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21 leader
n1) руководитель; глава; лидер; вождь2) передовая статья, передовица•to censure a government leader in Parliament — принимать вотум недоверия руководителю правительства в парламенте
to stick with one's leader — сохранять верность своему лидеру
- adviser to a military leaderto take over as party leader — приходить к руководству партией; принимать обязанности лидера партии
- all-powerful leader
- authoritative leader
- block leader
- caretaker leader
- change of leaders
- charismatic leader
- church leader
- civil rights leader
- community leader
- Congressional leader
- conservative leader
- coup leader
- de facto leader
- decisive leader
- deputy leader
- divided leaders
- effective leader
- embattled leader
- experienced leader
- fall of a leader
- floor leader
- group leader
- high-ranking party leader
- ideological leader
- in defiance of their leader
- incoming leader
- industrial leader
- key Arab leaders
- labor leader
- leader of a mutiny
- leader of Congress
- leader of the House of Commons
- leader of the House of Lords
- leader of the Senate
- leader-in-waiting
- leaders of the disturbances
- leaders of the government
- leftist political leader
- longtime leader
- majority leader
- media leaders
- militarist leaders
- military leader
- minority leader
- moderate leader
- national leader
- opinion leaders
- opposition leader
- outstanding leader
- parliamentary leader
- party leaders
- political leader
- popular leader
- popularly elected leader
- powerful leader
- progressive leader
- progressive-minded leader
- prominent leader
- protest leader
- public leader
- radical leader
- rebel military leader
- recognized leader
- reform-minded leader
- regime leaders
- religious leader
- removal of political leaders
- rightful leader
- second-ranking leader
- self-proclaimed leader
- Senate majority leader
- spiritual leader
- state leader
- stop-gap leader
- strike leader
- strong leader
- stuck-in-the-mud political leader
- supreme leader
- team leader
- titular leader
- top leaders
- top political leaders
- trade-union leaders
- underground leaders of an uprising
- undisputed leader
- union leader
- war leader
- weak leader
- worthy leader
- youth leader -
22 party
n1) партия2) группа3) отряд4) участник, юр. сторона•to ban a party — запрещать партию; объявлять партию вне закона
to be a party to smth — быть причастным к чему-л.
to belong to a party — принадлежать какой-л. партии
to call upon the parties to smth — призывать стороны к чему-л.; требовать от сторон чего-л.
to campaign for a party — вести предвыборную кампанию какой-л. партии
to emerge from the general election as the biggest single party — получать абсолютное большинство голосов на выборах ( о партии)
to follow a party — быть сторонником какой-л. партии
to hold a party together — сплачивать партию; сохранять единство партии
to inflict a smashing defeat on a party — наносить какой-л. партии сокрушительное поражение
to legalize / to legitimize a party — легализовывать / узаконивать партию
to merge with a party — объединяться с какой-л. партией
to place the parties in a position of inequality before the court — ставить стороны в неравное положение перед судом
to put the party on a good footing to fight for smth — создавать хорошие предпосылки для борьбы партии за что-л.
to rejuvenate a party — омолаживать партию; оживлять деятельность партии
to relinquish one's presidency of a party — отказываться от своего поста председателя партии
to shoot past a party — обходить какую-л. партию ( на выборах)
- agrarian partyto write a part's obituary — перен. хоронить партию
- approved party
- attacking party
- authorized party
- beleaguered party
- breakaway party
- breakup of a party
- center party
- centrist party
- clerical party
- coalition parties
- communist party
- conflicting parties
- Congress party
- Conservative party
- conservative wing of a party
- constitution of a party
- contending parties
- contracting party
- decline center-right parties
- defaulting party
- demise of a political party
- Democratic party
- departure from a party
- disbandment of a party
- disputing parties
- dissolution of a party
- dominant party
- ecological party
- environmentally responsible party
- expulsion from the party
- extreme right-wing party
- far-right party
- feuding parties
- founder of a party
- fraternal party
- fringe party
- fusion of two parties
- G.O.P
- governing party
- Grand Old Party
- grassroot organization of a party
- Green party
- groups outside the party
- guilty party
- hard-line party
- High Contracting Parties
- incumbent party
- independent party
- influential party
- injured party
- interested party
- involved parties
- Labour Party
- landing party
- lay parties
- leading parties
- left party
- leftist party
- left-of-center party
- left-wing party
- legal party
- legitimate party
- Liberal Democratic Party
- liberal party
- Liberal Party
- liberal wing of the party
- mainstream parties
- majority party
- marginalization of a party
- mature party
- merged party
- merger of two parties
- middle-of-the-road party
- middle-road party
- militant and tried party
- minor party
- moderate party
- much-shrunk party
- multiplicity of parties
- national convention of a party
- national-democratic party
- nationalist party
- Nazi party
- new splinter party
- newly formed party
- one's power base in the party
- opposing parties
- opposite party
- opposition party
- parliamentary party
- party at fault
- party has disintegrated
- party in office
- party in power
- party in the war
- party is down one per cent
- party is very much back in its stride
- party is well ahead of all the other parties combined
- party of division
- party of government
- party of privilege
- party of social concern
- party of the people
- party of the right
- party to a case
- party to a conference
- party to a lawsuit
- party to an agreement
- party to conflict
- party to dispute
- party to legal proceedings
- party wedded to a system
- parties concerned
- parties involved
- parties of the government coalition
- parties to a treaty
- parties to the Statute of the International Court of Justice
- people's party
- pillar of a party
- political extinction of a party
- political in-fighting within a party
- political party
- progressive party
- pro-reform party
- pro-western party
- purge of the party
- radical party
- raiding party
- reactionary party
- rebels within a party
- reformist party
- registered party
- Republican Party
- rescue party
- revolutionary party
- right party
- right-wing party
- rigidly disciplined party
- routing of a party
- row within the party
- ruling party
- Social Democratic Party
- socialist party
- Social-Liberal Democratic Party
- split within a party over smth
- suspension of political parties
- the biggest single party
- the two parties are split on smth
- third party
- Tory party
- ultra-religious parties
- unity of the party
- viable party
- warring parties
- with the consent of the parties
- working party -
23 procedure
процедура; порядок; производство дел; судопроизводство; процессуальные нормы; процессprocedure for opposition — пат. производство по возражению;
procedure in bankruptcy — конкурсное производство;
procedure laid down — установленная процедура;
procedure on appeal — делопроизводство по апелляции;
procedure on execution — делопроизводство по исполнению;
- accounting procedureprocedure under Order XIV — производство в соответствии с разделом XIV ( правил судопроизводства Верховного суда Англии), упрощённое производство;
- administrative procedure
- amendatory procedure
- appeal procedure
- at-trial procedure
- authorisation procedure
- civil procedure
- civil-commitment procedure
- code procedure
- common law procedure
- compact procedure
- congressional procedure
- counsel-triggered procedure
- court procedure
- criminal procedure
- criminal-commitment procedure
- defendant-triggered procedure
- emergency procedure
- enforcement procedure
- examination procedure
- extrajudicial procedure
- fine and recovery procedure
- formal procedure
- grievance procedure
- informal procedure
- initiative procedure
- intake procedure
- investigative procedure
- judicial procedure
- jurisdictional procedure
- law enforcement procedure
- legal procedure
- litigious procedure
- ministerial procedure
- nullity procedure
- opposition procedure
- parliamentary procedure
- patent granting procedure
- police procedure
- postconviction procedure
- post-trial procedure
- pre-arraignment procedure
- pre-sentencing procedure
- pre-trial procedure
- prosecution-triggered procedure
- sentencing procedure
- special procedure
- statutory procedure
- summary procedure
- third party procedure
- trial procedure
- verdict procedure
- voting procedure
- waiting-list procedure
- waiver procedure
- appellate procedure
- codified procedure -
24 Caetano, Marcello José das Neves Alves
