-
1 BE
Quenya uses forms of ná as the copula used to join adjectives, nouns or pronouns “in statements (or wishes) asserting (or desiring) a thing to have certain quality, or to be the same as another” (VT49:28). It may also denote a position, as in tanomë nauvan “I will be there” (VT49:19). PE17:68 mentions návë “being” as a “general infinitive” form; the gloss would suggest that návë may also be regarded as a gerund. Present tense ná “is” (Nam), pl. nar or nár ”are" (PE15:36, VT49:27, 30), dual nát (VT49:30). Also attested with various pronominal endings: nányë/nanyë “I am”, nalyë or natyë “you (sg.) are” (polite and familiar, respectively), nás “it is”, násë “(s)he is”, nalmë “we are” (VT49:27, 30). Some forms listed in VT49:27 are perhaps intended as aorist forms (nain “I am”, naityë/nailyë “you are”); VT49:30 however lists aorist forms with no intruding i (nanyë *“I am”, nalyë *”thou art”, ná “is”, nassë *”(s)he is”, nalmë *“we are”, nar “are”). Pa.t. nánë or né “was”, pl. náner/nér and dual nét “were” (VT49:6, 10, 27, 30). According to VT49:31, né “was” cannot receive pronominal endings (though nésë “he was” is attested elsewhere, VT49:28-29), and such endings are rather added to the form ane-, e.g. anen “I was”, anel “you were”, anes “(s)he/it was” (VT49:28). Future tense nauva "will be" (VT42:34, VT49:19; alternative form uva only in VT49:30) Perfect anaië “has been” (VT49:27, first written as anáyë). The form na may be used as imperative (na airë "be holy", VT43:14, alcar...na Erun "glory...be to God", VT44:34); this imperative na is apparently incorporated in the word nai "be it that" (misleading translation "maybe" in LotR). This nai can be combined with a verb to express a hope that something will happen (Nam: nai hiruvalyë Valimar, “may you find Valimar”) or if the verb is in the present rather than the future tense, that it is already happening (VT49:39: nai Eru lye mánata “God bless you” or *”may God be blessing you”). According to PE17:58, imperative na is short for á na with the imperative particle included. – Ná "is" appears with a short vowel (na) in some sources, but writers should probably maintain the long vowel to avoid confusion with the imperative na (and with the wholly distinct preposition na "to"). The short form na- may however be usual before pronominal suffixes. By one interpretation, na with a short vowel represents the aorist (VT49:27). – The word ëa is variously translated "is", "exists", "it is", "let it be". It has a more absolute meaning than ná, with reference to existence rather than being a mere copula. It may also be used (with prepositional phrases) to denote a position: i ëa han ëa “[our Father] who is beyond [the universe of] Eä” (VT43:12-14), i Eru i or ilyë mahalmar ëa “the One who is above all thrones” (UT:305). The pa.t. of this verb is engë, VT43:38, perfect engië or rarely éyë, future euva, VT49:29. – Fíriel's Song contains a word ye "is" (compare VT46:22), but its status in LotR-style Quenya is uncertain. – NOT BE, NOT DO: Also attested is the negative copula uin and umin "I do not, am not" (1st pers. aorist), pa.t. úmë. According to VT49:29, forms like ui “it is not”, uin(yë) “I am not”, uil(yë) *“you are not”, *uis *”(s)he is not” and uilmë *”we are not” are cited in a document dating from about 1968, though some of this was struck out. The monosyllable ú is used for “was not” in one text. The negation lá can be inflected for time “when verb is not expressed”. Tense-forms given: (aorist) lanyë “I do not, am not”; the other forms are cited without pronominal suffixes: present laia, past lánë, perfect alaië, future lauva, imperative ala, alá. MAY IT BE SO, see AMEN. –VT49:27-34, Nam/RGEO:67, VT43:34/An Introduction to Elvish:5, VT42:34,Silm:21/391, FS, UGU/UMU, VT49:13 -
2 BLOCK
\#tap- (stop). (Cited in the form tapë, 3 pers sg aorist; misreading "tápe" with a long vowel in the Etymologies as printed in LR: see VT46:17). The pa.t. tampë is given. –TAP/VT46:17 -
