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101 SFA
- предположение о единичном отказе
- отработавшая тепловыделяющая сборка ядерного реактора
- организация по ценным бумагам и фьючерсам
- анализ сбоев услуги
- анализ на основе единичного отказа
анализ на основе единичного отказа
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[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]Тематики
EN
анализ сбоев услуги
SFA
(ITIL Service Design)
Техника, которая идентифицирует причины одного или нескольких прерывания прерываний или более ИТ-услуг. Анализ сбоев услуг идентифицирует возможности для улучшения Процессов и инструментов Поставщика ИТ-услуг, а не только ИТ-инфраструктуры.
SFA, анализ сбоев услуг - ограниченная во времени, схожая с проектом деятельность, а не постоянный аналитический процесс.
[Словарь терминов ITIL версия 1.0, 29 июля 2011 г.]EN
service failure analysis
SFA
(ITIL Service Design)
A technique that identifies underlying causes of one or more IT service interruptions. Service failure analysis identifies opportunities to improve the IT service provider's processes and tools, and not just the IT infrastructure. It is a time-constrained, project-like activity, rather than an ongoing process of analysis.
[Словарь терминов ITIL версия 1.0, 29 июля 2011 г.]Тематики
Синонимы
EN
организация по ценным бумагам и фьючерсам
Саморегулирующая организация (Sey-Regulating Organisation), образованная в апреле 1991 г. в результате слияния Ассоциации рынка ценных бумаг (Securities Association Ltd (TSA)) и Ассоциации брокеров и дилеров по фьючерсным операциям (Association of Futures Brokers and Dealers Ltd (AFBD)). Ее задачей является регулирование деятельности брокеров и дилеров по ценным бумагам, опционам (options) и фьючерсам, в число которых входит большинство брокеров и дилеров, работающих на Лондонской фондовой бирже (London Stock Exchange) и Лондонской международной бирже финансовых фьючерсов и опционов (London International Financial Futures and Options Exchange).
[ http://www.vocable.ru/dictionary/533/symbol/97]Тематики
EN
отработавшая тепловыделяющая сборка ядерного реактора
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[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]Тематики
EN
предположение о единичном отказе
(напр. при анализе безопасности ядерного реактора)
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]Тематики
EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > SFA
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102 near cash
!гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:"consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;" "the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;" "strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and"the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:"the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and"the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)"Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and"Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.More information about DEL and AME is set out below.In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets."Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest."Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:"Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and"The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:"provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;" "enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;" "introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and"not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:"an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;" "an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;" "to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with"further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.This document was updated on 19 December 2005.Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money————————————————————————————————————————"GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money"————————————————————————————————————————GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money————————————————————————————————————————GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.———————————————————————————————————————— -
103 multivariate
adjмногомерныйmultivariate Brownian motion process многомерный процесс броуновского движенияmultivariate probability density плотность f многомерного распределения, многомерная плотностьАнглийский-русский словарь по теории вероятностей, статистике и комбинаторике > multivariate
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104 PAE
