, the.
    * sistema basado en el conocimiento = knowledge-base system.
    * sistema basado en las imágenes = image-based system.
    * sistema bibliotecario = library system.
    * sistema bibliotecario automatizado = automated library system.
    * sistema bibliotecario de bibliotecas de un sólo tipo = single-type library system.
    * sistema bibliotecario de bibliotecas de varios tipos = multitype library system.
    * sistema bibliotecario nacional = national library system.
    * sistema bibliotecario regional = regional library system.
    * sistema bibliotecario universitario = university library system.
    * sistema + caerse = system + crash.
    * sistema cardiovascular = cardiovascular system.
    * sistema cerebroespinal, el = cerebrospinal system, the.
    * sistema circulatorio = circulatory system.
    * sistema comercial = market system, commercial system.
    * sistema de abastecimiento de agua = waterworks.
    * sistema de acceso mediante tarjeta = card access system.
    * sistema de aire acondicionado = air conditioning system, air cooling system.
    * sistema de alarma = alarm system, detection system.
    * sistema de alcantarillado = sewerage system, sewerage.
    * sistema de alerta = early warning system.
    * sistema de alerta de novedades tecnológicas = technology watch.
    * sistema de alerta temprana = early warning system.
    * sistema de alimentación = fuel system.
    * sistema de almacenamiento y recuperación de la información = information storage and retrieval system.
    * sistema de altas presiones = high-pressure system, ridge of high pressure.
    * sistema de alumbrado = lighting system.
    * sistema de apoyo a la toma de decisiones = decision support system, decision making system.
    * sistema de archivo = archiving system.
    * sistema de arranque = starting system.
    * sistema de asignaturas optativas = course elective system.
    * sistema de asistencia sanitaria = health care system.
    * sistema de autoedición = desktop system.
    * sistema de automatización de bibliotecas = library automation system.
    * sistema de aviso de reclamaciones = claims warning system.
    * sistema de ayuda = help system.
    * sistema de ayuda a la gestión = management support system (MSS).
    * sistema de bajas presiones = ridge of low pressure, low pressure system.
    * sistema de becas = grant scheme.
    * sistema de bibliotecas públicas = public library system.
    * sistema de búsqueda = paging system.
    * sistema de cableado = wiring system.
    * sistema de cables eléctricos = electrical wiring.
    * sistema de calefacción = heating system.
    * sistema de castas = caste system.
    * sistema de cierre = locking system.
    * sistema decimal = decimal system.
    * sistema de circulación automatizado = automated circulation system.
    * sistema de circulación del agua = water circulation system.
    * sistema de clases sociales = class system.
    * sistema de clasificación = classification scheme, scheme, classification system, classification schedules, grading system.
    * sistema de clasificación analítico = analytical classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación de Bliss = Bliss classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación decimal = decimal classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación de la Biblioteca del Congreso = LCC (Library of Congress Classification).
    * sistema de clasificación dicotomizado = dichotomized classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación enciclopédica = general classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación enumerativo = enumerative classification scheme, enumerative scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación especializado = special classification scheme, special scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación facetado = faceted classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación general = general scheme, general classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación jerárquico = hierarchical classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación lineal = linear classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación multidimensional = multidimensional classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación por disciplinas = discipline-oriented scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación sintético = synthetic classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación universal = universal classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación verbal = verbal classification system.
    * sistema de cobro por la información usada = information metering.
    * sistema de codificación = coding system.
    * sistema de compañías = companionship system.
    * sistema de comunicación = communication system.
    * sistema de comunicaciones = communication system.
    * Sistema de Comunicaciones y de Archivo Fotográfico (PACS) = Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS).
    * sistema de comunicación óptica = optical communication system.
    * Sistema de Comunicación por Paquetes (PSS) = Packet-Switching System (PSS).
    * sistema de conductos eléctricos = ducting system.
    * sistema de conferencia en línea = online conferencing system.
    * sistema de control = monitoring system, vetting system.
    * sistema de control de la salida = exit control system.
    * sistema de control de publicaciones seriadas = serials system, serials control system.
    * sistema de conversión de texto a voz = text-to-speech system.
    * sistema de copias de seguridad = backup system.
    * sistema de creencias = belief system.
    * sistema de criba = vetting system.
    * sistema de deducción de puntos = points system.
    * sistema de defensa = defence system.
    * sistema de detección = detection system.
    * sistema de detección de libros = book detection system.
    * sistema de digitalización de documentos = document imaging system.
    * sistema de discos ópticos = optical disc system.
    * sistema de distribución = distribution system.
    * sistema de drenaje = drainage system.
    * sistema de emergencia = backup supply, backup system.
    * sistema de emisión de gases = exhaust system.
    * sistema de emisión de humos = exhaust system.
    * sistema de encendido = ignition system.
    * sistema de entrada mediante tarjetas = card-entry system.
    * sistema de entrada múltiple = multiple entry system.
    * sistema de entrada única = single entry system.
    * sistema de escritura = writing system.
    * sistema de evaluación = rating system.
    * sistema de evaluación anónima = double-blind.
    * sistema de evaluación por paresanónima = double-blind refereeing system.
    * sistema de extinción de incendios mediante rociadores de agua = water sprinkler fire extinguishing system.
    * sistema de extinción de incendios = fire extinguishing system, extinguishing system.
    * sistema de extinción de incendios mediante gas halón = halon gas fire extinguishing system.
    * sistema de facturación = billing system.
    * sistema de facturación por uso = cost billing system.
    * sistema defensivo = defence system.
    * sistema de fichas = card based system.
    * sistema de fichas peek-a-boo = peek-a-boo system.
    * sistema de frenado = brake system, braking system.
    * sistema de frenado antibloqueo = antilock braking system.
    * sistema de frenos = brake system, braking system.
    * sistema de géneros = sex/gender system.
    * sistema de gestión bibliotecaria = library system, library management system.
    * sistema de gestión de documentos = record(s) system.
    * sistema de gestión de documentos electrónicos = electronic document management system (EDMS).
    * sistema de gestión de imágenes = imaging system, image-based system, image management system.
    * sistema de gestión de la información (SGI) = information management system (IMS).
    * sistema de gestión del conocimiento = knowledge management system (KMS).
    * Sistema de Gestión de Mensajes (MHS) = Message Handling System (MHS).
    * sistema de gestión de registros = record(s) system.
    * sistema de gestión documental = information retrieval system (IRS), record(s) system.
    * sistema de gobierno = polity.
    * sistema de iluminación = lighting system.
    * sistema de incentivos = reward system, system of incentives [incentive system].
    * sistema de indización = indexing system, index system.
    * sistema de indización con conservación del contexto (PRECIS) = PRECIS.
    * Sistema de Indización de Estructura Profunda (DSIS) = Deep Structure Indexing System (DSIS).
    * sistema de indización de fichas = card index system.
    * Sistema de Indización por Frases Anidadas (NEPHIS) = Nested Phrase Indexing System (NEPHIS).
    * sistema de indización postcoordinada = post-coordinate indexing system.
    * sistema de indización PRECIS = PRECIS indexing system.
    * sistema de indización precoordinada = pre-coordinate indexing system.
    * sistema de información = information system.
    * Sistema de Información Bibliotecario = LIBRIS.
    * sistema de información documental = document information system.
    * Sistema de Información Geográfica (SIG) = Geographic Information System (GIS).
    * sistema de información integrado = integrated information system.
    * sistema de información sectorial = sectoral information system.
    * Sistema de Información sobre Literatura Gris en Europa (SIGLE) = SIGLE (System for Information on Grey Literature in Europe).
    * sistema + dejar de funcionar = system + crash.
    * sistema de justicia penal = criminal justice system.
    * sistema de la ciencia, el = system of science, the.
    * sistema de lápiz óptico = data pen system.
    * sistema de llave en mano = turnkey system, turnkey software system.
    * sistema de lógica difusa = fuzzy system.
    * sistema del olfato = olfactory system.
    * sistema de medición de los recursos usados = metering system.
    * sistema de megafonía = public address system.
    * sistema de mercado = market system.
    * sistema de multas = fines system.
    * sistema de multiusuarios = multi-user system.
    * sistema de notas = grading system.
    * sistema de numeración = numbering scheme, numbering system.
    * sistema de petición de documentos = document delivery system.
    * sistema de préstamo = circulation system, issue system, lending system, book checking system, charge out system, library issue system.
    * sistema de préstamo automatizado = automated circulation system.
    * sistema de préstamo interbibliotecario = interlibrary loan system.
    * sistema de presupuestación mediante planificación y programación = planning programming budgeting system (PPBS).
    * sistema de primas = bonus scheme.
    * sistema de procesamiento de información = information processing system.
    * sistema de proceso de datos = data processing system.
    * sistema de proceso de imágenes = imaging system.
    * sistema de puntuación = point system.
    * sistema de reclamaciones = chasing system.
    * sistema de recompensa = reward system.
    * sistema de reconocimiento académico = academic reward(s) system.
    * sistema de recuperación = retrieval system.
    * sistema de recuperación de imágenes = image retrieval system.
    * sistema de recuperación de información = IR system.
    * sistema de recuperación de información por medio de menús = menu-based information retrieval system.
    * sistema de recuperación por relevancia = relevance system.
    * sistema de referencia = reference system, reference system.
    * sistema de referencia por coordenadas = grid reference.
    * sistema de refrigeración = cooling system.
    * sistema de registro = recording system.
    * sistema de reservas = booking system.
    * sistema de retransmisión = relay system.
    * sistema de rociadores de agua = sprinkler system, water sprinkler system.
    * sistema de saneamiento = sewerage system, sewerage.
    * sistema de seguimiento = monitoring system.
    * sistema de seguridad = security system, backup system.
    * sistema de selección = vetting system.
    * sistema de sonido cuadrafónico = quadrophonic system.
    * sistema de suministro de documentos = document supply system.
    * sistema de suministro de información = information supply system.
    * sistema de tarifas = charging system.
    * sistema de telecomunicaciones = telecommunication system.
    * sistema de televisión en color = colour system.
    * sistema de tiempo real = real-time system.
    * sistema de traducción automatizada = machine translation system.
    * sistema de transferencia de documentos = document delivery system.
    * sistema de transmisión de mensajes = messaging system.
    * sistema de transporte = transport system.
    * sistema de transporte público = public transport system.
    * sistema de tratamiento de imágenes = image processing system.
    * sistema de trueque, el = barter system, the.
    * sistema de tubos neumáticos = pneumatic tube system.
    * sistema de turnos = rota system.
    * sistema de valores = system of values, value system.
    * sistema de valores personales = personal value system.
    * sistema de valores sociales = social value system.
    * sistema de ventilación = ventilation system.
    * sistema de vídeodisco = video disc system.
    * Sistema de Vídeo Familiar (VHS) = VHS (Video Home System).
    * sistema de videotexto = videotext system.
    * sistema de videotexto público = public viewdata system.
    * sistema de vigilancia = surveillance system.
    * sistema de vigilancia electrónica = electronic surveillance system.
    * sistema digestivo = digestive system.
    * sistema documental = documentary system.
    * sistema económico = economic system.
    * sistema educativo = educational system, education system.
    * sistema electoral = electoral system.
    * sistema eléctrico = electrical system.
    * sistema electrónico de detección de robos = electronic theft detection system.
    * sistema endocrino, el = endocrine system, the.
    * sistema en el que el documento aparece representado en un único lugar del ín = one-place system.
    * sistema energético = energy system.
    * sistema en lenguaje natural = natural language system.
    * sistema en línea = online system.
    * sistema en red = network system.
    * sistema en uso = operational system.
    * sistema escolar, el = school system, the.
    * sistema ético = ethical system.
    * sistema experto = expert system, knowledge-base system.
    * Sistema General de Ordenación (SGO) = Broad System of Ordering (BSO).
    * sistema híbrido = hybrid system.
    * sistema ideológico = system of thought.
    * sistema informático = computing system, computer system.
    * sistema informático hecho por encargo = tailored system.
    * sistema inmunológico = immune system.
    * sistema integrado = integrated system.
    * sistema integrado de gestión bibliotecaria = integrated library package.
    * sistema inteligente = intelligent system.
    * sistema interactivo = interactive system.
    * sistema interactivo en línea = interactive online system.
    * sistema intermediario = backend system.
    * Sistema Internacional de Información sobre Agricultura (AGRIS) = AGRIS (International Agricultural Information System).
    * Sistema Internacional de Unidades, el = International System of Units, the.
    * sistema judicial = judicial system.
    * sistema legal, el = legal system, the.
    * sistema mercantil = market system.
    * sistema mercantilista = mercantile system.
    * sistema métrico decimal, el = metric system, the, decimal metric system, the.
    * sistema métrico, el = metric system, the.
    * sistema monetario = coinage.
    * sistema monetario, el = coinage system, the.
    * Sistema Monetario Europeo = European Monetary System.
    * sistema nervioso = nervous system.
    * sistema nervioso central = central nervous system.
    * sistema nervioso periférico = peripheral nervous system.
    * sistema numérico = numbering scheme, numbering system.
    * sistema obsoleto = legacy system.
    * sistema ofimático = office system.
    * sistema olfativo = olfactory system.
    * sistema operativo = operating system, operational system, computer operating system.
    * sistema operativo de disco = Disc Operating System (DOS).
    * sistema óptico = optical system, optical system.
    * sistema óptico de información = optical information system.
    * sistema orgánico = organ system.
    * sistema organizativo = organisational scheme, organisation scheme.
    * sistema para el análisis formal de documentos = markup code.
    * sistema para el análisis formal de documentos web = markup system.
    * sistema para información geográfica (SIG) = Geographical Information System (GIS).
    * sistema para la información de gestión = management information system (MIS).
    * Sistema para la Información Geográfica (SIG) = Geographic Information System (GIS).
    * sistema para la recuperación de texto libre = free text retrieval system.
    * sistema penal = penal system.
    * sistema penitenciario = penal system.
    * sistema personal = home system.
    * sistema político = political system.
    * sistema político unipartidista = one-party rule.
    * sistema precoordinado = pre-coordinate system.
    * sistema respiratorio = respiratory system.
    * sistema social = social system.
    * sistema solar, el = solar system, the.
    * sistema + venirse abajo = system + crash.
    * sistema virtual de gestión de cursos = course management system.
    * teoría de sistemas = systems theory.
    * vendedor de sistemas = systems vendor.
    * volver a levantar el sistema = restart.
    * * *
    1) ( método) system
    2) ( conjunto organizado) system

    el sistema educativo/impositivo — the education/tax system

    •
    * * *
    = framework, machinery, system, regime [régime], ways and means.

