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pattern+function

  • 121 Mind

       It becomes, therefore, no inconsiderable part of science... to know the different operations of the mind, to separate them from each other, to class them under their proper heads, and to correct all that seeming disorder in which they lie involved when made the object of reflection and inquiry.... It cannot be doubted that the mind is endowed with several powers and faculties, that these powers are distinct from one another, and that what is really distinct to the immediate perception may be distinguished by reflection and, consequently, that there is a truth and falsehood which lie not beyond the compass of human understanding. (Hume, 1955, p. 22)
       Let us then suppose the mind to be, as we say, white Paper, void of all Characters, without any Ideas: How comes it to be furnished? Whence comes it by that vast store, which the busy and boundless Fancy of Man has painted on it, with an almost endless variety? Whence has it all the materials of Reason and Knowledge? To this I answer, in one word, from Experience. (Locke, quoted in Herrnstein & Boring, 1965, p. 584)
       The kind of logic in mythical thought is as rigorous as that of modern science, and... the difference lies, not in the quality of the intellectual process, but in the nature of things to which it is applied.... Man has always been thinking equally well; the improvement lies, not in an alleged progress of man's mind, but in the discovery of new areas to which it may apply its unchanged and unchanging powers. (Leґvi-Strauss, 1963, p. 230)
       MIND. A mysterious form of matter secreted by the brain. Its chief activity consists in the endeavor to ascertain its own nature, the futility of the attempt being due to the fact that it has nothing but itself to know itself with. (Bierce, quoted in Minsky, 1986, p. 55)
       [Philosophy] understands the foundations of knowledge and it finds these foundations in a study of man-as-knower, of the "mental processes" or the "activity of representation" which make knowledge possible. To know is to represent accurately what is outside the mind, so to understand the possibility and nature of knowledge is to understand the way in which the mind is able to construct such representation.... We owe the notion of a "theory of knowledge" based on an understanding of "mental processes" to the seventeenth century, and especially to Locke. We owe the notion of "the mind" as a separate entity in which "processes" occur to the same period, and especially to Descartes. We owe the notion of philosophy as a tribunal of pure reason, upholding or denying the claims of the rest of culture, to the eighteenth century and especially to Kant, but this Kantian notion presupposed general assent to Lockean notions of mental processes and Cartesian notions of mental substance. (Rorty, 1979, pp. 3-4)
       Under pressure from the computer, the question of mind in relation to machine is becoming a central cultural preoccupation. It is becoming for us what sex was to Victorians-threat, obsession, taboo, and fascination. (Turkle, 1984, p. 313)
       7) Understanding the Mind Remains as Resistant to Neurological as to Cognitive Analyses
       Recent years have been exciting for researchers in the brain and cognitive sciences. Both fields have flourished, each spurred on by methodological and conceptual developments, and although understanding the mechanisms of mind is an objective shared by many workers in these areas, their theories and approaches to the problem are vastly different....
       Early experimental psychologists, such as Wundt and James, were as interested in and knowledgeable about the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system as about the young science of the mind. However, the experimental study of mental processes was short-lived, being eclipsed by the rise of behaviorism early in this century. It was not until the late 1950s that the signs of a new mentalism first appeared in scattered writings of linguists, philosophers, computer enthusiasts, and psychologists.
       In this new incarnation, the science of mind had a specific mission: to challenge and replace behaviorism. In the meantime, brain science had in many ways become allied with a behaviorist approach.... While behaviorism sought to reduce the mind to statements about bodily action, brain science seeks to explain the mind in terms of physiochemical events occurring in the nervous system. These approaches contrast with contemporary cognitive science, which tries to understand the mind as it is, without any reduction, a view sometimes described as functionalism.
       The cognitive revolution is now in place. Cognition is the subject of contemporary psychology. This was achieved with little or no talk of neurons, action potentials, and neurotransmitters. Similarly, neuroscience has risen to an esteemed position among the biological sciences without much talk of cognitive processes. Do the fields need each other?... [Y]es because the problem of understanding the mind, unlike the wouldbe problem solvers, respects no disciplinary boundaries. It remains as resistant to neurological as to cognitive analyses. (LeDoux & Hirst, 1986, pp. 1-2)
       Since the Second World War scientists from different disciplines have turned to the study of the human mind. Computer scientists have tried to emulate its capacity for visual perception. Linguists have struggled with the puzzle of how children acquire language. Ethologists have sought the innate roots of social behaviour. Neurophysiologists have begun to relate the function of nerve cells to complex perceptual and motor processes. Neurologists and neuropsychologists have used the pattern of competence and incompetence of their brain-damaged patients to elucidate the normal workings of the brain. Anthropologists have examined the conceptual structure of cultural practices to advance hypotheses about the basic principles of the mind. These days one meets engineers who work on speech perception, biologists who investigate the mental representation of spatial relations, and physicists who want to understand consciousness. And, of course, psychologists continue to study perception, memory, thought and action.
    ... [W]orkers in many disciplines have converged on a number of central problems and explanatory ideas. They have realized that no single approach is likely to unravel the workings of the mind: it will not give up its secrets to psychology alone; nor is any other isolated discipline-artificial intelligence, linguistics, anthropology, neurophysiology, philosophy-going to have any greater success. (Johnson-Laird, 1988, p. 7)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Mind

