-
21 Armed forces
Although armed force has been a major factor in the development of the Portuguese nation-state, a standing army did not exist until after the War of Restoration (1641-48). During the 18th century, Portugal's small army was drawn into many European wars. In 1811, a combined Anglo-Portuguese army drove the French army of Napoleon out of the country. After Germany declared war on Portugal in March 1916, two Portuguese divisions were conscripted and sent to France, where they sustained heavy casualties at the Battle of Lys in April 1918. As Portugal and Spain were neutral in World War II, the Portuguese Army cooperated with the Spanish army to defend Iberian neutrality. In 1949, Portugal became a founding member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). When the nationalist quest for independence began in Portugal's colonies in Africa ( Angola, Mozambique, and Guinea- Bissau) in the 1960s, the military effort (1961-74) to suppress the nationalists resulted in an expansion of the Portuguese armed forces to about 250,000.Since the Revolution of 25 April 1974, the number of personnel on active duty in the army, navy, and air force has been greatly reduced (43,200 in 2007) and given a more direct role in NATO. New NATO commitments led to the organization of the Brigada Mista Independente (Independent Composite Brigade), later converted into the Brigada Aero-Transportada. (Air-Transported Brigade) to be used in the defense of Europe's southern flank. The Portuguese air force and navy are responsible for the defense of the Azores-Madeira-Portugal strategic triangle.Chronic military intervention in Portuguese political life began in the 19th century. These interventions usually began with revolts of the military ( pronunciamentos) in order to get rid of what were considered by the armed forces corrupt or incompetent civilian governments. The army overthrew the monarchy on the 5 October 1910 and established Portugal's First Republic. It overthrew the First Republic on 28 May 1926 and established a military dictatorship. The army returned to the barracks during the Estado Novo of Antônio de Oliveira Salazar. The armed forces once again returned to politics when the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) overthrew the Estado Novo on 25 April 1974. After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, the armed forces again played a major role in Portuguese politics through the Council of the Revolution, which was composed of the president of the Republic, Chiefs of the general staff, three service chiefs, and 14 MFA officers. The Council of the Revolution advised the president on the selection of the prime minister and could veto legislation.The subordination of the Portuguese armed forces to civilian authority began in 1982, when revisions to the Constitution abolished the Council of the Revolution and redefined the mission of the armed forces to that of safeguarding and defending the national territory. By the early 1990s, the political influence of Portugal armed force had waned and civilian control was reinforced with the National Defense Laws of 1991, which made the chief of the general staff of the armed forces directly responsible to the minister of defense, not the president of the republic, as had been the case previously. As the end of the Cold War had eliminated the threat of a Soviet invasion of western Europe, Portuguese armed forces continues to be scaled back and reorganized. Currently, the focus is on modernization to achieve high operational efficiency in certain areas such as air defense, naval patrols, and rapid-response capability in case of terrorist attack. Compulsory military service was ended in 2004. The Portuguese armed forces have been employed as United Nations peacekeepers in East Timor, Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan, Iraq, and Lebanon. -
22 domestic
[də'mestɪk] adjective1) (household) häuslich [Verhältnisse, Umstände]; (family) familiär [Atmosphäre, Angelegenheit, Reibereien]; [Wasserversorgung, Ölverbrauch] der privaten Haushaltedomestic servant — Hausgehilfe, der/ -gehilfin, die
domestic help — Haushaltshilfe, die
domestic appliance — Haushaltgerät, das
2) (of one's own country) inländisch; einheimisch [Produkt]; innenpolitisch [Problem, Auseinandersetzungen]domestic policy — Innenpolitik, die
3) (kept by man)domestic animal — Haustier, das
domestic rabbit/cat — Hauskaninchen, das/Hauskatze, die
* * *[də'mestik]1) (of or in the house or home: a domestic servant; domestic utensils.) Haus-...2) (concerning one's private life or family: domestic problems.) häuslich3) ((of animals) tame and living with or used by people.) Haus-...4) (not foreign: the Government's domestic policy.) Innen-...•- academic.ru/86344/domesticated">domesticated- domestication