    Ex: The intention is to establish a general framework, and then to give exceptions or further explanation and examples for each area in turn.

    Ex: We can choose to turn our backs on these principles with fatuous arguments which posit their anachronism and the nonexistent intelligence of computing machinery.
    Ex: The training of users of On-line Public Access Catalogues (OPACs) should be attuned to the characteristics of the system = La formación de usuarios de los catálogos en linea de acceso público (CEAP) debería estar en consonancia con las características del sistema.
    Ex: This study found that online access to scientific serials is most appropriate in the third world, principally due to the presence of a small number of scientists with a broad range of interests which makes the fixed-price regimes of print, microform or CD-ROM disadvantageous.
    Ex: Teachers need to be more familiar with bibliographical ways and means: librarians should be more aware of problems from the teachers' perspective and make active efforts to inform teachers of sources of help.
    * abusar del sistema = game + the system, milk + the system.
    * activar un sistema = activate + system.
    * administrador del sistema = system administrator.
    * ADONIS (Distribución automática de documentos a través de sistemas de inform = ADONIS (Automated Document Delivery Over Networked Information Systems).
    * alterar el sistema = perturb + the system.
    * análisis de sistemas = system(s) analysis.
    * analista de sistemas = system(s) analyst.
    * analista de sistemas de gestión bibliotecaria = library systems analyst.
    * aprovecharse del sistema = game + the system, milk + the system.
    * auditoría de sistemas = systems audit, systems auditing.
    * auditoría de sistemas de información = information systems auditing, information systems audit.
    * bibliotecario de sistemas = systems librarian.
    * brecha del sistema de seguridad = security leak.
    * brecha en el sistema de seguridad = security hole.
    * burlar el sistema = beat + the system, game + the system.
    * caída del sistema = system crash.
    * catálogo del sistema = system catalogue.
    * Comité Conjunto para Sistemas de Información (JISC) = Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC).
    * configurador del sistema = system configurator.
    * controlador del sistema = system controller.
    * conversión al sistema decimal = decimalisation [decimalization, -USA].
    * conversión al sistema métrico = metrication.
    * convertir al sistema decimal = decimalise [decimalize, -USA].
    * copia de seguridad del sistema = system backup.
    * desafiar al sistema = beat + the system.
    * desarrollo de sistemas = system(s) development.
    * de todo el sistema = systemwide.
    * diseñador de sistemas = systems designer, system designer, system developer.
    * diseño de sistemas = systems design.
    * documentación del sistema = system documentation.
    * engañar al sistema = beat + the system, game + the system.
    * en todo el sistema = systemwide.
    * entre el hombre y el sistema = human-system.
    * en varios sistemas = cross-system.
    * evaluación de sistemas = system(s) evaluation.
    * fichero de existencias del sistema = system holdings file.
    * fichero de usuarios del sistema = system user file.
    * funcionar por un sistema de turnos = work on + a rota system, work on + a rota, work + shifts.
    * interfaz usuario-sistema = user/system interface.
    * ir en contra del sistema = buck + the system.
    * ISDS (Sistema Internacional de Datos sobre Publicaciones Seriadas) = ISDS (International Serials Data System).
    * mantener un sistema de turnos = hold + a rota of.
    * mostrar el prompt del sistema = prompt.
    * NISTF (Grupo de Trabajo sobre los Sistemas Nacionales de Información de la A = NISTF (Society of American Archivists National Information Systems Task Force).
    * nombre de acceso al sistema = system logon name.
    * organizar un sistema de turnos de + Nombre = organise + a rota of + Nombre.
    * PADIS (Sistema de Información para el Desarrollo de Africa) = PADIS (Pan-African Development Information System).
    * parecido a un sistema experto = expert-type.
    * promovido por el propio sistema de información = information-led.
    * prompt del sistema = system prompt.
    * propio del sistema = built-in.
    * protección del sistema = system security.
    * proveedor de sistemas = systems supplier, system supplier [systems supplier].
    * Proyecto para Sistemas Conectados (LSP) = Linked Systems Project (LSP).
    * responsable del sistema = system programmer.
    * seguridad del sistema = system security.
    * sistema abierto = open system.
    * sistema agrícola = farming system.
    * sistema anglosajón de medidas = imperial measures.
    * sistema anticuado = legacy system.
    * sistema antiguo = legacy system.
    * sistema antirrobo de libros = book security system, library security system.
    * sistema auditivo, el = auditory system, the.
    * sistema automatizado = data system, automated system, computerised system.
    * sistema automatizado de bibliotecas = automated library information system, library computer system.
    * sistema automatizado de indización = computer-based indexing system.
    * sistema automatizado de préstamo = automated lending system, computerised issue system.
    * sistema automatizado multimedia = multimedia computer system.
    * sistema automatizado para la recuperación = computerised document retrieval system, computerised information retrieval system.
    * sistema automatizado para la recuperación de documentos = computerised document retrieval system.
    * sistema automatizado para la recuperación de información = computerised information retrieval system.
    * sistema automatizado por microordenador = microcomputer-based system.
    * sistema bancario, el = banking system, the.
    * sistema basado en el conocimiento = knowledge-base system.
    * sistema basado en las imágenes = image-based system.
    * sistema bibliotecario = library system.
    * sistema bibliotecario automatizado = automated library system.
    * sistema bibliotecario de bibliotecas de un sólo tipo = single-type library system.
    * sistema bibliotecario de bibliotecas de varios tipos = multitype library system.
    * sistema bibliotecario nacional = national library system.
    * sistema bibliotecario regional = regional library system.
    * sistema bibliotecario universitario = university library system.
    * sistema + caerse = system + crash.
    * sistema cardiovascular = cardiovascular system.
    * sistema cerebroespinal, el = cerebrospinal system, the.
    * sistema circulatorio = circulatory system.
    * sistema comercial = market system, commercial system.
    * sistema de abastecimiento de agua = waterworks.
    * sistema de acceso mediante tarjeta = card access system.
    * sistema de aire acondicionado = air conditioning system, air cooling system.
    * sistema de alarma = alarm system, detection system.
    * sistema de alcantarillado = sewerage system, sewerage.
    * sistema de alerta = early warning system.
    * sistema de alerta de novedades tecnológicas = technology watch.
    * sistema de alerta temprana = early warning system.
    * sistema de alimentación = fuel system.
    * sistema de almacenamiento y recuperación de la información = information storage and retrieval system.
    * sistema de altas presiones = high-pressure system, ridge of high pressure.
    * sistema de alumbrado = lighting system.
    * sistema de apoyo a la toma de decisiones = decision support system, decision making system.
    * sistema de archivo = archiving system.
    * sistema de arranque = starting system.
    * sistema de asignaturas optativas = course elective system.
    * sistema de asistencia sanitaria = health care system.
    * sistema de autoedición = desktop system.
    * sistema de automatización de bibliotecas = library automation system.
    * sistema de aviso de reclamaciones = claims warning system.
    * sistema de ayuda = help system.
    * sistema de ayuda a la gestión = management support system (MSS).
    * sistema de bajas presiones = ridge of low pressure, low pressure system.
    * sistema de becas = grant scheme.
    * sistema de bibliotecas públicas = public library system.
    * sistema de búsqueda = paging system.
    * sistema de cableado = wiring system.
    * sistema de cables eléctricos = electrical wiring.
    * sistema de calefacción = heating system.
    * sistema de castas = caste system.
    * sistema de cierre = locking system.
    * sistema decimal = decimal system.
    * sistema de circulación automatizado = automated circulation system.
    * sistema de circulación del agua = water circulation system.
    * sistema de clases sociales = class system.
    * sistema de clasificación = classification scheme, scheme, classification system, classification schedules, grading system.
    * sistema de clasificación analítico = analytical classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación de Bliss = Bliss classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación decimal = decimal classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación de la Biblioteca del Congreso = LCC (Library of Congress Classification).
    * sistema de clasificación dicotomizado = dichotomized classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación enciclopédica = general classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación enumerativo = enumerative classification scheme, enumerative scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación especializado = special classification scheme, special scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación facetado = faceted classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación general = general scheme, general classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación jerárquico = hierarchical classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación lineal = linear classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación multidimensional = multidimensional classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación por disciplinas = discipline-oriented scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación sintético = synthetic classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación universal = universal classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación verbal = verbal classification system.
    * sistema de cobro por la información usada = information metering.
    * sistema de codificación = coding system.
    * sistema de compañías = companionship system.
    * sistema de comunicación = communication system.
    * sistema de comunicaciones = communication system.
    * Sistema de Comunicaciones y de Archivo Fotográfico (PACS) = Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS).
    * sistema de comunicación óptica = optical communication system.
    * Sistema de Comunicación por Paquetes (PSS) = Packet-Switching System (PSS).
    * sistema de conductos eléctricos = ducting system.
    * sistema de conferencia en línea = online conferencing system.
    * sistema de control = monitoring system, vetting system.
    * sistema de control de la salida = exit control system.
    * sistema de control de publicaciones seriadas = serials system, serials control system.
    * sistema de conversión de texto a voz = text-to-speech system.
    * sistema de copias de seguridad = backup system.
    * sistema de creencias = belief system.
    * sistema de criba = vetting system.
    * sistema de deducción de puntos = points system.
    * sistema de defensa = defence system.
    * sistema de detección = detection system.
    * sistema de detección de libros = book detection system.
    * sistema de digitalización de documentos = document imaging system.
    * sistema de discos ópticos = optical disc system.
    * sistema de distribución = distribution system.
    * sistema de drenaje = drainage system.
    * sistema de emergencia = backup supply, backup system.
    * sistema de emisión de gases = exhaust system.
    * sistema de emisión de humos = exhaust system.
    * sistema de encendido = ignition system.
    * sistema de entrada mediante tarjetas = card-entry system.
    * sistema de entrada múltiple = multiple entry system.
    * sistema de entrada única = single entry system.
    * sistema de escritura = writing system.
    * sistema de evaluación = rating system.
    * sistema de evaluación anónima = double-blind.
    * sistema de evaluación por paresanónima = double-blind refereeing system.
    * sistema de extinción de incendios mediante rociadores de agua = water sprinkler fire extinguishing system.
    * sistema de extinción de incendios = fire extinguishing system, extinguishing system.
    * sistema de extinción de incendios mediante gas halón = halon gas fire extinguishing system.
    * sistema de facturación = billing system.
    * sistema de facturación por uso = cost billing system.
    * sistema defensivo = defence system.
    * sistema de fichas = card based system.
    * sistema de fichas peek-a-boo = peek-a-boo system.
    * sistema de frenado = brake system, braking system.
    * sistema de frenado antibloqueo = antilock braking system.
    * sistema de frenos = brake system, braking system.
    * sistema de géneros = sex/gender system.
    * sistema de gestión bibliotecaria = library system, library management system.
    * sistema de gestión de documentos = record(s) system.
    * sistema de gestión de documentos electrónicos = electronic document management system (EDMS).
    * sistema de gestión de imágenes = imaging system, image-based system, image management system.
    * sistema de gestión de la información (SGI) = information management system (IMS).
    * sistema de gestión del conocimiento = knowledge management system (KMS).
    * Sistema de Gestión de Mensajes (MHS) = Message Handling System (MHS).
    * sistema de gestión de registros = record(s) system.
    * sistema de gestión documental = information retrieval system (IRS), record(s) system.
    * sistema de gobierno = polity.
    * sistema de iluminación = lighting system.
    * sistema de incentivos = reward system, system of incentives [incentive system].
    * sistema de indización = indexing system, index system.
    * sistema de indización con conservación del contexto (PRECIS) = PRECIS.
    * Sistema de Indización de Estructura Profunda (DSIS) = Deep Structure Indexing System (DSIS).
    * sistema de indización de fichas = card index system.
    * Sistema de Indización por Frases Anidadas (NEPHIS) = Nested Phrase Indexing System (NEPHIS).
    * sistema de indización postcoordinada = post-coordinate indexing system.
    * sistema de indización PRECIS = PRECIS indexing system.
    * sistema de indización precoordinada = pre-coordinate indexing system.
    * sistema de información = information system.
    * Sistema de Información Bibliotecario = LIBRIS.
    * sistema de información documental = document information system.
    * Sistema de Información Geográfica (SIG) = Geographic Information System (GIS).
    * sistema de información integrado = integrated information system.
    * sistema de información sectorial = sectoral information system.
    * Sistema de Información sobre Literatura Gris en Europa (SIGLE) = SIGLE (System for Information on Grey Literature in Europe).
    * sistema + dejar de funcionar = system + crash.
    * sistema de justicia penal = criminal justice system.
    * sistema de la ciencia, el = system of science, the.
    * sistema de lápiz óptico = data pen system.
    * sistema de llave en mano = turnkey system, turnkey software system.
    * sistema de lógica difusa = fuzzy system.
    * sistema del olfato = olfactory system.
    * sistema de medición de los recursos usados = metering system.
    * sistema de megafonía = public address system.
    * sistema de mercado = market system.
    * sistema de multas = fines system.
    * sistema de multiusuarios = multi-user system.
    * sistema de notas = grading system.
    * sistema de numeración = numbering scheme, numbering system.
    * sistema de petición de documentos = document delivery system.
    * sistema de préstamo = circulation system, issue system, lending system, book checking system, charge out system, library issue system.
    * sistema de préstamo automatizado = automated circulation system.
    * sistema de préstamo interbibliotecario = interlibrary loan system.
    * sistema de presupuestación mediante planificación y programación = planning programming budgeting system (PPBS).
    * sistema de primas = bonus scheme.
    * sistema de procesamiento de información = information processing system.
    * sistema de proceso de datos = data processing system.
    * sistema de proceso de imágenes = imaging system.
    * sistema de puntuación = point system.
    * sistema de reclamaciones = chasing system.
    * sistema de recompensa = reward system.
    * sistema de reconocimiento académico = academic reward(s) system.
    * sistema de recuperación = retrieval system.
    * sistema de recuperación de imágenes = image retrieval system.
    * sistema de recuperación de información = IR system.
    * sistema de recuperación de información por medio de menús = menu-based information retrieval system.
    * sistema de recuperación por relevancia = relevance system.
    * sistema de referencia = reference system, reference system.
    * sistema de referencia por coordenadas = grid reference.
    * sistema de refrigeración = cooling system.
    * sistema de registro = recording system.
    * sistema de reservas = booking system.
    * sistema de retransmisión = relay system.
    * sistema de rociadores de agua = sprinkler system, water sprinkler system.
    * sistema de saneamiento = sewerage system, sewerage.
    * sistema de seguimiento = monitoring system.
    * sistema de seguridad = security system, backup system.
    * sistema de selección = vetting system.
    * sistema de sonido cuadrafónico = quadrophonic system.
    * sistema de suministro de documentos = document supply system.
    * sistema de suministro de información = information supply system.
    * sistema de tarifas = charging system.
    * sistema de telecomunicaciones = telecommunication system.
    * sistema de televisión en color = colour system.
    * sistema de tiempo real = real-time system.
    * sistema de traducción automatizada = machine translation system.
    * sistema de transferencia de documentos = document delivery system.
    * sistema de transmisión de mensajes = messaging system.
    * sistema de transporte = transport system.
    * sistema de transporte público = public transport system.
    * sistema de tratamiento de imágenes = image processing system.
    * sistema de trueque, el = barter system, the.
    * sistema de tubos neumáticos = pneumatic tube system.
    * sistema de turnos = rota system.
    * sistema de valores = system of values, value system.
    * sistema de valores personales = personal value system.
    * sistema de valores sociales = social value system.
    * sistema de ventilación = ventilation system.
    * sistema de vídeodisco = video disc system.
    * Sistema de Vídeo Familiar (VHS) = VHS (Video Home System).
    * sistema de videotexto = videotext system.
    * sistema de videotexto público = public viewdata system.
    * sistema de vigilancia = surveillance system.
    * sistema de vigilancia electrónica = electronic surveillance system.
    * sistema digestivo = digestive system.
    * sistema documental = documentary system.
    * sistema económico = economic system.
    * sistema educativo = educational system, education system.
    * sistema electoral = electoral system.
    * sistema eléctrico = electrical system.
    * sistema electrónico de detección de robos = electronic theft detection system.
    * sistema endocrino, el = endocrine system, the.
    * sistema en el que el documento aparece representado en un único lugar del ín = one-place system.
    * sistema energético = energy system.
    * sistema en lenguaje natural = natural language system.
    * sistema en línea = online system.
    * sistema en red = network system.
    * sistema en uso = operational system.
    * sistema escolar, el = school system, the.
    * sistema ético = ethical system.
    * sistema experto = expert system, knowledge-base system.
    * Sistema General de Ordenación (SGO) = Broad System of Ordering (BSO).
    * sistema híbrido = hybrid system.
    * sistema ideológico = system of thought.
    * sistema informático = computing system, computer system.
    * sistema informático hecho por encargo = tailored system.
    * sistema inmunológico = immune system.
    * sistema integrado = integrated system.
    * sistema integrado de gestión bibliotecaria = integrated library package.
    * sistema inteligente = intelligent system.
    * sistema interactivo = interactive system.
    * sistema interactivo en línea = interactive online system.
    * sistema intermediario = backend system.
    * Sistema Internacional de Información sobre Agricultura (AGRIS) = AGRIS (International Agricultural Information System).
    * Sistema Internacional de Unidades, el = International System of Units, the.
    * sistema judicial = judicial system.
    * sistema legal, el = legal system, the.
    * sistema mercantil = market system.
    * sistema mercantilista = mercantile system.
    * sistema métrico decimal, el = metric system, the, decimal metric system, the.
    * sistema métrico, el = metric system, the.
    * sistema monetario = coinage.
    * sistema monetario, el = coinage system, the.
    * Sistema Monetario Europeo = European Monetary System.
    * sistema nervioso = nervous system.
    * sistema nervioso central = central nervous system.
    * sistema nervioso periférico = peripheral nervous system.
    * sistema numérico = numbering scheme, numbering system.
    * sistema obsoleto = legacy system.
    * sistema ofimático = office system.
    * sistema olfativo = olfactory system.
    * sistema operativo = operating system, operational system, computer operating system.
    * sistema operativo de disco = Disc Operating System (DOS).
    * sistema óptico = optical system, optical system.
    * sistema óptico de información = optical information system.
    * sistema orgánico = organ system.
    * sistema organizativo = organisational scheme, organisation scheme.
    * sistema para el análisis formal de documentos = markup code.
    * sistema para el análisis formal de documentos web = markup system.
    * sistema para información geográfica (SIG) = Geographical Information System (GIS).
    * sistema para la información de gestión = management information system (MIS).
    * Sistema para la Información Geográfica (SIG) = Geographic Information System (GIS).
    * sistema para la recuperación de texto libre = free text retrieval system.
    * sistema penal = penal system.
    * sistema penitenciario = penal system.
    * sistema personal = home system.
    * sistema político = political system.
    * sistema político unipartidista = one-party rule.
    * sistema precoordinado = pre-coordinate system.
    * sistema respiratorio = respiratory system.
    * sistema social = social system.
    * sistema solar, el = solar system, the.
    * sistema + venirse abajo = system + crash.
    * sistema virtual de gestión de cursos = course management system.
    * teoría de sistemas = systems theory.
    * vendedor de sistemas = systems vendor.
    * volver a levantar el sistema = restart.