1) Компьютерная техника: Physical Address Extension2) Медицина: Pygeum africanum extract3) Американизм: Policy Analysis Exercise4) Военный термин: Peer Access Enforcement, physical aptitude examination, port of aerial embarkation, preliminary airworthiness evaluation, preventive action engineer, public affairs event5) Техника: private automatic exchange6) Железнодорожный термин: Consolidated Rail Corporation7) Сокращение: Park Air Electronics Ltd (UK), Power-Added Efficiency, Programme Analysis & Evaluation8) Вычислительная техника: Physical Address Extension (Intel, Pentium, PAE), Port Access Entity10) post-antibiotic effect11) Биотехнология: Porcine aortic endothelial (cells)12) Программирование: Physical Address Extensions13) Контроль качества: process average estimate14) Растениеводство: plant available elements15) Майкрософт: расширение физических адресов16) Должность: Personnel Aspect Evaluation17) Аэропорты: Paine Field, Everett, Washington USA18) НАСА: Physical Aptitude Exam19) AMEX. Peace Arch Entertainment Group, Inc. -
105 model
1) макет; модель || моделировать2) образец4) модель, тип ( изделия)5) шаблон•- countably saturated model - countably uniform model - coupled channels model - finite state model - finitely generated model - game-theory model - random trial increment model - random walk model - sampling model -
106 ASAP
1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. Automated Structural Analysis Of Proteins2) Компьютерная техника: Ada Source Analysis Program, Automated System Adjustment Program, Automatic Screen Access Program, Awesome Site Assembling Program4) Военный термин: Advanced Sensor Applications Program, Army Scientific Advisory Panel, Army Streamlined Acquisition Program, Army Substance Abuse Program, Army small arms program, advanced supersonic all-purpose, advanced survival avionics program5) Техника: Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel, aircraft synthesis analysis program, antisubmarine attack plotter6) Шутливое выражение: As Slow As Possible7) Религия: All Souls Are Precious, Always Say A Prayer8) Метеорология: Automatic Shipboard Aerological Program9) Юридический термин: Active Shooter And Patrol, Adolescent Substance Abuse Program, Americans for a Sound AIDS Policy, As Safe As Possible, Assistance For Substance Abuse Prevention10) Грубое выражение: Anarchist Skins And Punks, Another Stupid Asinine Project11) Музыка: Adrian Smith Album Project12) Радио: Area Speed And Power13) Сокращение: Advanced / Airborne Shared Aperture Program (USA), Airborne Shared Aperture Program, Aircrew Systems Advisory Panel14) Университет: Absent Student Assistance Program, Accelerated Scholars And Professionals, Alabama Student Assistance Plan, American Students To Activate Pride, Association For Students And Postdocs15) Электроника: Accurate Sensitive And Precise, Advanced Stepper Application Program16) Вычислительная техника: планирование "как можно раньше", As Soon As Possible (DFUE-Slang, Usenet, IRC), автоматическая коммутация и обработка [пакетов данных], automatic switching and processing18) Космонавтика: Ariane Structure for Auxiliary Payloads (for piggyback microsatellites)19) Транспорт: Automatic Shipment Advantage Program, Aviation Safety Action Partnership, Aviation Safety Action Program20) Экология: Automated Shipboard Aerological Program22) Деловая лексика: Advertising Specialties Attractive Prices, Aligning Services And Priorities, как можно быстрее (as soon as possible)23) Образование: Academic Skills Achievement Program, Adolescent Student Awareness Program, After School Action Program, After School Activities Program, Alternative Student Assistance Program, Assist Schools Arts Programs, Awareness Science Application And Persistence24) Сетевые технологии: Asynchronous Service Access Protocol25) Пластмассы: Aluminum Steel And Plastics26) Безопасность: Application System Authorization Process27) Расширение файла: Applied Systems and Personnel, As Soon As Possible28) Общественная организация: Alliance Of Security Analysis Professionals29) Должность: Automated Staffing Application Program30) Чат: Adult Singles At Peace31) Управление проектами: КМР (ASAP - сокр. от "as soon as possible", "КМР" - "как можно раньше"; метод расчета расписания работ, при котором плановая дата наступления события назначается на возможно более раннее время.) -
107 PPA
1) Компьютерная техника: Parallel Port Adapter2) Американизм: Participatory Poverty Assessment, Presidential Power Abused, Principal Purchasing Agency, Provisional Patent Application3) Военный термин: PERSINS Processing Activity, Physical Point Of Attachment, power plant automation, power plant performance analysis4) Техника: Princeton particle accelerator, Princeton-Pennsylvania proton accelerator, plutonium preparation area, power plant attendant, probabilistic performance assessment, pulse-power amplifier5) Химия: Purified Phosphoric Acid7) Юридический термин: Pick Pocket Attempt8) Бухгалтерия: Professional Photographers Association9) Страхование: Percentum per annum10) Ветеринария: People Protecting Animals, Puppy Protection Act11) Грубое выражение: Penis Prep Academy12) Геодезия: Principal