- domesticity
- domestic help* * *do·mes·tic[dəˈmestɪk]I. adj1. (of the household) häuslich, Haus-\domestic bliss häusliches Glückthey lived in \domestic bliss sie führten ein glückliches Familienleben\domestic commitments familiäre Verpflichtungen\domestic discord häusliche Zwietracht\domestic relations court Familiengericht ntto be in \domestic service als Hausangestellte(r) arbeiten\domestic violence Gewalt f in der Familie\domestic work Hausarbeit f2. (fond of home) häuslichhe is a \domestic man er ist ein häuslicher Typ\domestic affairs innere [o innenpolitische] Angelegenheiten\domestic airline Inlandsfluggesellschaft f\domestic considerations innenpolitische Erwägungen\domestic economic policy Binnenwirtschaftspolitik f\domestic mail Inlandspost f\domestic market Binnenmarkt m, Inlandsmarkt m\domestic public opinion politische Meinung im Land\domestic policy Innenpolitik f\domestic product einheimisches Produkt [o Erzeugnis]gross \domestic product Bruttoinlandsprodukt nt\domestic trade Binnenhandel m\domestic wines einheimische Weine* * *[də'mestɪk]1. adj1) (= household) häuslichthe domestic arrangements — die häusliche Situation
his wife has always taken care of his domestic needs —
everything of a domestic nature — alles, was den Haushalt angeht
she was never very domestic, she was never a very domestic sort of person — sie war nie ein sehr häuslicher Mensch
in the interests of domestic harmony — im Interesse des Familienfriedens
for domestic use — für den Hausgebrauch
or garbage (US) — Hausmüll m
2) (ESP POL, COMM: within a country) consumption, production, spending, sales, demand etc inländisch, im Inland; currency inländisch; problems im Inland; news aus dem Inland; issues, affairs innenpolitischhe was more interested in foreign affairs than in domestic affairs — er interessierte sich mehr für Außenpolitik als für Innenpolitik
2. n1) (= servant) Hausangestellte(r) mf2) (inf: quarrel) Ehekrach m* * *domestic [dəʊˈmestık]A adj (adv domestically)1. häuslich, Haus…, Haushalts…, Familien…, Privat…:domestic affairs häusliche Angelegenheiten ( → A 5);domestic appliance ( besonders elektrisches) Haushaltsgerät;domestic architecture Häuser-, Wohnungsbau m;domestic bliss häusliches Glück;domestic coal Hausbrandkohle f;domestic difficulties häusliche Schwierigkeiten;domestic drama THEAT bürgerliches Drama;domestic life Familienleben n;domestic relations US Familienbeziehungen;court of domestic relations, domestic-relations court US Familiengericht n;domestic system Heimindustrie-System n;domestic virtues häusliche Tugenden2. häuslich (veranlagt) (Mann etc)3. Haus…, zahm:domestic animals Haustiere;4. inländisch, im Inland erzeugt, einheimisch, Inlands…, Landes…, Innen…, Binnen…:domestic goods Inlandswaren, einheimische Waren;domestic market inländischer Markt, Binnenmarkt m;domestic products → B 2;domestic trade Binnenhandel m5. inner(er, e, es), Innen…:in the domestic field innenpolitisch;a domestic political issue eine innenpolitische Frage;domestic policy Innenpolitik fB s1. Hausangestellte(r) m/f(m), Dienstbote m, pl auch (Dienst)Personal n2. pl WIRTSCH Landesprodukte pl, inländische Erzeugnisse pldom. abk1. domain2. domestic* * *[də'mestɪk] adjective1) (household) häuslich [Verhältnisse, Umstände]; (family) familiär [Atmosphäre, Angelegenheit, Reibereien]; [Wasserversorgung, Ölverbrauch] der privaten Haushaltedomestic servant — Hausgehilfe, der/ -gehilfin, die
domestic help — Haushaltshilfe, die
domestic appliance — Haushaltgerät, das
2) (of one's own country) inländisch; einheimisch [Produkt]; innenpolitisch [Problem, Auseinandersetzungen]domestic policy — Innenpolitik, die
domestic animal — Haustier, das
domestic rabbit/cat — Hauskaninchen, das/Hauskatze, die
* * *adj.häuslich adj. n.Dienstbote m. -
23 international
міжнародний; інтернаціональнийInternational Arbitration Tribunal — ( of the International Chamber of Commerce) Міжнародний арбітражний суд ( Міжнародної торгівельної палати)
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development — Міжнародний банк реконструкції і розвитку (скор. МБРР)
International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes — Міжнародний центр з вирішення інвестиційних спорів
International Convention against Recruitment, Use, Financing and Training of Mercenaries — Міжнародна конвенція про заборону вербування, використання, фінансування і підготовки найманців
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships — Міжнародна конвенція з попередження забруднення плавальними засобами (1978 р.)