    * * *
    A (método) system
    necesitamos un nuevo sistema we need a new way of doing things o a new system
    trabajar con sistema to work systematically o methodically
    él se opone a todo lo que yo propongo, por sistema he systematically o invariably opposes everything I propose, as a matter of course he opposes everything I propose
    B
    el sistema educativo/impositivo the education/tax system
    el sistema de calefacción the heating system
    2 ( Inf) system
    entrar en or al sistema to log in o on
    salir del sistema to log out o off
    Compuestos:
    ( Mil) Electronic Counter Measures
    distribution system
    set of simultaneous equations
    satellite navegation system
    through-ticketing
    expert system
    metric system
    European Monetary System
    mountain range
    nervous system
    central nervous system
    operating system
    disk operating system
    solar system
    ( Esp) through-ticketing
    * * *

     

    sistema sustantivo masculino
    1 ( método) system;
    ◊ trabajar con sistema to work systematically o methodically

    2 ( conjunto organizado) system;

    sistema solar solar system;
    Ssistema Monetario Europeo European Monetary System
    3 (Inf) system;
    ◊ entrar en el/salir del sistema to log on/off

    sistema sustantivo masculino
    1 system
    sistema circulatorio, circulatory system
    sistema operativo, operating system
    2 (modo) tenemos que buscar un sistema para hacerlo, we have to find a way to do it
    ♦ Locuciones: por sistema, as a rule
    ' sistema' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    bicameral
    - decimal
    - dicotomía
    - educativa
    - educativo
    - enseñanza
    - inconveniente
    - instrumentación
    - inutilizar
    - LOGSE
    - métrica
    - métrico
    - monetaria
    - monetario
    - obsoleta
    - obsoleto
    - perfección
    - poner
    - refrigeración
    - salir
    - simulador
    - simuladora
    - SME
    - SMI
    - solar
    - subsistir
    - sufragio
    - tributación
    - tributaria
    - tributario
    - vía
    - vídeo
    - afianzar
    - afiliarse
    - alfabetizar
    - aparato
    - aplicar
    - cómodo
    - complicado
    - defecto
    - desbaratar
    - ejido
    - escritura
    - falla
    - fórmula
    - funcionamiento
    - impositivo
    - inadecuado
    - ineficaz
    - ingeniar
    English:
    advanced
    - Amtrak
    - antilock braking system
    - backup
    - change over
    - decimal system
    - develop
    - development
    - diagram
    - DOS
    - efficient
    - electronic
    - establishment
    - European Monetary System
    - flagship
    - glitch
    - GPA
    - imperial mile
    - instal
    - install
    - institute
    - log in
    - log off
    - log on
    - log out
    - machinery
    - metric
    - MIS
    - nervous system
    - operating system
    - operational
    - PA
    - piecemeal
    - plumbing
    - pony express
    - process
    - respiratory system
    - retrieval
    - sanitary
    - service
    - set-up
    - sewerage
    - system
    - tax system
    - unsystematic
    - unsystematically
    - comprehensive
    - day
    - decimalization
    - down
    * * *
    ♦ nm
    1. [conjunto ordenado] system
    sistema de apertura retardada time lock;
    sistema de apoyo support system;
    el sistema bancario the banking system;
    Astron sistema binario [de estrellas] binary system;
    sistema cegesimal [de unidades] CGS system;
    el Sistema Central = Spanish central mountain range;
    sistema de coordenadas coordinate system;
    sistema decimal decimal system;
    TV sistema dual bilingual broadcasting;
    sistema fiscal tax system;
    el Sistema Ibérico the Iberian chain;
    sistema impositivo tax system;
    sistema métrico (decimal) metric (decimal) system;
    Sistema Monetario Europeo European Monetary System;
    sistema montañoso mountain chain o range;
    sistema periódico (de los elementos) periodic table (of elements);
    sistema planetario planetary system;
    sistema político political system;
    sistema de referencia frame of reference;
    sistema de seguridad security system;
    sistema solar solar system;
    sistema de transportes transport system;
    sistema tributario tax system
    2. Anat system
    sistema cardiovascular cardiovascular system;
    sistema circulatorio circulatory system;
    sistema endocrino endocrine system;
    sistema inmunológico immune system;
    sistema linfático lymphatic system;
    sistema nervioso nervous system;
    sistema nervioso central central nervous system
    3. [método, orden] method;
    trabajar con sistema to work methodically
    4. Informát system
    sistema de alimentación ininterrumpida uninterruptible power supply;
    sistema de almacenamiento storage system;
    sistema de archivos jerárquicos hierarchical file system;
    sistema de autor authoring system;
    sistema binario binary system;
    sistema experto expert system;
    sistema de gestión de bases de datos database management system;
    sistema hexadecimal hexadecimal system, base 16;
    sistema multiprocesador multiprocessor system;
    sistema multiusuario multi-user system;
    sistema de nombres de dominio domain name system;
    sistema operativo operating system
    5. Ling system
    ♦ por sistema loc adv
    systematically;
    me lleva la contraria por sistema he always argues with everything I say
    SISTEMA EDUCATIVO
    The Spanish education system starts with free nursery school from 3 to 6. This is followed by primary school from 6 to 12, and compulsory secondary education from 12 to 16, successful completion of which entitles pupils to a “secondary school diploma”. There is then a choice of a general course of study (“bachillerato”) or a technical one, both of two years. The bachillerato allows access to university courses, which can lead to a diploma or degree. In Latin America, there is great variation in educational provision from country to country. The end of compulsory education ranges from age 11 in Honduras to 16 in Peru, though in most countries it is between 13 and 15. Actual enrolment in primary school is high, even in the poorer countries, but about a third of secondary-school-age Latin American children are not actually enrolled. In a poor country such as Guatemala this rises to two-thirds, compared with the high level of secondary enrolment in Argentina, Chile or Cuba.
    * * *
    m system
    * * *
    : system
    * * *
    sistema n system

