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1 Portuguese Communist Party
(PCP)The Portuguese Communist Party (PCP) has evolved from its early anarcho-syndicalist roots at its formation in 1921. This evolution included the undisciplined years of the 1920s, during which bolshevization began and continued into the 1930s, then through the years of clandestine existence during the Estado Novo, the Stalinization of the 1940s, the "anarcho-liberal shift" of the 1950s, the emergence of Maoist and Trotskyist splinter groups of the 1960s, to legalization after the Revolution of 25 April 1974 as the strongest and oldest political party in Portugal. Documents from the Russian archives have shown that the PCP's history is not a purely "domestic" one. While the PCP was born on its own without Soviet assistance, once it joined the Communist International (CI), it lost a significant amount of autonomy as CI officials increasingly meddled in PCP internal politics by dictating policy, manipulating leadership elections, and often financing party activities.Early Portuguese communism was a mix of communist ideological strands accustomed to a spirited internal debate, a lively external debate with its rivals, and a loose organizational structure. The PCP, during its early years, was weak in grassroots membership and was basically a party of "notables." It was predominantly a male organization, with minuscule female participation. It was also primarily an urban party concentrated in Lisbon. The PCP membership declined from 3,000 in 1923 to only 40 in 1928.In 1929, the party was reorganized so that it could survive clandestinely. As its activity progressed in the 1930s, a long period of instability dominated its leadership organs as a result of repression, imprisonments, and disorganization. The CI continued to intervene in party affairs through the 1930s, until the PCP was expelled from the CI in 1938-39, apparently because of its conduct during police arrests.The years of 1939-41 were difficult ones for the party, not only because of increased domestic repression but also because of internal party splits provoked by the Nazi-Soviet pact and other foreign actions. From 1940 to 1941, two Communist parties struggled to attract the support of the CI and accused each other of "revisionism." The CI was disbanded in 1943, and the PCP was not accepted back into the international communist family until its recognition by the Cominform in 1947.The reorganization of 1940-41 finally put the PCP under the firm control of orthodox communists who viewed socialism from a Soviet perspective. Although Soviet support was denied the newly reorganized party at first, the new leaders continued its Stalinization. The enforcement of "democratic centralism" and insistence upon the "dictatorship of the proletariat" became entrenched. The 1940s brought increased growth, as the party reached its membership apex of the clandestine era with 1,200 members in 1943, approximately 4,800 in 1946, and 7,000 in 1947.The party fell on hard times in the 1950s. It developed a bad case of paranoia, which led to a witch hunt for infiltrators, informers, and spies in all ranks of the party. The lower membership figures who followed the united antifascist period were reduced further through expulsions of the "traitors." By 1951, the party had been reduced to only 1,000 members. It became a closed, sectarian, suspicious, and paranoiac organization, with diminished strength in almost every region, except in the Alentejo, where the party, through propaganda and ideology more than organizational strength, was able to mobilize strikes of landless peasants in the early 1950s.On 3 January 1960, Álvaro Cunhal and nine other political prisoners made a spectacular escape from the Peniche prison and fled the country. Soon after this escape, Cunhal was elected secretary-general and, with other top leaders, directed the PCP from exile. Trotskyite and Maoist fractions emerged within the party in the 1960s, strengthened by the ideological developments in the international communist movement, such as in China and Cuba. The PCP would not tolerate dissent or leftism and began purging the extreme left fractions.The PCP intensified its control of the labor movement after the more liberal syndical election regulations under Prime Minister Mar- cello Caetano allowed communists to run for leadership positions in the corporative unions. By 1973, there was general unrest in the labor movement due to deteriorating economic conditions brought on by the colonial wars, as well as by world economic pressures including the Arab oil boycott.After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, the PCP enjoyed a unique position: it was the only party to have survived the Estado Novo. It emerged from clandestinity as the best organized political party in Portugal with a leadership hardened by years in jail. Since then, despite the party's stubborn orthodoxy, it has consistently played an