Point of Autocollimation13) Сокращение: Pre-Planned Attack, роlymer processing aid, polyphthalamide14) Университет: Patriot Parents Association15) Электроника: PPLS Portable Amplifier16) Нефть: power of attorney17) Деловая лексика: Program Project Activity, Purchased Power Adjustment18) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: Соглашение о закупке электроэнергии (Power Purchase Agreement), Pressure Point Analysis (a technique for leak detection)19) Менеджмент: Оценка личной эффективности20) Сетевые технологии: Printer Performance Architecture, Printer Port Architecture21) Полимеры: polyphosphoric acid22) Пластмассы: polymer processing additives (полимерные технологические добавки)23) Сахалин Р: Power Purchase Agreement, Pressure Point Analysis24) Химическое оружие: Plant process area25) Безопасность: Privacy Protection Act of 198026) Расширение файла: Pixel Processing Accelerator, Add-in (MS PowerPoint)27) Энергосистемы: Соглашение по закупкам в электроэнергетике28) Общественная организация: Pennsylvania Psychological Association29) Должность: Personnel Profile Analysis31) СМС: Please Provide Assistance -
108 SAP
1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. Sensitive To Antimicrobial Peptides, hum. сокр. Slam Associated Protein, social action program, Site Access Permit (SEIC), старшее ответственное лицо (Senior Authorised Person, напр. http://www.indeed.co.uk/jobs?q=Senior+Authorised+Person&l=London)2) Компьютерная техника: System Application Program, Systems Application Products, Systems, Applications, and Products3) Медицина: statistical analysis plan, план статистического анализа, нарколог (substance abuse professional), substance abuse professional - нарколог (сокр.)4) Американизм: Scientific Advisory Panel, State Assessment Panel, Statements of Administration Policy, Statutory Adoption Pay, Stop All Progress, Substance Abuse Prevention5) Спорт: Slight Atari Player6) Военный термин: System Acquisition Plan, search and attack pattern, security assistance plan, security assistance program, semiarmor-piercing, shipboard antenna pedestal, standing air patrol, strategic advantages profile, structural analysis program, supervisory airplane pilot, system alignment procedure7) Техника: safety assessment principles, severe accident program, sintered aluminum powder, solar array program, startup administrative procedure, statements on auditing procedures, system acquisition process8) Шутливое выражение: Satan's Accounting Program, Slow And Painful, Somewhat Academic Privacy, Son Af a Pitch9) Религия: Share And Prayer10) Юридический термин: Special Assistance Pass, Substance Abuse Panel, Substance Abuse Program11) Бухгалтерия: Service Advertisement Protocol, Standard Accounting Procedures, Statements on Auditing Procedure, Systems Applications Products, Положения по процедурам аудита (Statements on Auditing Procedures), Принципы ведения бухгалтерскогоучёта, предписанные законом (Statutory Accounting Principles)
12) Страхование: Statutory Accounting Principals13) Автомобильный термин: Standard Corporate Protocol14) Грубое выражение: Stupid American Public, Surely A Pedophile15) Оптика: stress-applying part16) Телекоммуникации: протокол предлагаемых услуг, Service Advertising Protocol (NetWare), Service Access Point (generic)17) Сокращение: Seaborne Air Platform, Second Audio Program, Semi-Armour Piercing, Sensing And Processing unit, Shijiazhuang Aircraft Plant (China), Simulated Attack Profile, Soon As Possible, South African Police (South Africa), Special Access Program (USA), Special Access Program18) Университет: Satisfactory Academic Progress, Scientific Agricultural Partnership, Standard Assessment Performance, Student Assistance Program, Students Aid Project, Students Alumni And Professional, Supply Of Academic Publications19) Электроника: Secondary Audio Program20) Вычислительная техника: Service Access Point, Service Advertising Protocol, symbolic address program, symbolic assembly program, system assist processor, Symbolic Assembler Program (IBM, IBM 704), Session Announcement Protocol (Internet, RFC 2974), Service Advertising Protocol (Novell, Netware, IPX), Service Access Point (OSI), Service Access Point (OSI, Networking), Systems, Applications and Products (in data processing, ag, Hersteller), компания SAP, система компании SAP21) Нефть: An enterprise resource system, программы структурной перестройки, бухгалтерская программа SAP22) Иммунология: Serum Amyloid P23) Транспорт: Suitcase And Passport24) Фирменный знак: System Application And Products, System Application Products, Systems Applications And Programming, Systems, Applications and Products in Data Processing26) Деловая лексика: Safety Awareness Program, Systems Applications Production, описание процедуры отчётности, описание процедуры ревизии (Statement on Auditing Procedure)27) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: System, Application