(19061980)Marcello Caetano, as the last prime minister of the Estado Novo, was both the heir and successor of Antônio de Oliveira Salazar. In a sense, Caetano was one of the founders and sustainers of this unusual regime and, at various crucial stages of its long life, Caetano's contribution was as important as Salazar's.Born in Lisbon in 1906 to a middle-class family, Caetano was a member of the student generation that rebelled against the unstable parliamentary First Republic and sought answers to Portugal's legion of troubles in conservative ideologies such as integralism, Catholic reformism, and the Italian Fascist model. One of the most brilliant students at the University of Lisbon's Law School, Caetano soon became directly involved in government service in various ministries, including Salazar's Ministry of Finance. When Caetano was not teaching full-time at the law school in Lisbon and influencing new generations of students who became critical of the regime he helped construct, Caetano was in important government posts and working on challenging assignments. In the 1930s, he participated in reforms in the Ministry of Finance, in the writing of the 1933 Constitution, in the formation of the new civil code, of which he was in part the author, and in the construction of corporativism, which sought to control labor-management relations and other aspects of social engineering. In a regime largely directed by academics from the law faculties of Coimbra University and the University of Lisbon, Caetano was the leading expert on constitutional law, administrative law, political science, and colonial law. A prolific writer as both a political scientist and historian, Caetano was the author of the standard political science, administrative law, and history of law textbooks, works that remained in print and in use among students long after his exile and death.After his apprenticeship service in a number of ministries, Caetano rose steadily in the system. At age 38, he was named minister for the colonies (1944 47), and unlike many predecessors, he "went to see for himself" and made important research visits to Portugal's African territories. In 1955-58, Caetano served in the number-three position in the regime in the Ministry of the Presidency of the Council (premier's office); he left office for full-time academic work in part because of his disagreements with Salazar and others on regime policy and failures to reform at the desired pace. In 1956 and 1957, Caetano briefly served as interim minister of communications and of foreign affairs.Caetano's opportunity to take Salazar's place and to challenge even more conservative forces in the system came in the 1960s. Portugal's most prominent law professor had a public falling out with the regime in March 1962, when he resigned as rector of Lisbon University following a clash between rebellious students and the PIDE, the political police. When students opposing the regime organized strikes on the University of Lisbon campus, Caetano resigned his rectorship after the police invaded the campus and beat and arrested some students, without asking permission to enter university premises from university authorities.When Salazar became incapacitated in September 1968, President Américo Tomás named Caetano prime minister. His tasks were formidable: in the midst of remarkable economic growth in Portugal, continued heavy immigration of Portuguese to France and other countries, and the costly colonial wars in three African colonies, namely Angola, Guinea- Bissau, and Mozambique, the regime struggled to engineer essential social and political reforms, win the wars in Africa, and move toward meaningful political reforms. Caetano supported moderately important reforms in his first two years in office (1968-70), as well as the drafting of constitutional revisions in 1971 that allowed a slight liberalization of the Dictatorship, gave the opposition more room for activity, and decentrali zed authority in the overseas provinces (colonies). Always aware of the complexity of Portugal's colonial problems and of the ongoing wars, Caetano made several visits to Africa as premier, and he sought to implement reforms in social and economic affairs while maintaining the expensive, divisive military effort, Portugal's largest armed forces mobilization in her history.Opposed by intransigent right-wing forces in various sectors in both Portugal and Africa, Caetano's modest "opening" of 1968-70 soon narrowed. Conservative forces in the military, police, civil service, and private sectors opposed key political reforms, including greater democratization, while pursuing the military solution to the African crisis and personal wealth. A significant perspective on Caetano's failed program of reforms, which could not prevent the advent of a creeping revolution in society, is a key development in the 1961-74 era of colonial wars: despite Lisbon's efforts, the greater part of Portuguese emigration and capital investment during this period were directed not to the African colonies but to Europe, North America, and Brazil.Prime Minister Caetano, discouraged by events and by opposition to his reforms from the so-called "Rheumatic Brigade" of superannuated regime loyalists, attempted to resign his office, but President Américo Tomás convinced him to remain. The publication and public reception of African hero General Antônio Spinola's best-selling book Portugal e Futuro (Portugal and the Future) in February 1974 convinced the surprised Caetano that a coup and revolution were imminent. When the virtually bloodless, smoothly operating military coup was successful in what became known as the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Caetano surrendered to the Armed Forces Movement in Lisbon and was flown to Madeira Island and later to exile in Brazil, where he remained for the rest of his life. In his Brazilian exile, Caetano was active writing important memoirs and histories of the Estado Novo from his vantage point, teaching law at a private university in Rio de Janeiro, and carrying on a lively correspondence with persons in Portugal. He died at age 74, in 1980, in Brazil.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Caetano, Marcello José das Neves Alves
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25 Plimsoll, Samuel
SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping[br]b. 10 February 1824 Bristol, Englandd. 8 June 1898 Folkestone, Kent, England[br]English inventor of the Plimsoll Line on ships.[br]Plimsoll was educated privately and at Dr Eadon's school in Sheffield. On leaving school he became Clerk to a solicitor and then to a brewery, where he rose to become Manager. In 1851 he acted as an honorary secretary to the Great Exhibition. Two years later he went to London and set up as a coal merchant: he published two pamphlets on the coal trade in 1862. After several unsuccessful attempts, he managed to be elected as Member of Parliament for Derby in 1868, in the Radical interest. He concerned himself with mercantile shipping and in 1870 he began his campaign to improve safety at sea, particularly by the imposition of a load-line on vessels to prevent dangerous overloading. In 1871 he introduced a resolution into the House of Commons and also a bill, the Government also having proposed one on the same subject, but strong opposition from the powerful shipping-business interest forced a withdrawal. Plimsoll published a pamphlet, Our Seamen, bitterly attacking the shipowners. This aroused public feeling and controversy, and under pressure the Government appointed a Royal Commission in 1873, under the chairmanship of the Duke of Somerset, to examine the matter. Their report did not support Plimsoll's proposal for a load-line, but that did not prevent him from bringing forward his own bill, which was narrowly defeated by only three votes. The Government then introduced its own merchant shipping bill in 1875, but it was so mauled by the Opposition that the Prime Minister, Disraeli, threatened to withdraw it. That provoked a violent protest from Plimsoll in the House, including a description of the shipowners which earned him temporary suspension from the House. He was allowed to return after an apology, but the incident served to heighten public feeling for the seamen. The Government were obliged to hustle through the Merchant Shipping Act 1876, which ensured, among other things, that ships should be marked with what has become universally known as the Plimsoll Line; Plimsoll himself became known as "The Seamen's Friend".In 1880 he relinquished his parliamentary seat at Derby, but he continued his campaign to improve conditions for seamen and to ensure that the measures in the Act were properly carried out.LRD -
26 non-party system
пол. непартийная [беспартийная\] система (форма организации политической власти, при которой не существует партийных объединений, либо их наличие играет существенной роли в политической системе)Ant: -
27 political centre
