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21 reduction
1. n снижение, понижение; уменьшение, сокращениеa reduction in numbers — количественное сокращение, сокращение количества
2. n ком. скидкаto sell at a reduction of 10 per cent — продавать со скидкой в 10%
3. n юр. смягчение4. n перевод, превращение5. n спец. приведение6. n мат. приведение к общему знаменателю; сокращение; упрощение7. n преим. воен. понижение8. n уменьшенная копия9. n покорение; захват, взятие10. n воен. подавление11. n биол. мейоз12. n биол. редукция, уменьшение числа хромосом при мейозе13. n ком. разлив14. n ком. расфасовка15. n ком. мед. вправление16. n ком. хим. восстановление17. n ком. метал. выделение металла из руды; передел18. n ком. тех. обжатиеСинонимический ряд:1. abbreviation (noun) abbreviation; compression; contraction2. alleviation (noun) alleviation; attenuation; mitigation; relaxation; relief; remission; slackening3. cutback (noun) curtailment; cutback4. decrease (noun) abatement; cutback; decline; decrease; deduction; diminishing; diminishment; diminution; discount; lessening; letup; loss; lowering; rebate; reducing; subtraction5. degradation (noun) degradation; demotion; downgrading6. depreciation (noun) depreciation; devaluation; mark-down7. discount (noun) abatement; deduction; discount; rebateАнтонимический ряд:augmentation; increase -
22 Boulsover, Thomas
[br]b. 1704d. 1788[br]English cutler, metalworker and inventor of Sheffield plate.[br]Boulsover, originally a small-scale manufacturer of cutlery, is believed to have specialized in making knife-handle components. About 1742 he found that a thin sheet of silver could be fused to copper sheet by rolling or beating to flatten it. Thus he developed the plating of silver, later called Sheffield plate.The method when perfected consisted of copper sheet overlaid by thin sheet silver being annealed by red heat. Protected by iron sheeting, the copper and silver were rolled together, becoming fused to a single plate capable of undergoing further manufacturing processes. Later developments included methods of edging the fused sheets and the placing of silver sheet on both lower and upper surfaces of copper, to produce high-quality silver plate, in much demand by the latter part of the century. Boulsover himself is said to have produced only small articles such as buttons and snuff boxes from this material, which by 1758 was being exploited more commercially by Joseph Hancock in Sheffield making candlesticks, hot-water pots and coffee pots. Matthew Boulton introduced its manufacture in very high-quality products during the 1760s to Birmingham, where the technique was widely adopted later. By the 1770s Boulsover was engaged in rolling his plated copper for industry elsewhere, also trading in iron and purchasing blister steel which he converted by the Huntsman process to crucible steel. Blister steel was converted on his behalf to shear steel by forging. He is thought to have also been responsible for improving this product further, introducing "double-shear steel", by repeating the forging and faggoting of shear steel bars. Thomas Boulsover had become a Sheffield entrepreneur, well known for his numerous skills with metals.[br]Further ReadingH.W.Dickinson, 1937, Matthew Boulton, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (describes Boulsover's innovation and further development of Sheffield plate).J.Holland, 1834, Manufactures in Metal III, 354–8.For activities in steel see: K.C.Barraclough, 1991, "Steel in the Industrial Revolution", in J.Day and R.F.Tylecote (eds), The Industrial Revolution in Metals, The Institute of Metals.JD
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