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61 klei
n. clay, type of soil used to make pottery and bricks, soil which contains high percentage of silicates of aluminum -
62 töpfern
töp·fern [ʼtœpfɐn]vito do potteryvtetw \töpfern to make sth from clay -
63 глиняный
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64 lončarski
adj potter's, ceramic I-a glina potter's clay/earth, argil; -o kolo potter's wheel; -a roba pottery, crockery, potter's ware, earthenware; ceramics pl -
65 testa
I.Lit., Cic. Dom. 23, 61; Cato, R. R. 18, 7; 18, 110; Varr. R. R. 2, 3, 6; Vitr. 2, 8 fin.; 7, 1; 7, 4; Aus. Parent. 11, 9.—II.Transf.A.A piece of baked earthen-ware, an earthen pot, pitcher, jug, urn, etc. (cf. testu):B.si Prometheus... a vicinis cum testā ambulans carbunculos corrogaret,
Auct. Her. 4, 6, 9:testā cum ardente viderent Scintillare oleum,
a lamp, Verg. G. 1, 391:quo semel est imbuta recens, servabit odorem Testa diu,
Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 70; cf. Tib. 2, 3, 47:accipiat Manes parvula testa meos,
Prop. 2, 13, 32 (3, 5, 16):vinum Graeca quod testā conditum levi,
Hor. C. 1, 20, 2; 3, 21, 4:mihi fundat avitum Condita testa merum,
Ov. A. A. 2, 696; Mart. 12, 48, 8; 12, 63, 2; 13, 7, 1; Plin. 31, 10, 46, § 114.—Used in applause:audiat ille Testarum crepitus cum verbis,
Juv. 11, 170 (cf. F. infra).—A broken piece of earthen-ware, pottery, brick, etc.; a sherd, potsherd: dissipatis imbricum fragminibus ac testis tegularum, Sisenn. ap. Non. 125, 18:2. C.testa parem fecit,
Ov. M. 8, 662:fulcitur testā mensa,
Mart. 2, 43, 10; Plin. 32, 8, 28, § 89; 35, 3, 5, § 16; Tac. H. 5, 6; Prop. 4 (5), 7, 28; Juv. 3, 260.—Hence,Like ostrakon, a sherd, potsherd, in the ostracism or judicial voting of the Greeks: testarum suffragiis, quod illi ostrakismon vocant, Nep. Cim. 3, 1; cf. also testula.—D.The shell of shell-fish or of testaceous animals:2.genera beluarum ad saxa nativis testis inhaerentium,
Cic. N. D. 2, 39, 100:ostreae,
Plin. 32, 6, 21, § 60:muricum,
id. 32, 7, 27, § 84:cochlearum,
id. 30, 8, 21, § 66:testudinis,
Varr. L. L. 5, § 79 Müll. —Hence,Transf.a. b.A shell or covering, in gen.:c.lubricaque immotas testa premebat aquas,
i. e. an icy shell, covering of ice, Ov. Tr. 3, 10, 38: lubrica, Poët. ap. Anthol. Lat. 2, p. 62 Burm.—The skull:E.testa hominis, nudum jam cute calvitium,
Aus. Epigr. 72; Prud. steph. 10, 761; Cael. Aur. Tard. 1, 1; 2, 1 fin. (hence, Ital. testa and Fr. tēte).—A brick-colored spot on the face, Plin. 26, 15, 92, § 163; 48. 12, 50, § 185.—F.A sort of clapping with the flat of the hands (as if with two tiles), in token of applause, invented by Nero, Suet. Ner 20. [p. 1863] -
66 керамика
ж. ceramicsглазурованная керамика — enamelled stoneware; enamelled earthenware
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67 κεραμικός
-ή,-όν + A 0-0-0-1-0=1 DnLXX 2,41made of clay, earthen, of pottery -
68 stoneware
noun, adjective(of) a hard type of pottery made of clay containing pieces of stone:مَصْنوعات حَجَرِيَّهa stoneware jug.
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69 Wedgwood, Josiah
SUBJECT AREA: Domestic appliances and interiors[br]baptized 12 July 1730 Burslem, Staffordshire, Englandd. 3 January 1795 Etruria Hall, Staffordshire, England[br]English potter and man of science.[br]Wedgwood came from prolific farming stock who, in the seventeenth century, had turned to pot-making. At the age of 9 his education was brought to an end by his father's death and he was set to work in one of the family potteries. Two years later an attack of smallpox left him with a weakness in his right knee which prevented him from working the potter's wheel. This forced his attention to other aspects of the process, such as design and modelling. He was apprenticed to his brother Thomas in 1744, and in 1752 was in partnership with Thomas Whieldon, a leading Staffordshire potter, until probably the first half of 1759, when he became a master potter and set up in business on his own account at Ivy House Works in Burslem.Wedgwood was then able to exercise to the full his determination to improve the quality of his ware. This he achieved by careful attention to all aspects of the work: artistic judgement of form and decoration; chemical study of the materials; and intelligent management of manufacturing processes. For example, to achieve greater control over firing conditions, he invented a pyrometer, a temperature-measuring device by which the shrinkage of prepared clay cylinders in the furnace gave an indication of the temperature. Wedgwood was the first potter to employ steam power, installing a Boulton \& Watt engine for crushing and other operations in 1782. Beyond the confines of his works, Wedgwood concerned himself in local issues such as improvements to the road and canal systems to facilitate transport of raw materials and products.During the first ten years, Wedgwood steadily improved the quality of his cream ware, known as "Queen's ware" after a set of ware was presented to Queen Charlotte in 1762. The business prospered and his reputation grew. In 1766 he was able to purchase an estate on which he built new works, a mansion and a village to which he gave the name Etruria. Four years after the Etruria works were opened in 1769, Wedgwood began experimenting with a barium compound combined in a fine-textured base allied to a true porcelain. The result was Wedgwood's most original and distinctive ware similar to jasper, made in a wide variety of forms.Wedgwood had many followers and imitators but the merit of initiating and carrying through a large-scale technical and artistic development of English pottery belongs to Wedgwood.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1783.BibliographyWedgwood contributed five papers to the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, two in 1783 and 1790 on chemical subjects and three in 1782, 1784 and 1786 on his pyrometer.Further ReadingMeteyard, 1865, Life of Josiah Wedgwood, London (biography).A.Burton, 1976, Josiah Wedgwood: Biography, London: André Deutsch (a very readable account).LRD -
70 إناء
إِنَاء \ container: any box, case, bowl, etc. which holds sth.. receptacle: a container. utensil: a piece of equipment for the home: kitchen utensils (pots, knives, etc., that are used for cooking). vessel: old use a container for liquids. \ إِنَاء للزُّهُور \ vase: an ornamental pot, esp. one that holds cut flowers. \ إِنَاء من الصَّفيح \ can: a metal container for storing liquid or preserving food. \ أوانٍ \ vessels, containers. \ See Also إناء (إناء) \ أَوَانٍ خزفيَّة \ earthenware: pots or dishes made of baked clay. \ أَوَانٍ فُخّارِيّة \ pottery: things made by a potter; pots in general. \ أَوَانٍ منزليّة من المعدن \ hardware: metal articles used in the house.
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