    Spanish-English dictionary > sistema

  • 25 система

    complex, chain, installation, method, repertoire вчт., repertory, structure, system
    * * *
    систе́ма ж.
    system
    дубли́ровать систе́му — duplicate a system
    отла́живать систе́му — tune up a system
    систе́ма функциони́рует норма́льно киб. — the system is well-behaved
    авари́йная систе́ма ав. — emergency system
    систе́ма авари́йного покида́ния ( самолёта) — escape system
    автомати́ческая систе́ма — automatic system
    систе́ма автомати́ческого регули́рования [САР] — automatic-control system of the regulator(y) type
    систе́ма автомати́ческого регули́рования, де́йствующая по отклоне́нию — error-actuated control system
    систе́ма автомати́ческого регули́рования, за́мкнутая — closed-loop control system
    систе́ма автомати́ческого регули́рования, и́мпульсная — sampling control system
    систе́ма автомати́ческого регули́рования, многоё́мкостная — multicapacity control system
    систе́ма автомати́ческого регули́рования, многоко́нтурная — multiloop control system
    систе́ма автомати́ческого регули́рования, многоме́рная — multivariable control system
    систе́ма автомати́ческого регули́рования, програ́ммная — time-pattern control system
    систе́ма автомати́ческого регули́рования, разо́мкнутая — open-loop control system
    систе́ма автомати́ческого регули́рования следя́щего ти́па — servo-operation control system
    систе́ма автомати́ческого регули́рования со случа́йными возде́йствиями, и́мпульсная — random-input sampled-data system
    систе́ма автомати́ческого регули́рования со стабилиза́цией (проце́сса) — regulator-operation control system
    систе́ма автомати́ческого управле́ния [САУ] — automatic-control system
    систе́ма автомати́ческого управле́ния, цифрова́я — digital control system
    систе́ма автоподстро́йки частоты́ [АПЧ] — AFC system
    систе́ма АПЧ захва́тывает частоту́ — the AFC system locks on to the (desired) frequency
    систе́ма АПЧ осуществля́ет по́иск частоты́ — the AFC system searches for the (desired) frequency
    систе́ма автоподстро́йки частоты́, фа́зовая [ФАПЧ] — phase-lock loop, PLL
    агрега́тная, унифици́рованная систе́ма ( советская система пневматических средств автоматики) — standard-module pneumatic instrumentation system
    адапти́вная систе́ма — adaptive system
    апериоди́ческая систе́ма — critically damped system
    асинхро́нная систе́ма — asynchronous system
    астати́ческая систе́ма — zero-constant-error system
    астати́ческая систе́ма второ́го поря́дка — Type 2 [zero-velocity-error] system
    астати́ческая систе́ма пе́рвого поря́дка — Type 1 [zero-position-error] system
    систе́ма без резерви́рования — non-redundant system
    систе́ма блокиро́вки ( радиационной установки) — interlock system
    систе́ма ва́ла ( в допусках и посадках) — the basic shaft system
    вентиляцио́нная систе́ма — ventilation system
    вентиляцио́нная, вытяжна́я систе́ма — exhaust ventilation system
    взаи́мные систе́мы — mutual systems
    систе́ма водоснабже́ния — water(-supply) system
    систе́ма водоснабже́ния, оборо́тная — circulating [closed-circuit] water system
    систе́ма водоснабже́ния, прямото́чная — once-through [run-of-river cooling] system
    систе́ма возду́шного отопле́ния — warm-air heating system
    систе́ма воспроизведе́ния ( записи) — reproduction system
    систе́ма впры́ска двс. — injection system
    систе́ма впры́ска, предка́мерная двс. — antechamber system of injection
    систе́ма впу́ска двс. — induction [intake] system
    систе́ма вы́борки вчт. — selection system
    вытяжна́я систе́ма — exhaust system
    вычисли́тельная систе́ма — computer [computing] system
    вычисли́тельная, многома́шинная систе́ма — multicomputer system
    систе́ма генера́тор — дви́гатель — Ward-Leonard speed-control system
    гибри́дная систе́ма — hybrid system
    систе́ма громкоговоря́щей свя́зи — public-address [personnel-address, PA] system
    грузова́я систе́ма мор. — cargo (handling) system
    двухкомпоне́нтная систе́ма хим. — two-component [binary] system
    двухни́точная систе́ма тепл. — two-flow system
    двухпроводна́я систе́ма эл. — two-wire system
    двухэлектро́дная систе́ма ( электроннооптического преобразователя) — self-focusing (diod) system
    диспе́рсная систе́ма — disperse system
    диссипати́вная систе́ма — dissipative system
    систе́ма дистанцио́нного управле́ния — remote control system
    диффере́нтная систе́ма мор. — trim system
    дифференциа́льная систе́ма тлф. — hybrid set
    систе́ма дождева́ния — sprinkling system
    систе́ма до́пусков — tolerance system
    систе́ма до́пусков, двусторо́нняя [симметри́чная], преде́льная — bilateral system of tolerances
    систе́ма до́пусков и поса́док — system [classification] of fits and tolerances
    систе́ма до́пусков, односторо́нняя [асимметри́чная], преде́льная — unilateral system of tolerances
    систе́ма дрена́жа ( топливных баков) ав. — vent system
    систе́ма едини́ц — system of units
    систе́ма едини́ц, междунаро́дная [СИ] — international system of units, SI
    систе́ма едини́ц МКГСС уст. — MKGSS [metre-kilogram(me)-force-second ] system (of units)
    систе́ма едини́ц МКС — MKS [metre-kilogram(me)-second ] system (of units)
    систе́ма едини́ц МКСА — MKSA [metre-kilogram(me)-mass-second-ampere ] system (of units), absolute practical system of units
    систе́ма едини́ц МКСГ — MKSG [metre-kilogram(me)-force-second-kelvin ] system (of units)
    систе́ма едини́ц МСС — MSC [metre-second-candela] system (of units)
    систе́ма едини́ц МТС — MTS [metre-ton-second] system (of units)
    систе́мы едини́ц СГС — CGS [centimetre-gram(me)-second ] systems (of units)
    систе́ма едини́ц, техни́ческая — engineer's system of units
    же́зловая систе́ма ж.-д. — staff system
    систе́ма жизнеобеспе́чения косм. — life-support (and survival) system
    систе́ма жизнеобеспе́чения, автоно́мная — back-pack life-support system
    систе́ма зажига́ния — ignition system
    систе́ма зажига́ния, полупроводнико́вая — transistor(ized) ignition system
    систе́ма зажига́ния, электро́нная — electronic ignition system
    систе́ма заземле́ния — earth [ground] network
    замедля́ющая систе́ма — ( в электровакуумных устройствах СВЧ) slow-wave structure; ( волноводная) slow-wave guide; ( коаксиальная) wave delay line
    замедля́ющая, встре́чно-стержнева́я систе́ма — interdigital [interdigitated] slow-wave structure
    замедля́ющая, гребе́нчатая систе́ма — vane-line slow-wave structure, finned slow-wave guide
    замедля́ющая, спира́льная систе́ма — helical slow-wave structure
    за́мкнутая систе́ма — closed system
    систе́ма за́писи вчт. — writing system
    запомина́ющая систе́ма вчт. — storage system
    систе́ма затопле́ния мор. — flood(ing) system
    систе́ма захо́да на поса́дку по кома́ндам с земли́ ав. — ground-controlled-approach [GCA] system
    зачи́стная систе́ма ( танкера) — stripping system
    систе́ма зерка́л Фабри́—Перо́ — Fabry-Perot [FP] mirror system
    зерка́льно-ли́нзовая систе́ма ( в микроскопе) — catadioptric system
    систе́ма золоудале́ния — ash-handling system
    систе́ма зо́льников кож. — lime yard, lime round
    изоли́рованная систе́ма — isolated system
    систе́ма индивидуа́льного вы́зова свз. — paging system
    инерциа́льная систе́ма — inertial system
    информацио́нная систе́ма — information system
    информацио́нно-поиско́вая систе́ма — information retrieval system
    исхо́дная систе́ма — prototype [original] system
    канализацио́нная систе́ма — sewer(age) system
    канализацио́нная, общесплавна́я систе́ма — combined sewer(age) system
    канализацио́нная, разде́льная систе́ма — separate sewer(age) system
    систе́ма коди́рования — coding system
    колеба́тельная систе́ма — (преим. механическая) vibratory [vibrating] system; ( немеханическая) oscillatory [resonant] system
    колеба́тельная, многорезона́торная систе́ма ( магнетрона) — multiple-cavity resonator
    колориметри́ческая трёхцве́тная систе́ма — three-colour photometric system
    систе́ма кома́нд ЭВМ — instruction set of a computer, computer instruction set
    систе́ма координа́т — coordinate system
    свя́зывать систе́му координа́т с … — tie in a coordinate system with …, tie coordinate system to …
    систе́ма координа́т, инерциа́льная — inertial frame
    систе́ма координа́т, лаборато́рная — laboratory coordinate system, laboratory frame of reference
    систе́ма координа́т, ле́вая — left-handed coordinate system
    систе́ма координа́т, ме́стная — local (coordinate) system
    систе́ма координа́т, поко́ящаяся — rest (coordinate) system
    систе́ма координа́т, пото́чная аргд. — (relative) wind coordinate system
    систе́ма координа́т, пра́вая — right-handed coordinate system
    систе́ма координа́т, свя́занная с дви́жущимся те́лом — body axes (coordinate) system
    систе́ма координа́т, свя́занная с Землё́й — fixed-in-the-earth (coordinate) system
    систе́ма корре́кции гироско́па — gyro monitor, (long-term) reference
    систе́ма корре́кции гироско́па, магни́тная — magnetic gyro monitor, magnetic reference
    систе́ма корре́кции гироско́па, ма́ятниковая — gravity gyro monitor, gravity reference
    систе́ма криволине́йных координа́т — curvilinear coordinate system
    курсова́я систе́ма ав. — directional heading [waiting] system
    ли́тниковая систе́ма — gating [pouring gate] system
    магни́тная систе́ма — magnetic system
    систе́ма ма́ссового обслу́живания — queueing [waiting] system
    систе́ма ма́ссового обслу́живания, сме́шанная — combined loss-delay queueing [waiting] system
    систе́ма ма́ссового обслу́живания с ожида́нием — delay queueing [waiting] system
    систе́ма ма́ссового обслу́живания с отка́зами — congestion queueing [waiting] system
    систе́ма ма́ссового обслу́живания с поте́рями — loss-type queueing [waiting] system
    мени́сковая систе́ма — meniscus [Maksutov] system
    систе́ма мер, метри́ческая — metric system
    систе́ма мер, типогра́фская — point system
    механи́ческая систе́ма — mechanical system
    механи́ческая, несвобо́дная систе́ма — constrained material system
    систе́ма мно́гих тел — many-body system
    многокана́льная систе́ма свз. — multichannel system
    многокомпоне́нтная систе́ма — multicomponent system
    многоме́рная систе́ма — multivariable system
    модели́руемая систе́ма — prototype system
    мо́дульная систе́ма — modular system
    мультипле́ксная систе́ма — multiplex system
    систе́ма набо́ра ( корпуса судна) — framing system
    систе́ма набо́ра, кле́тчатая — cellular framing system
    систе́ма набо́ра, попере́чная — transverse framing system
    систе́ма набо́ра, продо́льная — longitudinal framing system
    систе́ма набо́ра, сме́шанная — mixed framing system
    систе́ма навига́ции — navigation system
    систе́ма навига́ции, автоно́мная — self-contained navigation system
    систе́ма навига́ции, гиперболи́ческая — hyperbolic navigation system
    систе́ма навига́ции, дальноме́рная — rho-rho [ - ] navigation system
    систе́ма навига́ции, дальноме́рно-угломе́рная — rho-theta [ - ] navigation system
    систе́ма навига́ции, кругова́я — rho-rho [ - ] navigation system
    систе́ма навига́ции, ра́зностно-дальноме́рная [РДНС] — hyperbolic navigation system
    систе́ма навига́ции, угломе́рная — theta-theta [ - ] navigation system
    систе́ма на стру́йных элеме́нтах, логи́ческая — fluid logic system
    систе́ма нумера́ции тлф. — numbering scheme
    систе́ма обду́ва стё́кол авто, автмт. — demister
    систе́ма обнаруже́ния оши́бок ( в передаче данных) свз. — error detection system
    систе́ма обогре́ва стё́кол авто, ав. — defroster
    систе́ма обозначе́ний — notation, symbolism
    систе́ма обозначе́ний Междунаро́дного нау́чного радиообъедине́ния — URSI symbol system
    систе́ма обозначе́ния про́бы, кара́тная — carat test sign system
    систе́ма обозначе́ния про́бы, метри́ческая — metric test sign system
    обора́чивающая систе́ма опт. — erecting [inversion (optical)] system
    обора́чивающая, при́зменная систе́ма опт. — prism-erecting (optical) system
    систе́ма обрабо́тки да́нных — data processing [dp] system
    систе́ма обрабо́тки да́нных в реа́льном масшта́бе вре́мени — real time data processing system
    систе́ма обрабо́тки да́нных, операти́вная — on-line data processing system
    систе́ма обрабо́тки отхо́дов — waste treatment system
    систе́ма объё́много пожаротуше́ния мор. — fire-smothering system
    одноотка́зная систе́ма — fall-safe system
    опти́ческая систе́ма — optical system, optical train
    опти́ческая, зерка́льно-ли́нзовая систе́ма — catadioptric system
    систе́ма ориента́ции ав. — attitude control system
    ороси́тельная систе́ма — irrigation system, irrigation project
    систе́ма ороше́ния мор. — sprinkling system
    систе́ма освеще́ния — lighting (system)
    осуши́тельная систе́ма мор. — drain(age) system
    систе́ма отбо́ра во́здуха от компре́ссора — compressor air-bleed system
    систе́ма отве́рстия ( в допусках и посадках) — the basic hole system
    отклоня́ющая систе́ма ( в ЭЛТ) — deflecting system, deflection yoke
    отклоня́ющая, ка́дровая систе́ма — vertical (deflection) yoke
    отклоня́ющая, магни́тная систе́ма — magnetic (deflection) yoke
    отклоня́ющая, стро́чная систе́ма — horizontal [line] (deflection) yoke
    систе́ма относи́тельных едини́ц — per-unit system
    отопи́тельная систе́ма — heating system
    отопи́тельная систе́ма с разво́дкой све́рху — down-feed heating system
    отопи́тельная систе́ма с разво́дкой сни́зу — up-feed heating system
    систе́ма отсчё́та — frame of reference, (reference) frame, reference system
    систе́ма отсчё́та, инерциа́льная — inertial frame of reference
    систе́ма охлажде́ния — cooling system
    систе́ма охлажде́ния, возду́шная — air-cooling system
    систе́ма охлажде́ния, жи́дкостная — liquid-cooling system
    систе́ма охлажде́ния, испари́тельная — evaporative cooling system
    систе́ма охлажде́ния, каска́дная — cascade refrigeration system
    систе́ма охлажде́ния непосре́дственным испаре́нием холоди́льного аге́нта — direct expansion system
    систе́ма охлажде́ния, пане́льная — panel cooling system
    систе́ма охлажде́ния, рассо́льная, двухтемперату́рная — dual-temperature brine refrigeration system
    систе́ма охлажде́ния, рассо́льная, закры́тая — closed brine cooling system
    систе́ма охлажде́ния, рассо́льная, с испаре́нием — brine spray cooling system
    систе́ма охлажде́ния с теплозащи́тной руба́шкой — jacketed cooling system
    систе́ма очи́стки воды́ — water purification system
    систе́ма па́мяти — memory [storage] system
    систе́ма парашю́та, подвесна́я — parachute harness
    систе́ма переда́чи да́нных — data transmission system
    систе́ма переда́чи да́нных с обра́тной свя́зью — information feedback data transmission system
    систе́ма переда́чи да́нных с коммута́цией сообще́ний и промежу́точным хране́нием — store-and-forward data network
    систе́ма переда́чи да́нных с реша́ющей обра́тной свя́зью — decision feedback data transmission system
    систе́ма переда́чи и́мпульсов набо́ра, шле́йфная тлф. — loop dialling system
    систе́ма переда́чи на одно́й боково́й полосе́ и пода́вленной несу́щей — single-sideband suppressed-carrier [SSB-SC] system
    систе́ма переда́чи на одно́й боково́й полосе́ с осла́бленной несу́щей — single-sideband reduced carrier [SSB-RC] system
    систе́ма пита́ния двс. — fuel system
    систе́ма пита́ния котла́ — boiler-feed piping system
    систе́ма питьево́й воды́ мор. — drinking-water [portable-water] system
    систе́ма пода́чи то́плива, вытесни́тельная — pressure feeding system
    систе́ма пода́чи то́плива самотё́ком — gravity feeding system
    систе́ма пода́чи то́плива, турбонасо́сная — turbopump feeding system
    подви́жная систе́ма ( измерительного прибора) — moving element (movement не рекомендован соответствующими стандартами)
    систе́ма пожа́рной сигнализа́ции — fire-alarm system
    систе́ма пожаротуше́нения — fire-extinguishing system
    систе́ма поса́дки — landing system
    систе́ма поса́дки по прибо́рам — instrument landing system (сокращение ILS относится к международной системе, советская система обозначается СП — instrument landing system)
    систе́ма проду́вки авто — scavenging system
    противообледени́тельная систе́ма ав. — ( для предотвращения образования льда) anti-icing [ice protection] system; ( для удаления образовавшегося льда) de-icing system
    противопожа́рная систе́ма — fire-extinguishing system
    противото́чная систе́ма — counter-current flow system
    систе́ма прямо́го перено́са ( электроннооптического преобразователя) — proximity focused system
    прямото́чная систе́ма — direct-flow system
    систе́ма прямоуго́льных координа́т — Cartesian [rectangular] coordinate system
    систе́ма, рабо́тающая в и́стинном масшта́бе вре́мени — real-time system
    радиолокацио́нная, втори́чная систе́ма УВД — ( для работы внутри СССР) SSR system; ( отвечающая нормам ИКАО) ICAO SSR system
    радиолокацио́нная систе́ма с электро́нным скани́рованием — electronic scanning radar system, ESRS
    радиомая́чная систе́ма — radio range
    радиомая́чная, многокана́льная систе́ма — multitrack radio range
    систе́ма радионавига́ции — radio-navigation system (см. тж. система навигации)
    развё́ртывающая систе́ма тлв. — scanning system
    систе́ма разрабо́тки — mining system, method of mining
    распредели́тельная систе́ма — distribution system
    регенерати́вная систе́ма тепл. — feed heating system
    резерви́рованная систе́ма — redundant system
    систе́ма ремне́й, подвесна́я ( респиратора) — harness
    систе́ма ру́бок лес. — cutting system
    самонастра́ивающаяся систе́ма — self-adjusting system
    самообуча́ющаяся систе́ма киб. — learning system
    самоорганизу́ющаяся систе́ма — self-organizing system
    самоприспоса́бливающаяся систе́ма киб. — adaptive system
    самоуравнове́шивающаяся систе́ма — self-balancing system
    самоусоверше́нствующаяся систе́ма — evolutionary system
    санита́рная систе́ма мор. — sanitary system
    систе́ма свя́зи — communication system
    сопряга́ть систе́му свя́зи, напр. с ЭВМ — interface a communication network with, e. g., a computer
    уплотня́ть систе́му свя́зи телегра́фными кана́лами — multiplex telegraph channels on a communication link
    систе́ма свя́зи, асинхро́нная — asyncronous communication system
    систе́ма свя́зи, двои́чная — binary communication system
    систе́ма свя́зи, многокана́льная — multi-channel communication system
    систе́ма свя́зи на метео́рных вспы́шках — meteor burst [meteor-scatter] communication system
    систе́ма свя́зи, разветвлё́нная — deployed communication system
    систе́ма свя́зи с испо́льзованием да́льнего тропосфе́рного рассе́яния — troposcatter communication system
    систе́ма свя́зи с испо́льзованием ионосфе́рного рассе́яния — ionoscatter communication system
    систе́ма свя́зи с переспро́сом — ARQ communication system
    систе́ма свя́зи, уплотнё́нная — multiplex communication system
    систе́ма свя́зи, уплотнё́нная, с временны́м разделе́нием сигна́лов — time division multiplex [TDM] communication system
    систе́ма свя́зи, уплотнё́нная, с разделе́нием по ко́дам — code-division multiplex(ing) communication system
    систе́ма свя́зи, уплотнё́нная, с часто́тным разделе́нием сигна́лов — frequency division multiplex [FDM] communication system
    сельси́нная систе́ма — synchro system
    сельси́нная систе́ма в индика́торном режи́ме — synchro-repeater [direct-transmission synchro] system
    сельси́нная систе́ма в трансформа́торном режи́ме — synchro-detector [control-transformer synchro] system
    сельси́нная, двухотсчё́тная систе́ма — two-speed [coarse-fine] synchro system
    сельси́нная, дифференциа́льная систе́ма — differential synchro system
    сельси́нная, одноотсчё́тная систе́ма — singlespeed synchro system
    систе́ма сил — force system
    систе́ма синхрониза́ции — timing [synchronizing] mechanism
    синхро́нная систе́ма — synchronous system
    следя́щая систе́ма — servo (system)
    следя́щая, позицио́нная систе́ма — positional servo (system)
    следя́щая систе́ма с не́сколькими входны́ми возде́йствиями — multi-input servo (system)
    следя́щая систе́ма с предваре́нием — predictor servo (system)
    систе́ма слеже́ния — tracking system
    систе́ма слеже́ния по да́льности — range tracking system
    систе́ма слеже́ния по ско́рости измене́ния да́льности — range rate tracking system
    систе́ма сма́зки — lubrication (system)
    систе́ма сма́зки, принуди́тельная — force(-feed) lubrication (system)
    систе́ма сма́зки, разбры́згивающая — splash lubrication (system)
    сма́зочная систе́ма — lubrication (system)
    систе́ма с мно́гими переме́нными — multivariable system
    систе́ма сниже́ния шу́ма — noise reduction system
    систе́ма с обра́тной свя́зью — feedback system
    Со́лнечная систе́ма — solar system
    систе́ма сопровожде́ния — tracking system
    систе́ма со свобо́дными пове́рхностями — unbounded system
    систе́ма с пара́метрами, изменя́ющимися во вре́мени — time variable [time-variant] system
    систе́ма с постоя́нным резерви́рованием — parallel-redundant system
    систе́ма с разделе́нием вре́мени — time-sharing system
    систе́ма с распределё́нными пара́метрами — distributed parameter system
    систе́ма с самоизменя́ющейся структу́рой — self-structuring system
    систе́ма с сосредото́ченными пара́метрами — lumped-parameter [lumped-constant] system
    стати́ческая систе́ма — киб. constant-error system; ( в следящих системах) type O servo system
    систе́ма, стати́чески неопредели́мая мех. — statically indeterminate system
    систе́ма, стати́чески определи́мая мех. — statically determinate system
    систе́ма стира́ния ( записи) — erasing system
    стохасти́ческая систе́ма — stochastic system
    сто́чная систе́ма мор. — deck drain system
    судова́я систе́ма — ship system
    систе́ма с фикси́рованными грани́цами — bounded system
    систе́ма счисле́ния — number(ing) system, notation
    систе́ма счисле́ния, восьмери́чная — octal number system, octonary notation
    систе́ма счисле́ния, двенадцатери́чная — duodecimal number system, duodecimal notation
    систе́ма счисле́ния, двои́чная — binary system, binary notation
    систе́ма счисле́ния, двои́чно-десяти́чная — binary-coded decimal system, binary-coded decimal [BCD] notation
    систе́ма счисле́ния, девятери́чная — nine number system
    систе́ма счисле́ния, десяти́чная — decimal number system, decimal notation
    систе́ма счисле́ния, непозицио́нная — non-positional notation
    систе́ма счисле́ния, позицио́нная — positional number notation
    систе́ма счисле́ния пути́, возду́шно-до́плеровская навиг. — airborne Doppler navigator
    систе́ма счисле́ния, трои́чная — ternary number system, ternary notation
    систе́ма счисле́ния, шестнадцатери́чная — hexadecimal number system, hexadecimal notation
    телевизио́нная светокла́панная систе́ма — light-modulator [light-modulating] television system
    телегра́фная многокра́тная систе́ма ( с временным распределением) — time-division multiplex (transmission), time division telegraph system
    телеметри́ческая систе́ма — telemetering system
    телеметри́ческая, промы́шленная систе́ма — industrial telemetering system
    телеметри́ческая, то́ковая систе́ма — current-type telemeter
    телеметри́ческая, часто́тная систе́ма — frequency-type telemeter
    телефо́нная, автомати́ческая систе́ма — dial telephone system
    телефо́нная систе́ма с ручны́м обслу́живанием — manual-switchboard telephone system
    термодинами́ческая систе́ма — thermodynamic system
    техни́ческая систе́ма (в отличие от естественных, математических и т. п.) — engineering system
    систе́ма тона́льного телеграфи́рования — voice-frequency multichannel system
    то́пливная систе́ма — fuel system
    то́пливная систе́ма с пода́чей само́тёком — gravity fuel system
    тормозна́я систе́ма ( автомобиля) — brake system
    трёхкомпоне́нтная систе́ма — ternary [three-component] system
    трёхпроводна́я систе́ма эл. — three-wire system
    трёхфа́зная систе́ма эл. — three-phase system
    трёхфа́зная систе́ма с глухозаземлё́нной нейтра́лью эл. — solidly-earthed-neutral three-phase system
    трёхфа́зная, симметри́чная систе́ма эл. — symmetrical three-phase system
    трёхфа́зная систе́ма с незаземлё́нной нейтра́лью эл. — isolated-neutral three-phase system
    трю́мная систе́ма мор. — bilge system
    систе́ма тяг — linkage
    тя́го-дутьева́я систе́ма — draught system
    систе́ма УВД — air traffic control [ATC] system
    систе́ма управле́ния — control system
    систе́ма управле́ния, автомати́ческая — automatic control system
    систе́ма управле́ния без па́мяти — combinational (control) system
    систе́ма управле́ния возду́шным движе́нием — air traffic control [ATC] system
    систе́ма управле́ния произво́дством [предприя́тием], автоматизи́рованная [АСУП] — management information system, MIS
    систе́ма управле́ния с вычисли́тельной маши́ной — computer control system
    систе́ма управле́ния с па́мятью — sequential (control) system
    систе́ма управле́ния с предсказа́нием — predictor control system
    систе́ма управле́ния технологи́ческим проце́ссом, автоматизи́рованная [АСУТП] — (automatic) process control system
    систе́ма управле́ния, цифрова́я — digital control system
    управля́емая систе́ма ( объект управления) — controlled system, controlled plant
    управля́ющая систе́ма ( часть системы управления) — controlling (sub-)system
    упру́гая систе́ма ( гравиметра) — elastic system
    систе́ма уравне́ний — set [system] of equations, set of simultaneous equations
    систе́ма уравне́ния объё́ма ( ядерного реактора) — pressurizing system
    уравнове́шенная систе́ма — balanced system
    усто́йчивая систе́ма — stable system
    фа́новая систе́ма мор. — flushing [sewage-disposal] system
    систе́ма физи́ческих величи́н — system of physical quantities
    хи́мико-технологи́ческая систе́ма — chemical engineering system
    хими́ческая систе́ма — chemical system
    систе́ма ЦБ-АТС тлф. — dial system
    систе́ма цветно́го телеви́дения, совмести́мая — compatible colour-television system
    систе́ма це́нтра масс — centre-of-mass [centre-of-gravity, centre-of-momentum] system
    систе́ма цифрово́го управле́ния ( не путать с числовы́м управле́нием) — digital control system (not to be confused with numeric control system)
    систе́ма «челове́к — маши́на» — man-machine system
    шарни́рная систе́ма — hinged system
    шарни́рно-стержнева́я систе́ма — hinged-rod system
    шпре́нгельная систе́ма — strutted [truss] system
    систе́ма эксплуата́ции телефо́нной свя́зи, заказна́я — delay operation
    систе́ма эксплуата́ции телефо́нной свя́зи, ско́рая — demand working, telephone traffic on the demand basis
    экстрема́льная систе́ма — extremal system
    систе́ма электро́дов ЭЛТ — CRT electrode structure
    электроже́зловая систе́ма ж.-д. — (electric) token system
    электрохими́ческая систе́ма — electrochemical system
    электрохими́ческая, необрати́мая систе́ма — irreversible electrochemical system
    электрохими́ческая, обрати́мая систе́ма — reversible electrochemical system
    электроэнергети́ческая систе́ма — electric power system
    систе́ма элеме́нтов Менделе́ева, периоди́ческая — Mendeleeff's [Mendeleev's, periodic] law, periodic system, periodic table
    систе́ма элеме́нтов ЦВМ — computer building-block range
    энергети́ческая систе́ма — power system
    энергети́ческая, еди́ная систе́ма — power grid
    энергети́ческая, объединё́нная систе́ма — interconnected power system