3 BOW
(vb) luhta- (Note: a homophone means "enchant"), \#caw- (cited in source as cawin "I bow", 1st pers. aorist; in Tolkien's later conception it would be difficult to account for w in this position, and we should perhaps read *cav- with pa.t. *canwë); BOW (noun) quinga, cú (also = crescent Moon), lúva, cúnë (crescent); RAINBOW helyanwë ("sky-bridge"), Ilweran, Ilweranta (LT2:348 has iluquinga "sky-bow", but this word was obsoleted when Tolkien changed the meaning of ilu from "sky" to "universe".) BOWLEGGED quingatelco (So it is translated, but this must really be a noun: "bow-leg" [quinga + telco]. No Quenya adjectives end in –o, unless this is the only one. Read *quingatelca for "bow-legged"? Cf. one of the other words from the same source, sincahonda, changed from sincahondo in an earlier draft – but at that time Tolkien had already omitted quingatelco and hence did not change its ending: See SD:72.) –VT47:35, LT1:257, SD 68, 72, KWIG, KU3, LT1:256, LotR:1154, LT1:271 -
4 BUILD
\#car- (cited as carin "I make, build", 1st pers. aorist – according to FS and SD:246 the past tense is cárë, but Etym has carnë; writers should probably use the latter form, not to be confused with the adjective carnë "red". The passive participle \#carna *"built, made" is attested in Vincarna *"newly-made" in MR:305.) BUILDING car (card-) (house), ampano (= especially building of wood, wooden hall; umpano in VT45:36 sems to be a variant form), ataquë (construction). BUILDER samno (Þ) (carpenter, wright) –KAR, PAN, VT45:36, TAK, STAB -
5 CHANT
\#lir- (cited in source as lirin "I chant", 1st pers. aorist) (sing) –LIR1 -
6 CLEAVE
\#hyar- (cited in source as hyarin "I cleave", 1st pers. aorist), pa.t. probably *hyandë given the form of the root. CLEAVER \#hyando in Sangahyando (Þ) "Throng-cleaver, Cleaver of throngs" –SYAD, LT2:342, LotR:1085 cf. Letters:425 -
7 COME
\#tul- (cited in source as tulin "I come", 1st pers. aorist); perfect \#utúlië and future \#tuluva are attested (the latter with the prefix entuluva "shall come again". Tulin may obsolete tulu- in LT1:270). COME AWAY hótuli- ("so as to leave a place or group and join another in the thought or place of the speaker") –TUL, LotR:1003, Silm:229, WJ:368 -
8 CONTROL
(verb) \#tur- (cited in source as turin, "I...control", 1st pers. aorist) (pa.t. turnë) (wield, govern); IN CONTROL OF (possessing) arwa (followed by gen, e.g. *i heru arwa i nerion "the lord in control of the men") –TUR, 3AR -
9 DO
\#car- (make, build; see MAKE for various attested forms of this verb); NOT DO \#um- (cited in the form umin "I do not", 1st pers. aorist; also short uin) (pa.t. úmë, not to be confused with a noun meaning "collection, crowd"). This verb is also used = "not be", see BE concerning this and other verbs for “not do, not be”. DO NOT! (imperative) vá! (also = I will not); DON'T áva, avá, alalyë (the last form incorporates the ending -lyë "thou", hence "do not thou [do something]") DON'T DO IT! áva carë! SET VIGOROUSLY OUT TO DO horya- (be compelled to do something, have an impulse) DO BACK ahtar- or accar- (react; requite, avenge) –KAR, UGU/UMU, WJ:371, VT44:8, VT45:22, PE17:166 -
10 DRAW
\#tuc- (cited as tucin "I draw", 1st pers. aorist), saca- (pull – but a homophone means "search"), DRAW WATER calpa- (bale out, scoop out); DRAWING \#halmë (isolated from Turuhalmë "Log-drawing", q.v.); DRAW NEAR: see IMPEND concerning Tolkien’s translation of “winter has drawn near”. –TUK, KALPA, VT43:23, LotR:270 -
11 DRINK
(vb) \#suc- (cited in source as sucin "I drink", 1st pers. aorist); DRINK OF THE VALAR limpë (so glossed under LIP; "drink of the fairies" in LT1:258) or míruvórë (LT1:261); DRINKING yulmë (carousal) (Note: a homophone means "smouldering heat"); DRINKING-VESSEL yulma (cup), sungwa. –SUK, WJ:416/Nam -
12 ESCAPE
(vb) usin (glossed "he escapes" in LT:251, but in LotR-style Quenya it would have to mean, if anything, *"I escape" – 1st pers. aorist); ESCAPE (noun) uswë (issue) –LT1:251 -