International Convention on the Prohibition of the Manufacture and Testing of Chemical Weapons — Міжнародна конвенція про заборону виробництва і випробування хімічної зброї
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights — Міжнародний пакт про громадянські і політичні права
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights — Міжнародний пакт про економічні, соціальні і культурні права
International Criminal Police Organization — Міжнародна організація кримінальної поліції (скор. МОКП)
international criminal register — міжнародний кримінальний реєстр; міжнародний кримінальний реєстр злочинців і злочинів
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia — Міжнародний кримінальний суд по колишній Югославії
International Day against Drug Abuse and Traffickng — Міжнародний день проти вживання і торгівлі наркотиками ( 26 червня)
international investigation of the crimes of an aggressor — міжнародне розслідування злочинів агресора
international judicial assistance — міжнародна правова ( судова) допомога
International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea — Міжнародні правила з попередження зіткнень на морі
- international adjudicationInternational Tribunal for the Prosecution of War Crimes — Міжнародний трибунал з переслідування військових злочинів
- international administration
- international affairs
- international air carriage
- international air law
- international air route
- international airport
- international application
- international arbitration
- international arena
- international arrest warrant
- international authority
- international aviation
- international bank
- international bids
- international body
- international bribery
- international carriage
- international certificate
- international check
- international cheque
- international civil aviation
- international civil servant
- international code of conduct
- international commission
- international committee
- international community
- international conference
- international conflict
- international conspiracy
- international contract
- international control
- international control organ
- international convention
- international conventional law
- international cooperation
- international copyright
- International Court of Justice
- international courtesy
- international crime
- international criminal law
- international criminal
- international custom
- international customary law
- international delinquency
- international design
- international dispute
- international divorce
- international drug trafficking
- international engagement
- international entity
- international espionage
- international expert
- international extradition
- international fluvial law
- international forum
- international gangster
- international gangsterism
- international isolation
- international judicial organ
- international jurisprudence
- international jurist
- international language
- international law
- International Law Association
- international law code
- International Law Commission
- international law enforcement
- international law of the sea
- international lawyer
- international legal
- international legal capacity
- international legal concept
- international legal issue
- international legal practice
- international legal relations
- international legislature
- international licensing
- international mafia
- international market
- international marriage
- international monetary base
- International Monetary Fund
- international monetary law
- international monetary system
- international navigation
- international norm
- international obligation
- international order
- international organ
- international organization
- international penal law
- international person
- international personality
- international prestige
- international public law
- international registration
- international reputation
- international responsibility
- international rules in force
- international salute
- international sanctions
- international scandal
- international scene
- international sea area
- international sea-bed area
- international security
- international standard
- international status
- international stream
- international tax law
- international team of experts
- international tensions
- international tension
- international terrorism
- international terrorist
- International Tracing Service
- international trade
- international trade in cocaine
- international traffic
- international traffic in arms
- international transaction
- international treaty law
- international tribunal
- international trusteeship
- international underworld
- international union
- international usage
- international waters
- International Women's Day -
24 impegno
m commitment( appuntamento) engagement( zelo) zeal, carecommerce senza impegno with no commitment* * *impegno s.m.1 engagement, undertaking; (obbligo) commitment, obligation, pledge; (promessa) promise; (appuntamento) appointment: impegni di lavoro, business commitments (o engagements); ho molti impegni per domani, I have many engagements for tomorrow; non posso venire con te domani, ho preso un impegno col dentista, I can't come with you tomorrow, I've got an appointment with the dentist; si è preso l'impegno di accompagnarla, he has promised to go with her; mantenere un impegno, to honour a commitment (o to meet an obligation); mancare un impegno, to break an engagement; soddisfare i propri impegni, to meet one's obligations; non riuscì a far fronte ai suoi impegni, he was unable to meet his obligations; con impegno di segretezza, under pledge of secrecy; impegno di pagamento, promise to pay // impegno politico, sociale, political, social commitment // (dir.) impegno a comparire in giudizio, undertaking to appear // (econ.): impegno valutario, foreign exchange commitment; impegno di capitale, capital appropriation // (comm.) lettera d'impegno, note of hand2 (applicazione, cura, diligenza) care, zeal, diligence: fa tutto con molto impegno, he does everything with great care.* * *[im'peɲɲo]sostantivo maschile1) commitment, undertaking, engagement, agreement2) (sociale, politico) involvement, engagement3) (incombenza) engagement, appointment; (appuntamento) appointment4) (cura, applicazione) care, application* * *impegno/im'peŋŋo/sostantivo m.1 commitment, undertaking, engagement, agreement; prendere un impegno to take on a commitment; assumersi l'impegno di fare to undertake to do; senza impegno without obligation2 (sociale, politico) involvement, engagement; impegno per la pace peacemaking efforts4 (cura, applicazione) care, application; ci si è messo d'impegno he did it to the best of his abilities. -
25 commitment
[kə'mɪtmənt]сущ.1) обязанность, долг2) приверженность, выбор, ориентация, линия, политикаWe share a commitment to human rights. — И вы, и мы верим в права человека.
I have made a commitment to this program. — Я решил поддержать эту программу.
3) обязательство (по отношению к чему-л.); активное, ответственное отношение (к чему-л.); заинтересованность (в чём-л.)Commitment replaces her moral passivity and deadpan style. — Её моральная пассивность и безучастность сменились на заинтересованное отношение.
America was reaching a point where global commitment was turning into overextension. ( Henry Kissinger) — Америка приближалась к рубежу, когда глобальная активность оборачивалась переоценкой собственных возможностей.
4) полит. передача законопроекта в комитет ( на повторное рассмотрение)5) преим. амер.; брит. committal 1); юр. заключение в тюрьму, под стражу, арест; помещение в психиатрическую лечебницу6) амер.; юр. ордер на арест
- 1
- 2
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