пол. политический центр (наименование умеренной группировки в парламенте, а также умеренных, склонных к компромиссам центристских политических партий и сил; отличается негативным отношением к радикальным решениям и действиям, опирается на поддержку средних слоев общества; является центром равновесия политических сил и может быть залогом политической стабильности; исполнительная власть, сформированная на базе центристского большинства, обычно устойчива; такой центр сводит левые и правые группировки в парламенте к роли оппозиции; вместе с тем, левое или правое парламентское большинство может и сам центр оттеснить к одному из оппозиционных флангов в парламенте; парламентский центр может быть неустойчивым и инертным (т. н. "болото"), колебаться и распадаться на части, блокируемые левыми или правыми фракциями парламента, образовывать с ними правящую коалицию; возможен и сильный правящий центр, состоящий из умеренных центристских партий)Syn:centre 1. 3)See: -
28 political party typology
пол. типология политических партий (классификация в политической науке политических партий по определенным критериям; наиболее часто встречающийся критерий — идейные основания деятельности партий, подразумевающий деление на доктринальные, прагматические и харизматические; существуют и множество других критериев, напр., организационная структура, отношение к правящему режиму, условия приобретения партийного членства)See:Англо-русский экономический словарь > political party typology
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29 activity
n1) часто pl активность, деятельность; действия, операции ( в определенной области)2) хозяйственная деятельность, производственная деятельность3) pl показатели ( в экономических исследованиях)•to be engaged in an activities — заниматься какой-л. деятельностью
to be involved in an activities — участвовать в какой-л. деятельности
to break off an activities — прекращать какую-л. деятельность
to carry out activities — осуществлять какую-л. деятельность
to coordinate smb's activities — координировать чью-л. деятельность / чьи-л. действия
to combine smb's activities — объединять чьи-л. действия
to conceal one's activities — скрывать свою деятельность
to conduct an activities — заниматься какой-л. деятельностью
to cover up smb's war time activities — прикрывать чью-л. деятельность во время войны
to cut down on one's spying activities — сокращать свою разведывательную деятельность
to engage in an activities — заниматься какой-л. деятельностью
to examine activities — изучать / исследовать деятельность
to expel smb for activities incompatible with his diplomatic status — выдворять кого-л. за деятельность, несовместимую с его дипломатическим статусом
to facilitate operational activities — способствовать / помогать оперативной деятельности
to focus activities on / upon smth — сосредоточить деятельность на чем-л.
to intensify activities — усиливать / повышать активность
to make a contribution to smb's activities — вносить вклад в чью-л. деятельность
to monitor smb's activities — следить за чьей-л. деятельностью
to paralyze smb's activities — парализовать чью-л. деятельность
to participate in an activities — участвовать в какой-л. деятельности
to put a stop to smb's criminal activities — пресекать чью-л. преступную деятельность, положить конец чьим-л. преступным действиям
to restrain / to restrict smb's activities — ограничивать чью-л. деятельность
to set off a flurry of intense negotiation activity — давать толчок лихорадочной переговорной деятельности
to step up one's activities — повышать свою активность; активизировать / усиливать свою деятельность
to take part in an activity — принимать участие в какой-л. деятельности
to terminate an activities — прекращать какую-л. деятельность
to undertake activities — осуществлять деятельность, предпринимать действия
- activity in the marketto widen the range of activities — расширять масштаб / поле деятельности
- activity incompatible with one's diplomatic status
- activity inconsistent with one's diplomatic status
- activity on the international scene
- activities against smb / smth
- advisory activity
- aggregate activities
- aggressive activity
- ancillary activities
- anti-democratic activities
- anti-government activities
- anti-militarist activities
- anti-national activities
- anti-popular activities
- anti-state activities
- area of activity
- backstage activities
- back-stairs activities
- banned activities
- basic activities
- behind-the-scenes activities
- black market activities
- business activity
- civil activity
- clandestine activities
- commercial activities
- competitive activity
- conspiratorial activity
- constant activity
- continuing activity
- continuous activity
- coordination of activities
- counterespionage activities
- covert activities
- criminal activities
- cultural activities
- current activities
- curtailing of military activities
- day-to-day activity
- decline in business activity
- defense activity
- defense industry activity
- defense-generated economic activity
- detraction and pollution of nature through the activities of man
- development activities
- diplomatic activity
- domestic activity
- dominant activity
- duplication of activities
- economic activity
- environmental activity
- escalation of terrorist activities
- espionage activities
- exposure of unlawful activities
- extension of IRA activity to Europe
- factional activities
- family planning activities
- field activities - flurry of diplomatic activities
- follow-up activity
- forecasting activity
- foreign economic activities
- foreign policy activities
- fruitful activity
- full activity
- generalization of the activities
- global activities
- government activities
- government research activities
- growing activity
- guerilla activity
- heightened activity
- high priority activities
- hostile activities
- human rights activity
- humanitarian activities
- ideological activities
- illegal activities
- illicit activity
- industrial activity
- ineffective activities
- information activities
- intellectual activities
- intelligence activities
- intensification of activity
- intensive activity
- interconnected activities
- international activities
- investment activities
- involvement in espionage activities for a country
- know-how activity
- labor activities
- legislative activity
- leisure activity
- leisure-time activity
- level of activities
- long-term activity
- manifestation of activities
- mass communication activities
- military activities
- multifaceted activity
- nationalist activities
- nonmarket activities
- nonprofit activities
- nuclear related activities
- operational activities
- opposition activity
- organizational activities
- parliamentary activities
- peaceful activities
- permitted activities
- political activity
- practical activity
- primary activity
- priority activities
- pro-American activities
- production activity
- productive activity
- professional activity
- profit-making activity
- profit-seeking activity
- program activities
- prohibited activities
- project activities
- promotional activities
- propaganda activities
- provocative activities
- public activities
- public relations activities
- R & D activities
- range of activity
- rebel activities
- recurring activities
- regular government activities
- relaxation of political activities
- renewed activity
- research activities
- research and development activities
- Resistance activities
- revival of activities
- revolutionary activities
- sabotage activities
- scientific activities
- scope of activities
- seat of activities
- secessionist activities
- secondary activities
- service activities
- set of activities
- social and political activity
- space activities
- spate of terrorist activity
- special activities
- speculative activities - statistical data processing activities
- subsequent activity
- subversive activities
- subversive and terrorist activities
- supporting activity
- tactical activities
- take-over activity
- technical assistance activities
- terrorist activities
- time-limited activity
- trading activities
- treatment of economic activity
- undercover activities
- underground activities
- underhand activities
- uninterrupted activity
- union activities
- verification activities
- vigorous activity
- volume of activity
- wartime activities
- work activities
- world business activities -
30 government
n2) правление, управление государством, форма правления, руководство•to announce one's new government — объявлять состав своего правительства
to be designated the depositary governments — юр. назначаться в качестве правительств-депозитариев
to bring down a government — добиваться падения / отставки правительства; свергать правительство
to dismiss / to dissolve a government — отправлять в отставку / распускать правительство
to force the government into an early general election — заставлять правительство провести досрочные всеобщие выборы
to install a government — создавать / ставить у власти правительство
to pledge a government (to) — обязывать правительство (к чему-л.)
to resign one's government to smb — передавать руководство кому-л.