13 FASTEN
\#tac- (listed as tacë, 3rd pers. sg. aorist), pa.t. tancë. –TAK -
14 FEEL FEAR
OR HORROR \#ruc- (cited in source as rucin, 1st pers. aorist), constructed with "from" of the object feared. –WJ:415 -
15 FLY
(verb) \#wil- (cited in source as wilin "I fly", 1st pers. aorist), pa.t. willë (cf. wili- "sail, float, fly" in LT1:273). In exilic Quenya, read v- for w- in these words. FLY TO (i.e. "escape to") \#ruc- (+ allative, e.g. *rucin i orontinnar "I fly to the mountains"; the verb ruc- otherwise means "fear", constructed with "from" of the object feared); FLY OR STREAM IN THE WIND hlapu- (part. hlápula is attested), FLYING rimpa (rushing); SEND FLYING horta- –WIL, VT44:7, MC:223, RIP, KHOR (noun) pí (small insect) –VT47:35 -
16 FORBID
\#váquet- (refuse, say no) (1st pers. sg aorist and past váquetin, váquenten are given in source), avaquet- (refuse) (pa.t. is no doubt *avaquentë; cf. quet- under SAY) –WJ:370, KWET -
17 FREEZE
niquë- ("it is cold, it freezes"). LT1:254 gives hilcin "it freezes", but in LotR-style Quenya this will have to mean, if anything, "I freeze" (1st pers. aorist). –WJ:417, LT1:254 -
18 GLINT
(vb) tinë (pres 3rd pers sg); GLINT (noun) tindë, wintil; GLINTING tinda (silver) –TIN, LT1:261 -
19 GOVERN
\#tur- (attested as turin "I...govern", 1st pers. aorist), pa.t. turnë (wield, control). LT1:273 has vard- "rule, govern", but this is hardly a valid word in LotR-style Quenya. –TUR -
20 HEED
cim-, in the sense of "watch" also tir- (tirin "I watch", *"I heed", 1st pers. aorist), pa.t. tirnë; fut. tiruva "shall heed" is attested. –GL:39, MC:222 cf. 214, TIR
- 1
- 2
См. также в других словарях:
pers — pers … Dictionnaire des rimes
pers — [ pɛr ] adj. m. • 1080 « livide »; bas lat. persus, class. persicus « persan » ♦ Littér. D une couleur où le bleu domine (surtout en parlant des yeux). La déesse aux yeux pers : Athéna. ⊗ HOM. Pair, paire, père. ● pers, perse adjectif (bas latin… … Encyclopédie Universelle
pers — pers, erse (pêr, pèr s ) adj. 1° • De couleur bleue dans toutes les nuances, puisqu on rencontre dans les textes ces étoffes dites de pers clair, azuré, etc., DE LABORDE Émaux, p. 438. 2° • En général cependant, d un bleu foncé,… … Dictionnaire de la Langue Française d'Émile Littré
Pers — Saltar a navegación, búsqueda Pers puede referirse a Pers, comuna francesa situada en Cantal. Pers, comuna francesa situada en Deux Sèvres. Pers. es la abreviatura de Christiaan Hendrik Persoon Obtenido de Pers Categoría: Wikipedia:Desambiguación … Wikipedia Español
perş — PERŞ, perşuri, s.n. Prăjină folosită la sărituri (acrobatice) în înălţime. ♦ p.ext. Număr de circ executat cu această prăjină. – Din fr. perche. Trimis de cata, 22.03.2004. Sursa: DEX 98 perş s. n., pl. pérşe Trimis de siveco, 10.08.2004. Sursa … Dicționar Român
Pers — Pers, a. [F. pers.] Light blue; grayish blue; a term applied to different shades at different periods. n. A cloth of sky blue color. [Obs.] A long surcoat of pers. Chaucer. [1913 Webster] … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
pers — PERS, perşi, s.m. (Mai ales la pl.) Persan (1). – Din ngr. pérsis, fr. Perse. Trimis de cornel, 12.03.2004. Sursa: DEX 98 PERS s. v. persan. Trimis de siveco, 13.09.2007. Sursa: Sinonime pers s … Dicționar Român
Pers — may refer to the following places in France:* Pers, Cantal, a commune in the Cantal department * Pers, Deux Sèvres, a commune in the Deux Sèvres department … Wikipedia
PERS — may refer to: The Oregon Public Employees Retirement System or another similarly named program. See Public employee pension plans in the United States. Pedestrian Environment Review System, or PERS, a software application developed by TRL to… … Wikipedia
pers — Pers, Caerulus. Couleur perse, Caeruleus color. Pers de France, voyez Pairs … Thresor de la langue françoyse
pers — PERS, [p]erse. Vieux mot qui signifie, De couleur entre le verd & le bleu. Minerve aux yeux pers. un chaperon de couleur perse … Dictionnaire de l'Académie française