  • 122 characteristic curve

    1. характеристика
    2. время-токовая характеристика
    3. внешняя (нагрузочная) характеристика (преобразователя)

     

    внешняя (нагрузочная) характеристика (преобразователя)
    —
    [Я.Н.Лугинский, М.С.Фези-Жилинская, Ю.С.Кабиров. Англо-русский словарь по электротехнике и электроэнергетике, Москва, 1999 г.]

    Тематики

    • электротехника, основные понятия

    EN

     

    время-токовая характеристика
    Кривая, отражающая взаимосвязь времени, например преддугового или рабочего, и ожидаемого тока в указанных условиях эксплуатации.
    МЭК 60050 (441-17-13).
    [ ГОСТ Р 50030. 1-2000 ( МЭК 60947-1-99)]

    EN

    time-current characteristic
    a curve giving the time, e.g. pre-arcing time or operating time, as a function of the prospective current under stated conditions of operation
    [IEV number 441-17-13]

    FR

    caractéristique temps-courant
    courbe donnant la durée, par exemple durée de préarc ou durée de fonctionnement, en fonction du courant présumé dans des conditions déterminées de fonctionnement
    [IEV number 441-17-13]

    0225 Время-токовая характеристика представляет собой зависимость времения срабатывания автоматического выключателя от тока, протекающего в его главной цепи.
    На рисунке представлена типичная время-токовая характеристика автоматического выключателя.
    По оси ординат отложено время срабатывания автоматического выключателя в секундах.
    По оси абсцисс — отношение тока, протекающего в главной цепи автоматического выключателя к номинальному току.
    Из графика видно, что при значении I/Iн≤1 время отключения автоматического выключателя стремится к бесконечности.
    Иными словами, до тех пор, пока ток, протекающий в главной цепи автоматического выключателя, меньше или равен номинальному току, автоматический выключатель не отключится.
    Из графика также видно, что чем больше значение I/Iн, тем быстрее автоматический выключатель отключится. Так, например, (для левой кривой) при значении I/Iн=7 автоматический выключатель отключится через 0,1 секунды, а при I/Iн=3 - через 20 секунд.
    [Интент]

    0226
    Рис. Legrand   В автоматических выключателях с микропроцессорным расцепителем время-токовая характеристика имеет вид, представленный на рисунке и ее можно настраивать.
    В такой время-токовой характеристике различают три зоны срабатывания:
    - « Большая задержка». Эта зона соответствует тепловому расцепителю и защищает цепь от перегрузки;
    - « Малая задержка». Это защита от «слабых» коротких замыканий (обычно в конце защищаемой линий). Порог срабатывания, как правило, можно настроить. За счет изменения порога срабатывания можно увеличить время задержки до 1 секунды, что используется для обеспечения надежной селективности срабатывания относительно расположенных ниже аппаратов защиты;
    - « Мгновенно». Это защита от «мощных» коротких замыканий. Порог срабатывания устанавливается при изготовлении и зависит от модели автоматического выключателя.
    Примечание    . Представленная на рисунке характеристика называется также
    трехступенчатой защитной характеристикой. См. " защитная характеристика автоматического выключателя"
    [Интент]

    Тематики

    Синонимы

    EN

    DE

    • Zeit/Strom-Kennlinie

    FR

     

    характеристика
    Отличительное свойство.
    Примечания
    1. Характеристика может быть присущей или присвоенной.
    2. Характеристика может быть качественной или количественной.
    3. Существуют различные классы характеристик, такие как:
    - физические (например, механические, электрические, химические или биологические характеристики);
    - органолептические (например, связанные с запахом, осязанием, вкусом, зрением, слухом);
    - этические (например, вежливость, честность, правдивость);
    - временные(например, пунктуальность, безотказность, доступность);
    - эргономические(например, физиологические характеристики или связанные с безопасностью человека);
    - функциональные(например, максимальная скорость самолета).
    [ ГОСТ Р ИСО 9000-2008]

    характеристика
    -
    [IEV number 151-15-34]

    EN

    characteristic
    relationship between two or more variable quantities describing the performance of a device under given conditions
    [IEV number 151-15-34]

    FR

    (fonction) caractéristique, f
    relation entre deux ou plusieurs variables décrivant le fonctionnement d'un dispositif dans des conditions spécifiées
    [IEV number 151-15-34]

    Тематики

    EN

    DE

    FR

    • (fonction) caractéristique, f

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > characteristic curve

Страницы

См. также в других словарях:

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