- all-party governmentto sweep a government from power — смещать правительство в результате убедительной победы его противников на выборах
- anti-crisis government
- at the helm of the government
- authoritarian government
- biracial government
- bourgeois government
- broadly based government
- caretaker government
- center-right government
- central government
- centralized government - civil government
- civilian government
- clean government
- coalition government
- collapse of a government
- communist government
- composition of the government
- Conservative Government
- constitutional government
- corrupt government
- crisis coalition government
- de facto government
- democratic government
- Democratic Government
- democratically elected government
- depositary government
- devolved government
- dictatorial government
- disaffection with the government
- dissolution of a government
- donor government
- elected government
- establishment of a fully independent government
- fate of the government stands to be decided
- federal government
- for the government of a country
- four-party government
- friendly government
- genocidal government
- government and opposition
- government by crony
- government has collapsed
- government has failed the people
- government has lost its credibility - government in waiting
- government is using its immense power
- government led by...
- government of a country
- government of a state
- government of national agreement
- government of national confidence
- government of national reconciliation
- government of national salvation
- government of national unity
- government of the day
- government recognized de facto
- government recognized de jure
- government survived a rebellion by Conservative MPs
- government will be for 3 months
- government within a government
- handpicked government
- head of government
- Her / His Majesty's Government
- host government
- ideological complexion of the government
- imperialist government
- in defiance of the government
- incoming government
- incompetent government
- independent government
- interim government
- inviolability of the government
- invisible government
- Labour Government
- left-bourgeois government
- left-wing government
- legitimate government
- less government
- liberal government
- local government
- majority government
- maladministration in the government
- military government
- military-backed government
- minority government
- moderate government
- more devolved government
- multiparty government
- municipal government
- national government
- national unity government
- neutral government
- newly-formed government
- on the orders of the government
- one party style of government
- opposing governments
- organs of government
- outgoing government
- overthrow of a government
- overthrown government
- parliamentary government
- post-war government
- power-sharing government
- prime minister's conduct of government
- protest to the government
- provincial government
- provisional government
- puppet government
- racist government
- reactionary government
- recipe for stable government
- refugee government
- republican government
- Republican Government
- reshuffle of the government
- restoration of a government
- rightist government
- right-wing government
- rupture of a coalition government
- scandal-tainted government - self-declared government
- shadow government
- shape of the government
- shared government
- shutdown of the government agencies
- shutdown of the government
- single-party government
- smb's challenge for government
- smb's style of government
- socialist government
- sole legitimate government
- sovereign government
- Soviet government
- stable government
- stop-gap government
- strong government
- student government
- successor government
- system of government
- then government
- totalitarian government
- transition government
- transitional government
- tripartite coalition government
- tsarist government
- uncaring government
- under the government
- under the present government
- US-backed government
- weak government
- white minority government -
31 stand
stænd 1. past tense, past participle - stood; verb1) (to be in an upright position, not sitting or lying: His leg was so painful that he could hardly stand; After the storm, few trees were left standing.) stå (igjen)2) ((often with up) to rise to the feet: He pushed back his chair and stood up; Some people like to stand (up) when the National Anthem is played.) reise seg3) (to remain motionless: The train stood for an hour outside Newcastle.) stå stille4) (to remain unchanged: This law still stands.) stå ved makt, gjelde5) (to be in or have a particular place: There is now a factory where our house once stood.) stå, ligge, sitte6) (to be in a particular state, condition or situation: As matters stand, we can do nothing to help; How do you stand financially?) stå7) (to accept or offer oneself for a particular position etc: He is standing as Parliamentary candidate for our district.) stille som kandidat, stille seg8) (to put in a particular position, especially upright: He picked up the fallen chair and stood it beside the table.) sette, legge, stille9) (to undergo or endure: He will stand (his) trial for murder; I can't stand her rudeness any longer.) underkaste seg, stå for retten; utstå, tåle, orke10) (to pay for (a meal etc) for (a person): Let me stand you a drink!) spandere, rive i (en runde)2. noun1) (a position or place in which to stand ready to fight etc, or an act of fighting etc: The guard took up his stand at the gate; I shall make a stand for what I believe is right.) stilling; det å stå fram/markere seg2) (an object, especially a piece of furniture, for holding or supporting something: a coat-stand; The sculpture had been removed from its stand for cleaning.) stativ3) (a stall where goods are displayed for sale or advertisement.) salgsbod, stand4) (a large structure beside a football pitch, race course etc with rows of seats for spectators: The stand was crowded.) tribune5) ((American) a witness box in a law court.) vitneboks•- standing 3. noun1) (time of lasting: an agreement of long standing.) mangeårig, vedvarende (avtale/vennskap)2) (rank or reputation: a diplomat of high standing.) høy stilling; godt omdømme•- stand-by4. adjective((of an airline passenger or ticket) costing or paying less than the usual fare, as the passenger does not book a seat for a particular flight, but waits for the first available seat.) sjansebillett5. adverb(travelling in this way: It costs a lot less to travel stand-by.) med/på sjansebillett- stand-in- standing-room
- make someone's hair stand on end
- stand aside
- stand back
- stand by
- stand down
- stand fast/firm
- stand for
- stand in
- stand on one's own two feet
- stand on one's own feet
- stand out
- stand over
- stand up for