    Русско-английский политехнический словарь > система

  • 26 Mond, Ludwig

    SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology
    [br]
    b. 7 March 1839 Cassel, Germany
    d. 11 December 1909 London, England
    [br]
    German (naturalized English) industrial chemist.
    [br]
    Born into a prosperous Jewish merchant family, Mond studied at the Polytechnic in Cassel and then under the distinguished chemists Hermann Kolbe at Marburg and Bunsen at Heidelberg from 1856. In 1859 he began work as an industrial chemist in various works in Germany and Holland. At this time, Mond was pursuing his method for recovering sulphur from the alkali wastes in the Leblanc soda-making process. Mond came to England in 1862 and five years later settled permanently, in partnership with John Hutchinson \& Co. at Widnes, to perfect his process, although complete success eluded him. He became a naturalized British subject in 1880.
    In 1872 Mond became acquainted with Ernest Solvay, the Belgian chemist who developed the ammonia-soda process which finally supplanted the Leblanc process. Mond negotiated the English patent rights and set up the first ammoniasoda plant in England at Winnington in Cheshire, in partnership with John Brunner. After overcoming many difficulties by incessant hard work, the process became a financial success and in 1881 Brunner, Mond \& Co. was formed, for a time the largest alkali works in the world. In 1926 the company merged with others to form Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd (ICI). The firm was one of the first to adopt the eight-hour day and to provide model dwellings and playing fields for its employees.
    From 1879 Mond took up the production of ammonia and this led to the Mond producer-gas plant, patented in 1883. The process consisted of passing air and steam over coal and coke at a carefully regulated temperature. Ammonia was generated and, at the same time, so was a cheap and useful producer gas. Mond's major discovery followed the observation in 1889 that carbon monoxide could combine with nickel in its ore at around 60°C to form a gaseous compound, nickel carbonyl. This, on heating to a higher temperature, would then decompose to give pure nickel. Mond followed up this unusual way of producing and purifying a metal and by 1892 had succeeded in setting up a pilot plant to perfect a large-scale process and went on to form the Mond Nickel Company.
    Apart from being a successful industrialist, Mond was prominent in scientific circles and played a leading role in the setting up of the Society of Chemical Industry in 1881. The success of his operations earned him great wealth, much of which he donated for learned and charitable purposes. He formed a notable collection of pictures which he bequeathed to the National Gallery.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1891.
    Bibliography
    1885, "On the origin of the ammonia-soda process", Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry 4:527–9.
    1895. "The history of the process of nickel extraction", Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry 14:945–6.
    Further Reading
    J.M.Cohen, 1956, The Life of Ludwig Mond, London: Methuen. Obituary, 1918, Journal of the Chemical Society 113:318–34.
    F.C.Donnan, 1939, Ludwig Mond 1839–1909, London (a valuable lecture).
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Mond, Ludwig

  • 27 Hall, Joseph

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 1789
    d. 1862
    [br]
    English ironmaker who invented the wet puddling process.
    [br]
    Hall was a practical man with no theoretical background: his active years were spent at Bloomfield Ironworks, Tipton, Staffordshire. Around 1816 he began experimenting in the production of wrought iron. At that time, blast-furnace or cast iron was converted to wrought iron by the dry puddling process invented by Henry Cort in 1784. In this process, the iron was decarburized (i.e. had its carbon removed) by heating it in a current of air in a furnace with a sand bed. Some of the iron combined with the silica in the sand to form a slag, however, so that no less than 2 tons of cast iron were needed to produce 1 ton of wrought. Hall found that if bosh cinder was charged into the furnace, a vigorous reaction occurred in which the cast iron was converted much more quickly than before, to produce better quality wrought iron, a ton of which could be formed by no more than 21 cwt (1,067 kg) of cast iron. Because of the boiling action, the process came to be known as pig boiling. Bosh cinder, essentially iron oxide, was formed in the water troughs or boshes in which workers cooled their tools used in puddling and reacted with the carbon in the cast iron. The advantages of pig boiling over dry puddling were striking enough for the process to be widely used by the late 1820s. By mid-century it was virtually the only process used for producing wrought iron, an essential material for mechanical and civil engineering during the Industrial Revolution. Hall reckoned that if he had patented his invention he would have "made a million". As luck would have it, the process that he did patent in 1838 left his finances unchanged: this was for the roasting of cinder for use as the base of the puddling furnace, providing better protection than the bosh cinder for the iron plates that formed the base.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1857, The Iron Question Considered in Connection with Theory, Practice and Experience with Special Reference to the Bessemer Process, London.
    Further Reading
    J.Percy, 1864, Metallurgy. Iron and Steel, London, pp. 670 ff. W.K.V.Gale, Iron and Steel, London: Longmans, pp. 46–50.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Hall, Joseph