and Products for Data Processing28) Образование: Science Activity Planner, Solves All Problems, Standard Assessment Procedure, Standard Assessment Program, State Advisory Panel for Special Education, Student Assistance Plan, Substance Abuse Professional29) Сетевые технологии: Service Announcement Protocol, Start Of Active Profile, System Area Pointer, протокол извещения об услугах, протокол объявления об услугах, протокол представления услуг, протокол рекламного сетевого сервиса, протокол с объявлением о служебных средствах31) Медицинская техника: Super Absorbent Polymer - впитывающий полимер (применяется во впитывающей продукции, напр. в подгузниках)32) Химическое оружие: sampling and analysis plan, strategic action plan33) Трудовое право: Разрешение на доступ на рабочую площадку (Site Access Permit)34) Расширение файла: Session Announcement Protocol, System Assurance Program, Service Access Point (DEC), Systems, Applications and Products (company)35) Майкрософт: протокол SAP36) Общественная организация: Scholarship Assistance Program37) Должность: Substance Abuse Professionals38) Чат: Soft And Pretty39) NYSE. S A P, A. G.40) Аэропорты: San Pedro Sula, Honduras41) Программное обеспечение: System Analysis and Program Development, System Application Product42) Базы данных: Systems Applications Processing -
109 TRAP
1) Общая лексика: показатель общего улавливания свободных радикалов антиоксидантом2) Военный термин: TRE and Related Applications, Tactical Related Applications, Terrorist Research and Analysis Project, Threat Research and Analysis Program, Training Resources Adjudication Panel, tanks, racks, adapters, and pylons, terminal radiation airborne program3) Техника: tracker analysis program4) Химия: Tartrate Resistent Acid Phosphatase5) Религия: Total Reclaim And Purification6) Юридический термин: Targeted Regulation Of Abortion Providers7) Сокращение: TADIX-B and Related APplications, Tactical Receive equipment & related Applications, Tactical Receive equipment and related APplications, Tactical Recovery of Aircraft and Personnel, Target Radar Augmented Projectile, Terminal Radiation Airborne measurements Program, trapezoid8) Физиология: thrombospondin-related adhesive protein9) Вычислительная техника: Tandem Recursive Algorithm Process10) Нефть: trading re-engineering account project11) Иммунология: тартрат-резистентная кислая фосфатаза (tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase)12) Сетевые технологии: Telephone Record And Playback13) Электротехника: transmission reliability analysis program14) НАСА: The Rocket Arena Project -
110 asap
1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. Automated Structural Analysis Of Proteins2) Компьютерная техника: Ada Source Analysis Program, Automated System Adjustment Program, Automatic Screen Access Program, Awesome Site Assembling Program4) Военный термин: Advanced Sensor Applications Program, Army Scientific Advisory Panel, Army Streamlined Acquisition Program, Army Substance Abuse Program, Army small arms program, advanced supersonic all-purpose, advanced survival avionics program5) Техника: Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel, aircraft synthesis analysis program, antisubmarine attack plotter6) Шутливое выражение: As Slow As Possible7) Религия: All Souls Are Precious, Always Say A Prayer8) Метеорология: Automatic Shipboard Aerological Program9) Юридический термин: Active Shooter And Patrol, Adolescent Substance Abuse Program, Americans for a Sound AIDS Policy, As Safe As Possible, Assistance For Substance Abuse Prevention10) Грубое выражение: Anarchist Skins And Punks, Another Stupid Asinine Project11) Музыка: Adrian Smith Album Project12) Радио: Area Speed And Power13) Сокращение: Advanced / Airborne Shared Aperture Program (USA), Airborne Shared Aperture Program, Aircrew Systems Advisory Panel14) Университет: Absent Student Assistance Program, Accelerated Scholars And Professionals, Alabama Student Assistance Plan, American Students To Activate Pride, Association For Students And Postdocs15) Электроника: Accurate Sensitive And Precise, Advanced Stepper Application Program16) Вычислительная техника: планирование "как можно раньше", As Soon As Possible (DFUE-Slang, Usenet, IRC), автоматическая коммутация и обработка [пакетов данных], automatic switching and processing18) Космонавтика: Ariane Structure for Auxiliary Payloads (for piggyback microsatellites)19) Транспорт: Automatic Shipment Advantage Program, Aviation Safety Action Partnership, Aviation Safety Action Program20) Экология: Automated Shipboard Aerological Program22) Деловая лексика: Advertising Specialties Attractive Prices, Aligning Services And Priorities, как можно быстрее (as soon as possible)23) Образование: Academic Skills Achievement Program, Adolescent Student Awareness Program, After School Action Program, After School Activities Program, Alternative Student Assistance Program, Assist Schools Arts Programs, Awareness Science Application And Persistence24) Сетевые технологии: Asynchronous Service Access Protocol25) Пластмассы: Aluminum Steel And Plastics26) Безопасность: Application System Authorization Process27) Расширение файла: Applied Systems and Personnel, As Soon As Possible28) Общественная организация: Alliance Of Security Analysis Professionals29) Должность: Automated Staffing Application Program30) Чат: Adult Singles At Peace31) Управление проектами: КМР (ASAP - сокр. от "as soon as possible", "КМР" - "как можно раньше"; метод расчета расписания работ, при котором плановая дата наступления события назначается на возможно более раннее время.) -