- stand up tobod--------bås--------sokkel--------stand--------standpunkt--------ståIsubst. \/stænd\/1) plass, stilling, oppstilling, posisjon, post (ved jakt)2) ( overført) holdning, standpunkt3) (forsøk på) motstand, forsvar4) stans, holdt5) ( lagringsplass) stativ, hylle, holder6) stand (f.eks. på messe), bod, kiosk, salgsplass, torgplass7) tribune8) scene, podium, estrade9) (hverdagslig, om omreisende teater e.l.) opphold, stoppested (der man har forestilling)10) ( om planter eller trær) bestandbe at a stand stå stillebring to a stand stanse, stoppe, staggecome to a stand stanse(s), stoppe(s)make a stand vise hvor man står, tone flagg, gjøre motstand, ta opp kampen, forsvare segstand of arms ( om soldat) våpenutrustningtake a stand vise hvor man står, tone flagg, ta standpunkt, ta stillingtake one's stand stille seg, ta oppstillingta stilling, ta standpunkt( jakt) stille seg på posttake the stand eller take the witness stand avlegge vitneforklaring, ta plass i vitneboksenwinner's stand ( ved konkurranse) seierspallII1) stå, stå oppreist2) reise seg (opp), stå opp3) stille (opp), reise (opp), sette, plassere• if you're naughty, you'll be stood in the corner4) ( om beliggenhet) ligge, være5) stå ved lag, stå fast, stå ved makt6) holde stand, stå seg7) møte, støte på, motstå, gjennomgå8) utstå, tåle, fordra, finne seg i9) måle, være11) spandere, rive i12) stå som, værestand about stå og henge, henge rundtstand again ( politikk) stille til gjenvalgstand alone stå alene (uten venner e.l.) stå i en klasse for seg, være eneståendestand apart stå et stykke unna, holde seg på avstand stå utenfor, holde seg passiv ikke være som (alle) andre være i en klasse for segstand around ( hverdagslig) stå og henge, henge rundtstand aside forholde seg passiv, (bare) stå og se på gå til side, gå ut av veien trekke segstand at være, ligge påstand away holde seg unna, tre til side ( sjøfart) holde bort, holde unnastand back trekke seg bakover, trekke seg tilbake, trekke seg unna ligge tilbaketrukketstand by holde seg i beredskap, stå klar, stå parat, være for håndenbare stå og se på, bare stå der, forholde seg passiv• how can you stand by and let him ruin himself?bistå, støtte, holde medstå (fast) ved, stå forstand down gå av, trekke seg (tilbake), trekke sitt kandidatur( på arbeidsplass) permittere (britisk, jus) forlate vitneboksen (jus, om sak) utsettes ( parlamentarisk) frafalle ordet ( militærvesen) gå av vakt, hvile etter beredskap ( sjøfart) seile med vinden, seile med strømmenstand easy! ( militærvesen) på stedet hvil!, hvil!stand firm stå fast, ha en fast holdningstand for stå for, bety, representere, symbolisere• what do these initials stand for?tjene som, gjøre tjeneste somkjempe for, være tilhenger avvære kandidat til, stille til valg ved( hverdagslig) tolerere, finne seg istand for oneself stå på egne ben, klare seg (selv), være i stand til å forsvare segstand forward tre frem, stige fremstand good stå fast, være gyldig, gjelde fortsattstand good in law være lovgyldigstand high ( også overført) stå høyt i kursstand in være stand-in, vikariere• will you stand in for me tomorrow?( sjøfart) stå innover, styre mot landstand in with (amer., hverdagslig) stå på god fot med, stå seg godt med slutte seg til, støtte, hjelpe, gjøre felles sak medstand off holde seg på avstand, holde seg i bakgrunnen, holde seg unna trekke seg (unna) ( sjøfart) stå utover ( britisk) permittere, si opp midlertidigstand off and on ( sjøfart) krysse (nær land), ligge og doggestand (up)on holde på, holde fast vedbygge på, være basert på, hvile på, bero på( sjøfart) holde samme kursstand out skille seg ut, stikke seg ut, avtegne segstå ut, stikke ututmerke seg( sjøfart) stå utstand out against avtegne seg mot holde stand mot, gjøre motstand motstand out for krevestand over stå over, passe på• unless I stand over him, he will make mistakeshvis jeg ikke står over ham, kommer han til å gjøre feilintimidere, skremme, true (la) utstå, utsette(s)stand someone up la være å møte noen (som avtalt)stand still stå stille, stå i rostand still for (amer.) tålestand to ( militærvesen) stå i alarmberedskap (spesielt før daggry eller etter mørkets frembrudd) ( om å vinne eller tape) risikere, (kanskje) komme til åstand under ( sjøfart) gå for seilstand up reise seg (opp), stå (opp)stå (oppreist), stå på beina, holde seg på beinaholde, varestand up for ta i forsvar, forsvare, kjempe for, støtte, ta parti forstand up to motsi, ta til motmæle, konfrontere tåle, motståstand up with danse med være forlover forstand well with stå høyt i gunst hos -
32 proceeding(s)
1) иск, обращение за судебной помощью3) рассмотрение дела в суде, судебное разбирательство, судебная процедура, производство по делу, судопроизводство, процесс•proceeding at law — судопроизводство;
proceeding in bankruptcy — конкурсное производство;
proceeding in camera [in chambers] — действия суда вне судебного заседания, заседание в судейской комнате;
proceeding in civil causes — гражданское судопроизводство;
proceeding in enforcement of law — процесс правоприменения;
proceeding in error — производство по жалобе на неправильно вынесенное судебное решение;
proceeding in open court — открытое судебное заседание;
proceeding in personam — судопроизводство по иску против лица, по обязательственному иску;
proceeding in rem — судопроизводство по вещному иску;
proceeding in revision — производство по пересмотру дела;
proceeding on ex parte application — бесспорное производство по заявлению стороны;
proceeding publicly heard — гласный судебный процесс;
- administrative proceedingto follow proceeding in absentia — быть заочно судимым;
- admiralty proceeding
- adversary proceeding
- affiliation proceeding
- affirmative proceeding
- ancillary proceeding
- appeal proceeding
- arbitration proceeding
- bankruptcy proceeding
- bastardy proceeding
- caption proceeding
- captioned proceeding
- civil proceeding
- collateral proceeding
- compulsory proceeding
- condemnation proceeding
- congressional proceeding
- contested proceeding
- contested reissue proceeding
- criminal proceeding
- denaturalization proceeding
- disbarment proceeding
- disciplinary proceeding
- docketing proceeding
- domestic proceeding
- eminent domain proceeding
- enforcement proceeding
- ex parte proceeding
- fabulous proceeding
- forfeiture proceeding
- habeas corpus proceeding
- intake proceeding
- interference proceeding
- interlocutory proceeding
- inter partes proceeding
- interpleader proceeding
- irregular proceeding
- judicial proceeding
- law proceeding
- legal proceeding
- legislative proceeding
- liquidation proceeding
- litigation proceeding
- mandamus proceeding
- naturalization proceeding
- non-criminal proceeding
- opposition proceeding
- oral proceeding
- outlawry proceeding
- parliamentary proceeding
- patent office proceeding
- pending proceeding
- plenary proceeding
- police proceeding
- preliminary proceeding
- principal proceeding
- prior proceeding
- prize proceeding
- probate proceeding
- public proceeding
- punitive proceeding
- quo warranto proceeding
- receivership proceeding
- regular proceeding
- regulatory proceeding
- remedial proceeding
- removal proceeding
- removed proceeding
- rendition proceeding
- return proceeding
- review proceeding
- special proceeding
- streamlined proceeding
- subordinate proceeding
- subsequent proceeding
- summary proceeding
- summary judgement proceeding
- summary judgment proceeding
- supplementary proceeding
- third party proceeding
- vexatious proceeding
- written proceeding
- appellate proceeding
- fictitious proceeding
- pretrial proceeding -
33 proceeding(s)
1) иск, обращение за судебной помощью3) рассмотрение дела в суде, судебное разбирательство, судебная процедура, производство по делу, судопроизводство, процесс•proceeding at law — судопроизводство;
proceeding in bankruptcy — конкурсное производство;
proceeding in camera [in chambers] — действия суда вне судебного заседания, заседание в судейской комнате;
proceeding in civil causes — гражданское судопроизводство;
proceeding in enforcement of law — процесс правоприменения;
proceeding in error — производство по жалобе на неправильно вынесенное судебное решение;
proceeding in open court — открытое судебное заседание;
proceeding in personam — судопроизводство по иску против лица, по обязательственному иску;
proceeding in rem — судопроизводство по вещному иску;
proceeding in revision — производство по пересмотру дела;
proceeding on ex parte application — бесспорное производство по заявлению стороны;
proceeding publicly heard — гласный судебный процесс;
- administrative proceedingto follow proceeding in absentia — быть заочно судимым;
- admiralty proceeding
- adversary proceeding
- affiliation proceeding
- affirmative proceeding
- ancillary proceeding
- appeal proceeding
- arbitration proceeding
- bankruptcy proceeding
- bastardy proceeding
- caption proceeding
- captioned proceeding
- civil proceeding
- collateral proceeding
- compulsory proceeding
- condemnation proceeding
- congressional proceeding
- contested proceeding
- contested reissue proceeding
- criminal proceeding