important role as a moderating force. As even the Socialist Party (PS) was swept up by the neoliberal tidal wave, albeit a more compassionate variant, increasingly the PCP has played a crucial role in ensuring that interests and perspectives of the traditional Left are aired.One of the most consistent planks of the PCP electoral platform has been opposition to every stage of European integration. The party has regularly resisted Portuguese membership in the European Economic Community (EEC) and, following membership beginning in 1986, the party has regularly resisted further integration through the European Union (EU). A major argument has been that EU membership would not resolve Portugal's chronic economic problems but would only increase its dependence on the world. Ever since, the PCP has argued that its opposition to membership was correct and that further involvement with the EU would only result in further economic dependence and a consequent loss of Portuguese national sovereignty. Further, the party maintained that as Portugal's ties with the EU increased, the vulnerable agrarian sector in Portugal would risk further losses.Changes in PCP leadership may or may not alter the party's electoral position and role in the political system. As younger generations forget the uniqueness of the party's resistance to the Estado Novo, public images of PCP leadership will change. As the image of Álvaro Cunhal and other historical communist leaders slowly recedes, and the stature of Carlos Carvalhas (general secretary since 1992) and other moderate leaders is enhanced, the party's survival and legitimacy have strengthened. On 6 March 2001, the PCP celebrated its 80th anniversary.See also Left Bloc.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Portuguese Communist Party
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2 מזכיר המפלגה
party secretary -
3 puoluesihteeri
• party secretary -
4 государственный секретарь
Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > государственный секретарь
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5 руководитель организации
Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > руководитель организации
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6 ПОЛИТИЧЕСКИЕ ТЕРМИНЫ
@СНГ @Содружество Независимых Государств CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) @Российская Федерация Russian Federation @ автономная республика autonomous Republic @область oblast' (region) @район region ( also city district) @округ national territory/territorial district @край territory, region, district @город федерального подчинения federal city @Президент President @Канцелярия Президента President's Office @Генеральный Секретарь - General Secretary (of Soviet Communist Party);- Secretary-General (for leading official of the United Nations and of other international organizations)@зампред deputy chairman, vice-chairman, vice-premier @министр minister, @замминистра deputy minister @Премьер-министр @председатель правительства Prime Minister, Premier @Съезд Народных Депутатов Congress of People's Deputies @Федеральное Собрание Federal Assembly @Совет Федерации Federation Council (upper house of Parliament) @Государственная Дума State Duma (lower house of Parliament) @созвать Думу to convene the Duma @распустить Думу to disband the Duma @депутатская неприкосновенность immunity of the deputies @фракция faction @КПРФ @Коммунистическая партия Российской Федерации Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF) @ЛДПР @Либерально-демократическая партия России RLDP (Russian Liberal-Democratic Party) @Наш дом — Россия "Our Home is Russia" @Аграрная депутатская группа Agrarian Deputy Group @Депутатская группа «Народовластие» The "People's Power" Deputy Group @Яблоко "Yabloko" @райсовет Regional Council @горсовет City Council @горисполком @городской исполнительный комитет City Executive Committee @народный суд People's court @народные заседатели People's assessors @Верховный суд Supreme Court @Конституционный суд Constitutional Court @Высший арбитражный суд Court of Final Arbitration @Прокуратура Public Prosecutor's Office @Генеральная прокуратура Prosecutor General's Office @прокурор prosecutor, Public Prosecutor @Министр юстиции США @Генеральный прокурор США Attorney General @Госплан @Госкомитет по планированию State Planning Committee @Министерство высшего и среднего образования Ministry of Higher and Secondary Education @Министерство тяжелой промышленности Ministry of Heavy Industry @Министерство обороны @МО Ministry of Defense @Министерство иностранных дел @МИД Ministry of Foreign Affairs @Министерство связи Ministry of Communications @Министерство внутренних дел Ministry of Internal Affairs @Министерство охраны окружающей среды и природных ресурсов Ministry for Environmental Protection and Natural Resources @Министр США Secretary (e.g. Secretary of State - ПОЛИТИЧЕСКИЕ ТЕРМИНЫ иностранных дел) @Министр обороны Secretary of Defense @Федеральная служба безопасности @ФСБ State Security Service @государственные деятели statesmen/government officials @мэр mayor @мэрия mayor's office @Госсекретарь США Secretary of State (US) @палата представителей США Congress (US) @сенат Senate @Спикер Speaker of the House @секретарь партийной фракции whip @законодательные органы legislative bodies @исполнительные власти the executive branch, executive authorities @судебные власти the judiciary, judicial branch, authorities @центральная избирательная комиссия Central electoral commission @всеобщее избирательное право universal suffrage @баллотироваться to run for office @переизбираться to run for office again @лидировать to be in the lead, to play a leading role @финишировать to finish, end up @избиратели voters @избирательный округ electoral district @повторное голосование runoff election @повторные выборы repeat elections @Досрочные выборы early elections @выдвижение кандидатов nomination of candidates @предвыборная кампания electoral campaign @урна ballot box @бюллетень ballot @сдержки и противовесы checks and balances @вести переговоры to conduct negotiations @присоединение к договору accession to a treaty @наложить санкции impose sanctions @снять санкции lift sanctions @приостановить санкции suspend sanctions @МОП @Меморандум о понимании MOU (Memorandum of Understanding) @большая семерка G-7 @ОБСЕ @Организация по безопасности и сотрудничеству в Европе OSCE (Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe) @ЕС @Европейский Союз EU (European Union) @Словарь переводчика-синхрониста (русско-английский) > ПОЛИТИЧЕСКИЕ ТЕРМИНЫ
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7 Parteisekretär
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8 личный секретарь
1. private secretary2. personal secretaryРусско-английский большой базовый словарь > личный секретарь
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9 segreteria
f carica secretaryshipufficio administrative officeattività secretarial duties plsegreteria telefonica answering machine, answerphone* * *segreteria s.f.1 ( carica di segretario) secretariat: durante la sua segreteria, during his secretariat (o his term of office as secretary); lasciare la segreteria del partito, to resign as party secretary2 ( sede dell'ufficio) secretary's office; ( personale di segreteria) secretarial staff: andare in segreteria, to go to the secretary's office; la segreteria è in ferie, the secretarial staff is on holiday5 ( scrivania) secretary, writing desk.* * *[segrete'ria]sostantivo femminile2) (di ente) administration (anche scol.); univ. registrar's office(s)3) tel. (anche segreteria telefonica) (telephone) answering machine, answerphone* * *segreteria/segrete'ria/sostantivo f.3 tel. (anche segreteria telefonica) (telephone) answering machine, answerphone; servizio di segreteria telefonica answering service. -
10 Генеральный Секретарь
- General Secretary (of Soviet Communist Party);- Secretary-General (for leading official of the United Nations and of other international organizations)Русско-английский словарь переводчика-синхрониста > Генеральный Секретарь
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11 секретарь Шанхайского городского комитета партии
Foreign Ministry: Shanghai Party Secretary (Юй Чжэншэн)Универсальный русско-английский словарь > секретарь Шанхайского городского комитета партии
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12 секретарь партии
Law: party secretary -
13 секретарь партийной организации
General subject: party secretaryУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > секретарь партийной организации
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14 Ж-26
ЗА ЗДОРОВО ЖИВЁШЬ less common ЗДОРОВО ЖИВЁШЬ both highly coll Invar adv fixed WO1. работать, давать что кому, делать что для кого и т. п. - (to work, give s.o. sth., do sth. for s.o. etc) for free, without receiving compensationfor nothingjust (free) for the asking.«Ко мне часто приходят: то пятерку, то десятку дай. Другой раз последние отдаю. Правда, люблю, чтобы возвращали, за здорово живешь тоже работать неохота» (Распутин 1). "They often come to me for a fiver, or a tenner, and often it's the last one I've got. True, I expect to get paid back. Nobody wants to work for nothing" (1a).(Анчугин:) Сто рублей (дать незнакомым людям) просто так, за здорово живёшь - ну кто тебе поверит, сам посуди... (Вампилов 1). (A.:) Handing over а hundred rubles (to strangers) just like that, just for the asking-who'd believe you? Judge for yourself... (1a).2. (to so sth.) without any reason or basiswithout rhyme or reasonfor no reason (at all) just for the heck (hell) of it.(Андрей:) Пора уже оставить эти глупости и не дуться так, здорово живёшь (Чехов 5). (A.:) It's about time you stopped this silliness...pouting like this without rhyme or reason.. (5d).Влад встал, подавляя волнение и догадываясь, что секретарь райкома не посещает слушателей тракторных курсов за здорово живёшь... (Максимов 2). ( context transl) Vlad stood up, trying to control his nerves and guessing that the district Party secretary had not paid a visit to the tractor school just to pass the time of day... (2a). -