111 ppa
1) Компьютерная техника: Parallel Port Adapter2) Американизм: Participatory Poverty Assessment, Presidential Power Abused, Principal Purchasing Agency, Provisional Patent Application3) Военный термин: PERSINS Processing Activity, Physical Point Of Attachment, power plant automation, power plant performance analysis4) Техника: Princeton particle accelerator, Princeton-Pennsylvania proton accelerator, plutonium preparation area, power plant attendant, probabilistic performance assessment, pulse-power amplifier5) Химия: Purified Phosphoric Acid7) Юридический термин: Pick Pocket Attempt8) Бухгалтерия: Professional Photographers Association9) Страхование: Percentum per annum10) Ветеринария: People Protecting Animals, Puppy Protection Act11) Грубое выражение: Penis Prep Academy12) Геодезия: Principal Point of Autocollimation13) Сокращение: Pre-Planned Attack, роlymer processing aid, polyphthalamide14) Университет: Patriot Parents Association15) Электроника: PPLS Portable Amplifier16) Нефть: power of attorney17) Деловая лексика: Program Project Activity, Purchased Power Adjustment18) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: Соглашение о закупке электроэнергии (Power Purchase Agreement), Pressure Point Analysis (a technique for leak detection)19) Менеджмент: Оценка личной эффективности20) Сетевые технологии: Printer Performance Architecture, Printer Port Architecture21) Полимеры: polyphosphoric acid22) Пластмассы: polymer processing additives (полимерные технологические добавки)23) Сахалин Р: Power Purchase Agreement, Pressure Point Analysis24) Химическое оружие: Plant process area25) Безопасность: Privacy Protection Act of 198026) Расширение файла: Pixel Processing Accelerator, Add-in (MS PowerPoint)27) Энергосистемы: Соглашение по закупкам в электроэнергетике28) Общественная организация: Pennsylvania Psychological Association29) Должность: Personnel Profile Analysis31) СМС: Please Provide Assistance -
112 sap
1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. Sensitive To Antimicrobial Peptides, hum. сокр. Slam Associated Protein, social action program, Site Access Permit (SEIC), старшее ответственное лицо (Senior Authorised Person, напр. http://www.indeed.co.uk/jobs?q=Senior+Authorised+Person&l=London)2) Компьютерная техника: System Application Program, Systems Application Products, Systems, Applications, and Products3) Медицина: statistical analysis plan, план статистического анализа, нарколог (substance abuse professional), substance abuse professional - нарколог (сокр.)4) Американизм: Scientific Advisory Panel, State Assessment Panel, Statements of Administration Policy, Statutory Adoption Pay, Stop All Progress, Substance Abuse Prevention5) Спорт: Slight Atari Player6) Военный термин: System Acquisition Plan, search and attack pattern, security assistance plan, security assistance program, semiarmor-piercing, shipboard antenna pedestal, standing air patrol, strategic advantages profile, structural analysis program, supervisory airplane pilot, system alignment procedure7) Техника: safety assessment principles, severe accident program, sintered aluminum powder, solar array program, startup administrative procedure, statements on auditing procedures, system acquisition process8) Шутливое выражение: Satan's Accounting Program, Slow And Painful, Somewhat Academic Privacy, Son Af a Pitch9) Религия: Share And Prayer10) Юридический термин: Special Assistance Pass, Substance Abuse Panel, Substance Abuse Program11) Бухгалтерия: Service Advertisement Protocol, Standard Accounting Procedures, Statements on Auditing Procedure, Systems Applications Products, Положения по процедурам аудита (Statements on Auditing Procedures), Принципы ведения бухгалтерскогоучёта, предписанные законом (Statutory Accounting Principles)