- denaturalization proceeding
- disbarment proceeding
- disciplinary proceeding
- docketing proceeding
- domestic proceeding
- eminent domain proceeding
- enforcement proceeding
- ex parte proceeding
- fabulous proceeding
- forfeiture proceeding
- habeas corpus proceeding
- intake proceeding
- interference proceeding
- interlocutory proceeding
- inter partes proceeding
- interpleader proceeding
- irregular proceeding
- judicial proceeding
- law proceeding
- legal proceeding
- legislative proceeding
- liquidation proceeding
- litigation proceeding
- mandamus proceeding
- naturalization proceeding
- non-criminal proceeding
- opposition proceeding
- oral proceeding
- outlawry proceeding
- parliamentary proceeding
- patent office proceeding
- pending proceeding
- plenary proceeding
- police proceeding
- preliminary proceeding
- principal proceeding
- prior proceeding
- prize proceeding
- probate proceeding
- public proceeding
- punitive proceeding
- quo warranto proceeding
- receivership proceeding
- regular proceeding
- regulatory proceeding
- remedial proceeding
- removal proceeding
- removed proceeding
- rendition proceeding
- return proceeding
- review proceeding
- special proceeding
- streamlined proceeding
- subordinate proceeding
- subsequent proceeding
- summary proceeding
- summary judgement proceeding
- summary judgment proceeding
- supplementary proceeding
- third party proceeding
- vexatious proceeding
- written proceeding
- appellate proceeding
- fictitious proceeding
- pretrial proceeding -
34 Left Bloc/Bloco de Esquerda
(BE)The Left Bloc is an electoral alliance of three extreme left political parties, the Revolutionary Socialist Party/Partido Socialista Revolucionáro (PSR), Popular Democratic Union/União Democrátrico Popular (UDP), and Política XXI/ Politics Twenty-One, and other independent candidates. It was created prior to the 1999 European Union (EU) election. It did not win representation in the EU parliament but did win two parliamentary seats in the legislative elections of October 1999. This made the Left Bloc the Portuguese Communist Party's (PCP) rival on the left. The manner in which both parties conduct themselves in the future will determine whether the BE disappears to leave the PCP as the main left opposition, or whether the BE profits from the PCP's slow transformation in an increasingly modern society.The Left Bloc is supported primarily by urban youth. A close analysis of its voters in the cited 1999 general elections suggests that the alliance is actually stealing more votes from the Socialist Party (PS) than from the PCP. In 2001, Fernando Rosas ran as BE candidate for president and received 2.9 percent of the vote.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Left Bloc/Bloco de Esquerda
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35 Sá Carneiro, Francisco Lumbralles
(1934-1980)Important political leader in the early years of post-1974 Portugal. Trained and educated as a lawyer at the University of Lisbon Law School, he was an up-and-coming young lawyer and liberal Catholic activist in the 1960s. A practicing lawyer in Oporto, Sá Carneiro was selected to be one of a number of younger deputies in the National Assembly during the brief "opening" phase of Prime Minister Marcello Caetano's period of the Estado Novo. He became a deputy upon consenting to adhere to two conditions for his selection; namely, maintaining Portugal's colonial policy in Africa and advocating "social peace" through reforms. But he refused to join the regime's official movement, the União Nacional. Soon discouraged by the continued intransigence of the conservative forces still controlling regime policy, despite the efforts of Caetano during 1968-70, Sá Carneiro and several others of the recently appointed deputies resigned their posts and went into opposition.Following the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Sá Carneiro and colleagues founded the Social Democrat Party (PSD). The highly respected lawyer and spokesman for centrist views became fully involved in the unstable politics of the early Revolutionary period. Named prime minister in January 1980, Sá Carneiro became the political man of the hour in Portugal. The PSD under Sá Carneiro leadership formed the core of a right of center electoral coalition named the Democratic Alliance (AD), which was composed of the PSD, Christian Democratic Party (CDS), and PPM during theDecember 1979 interim parliamentary elections. The AD won the election and Sá Carneiro became prime minister. The regular October 1980 legislative elections, which the AD won, reaffirmed the AD's strength as a coalition. Anxious to consolidate political power by having a president who favored AD policies in office and eager to have the AD candidate, General Soares Carneiro, defeat the incumbent, President Ramalho Eanes, Sá Carneiro undertook a vigorous campaign in the presidential elections set for 7 December 1980. On 4 December, bound for Oporto campaign stops, Sá Carneiro's plane crashed and burned only a short distance from the Lisbon airport. Seven official investigations of the crash have not reached definitive conclusions, and the cause of the crash remains a mystery.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Sá Carneiro, Francisco Lumbralles
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36 Radcliffe, William
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. 1761 Mellor, Cheshire, Englandd. 1842 Mellor, Cheshire, England[br]English inventor of the sizing machine.[br]Radcliffe was brought up in the textile industry and learned carding and spinning as a child. When he was old enough, he became a weaver. It was a time when there were not enough weavers to work up all the yarn being spun on the recently invented spinning machines, so some yarn was exported. Radcliffe regarded this as a sin; meetings were held to prohibit the export, and Radcliffe promised to use his best endeavours to discover means to work up the yarn in England. He owned a mill at Mellor and by 1801 was employing over 1,000 hand-loom weavers. He wanted to improve their efficiency so they could compete against power looms, which were beginning to be introduced at that time.His first step was to divide up as much as possible the different weaving processes, not unlike the plan adopted by Arkwright in spinning. In order to strengthen the warp yarns made of cotton and to reduce their tendency to fray during weaving, it was customary to apply an adhesive substance such as starch paste. This was brushed on as the warp was unwound from the back beam during weaving, so only short lengths could be treated before being dried. Instead of dressing the warp in the loom as was hitherto done, Radcliffe had it dressed in a separate machine, relieving the weaver of the trouble and saving the time wasted by the method previously used. Radcliffe employed a young man names Thomas Johnson, who proved to be a clever mechanic. Radcliffe patented his inventions in Johnson's name to avoid other people, especially foreigners, finding out his ideas. He took out his first patent, for a dressing machine, in March 1803 and a second the following year. The combined result of the two patents was the introduction of a beaming machine and a dressing machine which, in addition to applying the paste to the yarns and then drying them, wound them onto a beam ready for the loom. These machines enabled the weaver to work a loom with fewer stoppages; however, Radcliffe did not anticipate that his method of sizing would soon be applied to power looms as well and lead to the commercial success of powered weaving. Other manufacturers quickly adopted Radcliffe's system, and Radcliffe himself soon had to introduce power looms in his own business.Radcliffe improved the hand looms themselves when, with the help of Johnson, he devised a cloth taking-up motion that wound the woven cloth onto a roller automatically as the weaver operated the loom. Radcliffe and Johnson also developed the "dandy loom", which was a more compact form of hand loom and was also later adapted for weaving by power. Radcliffe was among the witnesses before the Parliamentary Committee which in 1808 awarded Edmund Cartwright a grant for his invention of the power loom. Later Radcliffe was unsuccessfully to petition Parliament for a similar reward for his contributions to the introduction of power weaving. His business affairs ultimately failed partly through his own obstinacy and his continued opposition to the export of cotton yarn. He lived to be 81 years old and was buried in Mellor churchyard.