  • 28 вода

    * * *
    вода́ ж.
    water
    обраба́тывать во́ду — condition water
    опресня́ть солё́ную во́ду — desalinate salty [brackish] (sea-)water
    осветля́ть во́ду — clarify water
    отста́ивать во́ду — settle water
    получа́ть пре́сную во́ду из солё́ной воды́ — convert salty [brackish] water into fresh water
    умягча́ть во́ду — soften water, remove hardness from water
    абрази́вная вода́ — abrasive [gritty] water
    абсорбцио́нная вода́ — absorption water
    агресси́вная вода́ — agressive [corrosive] water
    адсорби́рованная вода́ — adsorbed water
    адсорбцио́нная вода́ — adsorption water
    аммиа́чная вода́ — ammonia water, ammonia liquor
    артезиа́нская вода́ — deep-well water
    атмосфе́рная вода́ — meteoric water
    ве́рхняя вода́ — headwater
    верхова́я вода́ — upstream water
    водопрово́дная вода́ — tap water
    газиро́ванная вода́ — aerated water
    га́зовая вода́ — (coal) gas liquor
    гигроскопи́ческая вода́ — hygroscopic water
    гидра́тная вода́ — hydration water
    гравитацио́нная вода́ — gravitational water
    грунтова́я вода́ — (under)ground water
    деаэри́рованная вода́ — deaerated water
    деминерализо́ванная вода́ — demineralized water
    дистиллиро́ванная вода́ — distilled water
    доба́вочная вода́ ( парового котла) — make-up water
    дрена́жная вода́ — drainage water
    жё́сткая вода́ — hard water
    загрязнё́нная вода́ — polluted water
    заде́ржанная вода́ ( в бетоне) — entrapped [retained] water
    вода́ заме́шивания ( раствора бетона) — mixing water
    замо́чная вода́ — steep(ing) water
    запру́женная вода́ — impounded water
    засто́йная вода́ — stagnant water
    вода́ затворе́ния (цемента, бетона) — tempering water
    вода́ затворе́ния бето́нной сме́си — mixing water
    известко́вая вода́ — lime water
    инфильтрацио́нная вода́ — infiltration water
    капилля́рная вода́ — capillary water
    ки́слая вода́ — acidic water
    конденсацио́нная вода́ — condensation water
    кондуктометри́ческая вода́ — conductivity water
    конституцио́нная вода́ — water of constitution
    ко́нтурная вода́ — edge water
    котло́вая вода́ — boiler water
    кристаллизацио́нная вода́ — crystal water
    лё́гкая вода́ — light [ordinary] water
    ли́вневая вода́ — storm water
    лизиметри́ческая вода́ — lysimetric water
    минерализо́ванная вода́ — mineralized water
    минера́льная вода́ — mineral water
    морска́я вода́ — sea-water
    мытьева́я вода́ ( на судне) — bath [washing] water
    мя́гкая вода́ — soft water
    надсмо́льная вода́ — tar-water
    напо́рная вода́ — pressure water
    несвя́занная вода́ — free water
    обессо́ленная вода́ — desalted water
    облучё́нная вода́ — activated water
    оборо́тная вода́ — circulating water
    оборо́тная, сетева́я вода́ тепл. — return heating water
    обыкнове́нная вода́ — ordinary [light] water
    опреснё́нная вода́ — desalinated water
    ороша́ющая вода́ ( в химическом производстве) — reflux water
    осветлё́нная вода́ — clarified water
    отмо́чная вода́ — soak liquor
    отрабо́тавшая вода́ — waste water
    отсто́йная вода́ — settling-vat water
    отходя́щая вода́ — discharge [waste] water
    охлажда́ющая вода́ — cooling water
    охлаждё́нная вода́ — chilled water
    очи́щенная вода́ — purified water
    перегре́тая вода́ — superheated water
    пита́тельная вода́ ( котла) — feed water
    питьева́я вода́ — potable [drinkable] water
    пласто́вая вода́ — stratal water
    плё́ночная вода́ — film water
    пове́рхностная вода́ — surface water
    подпё́ртая вода́ — backwater
    подпи́точная вода́ ( котла) — make-up water
    подсе́точная вода́ цел.-бум. — tray water
    подсмо́льная вода́ — tar water
    по́лая вода́ — high water, freshet
    по́ровая вода́ — void water
    по́чвенная вода́ — soil water
    пре́сная вода́ — sweet [fresh] water
    приро́дная вода́ — natural water
    проду́вочная вода́ — blowdown water
    произво́дственная вода́ — process water
    промывна́я вода́ — rinsing [flushing, wash] water
    промы́шленная вода́ — industrial water
    прото́чная вода́ — running water
    прочносвя́занная вода́ — adsorbed water
    радиоакти́вная вода́ — radioactive water
    рекупериро́ванная вода́ — reclaimed water
    рудни́чная вода́ — mine water
    рыхлосвя́занная вода́ — film water
    сбросна́я вода́ — waste water
    свобо́дная вода́ — free water
    свя́занная вода́ — bound water
    сетева́я вода́ тепл. — heating(-system) water
    силова́я вода́ — power water
    стоя́чая вода́ — stagnant water
    сульфа́тная вода́ — sulphate water
    терма́льная вода́ — thermal water
    техни́ческая вода́ — service water
    технологи́ческая вода́ — process water
    трю́мная вода́ — bilge water
    тяжё́лая вода́ — heavy water
    умягчё́нная вода́ — softened water
    уса́дочная вода́ — shrinkage water
    фильтрацио́нная вода́ — seepage water
    формо́вочная вода́ — water of plasticity
    хими́чески свя́занная вода́ — chemically bound water
    хлори́рованная вода́ — chlorinated water
    циркуляцио́нная вода́ — circulating water
    чи́стая вода́ — pure water
    ша́хтная вода́ — mine water
    шла́мовая вода́ — slime water
    щелочна́я вода́ — alkaline water
    энергети́ческая вода́ — power water
    * * *

    Русско-английский политехнический словарь > вода

  • 29 Wärmevorgang

    m PHYS. heating process
    * * *
    Wärmevorgang m PHYS heating process

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Wärmevorgang

  • 30 Erhitzungsprozess

    m < prod> ■ heating process; process of heating

    German-english technical dictionary > Erhitzungsprozess

  • 31 reforma

    f.
    1 reform.
    reforma agraria land reform, agrarian reform
    2 alterations.
    hacer reformas en casa to to do up the house
    3 Reformation.
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: reformar.
    imperat.
    2nd person singular (tú) Imperative of Spanish verb: reformar.
    * * *
    1 (gen) reform
    2 (mejora) improvement
    3 la Reforma RELIGIÓN the Reformation
    1 (en construcción) alterations, repairs, improvements
    \
    'Cerrado por reformas' "Closed for alterations"
    reforma agraria agrarian reform
    reforma fiscal tax reform
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=modificación) reform

    la Reforma — (Rel) the Reformation; Méx (Pol) 19th century reform movement

    2) pl reformas [en edificio, local] alterations

    cerrado por reformas — closed for refurbishment, closed for alterations

    3) (Cos) alteration
    * * *
    1)
    a) (de ley, institución) reform
    b) la Reforma (Relig) the Reformation
    2) (en edificio, traje) alteration
    * * *
    = reform, reformation, renovation, alterations, revamp, remodelling [remodeling, -USA], revamping.
    Ex. If secondary concepts such as parliamentary reform or Irish home rule had been stated in the subject analysis it would have been representative of the policy of depth indexing.
    Ex. The author presents suggestions for the reformation of medical library education.
    Ex. This is an interview with Hugh Hard of Hardy Holmzan Pfeiffer Associates, an architectural firm specializing in library design and renovation.
    Ex. Better flexibility is achieved if the heating, ventilation and lighting can accommodate this move without the need for any alterations.
    Ex. The new version of search software amounts to a complete revamp rather than just an incremental upgrade.
    Ex. Long-range planning is essential and necessary as emergency measures, or as first steps in a staged plan of remodelling.
    Ex. This is part of the company's revamping of its Web service aiming to bring users many benefits.
    ----
    * bajo reforma = under reform.
    * en reforma = under reform.
    * en reformas = under renovation.
    * hacer reformas = refurbish.
    * idea de reforma = reform idea.
    * proceso de reforma = reform process.
    * proyecto de reforma = renovation project.
    * reforma administrativa = administrative reform.
    * reforma agraria = agrarian reform, agricultural reform.
    * reforma del plan de estudios = curriculum development.
    * reforma económica = economic reform.
    * reforma educativa = educational reform, education reform.
    * reforma escolar = school reform.
    * reforma fiscal = tax reform.
    * reforma laboral = labour reform.
    * reforma liberal = liberal reform.
    * reforma penal = penal reform.
    * reforma penitenciaria = prison reform.
    * reforma política = political reform.
    * reforma social = social reform.
    * * *
    1)
    a) (de ley, institución) reform
    b) la Reforma (Relig) the Reformation
    2) (en edificio, traje) alteration
    * * *
    = reform, reformation, renovation, alterations, revamp, remodelling [remodeling, -USA], revamping.

    Ex: If secondary concepts such as parliamentary reform or Irish home rule had been stated in the subject analysis it would have been representative of the policy of depth indexing.

    Ex: The author presents suggestions for the reformation of medical library education.
    Ex: This is an interview with Hugh Hard of Hardy Holmzan Pfeiffer Associates, an architectural firm specializing in library design and renovation.
    Ex: Better flexibility is achieved if the heating, ventilation and lighting can accommodate this move without the need for any alterations.
    Ex: The new version of search software amounts to a complete revamp rather than just an incremental upgrade.
    Ex: Long-range planning is essential and necessary as emergency measures, or as first steps in a staged plan of remodelling.
    Ex: This is part of the company's revamping of its Web service aiming to bring users many benefits.
    * bajo reforma = under reform.
    * en reforma = under reform.
    * en reformas = under renovation.
    * hacer reformas = refurbish.
    * idea de reforma = reform idea.
    * proceso de reforma = reform process.
    * proyecto de reforma = renovation project.
    * reforma administrativa = administrative reform.
    * reforma agraria = agrarian reform, agricultural reform.
    * reforma del plan de estudios = curriculum development.
    * reforma económica = economic reform.
    * reforma educativa = educational reform, education reform.
    * reforma escolar = school reform.
    * reforma fiscal = tax reform.
    * reforma laboral = labour reform.
    * reforma liberal = liberal reform.
    * reforma penal = penal reform.
    * reforma penitenciaria = prison reform.
    * reforma política = political reform.
    * reforma social = social reform.

    * * *
    A
    1 (de una ley, institución) reform
    2
    la Reforma ( Relig) the Reformation
    Compuesto:
    agrarian reform
    B
    1 ( Const) alteration
    hicieron reformas en la casa they made some alterations o improvements to the house
    [ S ] cerrado por reformas closed for refurbishment o for alterations
    2 (en costura) alteration
    * * *

     

    Del verbo reformar: ( conjugate reformar)

    reforma es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

    2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    reforma    
    reformar
    reforma sustantivo femenino


    b) (en edificio, traje) alteration

    reformar ( conjugate reformar) verbo transitivo

    b) ‹casa/edificio› to make alterations to

    reformarse verbo pronominal
    to mend one's ways
    reforma sustantivo femenino
    1 (de leyes, etc) reform
    2 (en un edificio) alteration, repair: el presupuesto de la reforma es altísimo, estimates for the reforms are exorbitantly high
    cerrado por reformas, closed for alterations o refurbishment
    reformar verbo transitivo
    1 (una ley, empresa, etc) to reform, change
    2 (edificio, casa) to make improvements o alterations to, to refurbish
    ' reforma' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    consignar
    - impositivo
    - votar
    English:
    introduce
    - majority
    - overdue
    - reform
    - reformation
    - alteration
    - land
    * * *
    1. [modificación] reform
    reforma agraria land reform, agrarian reform;
    reforma electoral electoral reform;
    reformas estructurales structural reforms;
    reforma fiscal tax reform
    2. [en local, casa] alterations;
    he gastado los ahorros en hacer reformas en mi casa I've spent all my savings on doing up the house;
    cerrado por reformas [en letrero] closed for alterations
    3. Hist
    la Reforma the Reformation
    * * *
    f
    1 reform;
    reforma educativa/tributaria education/tax reform
    2
    :
    reformas pl ( obras) refurbishment sg ; ( reparaciones) repairs
    * * *
    1) : reform
    2) : alteration, renovation
    * * *
    1. (de una ley, etc) reform
    2. (de un edificio) alteration
    "cerrado por reformas" "closed for alterations"

    Spanish-English dictionary > reforma

  • 32 obra

    f.
    1 work.
    la obra pictórica de Miguel Ángel Michelangelo's paintings
    obra de arte work of art
    obras completas complete works
    obra de consulta reference work
    obra maestra masterpiece
    2 work.
    obras públicas public works
    3 building site.
    4 play.
    5 opus, piece of work, composition, piece.
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: obrar.
    imperat.
    2nd person singular (tú) Imperative of Spanish verb: obrar.
    * * *
    1 (trabajo) work
    3 (acto) deed
    4 (institución) institution, foundation
    5 (construcción) building site
    1 (en casa) alterations, repairs; (en carretera) road works
    ■ 'Carretera cortada por obras' "Road closed for repairs"
    \
    'En obras' "Building works"
    ¡manos a la obra! let's get cracking!
    obras son amores, que no buenas razones actions speak louder than words
    por obra y gracia del Espíritu Santo by the power of the Holy Spirit 2 familiar as if by magic
    obra de arte work of art
    obra de caridad good deed
    obra maestra masterpiece
    obra musical musical
    obras completas collected works
    obras públicas public works
    * * *
    noun f.
    1) work
    2) play
    •
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=acción) deed