12) Страхование: Statutory Accounting Principals13) Автомобильный термин: Standard Corporate Protocol14) Грубое выражение: Stupid American Public, Surely A Pedophile15) Оптика: stress-applying part16) Телекоммуникации: протокол предлагаемых услуг, Service Advertising Protocol (NetWare), Service Access Point (generic)17) Сокращение: Seaborne Air Platform, Second Audio Program, Semi-Armour Piercing, Sensing And Processing unit, Shijiazhuang Aircraft Plant (China), Simulated Attack Profile, Soon As Possible, South African Police (South Africa), Special Access Program (USA), Special Access Program18) Университет: Satisfactory Academic Progress, Scientific Agricultural Partnership, Standard Assessment Performance, Student Assistance Program, Students Aid Project, Students Alumni And Professional, Supply Of Academic Publications19) Электроника: Secondary Audio Program20) Вычислительная техника: Service Access Point, Service Advertising Protocol, symbolic address program, symbolic assembly program, system assist processor, Symbolic Assembler Program (IBM, IBM 704), Session Announcement Protocol (Internet, RFC 2974), Service Advertising Protocol (Novell, Netware, IPX), Service Access Point (OSI), Service Access Point (OSI, Networking), Systems, Applications and Products (in data processing, ag, Hersteller), компания SAP, система компании SAP21) Нефть: An enterprise resource system, программы структурной перестройки, бухгалтерская программа SAP22) Иммунология: Serum Amyloid P23) Транспорт: Suitcase And Passport24) Фирменный знак: System Application And Products, System Application Products, Systems Applications And Programming, Systems, Applications and Products in Data Processing26) Деловая лексика: Safety Awareness Program, Systems Applications Production, описание процедуры отчётности, описание процедуры ревизии (Statement on Auditing Procedure)27) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: System, Application and Products for Data Processing28) Образование: Science Activity Planner, Solves All Problems, Standard Assessment Procedure, Standard Assessment Program, State Advisory Panel for Special Education, Student Assistance Plan, Substance Abuse Professional29) Сетевые технологии: Service Announcement Protocol, Start Of Active Profile, System Area Pointer, протокол извещения об услугах, протокол объявления об услугах, протокол представления услуг, протокол рекламного сетевого сервиса, протокол с объявлением о служебных средствах31) Медицинская техника: Super Absorbent Polymer - впитывающий полимер (применяется во впитывающей продукции, напр. в подгузниках)32) Химическое оружие: sampling and analysis plan, strategic action plan33) Трудовое право: Разрешение на доступ на рабочую площадку (Site Access Permit)34) Расширение файла: Session Announcement Protocol, System Assurance Program, Service Access Point (DEC), Systems, Applications and Products (company)35) Майкрософт: протокол SAP36) Общественная организация: Scholarship Assistance Program37) Должность: Substance Abuse Professionals38) Чат: Soft And Pretty39) NYSE. S A P, A. G.40) Аэропорты: San Pedro Sula, Honduras41) Программное обеспечение: System Analysis and Program Development, System Application Product42) Базы данных: Systems Applications Processing -
113 trap
1) Общая лексика: показатель общего улавливания свободных радикалов антиоксидантом2) Военный термин: TRE and Related Applications, Tactical Related Applications, Terrorist Research and Analysis Project, Threat Research and Analysis Program, Training Resources Adjudication Panel, tanks, racks, adapters, and pylons, terminal radiation airborne program3) Техника: tracker analysis program4) Химия: Tartrate Resistent Acid Phosphatase5) Религия: Total Reclaim And Purification6) Юридический термин: Targeted Regulation Of Abortion Providers7) Сокращение: TADIX-B and Related APplications, Tactical Receive equipment & related Applications, Tactical Receive equipment and related APplications, Tactical Recovery of Aircraft and Personnel, Target Radar Augmented Projectile, Terminal Radiation Airborne measurements Program, trapezoid8) Физиология: thrombospondin-related adhesive protein9) Вычислительная техника: Tandem Recursive Algorithm Process10) Нефть: trading re-engineering account project11) Иммунология: тартрат-резистентная кислая фосфатаза (tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase)12) Сетевые технологии: Telephone Record And Playback13) Электротехника: transmission reliability analysis program14) НАСА: The Rocket Arena Project -
114 VAP
2) Военный термин: Naval Heavy Photographic Squadron, Video Audio Participative, various Army publications, velocity analysis program, visual approach3) Техника: value-added process, vaporize, vaporized4) Химия: Volume Accumulation Percent5) Экономика: (value-added percentage) НДС (налог на добавленную стоимость)6) Бухгалтерия: Visa Authenticated Payments7) Грубое выражение: Very Annoying Person8) Сокращение: Visual Aids Panel, Volume Arrival Profile, Voluntary Assistance Programme9) Вычислительная техника: Value Added Process (Netware, NLM, Vorlaeufer)10) Банковское дело: VisaNet Access Point11) Фирменный знак: Value Added Partner12) Деловая лексика: Visual Attractive Products13) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: vendor assessment programme, ультразвуковой зонд14) Сетевые технологии: добавляемый процесс15) Расширение файла: Value Added Process, Value Added Process (NetWare 2.xx)16) ООН: Voting Age Population17) Чат: Very Artsy Person18) Аэропорты: Valparaiso, Chile -