[br]Bibliography1811, Exportation of Cotton Yarn and Real Cause of the Distress that has Fallen upon the Cotton Trade for a Series of Years Past, Stockport.1828, Origin of the New System of Manufacture, Commonly Called "Power-Loom Weaving", Stockport (this should be read, even though it is mostly covers Radcliffe's political aims).Further ReadingA.Barlow, 1870, The History and Principles of Weaving by Hand and by Power, London (provides an outline of Radcliffe's life and work).W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London (a general background of his inventions). R.L.Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester (a general background).D.J.Jeremy, 1981, Transatlantic Industrial Revolution. The Diffusion of Textile Technologies Between Britain and America, 1790–1830s, Oxford (discusses the spread of the sizing machine in America).RLH -
37 Stephenson, George
[br]b. 9 June 1781 Wylam, Northumberland, Englandd. 12 August 1848 Tapton House, Chesterfield, England[br]English engineer, "the father of railways".[br]George Stephenson was the son of the fireman of the pumping engine at Wylam colliery, and horses drew wagons of coal along the wooden rails of the Wylam wagonway past the house in which he was born and spent his earliest childhood. While still a child he worked as a cowherd, but soon moved to working at coal pits. At 17 years of age he showed sufficient mechanical talent to be placed in charge of a new pumping engine, and had already achieved a job more responsible than that of his father. Despite his position he was still illiterate, although he subsequently learned to read and write. He was largely self-educated.In 1801 he was appointed Brakesman of the winding engine at Black Callerton pit, with responsibility for lowering the miners safely to their work. Then, about two years later, he became Brakesman of a new winding engine erected by Robert Hawthorn at Willington Quay on the Tyne. Returning collier brigs discharged ballast into wagons and the engine drew the wagons up an inclined plane to the top of "Ballast Hill" for their contents to be tipped; this was one of the earliest applications of steam power to transport, other than experimentally.In 1804 Stephenson moved to West Moor pit, Killingworth, again as Brakesman. In 1811 he demonstrated his mechanical skill by successfully modifying a new and unsatisfactory atmospheric engine, a task that had defeated the efforts of others, to enable it to pump a drowned pit clear of water. The following year he was appointed Enginewright at Killingworth, in charge of the machinery in all the collieries of the "Grand Allies", the prominent coal-owning families of Wortley, Liddell and Bowes, with authorization also to work for others. He built many stationary engines and he closely examined locomotives of John Blenkinsop's type on the Kenton \& Coxlodge wagonway, as well as those of William Hedley at Wylam.It was in 1813 that Sir Thomas Liddell requested George Stephenson to build a steam locomotive for the Killingworth wagonway: Blucher made its first trial run on 25 July 1814 and was based on Blenkinsop's locomotives, although it lacked their rack-and-pinion drive. George Stephenson is credited with building the first locomotive both to run on edge rails and be driven by adhesion, an arrangement that has been the conventional one ever since. Yet Blucher was far from perfect and over the next few years, while other engineers ignored the steam locomotive, Stephenson built a succession of them, each an improvement on the last.During this period many lives were lost in coalmines from explosions of gas ignited by miners' lamps. By observation and experiment (sometimes at great personal risk) Stephenson invented a satisfactory safety lamp, working independently of the noted scientist Sir Humphry Davy who also invented such a lamp around the same time.In 1817 George Stephenson designed his first locomotive for an outside customer, the Kilmarnock \& Troon Railway, and in 1819 he laid out the Hetton Colliery Railway in County Durham, for which his brother Robert was Resident Engineer. This was the first railway to be worked entirely without animal traction: it used inclined planes with stationary engines, self-acting inclined planes powered by gravity, and locomotives.On 19 April 1821 Stephenson was introduced to Edward Pease, one of the main promoters of the Stockton \& Darlington Railway (S \& DR), which by coincidence received its Act of Parliament the same day. George Stephenson carried out a further survey, to improve the proposed line, and in this he was assisted by his 18-year-old son, Robert Stephenson, whom he had ensured received the theoretical education which he himself lacked. It is doubtful whether either could have succeeded without the other; together they were to make the steam railway practicable.At George Stephenson's instance, much of the S \& DR was laid with wrought-iron rails recently developed by John Birkinshaw at Bedlington Ironworks, Morpeth. These were longer than cast-iron rails and were not brittle: they made a track well suited for locomotives. In June 1823 George and Robert Stephenson, with other partners, founded a firm in Newcastle upon Tyne to build locomotives and rolling stock and to do general engineering work: after its Managing Partner, the firm was called Robert Stephenson \& Co.In 1824 the promoters of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway (L \& MR) invited George Stephenson to resurvey their proposed line in order to reduce opposition to it. William James, a wealthy land agent who had become a visionary protagonist of a national railway network and had seen Stephenson's locomotives at Killingworth, had promoted the L \& MR with some merchants of Liverpool and had carried out the first survey; however, he overreached himself in business and, shortly after the invitation to Stephenson, became bankrupt. In his own survey, however, George Stephenson lacked the assistance of his son Robert, who had left for South America, and he delegated much of the detailed work to incompetent assistants. During a devastating Parliamentary examination in the spring of 1825, much of his survey was shown to be seriously inaccurate and the L \& MR's application for an Act of Parliament was refused. The railway's promoters discharged Stephenson and had their line surveyed yet again, by C.B. Vignoles.The Stockton \& Darlington Railway was, however, triumphantly opened in the presence of vast crowds in September 1825, with Stephenson himself driving the locomotive Locomotion, which had been built at Robert Stephenson \& Co.'s Newcastle works. Once the railway was at work, horse-drawn and gravity-powered traffic shared the line with locomotives: in 1828 Stephenson invented the horse dandy, a wagon at the back of a train in which a horse could travel over the gravity-operated stretches, instead of trotting behind.Meanwhile, in May 1826, the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway had successfully obtained its Act of Parliament. Stephenson was appointed Engineer in June, and since he and Vignoles proved incompatible the latter left early in 1827. The railway was built by Stephenson and his staff, using direct labour. A considerable controversy arose c. 1828 over the motive power to be used: the traffic anticipated was