    • buenas obras — good works, good deeds

    • ser obra de algn — to be sb's doing

    • poner por obra un plan — to set a plan in motion

    • por obra (y gracia) de — thanks to

    una gimnasta convertida en ídolo mundial por obra y gracia de su entrenador — a gymnast who became a world famous idol thanks to her coach

    por obra y gracia del Espíritu Santo — (Rel) through the working of the Holy Spirit, by the power of the Holy Spirit

    cree que el trabajo va a estar terminado mañana por obra y gracia del Espíritu Santo — iró he thinks that the work will miraculously get done tomorrow

    obra benéfica — (=acción) charitable deed; (=organización) charitable organization, charity

    obra de caridad — charitable deed, act of charity

    obra de misericordia — (Rel) work of mercy

    obra social — (=organización) benevolent fund for arts, sports etc ; (=labor) charitable work

    2) [de creación artística]
    a) (=producción total) (Arte, Literat, Teat, Mús) work
    b) (=pieza) (Arte, Mús) work; (Teat) play; (Literat) book, work

    una obra de Goya — a work o painting by Goya

    obras completas — complete works, collected works

    obra de divulgación — non-fiction book aimed at a popular audience

    obra de teatro, obra dramática — play

    3) (Constr)
    a) (=edificio en construcción) building site, construction site

    ¿cuándo acaban la obra? — when do they finish the building work?

    b)

    de obra — [chimenea] brick antes de s ; [estantería, armario] built-in

    c) pl obras [en edificio] building work sing, construction work sing ; [en carretera] roadworks

    las obras de construcción del hospital — building o construction work on the hospital

    los vecinos están de obras — they're having building work done next door, they have the builders in next door *

    obras — [en edificio] building under construction; [en carretera] roadworks

    página en obras — (Internet) site under construction

    obras viales, obras viarias — roadworks

    4) (=ejecución) workmanship
    5) Chile brickwork
    6)
    7)

    la Obra — Esp (Rel) Opus Dei

    See:
    * * *
    1)

    sus obras de teatro or su obra dramática — her plays

    b) (Mús) work, opus
    2) ( acción)

    por sus obras los conoceréis — (Bib) by their works will you know them

    3) (Arquit, Const)
    a) ( construcción) building work

    estamos de or en obras — we're having some building work done

    peligro: obras — danger: building work in progress

    b) ( sitio) building o construction site
    4) la Obra (Relig) the Opus Dei
    * * *
    1)

    sus obras de teatro or su obra dramática — her plays

    b) (Mús) work, opus
    2) ( acción)

    por sus obras los conoceréis — (Bib) by their works will you know them

    3) (Arquit, Const)
    a) ( construcción) building work

    estamos de or en obras — we're having some building work done

    peligro: obras — danger: building work in progress

    b) ( sitio) building o construction site
    4) la Obra (Relig) the Opus Dei
    * * *
    obra1
    1 = alterations, building site, construction site.

    Ex: Better flexibility is achieved if the heating, ventilation and lighting can accommodate this move without the need for any alterations.

    Ex: This system maintains knowledge relevant to the building process and makes it easily accessible to the participants of this process, especially those at the building site.
    Ex: The most striking manifestation of this exploitation is the boom town, defined as the 'rapid and extreme growth of population in communities adjacent to mines and construction sites,' or as a 'community which is undergoing rapid growth and rapid change'.
    * ahorrar mano de obra = save + manpower.
    * costes de mano de obra = labour costs.
    * dedicación de mano de obra = expenditure of manpower.
    * deducción por donación a obras benéficas = charitable deduction, charitable tax deduction.
    * despedir mano de oba = shed + jobs.
    * despedir mano de obra = axe + jobs, cut + jobs.
    * donación anual a obras de caridad = charitable gift annuity.
    * escasez de mano de obra = labour shortage.
    * falta de mano de obra = labour shortage.
    * mano de obra = labour [labor, -USA], manpower, manpower force, work-force [workforce], work-force, labour force, manual labour.
    * mano de obra del campo = farm labour force.
    * mano de obra extranjera = foreign labour.
    * mano de obra infantil = child labour.
    * mano de obra inmigrante = foreign labour.
    * obra benéfica = charity, charity.
    * obra benéfica religiosa = parochial charity.
    * obra de beneficiencia = benefaction.
    * obra de romanos = Herculean task, Herculanian task.
    * obras públicas = public works.
    * obras son amores y no buenas razones = actions speak louder than words.
    * permiso de obra = building permit.
    * pie de obra = building site.
    * ponerse manos a la obra = get down to + business, swing into + action.
    * que necesita bastante mano de obra = labour-intensive [labour intensive].
    * ser la obra de = be the work of.
    * todos manos a la obra = all hands on deck, all hands to the pump(s).

    obra2
    2 = item, title, work, stock item, oeuvre.

    Ex: A catalogue is a list of the materials or items in a library, with the entries representing the items arranged in some systematic order.

    Ex: If the title is selected by a book club this helps boost the print-run and overall sales.
    Ex: An authority entry is an entry for which the initial element is the uniform heading for a person, corporate body, or work, as established by the cataloguing agency responsible.
    Ex: A new building will open in 1990, catering for 5 million stock items and 1,000 readers' seats.
    Ex: For about a 3rd of the departments, publications not covered in citation indexes accounted for at least 30 per cent of the citations to their total oeuvre.
    * ARBA (Anuario de Obras de Referencia Americanas) = ARBA (American Reference Books Annual).
    * arte y técnica de escribir obras de teatro = playwriting.
    * autor de obras de teatro = playwright.
    * catálogo de obras completas = back catalogue.
    * catálogo de obras editadas = back catalogue.
    * catálogo de obras musicales = music catalogue.
    * edición de obras científicas = scholarly publishing.
    * edición de obras de consumo = consumer publishing.
    * fotografía de obra de arte = art photograph.
    * lector de obra literaria = literary reader.
    * lectura de obra de teatro en voz alta = play-reading [play reading].
    * lectura de obras literarias = literary reading.
    * música de obra de teatro = stage music.
    * obra amparada por el derecho de autor = copyright work.
    * obra anónima = anonymous work.
    * obra anónima clásica = anonymous classic.
    * obra antigua = ancient work.
    * obra apócrifa = apocryphal work.
    * obra audiovisual = audiovisual work.
    * obra autobiográfica = autobiographical work.
    * obra citada = cited work.
    * obra colectiva = collective work.
    * obra compuesta = composite work.
    * obra de arte = work of art, masterpiece, artistic work, art work, art work.
    * obra de arte musical = musical masterpiece.
    * obra de contenido general = general work.
    * obra de creación literaria = fiction book.
    * obra de creación original = creative work.
    * obra de lectura obligatoria = a must-read.
    * obra de literatura = literary work.
    * obra de referencia = reference book, reference work, finding aid, desk reference, reference resource, work of reference.
    * obra de referencia básica = standard work.
    * obra de referencia estándar = standard reference work.
    * obra de teatro = play, theatrical work.
    * obra de teatro adaptada al cine = theatrical motion picture.
    * obra de teatro dramática = drama-play.
    * obra de teatro infantil = children's play.
    * obra de teatro para niños = children's play.
    * obra dramática = dramatic work.
    * obra en varios volúmenes = multi-volume work.
    * obra fuente de la cita = citing work.
    * obra gráfica = graphic work.
    * obra impresa = printed work.
    * obra literaria = literary work, work of literature, work of imagination.
    * obra literaria simplificada = easy reader book.
    * obra maestra = showpiece, masterpiece.
    * obra maestra de la pintura clásica = old master, old master painting.
    * obra magna = magnum opus.
    * obra multimedia = multimedia work.
    * obra musical = musical work.
    * obra para grupo instrumental = ensemble work.
    * obra piadosa = work of piety.
    * obra pictórica = pictorial work.
    * obra relacionada = related work.
    * obras = life's work.
    * obras completas = collected works, oeuvre.
    * obras de consulta rápida = quick reference material.
    * obras de creación literaria = fiction.
    * obras de ficción = fiction.
    * obras de literatura = literary materials.
    * obras literarias = literature, literary materials.
    * obras no ficción = non-fiction [nonfiction].
    * obras que revelan un escándalo = exposé.
    * obra teatral = theatrical work.
    * original de una obra de arte = art original.
    * parte de una obra = component part.
    * representar una obra = put on + performance, put on + play.

    * * *
    A
    esta escultura es una de sus primeras obras this sculpture is one of her earliest works o pieces
    una obra literaria importante an important literary work
    ésta es una obra menor this is a minor work
    una excelente obra de artesanía an excellent piece of craftsmanship
    la obra cinematográfica de Buñuel Buñuel's films, Buñuel's oeuvre ( frml)
    las obras completas de García Lorca the complete o collected works of García Lorca
    sus obras de teatro or su obra dramática her plays
    2 ( Mús) work, opus
    Compuestos:
    work of art
    reference book, work of reference
    masterpiece, chef d'oeuvre ( frml)
    B
    (acción): ya he hecho mi buena obra del día I reckon I've done my good deed for the day
    por sus obras los conoceréis ( Bib) by their works will you know them
    hizo muchas obras de misericordia she performed many charitable deeds
    ha trabajado incansablemente, todo esto es obra suya she has worked tirelessly, all this is her doing
    esto es obra de Víctor this is Víctor's doing
    piensa que la casa se va a pintar por obra y gracia del Espíritu Santo ( hum); he seems to think the house will paint itself
    ser obra de romanos or de benedictinos to be a huge o mammoth task
    obras son amores que no buenas razones actions speak louder than words
    Compuestos:
    ● obra benéfica or de beneficencia or de caridad
    (acto) charitable act o deed, act of charity; (organización) charity, charitable organization
    (labor filantrópica) benevolent o charitable work; (mutualidad) ( Arg) ≈ benefit society ( in US), ≈ friendly society ( in UK)
    C ( Arquit, Const) (construcción) building work
    la casa aún está en obra the house is still being built, the house is still under construction ( frml)
    perdona el desorden, estamos de or en obras sorry about the mess, we're having some building work done o ( colloq) we've got the builders in
    [ S ] instalación de calefacción sin obra heating systems installed — no building work involved
    [ S ] peligro: obras danger: building o construction work in progress
    [ S ] cerrado por obras closed for repairs/refurbishment
    mano1 (↑ mano (1))
    Compuestos:
    freeboard, dead work ( ant)
    (Col, Méx): el edificio está en obra negra the building is just a shell
    fpl public works (pl)
    fpl ( AmL) roadworks (pl)
    fpl ( Esp) roadworks (pl)
    D (sitio) building o construction site
    E
    la Obra ( Relig) the Opus Dei
    * * *

     

    Del verbo obrar: ( conjugate obrar)

    obra es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

    2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    obra    
    obrar
    obra sustantivo femenino
    1 ( creación artística) work;

    una obra de artesanía a piece of craftsmanship;
    sus obras de teatro her plays;
    obra de arte work of art;
    obra maestra masterpiece
    2 ( acción):

    obra benéfica ( acto) act of charity;

    ( organización) charity, charitable organization
    3 (Arquit, Const)


    b) ( sitio) building o construction site

    obrar ( conjugate obrar) verbo intransitivo ( actuar) to act;

    verbo transitivo ‹ milagros› to work
    obra sustantivo femenino
    1 (producto, trabajo) (piece of) work
    obra de arte, work of art
    las obras completas de Baroja, the complete works of Baroja
    este desaguisado es obra de tu hermano, this despicable act was the work of your brother
    2 (acción) deed
    buenas/malas obras, good/bad deeds
    por sus obras los conoceréis, you'll know them by their deeds
    3 Constr building site
    (de la carretera, etc) repairs: la calle mayor está en obras, the main street is being repaired
    Ministerio de Obras Públicas, the Ministry of Works
    4 Teat play
    5 (efecto, resultado) result: todo el proyecto es obra de un esfuerzo colectivo, the project is the result of a joint effort
    ♦ Locuciones: obras son amores y no buenas razones, actions speak louder than words
    obrar
    I verbo intransitivo
    1 (proceder) to act, behave: siento que no he obrado bien, I don't feel I've done the right thing
    2 (hallarse) el testamento obra en mi poder/mis manos..., the will is in my possession
    II vtr (causar) to work

    ' obra' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    adaptar
    - albañilería
    - alguna
    - alguno
    - censurar
    - clásica
    - clásico
    - concurso
    - dramatizar
    - encuadrar
    - ensayar
    - espanto
    - esperpéntica
    - esperpéntico
    - estigmatizar
    - éxito
    - faraónica
    - faraónico
    - hecha
    - hecho
    - infame
    - interpretar
    - lema
    - maestra
    - maestro
    - mamarrachada
    - mano
    - notabilidad
    - obrar
    - paralizarse
    - ponderar
    - producir
    - regusto
    - reponer
    - reposición
    - representar
    - restauración
    - señera
    - señero
    - sensiblera
    - sensiblería
    - sensiblero
    - teatral
    - teatro
    - título
    - trabajada
    - trabajado
    - versión
    - ambientación
    - ambientar
    English:
    audition
    - bring off
    - building site
    - charitable
    - chronic
    - classic
    - collection
    - crack
    - creative
    - dinner theater
    - doing
    - downstairs
    - drama
    - effort
    - elaborate
    - enthusiasm
    - flop
    - funnel
    - handiwork
    - hoarding
    - humorous
    - irony
    - labour
    - labour-intensive
    - long
    - manpower
    - masterpiece
    - moderately
    - opening
    - piece
    - play
    - stick in
    - title
    - undermanning
    - whodunit
    - whodunnit
    - work
    - workforce
    - write up
    - writing
    - about
    - appalling
    - building
    - burlesque
    - by
    - credit
    - gang
    - grip
    - hardly
    - invite
    * * *
    obra nf
    1. [trabajo, acción]
    hacer o [m5] realizar una buena obra to do a good deed;
    ya he hecho la buena obra del día I've done my good deed for the day;
    poner algo en obra to put sth into effect;
    por sus obras los conoceréis by their works will you know them;
    es obra suya it's his doing;
    la ruina de las cosechas es obra de la sequía the crops have been ruined as a result of the drought;
    obras son amores y no buenas razones actions speak louder than words
    obra benéfica [institución] charity; [acción, trabajo] charitable deed;
    obra de beneficencia [institución] charity;
    [acción, trabajo] charitable deed;
    obra de caridad [institución] charity;
    [acción, trabajo] charitable deed; Anticuado obra pía charitable institution; Arg obra social benevolent fund;
    obras sociales community work
    2. [creación artística] work;
    [de teatro] play; [de música] work, opus;
    la obra pictórica de Miguel Ángel Michelangelo's paintings;
    una obra de artesanía a piece of craftsmanship
    obra de arte work of art;
    obras completas complete works;
    obra de consulta reference work;
    obra dramática [pieza] play, drama;
    [conjunto] plays, dramatic works;
    obra maestra masterpiece;
    obra menor minor work
    3. [trabajo de construcción] work;
    [reforma doméstica, en local] alteration;
    el ayuntamiento va a empezar una obra en el descampado the council is going to start building on the wasteground;
    vamos a hacer obra o [m5] obras en la cocina we're going to make some alterations to our kitchen;
    toda la calle está en obras there are roadworks all along the road;
    el edificio lleva en obras más de dos meses the work on the building has been going on for over two months;
    cortada por obras [letrero en calle] road closed for repairs;
    cerrado por obras [letrero en restaurante, edificio] closed for refurbishment;
    obras [en carretera] roadworks
    Náut obra muerta freeboard;
    obras públicas public works
    4. [solar en construcción] building site;
    encontró trabajo en una obra he found work on a building site
    5. [trabajo de albañilería]
    un horno de obra a brick oven
    6.
    la Obra the Opus Dei, = traditionalist Roman Catholic organization, whose members include many professional people and public figures
    * * *
    f
    1 work;
    obras completas complete works
    2 ( acción)
    :
    hacer buenas obras do good deeds;
    por obra de thanks to, as a result of;
    poner por o L.Am.
    en obra set in motion;
    ¡manos a la obra! let’s get to work!
    3
    :
    de obra muro, chimenea brick atr
    4
    :
    obras pl de construcción building work sg ; en la vía pública road works
    * * *
    obra nf
    1) : work
    obra de arte: work of art
    obra de teatro: play
    obra de consulta: reference work
    2) : deed
    una buena obra: a good deed
    3) : construction work
    4)
    obra maestra : masterpiece
    5)
    obras públicas : public works
    6)
    por obra de : thanks to, because of
    * * *
    obra n
    1. (artística, literaria) work