115 chart
nдиаграмма, схема; таблица; график (цен, курсов, ставок)
- action chart
- alignment chart
- assembly chart
- band chart
- bar chart
- break-even chart
- calendar progress chart
- cell chart
- circular chart
- control chart
- corporate chart
- correction chart
- cost chart
- costing record chart
- cycle chart
- data chart
- data flow chart
- design chart
- flow chart
- flow process chart
- functional chart
- Gantt chart
- graphic chart
- information chart
- layout chart
- machine chart
- man-and-machine chart
- manufacturing stage chart
- material flow chart
- multiple activity chart
- nomographic chart
- operational analysis chart
- operation flow chart
- operation process chart
- order control chart
- ordering chart
- organization chart
- pie chart
- price chart
- process chart
- process control chart
- production stage chart
- profit-volume chart
- programme flow chart
- progress chart
- quality control chart
- route chart
- schedule chart
- service chart
- sliding chart
- stock chart
- strip chart
- time chart
- variability chart
- chart of accounts
- plot a chart -
116 investment research
фин. анализ капиталовложений, инвестиционные исследования* (изучение финансового состояния и динамики курсов ценных бумаг компаний, в которые инвестируются средства; может выполняться самим инвестором, но обычно осуществляется крупными финансовыми учреждениями, финансовыми консультантами и т. п., обычно включает оценку маркетинговой и управленческой деятельности, прогнозирование дальнейшего развития компании, оценку финансовой стабильности и т. д.)See:* * * -
117 ACAP
1) Военный термин: Advanced Composite Air Frame Program, Army Career and Alumni Program, Army Contract Appeals Panel, Army Cost Analysis Position, Assessment Correlation and Analysis Process, advanced combat air patrol, advanced composite aircraft program2) Техника: automatic circuit analysis program3) Бухгалтерия: Accounting Career Awareness Program4) Сокращение: Advanced Composite Aircraft / Airframe Program (US Army), American Council on Alcohol Problems (Американский совет по проблемам потребления алкоголя), Application Configuration Access Protocol5) Автоматика: advanced computer for array processing6) Океанография: Atlantic Coastal Action Program -
118 HAZOP
1) Сокращение: Hazard Operational analysis, АЭХОФ (Анализ эксплуатационных характеристик и опасных факторов)2) Нефть: Hazard and Operability Analysis, hazard operation3) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: Process Hazards & Operability, исследования по безопасности эксплуатации (Hazardous Operations), обеспечение безопасности производства (hazard operability), анализ эксплуатационных опасностей (OPL Tender Update), Hazard and Operability (Study), hazard and operability study (a team study which uses guide words to systematically examine a design to identify the causes of all potential upsets to normal operating conditions, decide if the is acceptable and make recommendations), (study) HAZard and OPerability (study), (study) внештатные ситуации и риски (анализ)4) Менеджмент: ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ОПАСНОСТИ И РАБОТОСПОСОБНОСТИ (ГОСТ Р 51901.11-2005)5) Сахалин Р: HAZard and OPerability, Hazard and Operability Study, Hazard and Operation Analysis, Hazardous Operations, hazard operability6) Сахалин А: hazards and operability study7) Нефть и газ: Hazard and Operability studies, нештатные ситуации и риски -
119 PSA
1. Pacific Science Association - Тихоокеанская научная ассоциация;2. particle size analyzer - гранулометрический анализатор;3. passive space array - пассивная антенная решётка спутника-ретранслятора;4. personnel and service area - площадка для персонала и технического обслуживания;5. phase-shift analysis - фазовый анализ;6. photo sensor array - матрица фотодетекторов;7. plant-specific action - мероприятие, специфичное для конкретной станции;8. polysilicon self-aligned process - технология изготовления интегральной схемы с самосовмещёнными поликремневыми затворами;9. preliminary safety analysis - предварительный анализ безопасности;10. pressure sensitive adhesive - клей, склеивающий при надавливании;11. pressure swing adsorption - адсорбция при переменном давлении; адсорбция с перепадом давления;12. probabilistic safety analysis - вероятностный анализ безопасности, статистический анализ безопасности;13. probabilistic safety assessment - вероятностная оценка безопасности;14. production sharing agreement - соглашение о разделе продукции; СРП;15. protected storage address - защищённый адрес запоминающего устройства; защищенный адрес памяти;16. public service announcement - объявление в СМИ об оказании помощи или поддержки со стороны организации или отдельной личности -