too great for horses, but the performance of the reciprocal system of cable haulage developed by Benjamin Thompson appeared in many respects superior to that of contemporary locomotives. The company instituted a prize competition for a better locomotive and the Rainhill Trials were held in October 1829.Robert Stephenson had been working on improved locomotive designs since his return from America in 1827, but it was the L \& MR's Treasurer, Henry Booth, who suggested the multi-tubular boiler to George Stephenson. This was incorporated into a locomotive built by Robert Stephenson for the trials: Rocket was entered by the three men in partnership. The other principal entrants were Novelty, entered by John Braithwaite and John Ericsson, and Sans Pareil, entered by Timothy Hackworth, but only Rocket, driven by George Stephenson, met all the organizers' demands; indeed, it far surpassed them and demonstrated the practicability of the long-distance steam railway. With the opening of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway in 1830, the age of railways began.Stephenson was active in many aspects. He advised on the construction of the Belgian State Railway, of which the Brussels-Malines section, opened in 1835, was the first all-steam railway on the European continent. In England, proposals to link the L \& MR with the Midlands had culminated in an Act of Parliament for the Grand Junction Railway in 1833: this was to run from Warrington, which was already linked to the L \& MR, to Birmingham. George Stephenson had been in charge of the surveys, and for the railway's construction he and J.U. Rastrick were initially Principal Engineers, with Stephenson's former pupil Joseph Locke under them; by 1835 both Stephenson and Rastrick had withdrawn and Locke was Engineer-in-Chief. Stephenson remained much in demand elsewhere: he was particularly associated with the construction of the North Midland Railway (Derby to Leeds) and related lines. He was active in many other places and carried out, for instance, preliminary surveys for the Chester \& Holyhead and Newcastle \& Berwick Railways, which were important links in the lines of communication between London and, respectively, Dublin and Edinburgh.He eventually retired to Tapton House, Chesterfield, overlooking the North Midland. A man who was self-made (with great success) against colossal odds, he was ever reluctant, regrettably, to give others their due credit, although in retirement, immensely wealthy and full of honour, he was still able to mingle with people of all ranks.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsPresident, Institution of Mechanical Engineers, on its formation in 1847. Order of Leopold (Belgium) 1835. Stephenson refused both a knighthood and Fellowship of the Royal Society.Bibliography1815, jointly with Ralph Dodd, British patent no. 3,887 (locomotive drive by connecting rods directly to the wheels).1817, jointly with William Losh, British patent no. 4,067 (steam springs for locomotives, and improvements to track).Further ReadingL.T.C.Rolt, 1960, George and Robert Stephenson, Longman (the best modern biography; includes a bibliography).S.Smiles, 1874, The Lives of George and Robert Stephenson, rev. edn, London (although sycophantic, this is probably the best nineteenthcentury biography).PJGR -
38 party
[̈ɪˈpɑ:tɪ]adverse party противная сторона aggrieved party потерпевшая сторона party шутл. человек, особа, субъект; an old party with spectacles старикашка в очках; party girl доступная девушка; женщина легкого поведения attaching party действительная сторона average party сторона, понесшая убытки party участник; to be a party (to smth.) участвовать, принимать участие (в чем-л.) be a party to принимать участие central board of party центральный орган партии centre party партия центра charter party договор о фрахтовании судна charter party чартер-партия conducted party попутчики conducted party спутники party: contestant party спорящая сторона contracting party договаривающаясч сторона contracting party договаривающаяся сторона contracting party участник договора country party аграрная партия damaging party сторона, наносящая ущерб declaring party заявляющая сторона defendant party сторона обвиняемого defendant party сторона ответчика direct party выставившая сторона party прием гостей; званый вечер, вечеринка; to give a party устроить вечеринку governing party правящая партия government party правительственная партия injured party пострадавшая сторона injured party сторона, понесшая ущерб insured party застрахованная сторона interested party заинтересованная сторона interim working party временная рабочая группа intervening party вмешивающаяся сторона joint party соучастник joint working party совместная рабочая группа party: left-wing party левая партия majority party партия большинства party сопровождающие лица; the minister and his party министр и сопровождающие его лица minority party партия меньшинства nonsocialist party буржуазная партия obligated party обязавшаяся сторона opposing party противная сторона opposition party оппозиционная партия parliamentary party парламентская партия party юр. сторона; the parties to a contract договаривающиеся стороны party группа party компания party отряд, команда; группа, партия party партийный; party affiliation партийная принадлежность; party card партийный билет party партийный party партия; the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Коммунистическая партия Советского Союза party партия party прием гостей; званый вечер, вечеринка; to give a party устроить вечеринку party сопровождающие лица; the minister and his party министр и сопровождающие его лица party юр. сторона; the parties to a contract договаривающиеся стороны party сторона, участник (договора); партия, отряд, команда, группа, компания, прием (гостей), вечеринка, пирушка, сопровождающие лица party сторона (по делу, в договоре и т.п.) party сторона party участник; to be a party (to smth.) участвовать, принимать участие (в чем-л.) party участник party шутл. человек, особа, субъект; an old party with spectacles старикашка в очках; party girl доступная девушка; женщина легкого поведения Party: Party: Conservative party Консервативная партия (Великобритания) party: party: contestant party спорящая сторона Party: Party: Labour party лейбористская партия party: party: left-wing party левая партия Party: Party: Social Democratic party Социал-демократическая партия (Великобритания) party: party: splinter party отколовшаяся партия party партийный; party affiliation партийная принадлежность; party card партийный билет party шутл. человек, особа, субъект; an old party with spectacles старикашка в очках; party girl доступная девушка; женщина легкого поведения party in office правящая партия party in power правящая партия power: party могущество, власть (тж. государственная); влияние, мощь; supreme power верховная власть; the party in power партия, стоящая у власти party local (или unit) местная, низовая партийная организация; party nucleus партийная ячейка party leader вождь, лидер партии; party man (или member) член партии party membership партийность, принадлежность к партии; party organization партийная организация party local (или unit) местная, низовая партийная организация; party nucleus партийная ячейка party to action сторона в судебном процессе party to bill сторона торгового контакта party to case сторона в судебном процессе party to contract договаривающаяся сторона party to contract контрагент party to joint transaction сторона в совместной сделке right-wing party пол. правая партия rival party соперничающая партия single-tax party сторона, выступающая за единый налог party: splinter party отколовшаяся партия submitting party сторона-заявитель succeeding party наследник tendering party сторона, подавшая заявку на торгах third party третье лицо third party третья сторона working party рабочая группа
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