    Spanish-English dictionary > obra

  • 33 Solvay, Ernest

    SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology
    [br]
    b. 16 April 1838 Rebcq, near Brussels, Belgium
    d. 26 May 1922 Brussels, Belgium
    [br]
    Belgian manufacturer, first successfully to produce soda by the ammonia-soda process.
    [br]
    From the beginning of the nineteenth century, soda had been manufactured by the Leblanc process. Important though it was, serious drawbacks had shown themselves early on. The worst was the noxious alkali waste left after the extraction of the soda, in such large quantities that two tons of waste were produced for one of soda. The first attempt to work out an alternative process was by the French scientist and engineer A.J. Fresnel, but it failed. The process consisted essentially of passing carbon dioxide into a solution of ammonia in brine (sodium chloride). The product, sodium bicarbonate, could easily be converted to soda by heating. For over half a century, practical difficulties, principally the volatility of the ammonia, dogged the process and a viable solution eluded successive chemists, including James Muspratt and William Deacon.
    Finally, Ernest Solvay and his brother Alfred tackled the problem, and in 1861 they filed a Belgian patent for improvements, notably the introduction of a carbonating tower, which made the process continuous. The first works were set up at Couillet in 1863, but four further years of hard work were still needed to overcome teething troubles. Once the Solvay ammonia-soda process was working well, it made rapid strides. It was introduced into Britain in 1872 under licence to Ludwig Mond and four years later Solvay opened the large Dombaske works in France.
    Solvay was a member of the Belgian Senate and a Minister of State. International institutes of physics, chemistry and sociology are named after him.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    P.Heger and C.Lefebvre, 1919, La vie d'Ernest Solvay.
    Obituary, 1922, Ind. Eng. Chem.: 1,156.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Solvay, Ernest

  • 34 Castner, Hamilton Young

    SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology
    [br]
    b. 11 September 1858 Brooklyn, New York, USA
    d. 11 October 1899 Saranoe Lake, New York, USA
    [br]
    American chemist, inventor of the electrolytic production of sodium.
    [br]
    Around 1850, the exciting new metal aluminium began to be produced by the process developed by Sainte-Claire Deville. However, it remained expensive on account of the high cost of one of the raw materials, sodium. It was another thirty years before Castner became the first to work successfully the process for producing sodium, which consisted of heating sodium hydroxide with charcoal at a high temperature. Unable to interest American backers in the process, Castner took it to England and set up a plant at Oldbury, near Birmingham. At the moment he achieved commercial success, however, the demand for cheap sodium plummeted as a result of the development of the electrolytic process for producing aluminium. He therefore sought other uses for cheap sodium, first converting it to sodium peroxide, a bleaching agent much used in the straw-hat industry. Much more importantly, Castner persuaded the gold industry to use sodium instead of potassium cyanide in the refining of gold. With the "gold rush", he established a large market in Australia, the USA, South Africa and elsewhere, but the problem was to meet the demand, so Castner turned to the electrolytic method. At first progress was slow because of the impure nature of the sodium hydroxide, so he used a mercury cathode, with which the released sodium formed an amalgam. It then reacted with water in a separate compartment in the cell to form sodium hydroxide of a purity hitherto unknown in the alkali industry; chlorine was a valuable by-product.
    In 1894 Castner began to seek international patents for the cell, but found he had been anticipated in Germany by Kellner, an Austrian chemist. Preferring negotiation to legal confrontation, Castner exchanged patents and processes with Kellner, although the latter's had been less successful. The cell became known as the Castner-Kellner cell, but the process needed cheap electricity and salt, neither of which was available near Oldbury, so he set up the Castner-Kellner Alkali Company works at Runcorn in Cheshire; at the same time, a pilot plant was set up in the USA at Saltville, Virginia, with a larger plant being established at Niagara Falls.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    A.Fleck, 1947, "The life and work of Hamilton Young Castner" (Castner Memorial Lecture), Chemistry and Industry 44:515-; Fifty Years of Progress: The Story of the Castner-Kellner Company, 1947.
    T.K.Derry and T.I.Williams, 1960, A Short History of Technology, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 549–50 (provides a summary of his work).
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Castner, Hamilton Young

  • 35 Siemens, Sir Charles William

    [br]
    b. 4 April 1823 Lenthe, Germany
    d. 19 November 1883 London, England
    [br]
    German/British metallurgist and inventory pioneer of the regenerative principle and open-hearth steelmaking.
    [br]
    Born Carl Wilhelm, he attended craft schools in Lübeck and Magdeburg, followed by an intensive course in natural science at Göttingen as a pupil of Weber. At the age of 19 Siemens travelled to England and sold an electroplating process developed by his brother Werner Siemens to Richard Elkington, who was already established in the plating business. From 1843 to 1844 he obtained practical experience in the Magdeburg works of Count Stolburg. He settled in England in 1844 and later assumed British nationality, but maintained close contact with his brother Werner, who in 1847 had co-founded the firm Siemens \& Halske in Berlin to manufacture telegraphic equipment. William began to develop his regenerative principle of waste-heat recovery and in 1856 his brother Frederick (1826–1904) took out a British patent for heat regeneration, by which hot waste gases were passed through a honeycomb of fire-bricks. When they became hot, the gases were switched to a second mass of fire-bricks and incoming air and fuel gas were led through the hot bricks. By alternating the two gas flows, high temperatures could be reached and considerable fuel economies achieved. By 1861 the two brothers had incorporated producer gas fuel, made by gasifying low-grade coal.
    Heat regeneration was first applied in ironmaking by Cowper in 1857 for heating the air blast in blast furnaces. The first regenerative furnace was set up in Birmingham in 1860 for glassmaking. The first such furnace for making steel was developed in France by Pierre Martin and his father, Emile, in 1863. Siemens found British steelmakers reluctant to adopt the principle so in 1866 he rented a small works in Birmingham to develop his open-hearth steelmaking furnace, which he patented the following year. The process gradually made headway; as well as achieving high temperatures and saving fuel, it was slower than Bessemer's process, permitting greater control over the content of the steel. By 1900 the tonnage of open-hearth steel exceeded that produced by the Bessemer process.
    In 1872 Siemens played a major part in founding the Society of Telegraph Engineers (from which the Institution of Electrical Engineers evolved), serving as its first President. He became President for the second time in 1878. He built a cable works at Charlton, London, where the cable could be loaded directly into the holds of ships moored on the Thames. In 1873, together with William Froude, a British shipbuilder, he designed the Faraday, the first specialized vessel for Atlantic cable laying. The successful laying of a cable from Europe to the United States was completed in 1875, and a further five transatlantic cables were laid by the Faraday over the following decade.
    The Siemens factory in Charlton also supplied equipment for some of the earliest electric-lighting installations in London, including the British Museum in 1879 and the Savoy Theatre in 1882, the first theatre in Britain to be fully illuminated by electricity. The pioneer electric-tramway system of 1883 at Portrush, Northern Ireland, was an opportunity for the Siemens company to demonstrate its equipment.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1883. FRS 1862. Institution of Civil Engineers Telford Medal 1853. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1872. President, Society of Telegraph Engineers 1872 and 1878. President, British Association 1882.
    Bibliography
    27 May 1879, British patent no. 2,110 (electricarc furnace).
    1889, The Scientific Works of C.William Siemens, ed. E.F.Bamber, 3 vols, London.
    Further Reading
    W.Poles, 1888, Life of Sir William Siemens, London; repub. 1986 (compiled from material supplied by the family).
    S.von Weiher, 1972–3, "The Siemens brothers. Pioneers of the electrical age in Europe", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 45:1–11 (a short, authoritative biography). S.von Weihr and H.Goetler, 1983, The Siemens Company. Its Historical Role in the
    Progress of Electrical Engineering 1847–1980, English edn, Berlin (a scholarly account with emphasis on technology).
    GW

    Biographical history of technology > Siemens, Sir Charles William

  • 36 Carbonising Wool Rags

    The " wet " or dilute sulphuric acid process is now almost entirely superseded for rags by the " dry " or hydrochloric acid gas treatment, because the colours of the rags do not " bleed " so much as with the wet process. The gas is generated in a retort placed beside the extracting chamber. In the retort is placed a mixture of common salt and sulphuric acid, or the gas is produced by merely heating liquid hydrochloric acid (spirits of salt). The extracting chamber consists of a revolving cylindrical cage, contained in a cased iron vessel heated by steam In this the rags are subjected to the acid fumes. The rags are slightly moistened by steam to facilitate the action of the acid on the cotton. The inside of the cylinder is covered with hooks, and, as it turns slowly, the rags are carried up and drop from the hooks, ensuring a thorough contact with the gas. The operation is complete in three hours. After the carbonising, the shoddy is put through a burr crushing machine, where the charred vegetable matter is removed. Then the goods are washed well or neutralised, and are then ready for the next process of manufacture.

    Dictionary of the English textile terms > Carbonising Wool Rags

  • 37 Bennett, Charles Harper

    [br]
    b. 1840 Clapham, London, England
    d. 1927 Sydney, Australia
    [br]
    English inventor of the "ripening" technique for increasing the sensitivity of gelatine silver halide emulsions.
    [br]
    The son of a hatter, Bennett studied medicine and was interested in mechanical devices, chemistry and later photography. An interior view shown at a South London Photographic Society meeting in March 1878 prompted requests for details of Bennett's procedure, and these were published almost immediately. It involved heating gelatine silver bromide for extremely long periods with an excess of silver bromide. The resulting emulsion had greatly enhanced sensitivity. This "ripening" process proved to be a major advance in the development of modern photographic emulsions. It was not patented and was soon widely adopted. Bennett's process became a key factor in the establishment of a new industry, the mass production of gelatine dry plates.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1878, British Journal of Photography (29 March): 146; and 21 March 1879:71 (first published details of Bennett's process).
    Further Reading
    H.Gernsheim and A.Gernsheim, 1969, The History of Photography, rev. edn, London.
    JW

    Biographical history of technology > Bennett, Charles Harper

  • 38 Huntsman, Benjamin

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 1704 Barton-on-Humber, Lincolnshire, England
    d. 21 June 1776 Sheffield, England
    [br]
    English inventor of crucible steelmaking.
    [br]
    Of Dutch descent, Hunstman was apprenticed to a clockmaker at Epworth, Lincolnshire. In 1725 he set up in Doncaster as a maker of clocks, locks and roasting jacks. He made improvements in his tools but found himself hampered by the poor quality of the steel available, then made by the cementation process, which yielded a steel with a non-uniform carbon content. Around 1740, Huntsman moved to Handsworth, now part of Sheffield, and began experimenting by heating varying compositions of fuel and flux with crude steel in a crucible, to obtain a steel of uniform composition. During the years 1745 to 1750 he attained his object, but not without many unsuccessful "heats", as excavations of the site of his works now reveal. Although his steel was far better than that previously available, however, the conservative cutlers of Sheffield rejected it, claiming it was too hard to work; therefore Huntsman exported his product to France, where the cutlers promptly worked it into high-quality knives and razors that were exported to England. The Sheffield cutlers' attempts to prevent Huntsman from exporting his steel proved unsuccessful. Huntsman did not patent his process, preferring to retain his advantage by shrouding his work in secrecy, carrying out his melting at night to escape observation, but a rival cutler, Samuel Walker, gained admittance to Huntsman's works disguised as a tramp seeking food. As a result, Walker was able to make crucible steel at a handsome profit. Huntsman fought back and earned success through the sheer quality of his steel, and had to move to.a larger site at Attercliffe in 1770. Crucible steelmaking remained important through the nineteenth century although, as it was a small-scale process, its application was restricted to engineers' cutting tools and the cutting edges of certain tools.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    E.W.Hulme, 1945, "The pedigree and career of Benjamin Huntsman, inventor in Europe of crucible steel", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 24:37–48.
    W.K.V.Gale, 1969, Iron and Steel, London: Longman.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Huntsman, Benjamin

  • 39 ТЭН

    1) Construction: fire-bar element

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > ТЭН

  • 40 регенерация

    2) Naval: revivifying
    5) Agriculture: revival
    6) Railway term: feedback, reclamation (масла), recovering
    7) TV: rework
    8) Telecommunications: regenerative action
    10) Information technology: refreshing
    11) Oil: reclaiming (напр. барита), reconditioning, recovery, reactivation, refreshment, revitalization
    12) Immunology: regeneration (клеток, тканей)
    13) Special term: regeneracy
    14) Astronautics: reaction
    15) Perfume: repair
    16) Business: reproduction
    18) Nuclear physics: reprocessing (топлива)
    20) SAP.tech. regenerate
    21) Combustion gas turbines: heating by exhaust gass, regenerative heating

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > регенерация

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