120 soft dollaring
See:Another reason managers are interested in controlling client commissions deserves special attention. "Soft dollaring" has got to be one of the most misunderstood and controversial practices in the money management business. The very term "soft dollars" suggests something shady and conjures up images of money exchanging hands in dark alleyways. Among laymen, soft dollars may be confused with "soft money" political contributions. There is a thin connection between "soft dollars" and "soft money." Since brokerage firms are not subject to the same rules pertaining to political contributions as municipal underwriting firms, large "soft money" contributions from owners of brokerage firms do find their way into politicians' coffers more easily than contributions from underwriters. However, it is important to not confuse the two terms.So what is "soft dollaring?" Soft dollaring is the practice whereby money managers use client brokerage commissions to purchase investment research. When a manager pays for products or services with his own money, directly from the research provider, this is referred to as "hard dollars." Payment with client commissions, financed through a brokerage firm, is referred to as "soft dollars." Through soft dollar arrangements money managers are permitted to shift an expense related to the management of assets they would otherwise have to bear, onto their clients. The amount of this research expense the money management industry transfers onto its clients is in the billions annually. As a result, any analysis of the economics of the money management industry should include the effects of soft dollaring; however, we are unaware of any that has. In the institutional marketplace, strange as it may seem, it is possible for a money manager to profit more from soft dollars than from the negotiated asset management fee he receives.The general rule under the federal and state securities laws is that a fiduciary, the money manager, cannot use client assets for his own benefit or the benefit of other clients. To simplify matters greatly, soft dollaring is a legally prescribed exception to this rule. Congress, the SEC and other regulators have agreed that as long as the research purchased assists the manager in making investment decisions, the clients benefit and its legally acceptable. A tremendous amount of strained analysis has gone into the precise policies and procedures that managers must follow in purchasing research with client commission dollars. Over the years a distinction has been made between "proprietary" research or in-house research distributed to brokerage customers without a price tag attached and "independent third-party" research or research written by a third party and sold to managers at a stated price. Third party research has been most frequently criticized because its cost is separately stated and the benefit to managers most obvious. In this latter case, a breach of fiduciary duty seems most glaring. However, it is well known that proprietary research, offered for "free, " is produced to stimulate sales of dealer inventory. So presumably this research lacks credibility and is less beneficial to clients. There have been distinctions drawn between products and services, such as computers, which are "mixed-use, " i.e., which may serve dual purposes, providing both research and administrative uses. An adviser must make a reasonable allocation of the cost of the product according to its uses, the SEC has said. Some portion must be paid for with "hard" dollars and the other with "soft." There are several articles in our Library of Articles that describe soft dollar practices, rule changes and our proposal to Chairman Levitt to reform the soft dollar business.The issue that soft dollaring raises is: when is it acceptable for a manager to benefit from his client's commissions? For purposes of this article we would like to introduce a new and more useful perspective for pensions in their analysis of soft dollars or any other brokerage issue. That is, all brokerage commissions controlled by managers, benefit managers in some way. Brokerage decision-making by managers rarely, if ever, is simply based upon what firm can execute the trade at the best price. Brokerage is a commodity. Almost all brokerage firms offer reasonably competent, "best execution" services. If they didn't, they'd get sued and soon be out of business. Most savvy brokerage marketers don't even try to differentiate their firms with long-winded explanations about best-execution capabilities. Best execution is a given and impossible to prove. If you want to understand how your money manager allocates brokerage, study his business as a whole, including his marketing and affiliates-not just the investment process.The new English-Russian dictionary of financial markets > soft dollaring
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