15 за здорово живешь
• ЗА ЗДОРОВО ЖИВЕШЬ; less common ЗДОРОВО ЖИВЕШЬ both highly coll[Invar; adv; fixed WO]=====1. работать, давать что кому, делать что для кого и т.п. за здорово живешь (to work, give s.o. sth., do sth. for s.o. etc) for free, without receiving compensation:- for nothing;- just (free) for the asking.♦ "Ко мне часто приходят: то пятерку, то десятку дай. Другой раз последние отдаю. Правда, люблю, чтобы возвращали, за здорово живешь тоже работать неохота" (Распутин 1). "They often come to me for a fiver, or a tenner, and often it's the last one I've got. True, I expect to get paid back. Nobody wants to work for nothing" (1a).♦ [Анчугин:] Сто рублей [дать незнакомым людям] просто так, за здорово живёшь - ну кто тебе поверит, сам посуди... (Вампилов 1). [A.:] Handing over a hundred rubles [to strangers] just like that, just for the asking - who'd believe you? Judge for yourself... (1a).2. (to so sth.) without any reason or basis:- just for the heck (hell) of it.♦ [Андрей:] Пора уже оставить эти глупости и не дуться так, здорово живёшь (Чехов 5). [A.:] It's about time you stopped this silliness...pouting like this without rhyme or reason... (5d).♦ Влад встал, подавляя волнение и догадываясь, что секретарь райкома не посещает слушателей тракторных курсов за здорово живёшь... (Максимов 2). [context transl] Vlad stood up, trying to control his nerves and guessing that the district Party secretary had not paid a visit to the tractor school just to pass the time of day... (2a).Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > за здорово живешь
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16 здорово живешь
I• ЗА ЗДОРОВО ЖИВЕШЬ; less common ЗДОРОВО ЖИВЕШЬ both highly coll[Invar; adv; fixed WO]=====1. работать, давать что кому, делать что для кого и т.п. здорово живешь (to work, give s.o. sth., do sth. for s.o. etc) for free, without receiving compensation:- for nothing;- just (free) for the asking.♦ "Ко мне часто приходят: то пятерку, то десятку дай. Другой раз последние отдаю. Правда, люблю, чтобы возвращали, за здорово живешь тоже работать неохота" (Распутин 1). "They often come to me for a fiver, or a tenner, and often it's the last one I've got. True, I expect to get paid back. Nobody wants to work for nothing" (1a).♦ [Анчугин:] Сто рублей [дать незнакомым людям] просто так, за здорово живёшь - ну кто тебе поверит, сам посуди... (Вампилов 1). [A.:] Handing over a hundred rubles [to strangers] just like that, just for the asking - who'd believe you? Judge for yourself... (1a).2. (to so sth.) without any reason or basis:- just for the heck (hell) of it.♦ [Андрей:] Пора уже оставить эти глупости и не дуться так, здорово живёшь (Чехов 5). [A.:] It's about time you stopped this silliness...pouting like this without rhyme or reason... (5d).♦ Влад встал, подавляя волнение и догадываясь, что секретарь райкома не посещает слушателей тракторных курсов за здорово живёшь... (Максимов 2). [context transl] Vlad stood up, trying to control his nerves and guessing that the district Party secretary had not paid a visit to the tractor school just to pass the time of day... (2a).II• ЗДОРОВО ЖИВЕШЬ < ЖИВЕТЕ>! substand[formula phrase; these forms only; fixed WO]=====⇒ (among uneducated people) a salutation upon meeting:- hey (there);- hi ya;- how do;- how you doin'.♦ "Здорово живёшь, Домаха!" - гаркнули в один голос граждане. "Здравствуйте!" (Салтыков-Щедрин 1). "Hey there, Domashka!" the citizens barked with one voice "Hello!" (1a).Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > здорово живешь
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17 federale
federal* * *federale agg. federal: agente ( del governo) federale, (amer.) federal agent; governo federale, federal government (o amer. United States' Government)◆ s.m. (st.) provincial party secretary.* * *[fede'rale]aggettivo federal* * *federale/fede'rale/federal. -
18 Parteisekretär
mparty secretary -
19 Cunhal, Álvaro
(Barreirinhas)(1913-2005)Leader of the Portuguese Communist Party (PCP), author, and ideologue. Álvaro Cunhai was a militant of the PCP since the 1930s and was secretary-general from 1961 to 1992. In the midst of Mikail Gorbachev's reforms and perestroika, Cunha refused to alter the PCP's orthodox commitment to the proletariat and Marxism-Leninism. Throughout a long career of participation in the PCP, Cunhal regularly held influential positions in the organization. In 1931, he joined the PCP while a law student in Lisbon and became secretary-general of the Portuguese Communist Youth/Juventude Comunista (JC) in 1935, which included membership in the PCP's central committee. He advanced to the PCP's secretariat in 1942, after playing a leading role in the reorganization of 1940-H that gave the party its present orthodox character. Cunhai dubbed himself "the adopted son of the proletariat" at the 1950 trial that sentenced him to 11 years in prison for communist activity. Because his father was a lawyer-painter-writer and Cunhai received a master's degree in law, his origins were neither peasant nor worker but petit-bourgeois. During his lifetime, he spent 13 years in prison, eight of which were in solitary confinement. On 3 January 1960, he and nine other mostly communist prisoners escaped from Peniche prison and fled the country. The party's main theoretician, Cunhal was elected secretary-general in 1961 and, along with other top leaders, directed the party from abroad while in exile.In the aftermath of the Revolution of 25 April 1974 that terminated the Estado Novo and ushered in democracy, Cunhal ended his exile and returned to Portugal. He played important roles in post-1974 political events ranging from leader of the communist offensive during the "hot summer" of 1975, positions of minister-without-portfolio in the first through fifth provisional governments, to his membership in parliament beginning in 1976.At the PCP's 14th Congress (1992), Carlos Carvalhas was elected secretary-general to replace Cunhal. Whatever official or unofficial position Cunhal held, however, automatically became an important position within the party. After stepping down as secretary-general, he was elected to head the party's National Council (eliminated in 1996). Many political observers have argued that Cunhal purposely picked a successor who could not outshine him, and it is true that Carvalhas does not have Cunhal's humanistic knowledge, lacks emotion, and is not as eloquent. Cunhai was known not only as a dynamic orator but also as an artist, novelist, and brilliant political tactician. He wrote under several pseudonyms, including Manuel Tiago, who published the well-known Até Amanhã, Camaradas, as well as the novel recently adapted for the film, Cinco Dias, Cinco Noites. Under his own name, he published as well a book on art theory entitled A Arte, O Artista E A Sociedade. He also published volumes of speeches and essays.Although he was among the most orthodox leaders of the major Western European Communist parties, Cunhal was not a puppet of the Soviet Union, as many claimed. He was not only a major leader at home, but also in the international communist movement. His orthodoxy was especially useful to the Soviets in their struggle to maintain cohesion in a movement threatened by division from the Eurocommunists in the 1970s. To conclude that Cunhal was a Soviet puppet is to ignore his independent decisions during the Revolution of 25 April 1974. At that time, the Soviets reportedly tried to slowCunhal's revolutionary drive because it ran counter to detente and other Soviet strategies.In many ways Cunhal's views were locked in the past. His perception and analyses of modern Portuguese revolutionary conditions did not alter radically from his experiences and analyses of revolutionary conditions in the 1940s. To Cunhal, although some conditions had changed, requiring tactical shifts, the major conflict was the same one that led to the creation of the Communist Information Bureau (Cominform) in 1947. The world was still divided into two camps: American and Western imperialism on one side, and socialism, with its goal to achieve the fullest of democracies, on the other. Cunhal continued to believe that Marxism-Leninism and scientific socialism provide the solutions to resolving the problems of the world until his death in 2005. -
20 segretario
m (pl -ri) secretarypolitics segretario di partito party leader* * *segretario s.m.1 secretary: segretario privato, personale, private, personal secretary; segretario comunale, town clerk (o clerk of the council); il segretario particolare del ministro, the minister's personal secretary (o personal assistant); segretario d'ambasciata, embassy secretary; segretario di università, registrar; Segretario Generale dell'ONU, the UN Secretary General; Segretario di stato, ( negli USA) Secretary of State; segretario del consiglio di amministrazione, corporate secretary; segretario di partito, secretary of a political party* * *1) (impiegato) secretary2) (quadro diplomatico) secretary; (di partito, sindacato) leader•segretario particolare — confidential secretary, personal assistant
segretario di produzione — cinem. telev. continuity man
segretario di stato — (in Italia) minister; (negli USA) Secretary of State
* * *segretariopl. -ri /segre'tarjo, ri/ ⇒ 18sostantivo m.1 (impiegato) secretary2 (quadro diplomatico) secretary; (di partito, sindacato) leader; vice segretario assistant secretarysegretario d'ambasciata embassy secretary; segretario generale general secretary; segretario generale dell'ONU UN secretary-general; segretario particolare confidential secretary, personal assistant; segretario di produzione cinem. telev. continuity man; segretario di stato (in Italia) minister; (negli USA) Secretary of State.
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