Перевод: с английского на все языки

со всех языков на английский

paper+transactions

  • 21 Get Shorty

    Энергосистемы: (or "Paper Trading": involves selling ancillary services short in day-ahead transactions) "взять короткую" (или "торговля бумагами": мошенническая продажа дополнительных услуг в сделках на рынке следующего дня)

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Get Shorty

  • 22 balance sheet

    (a paper showing a summary and balance of financial accounts.) der Rechnungsabschluß
    * * *
    ˈbal·ance sheet
    n Bilanz f
    \balance sheet analysis Bilanzanalyse f
    \balance sheet item Bilanzposition f, Bilanzposten m
    \balance sheet total Bilanzsumme f
    \balance sheet transactions pl bilanzwirksame Geschäfte pl
    * * *
    balance sheet s WIRTSCH (aufgestellte) Bilanz, Rechnungsabschluss m:
    balance sheet item Bilanzposten m

    English-german dictionary > balance sheet

  • 23 examination

    розгляд; аналіз; експертиза, обстеження, огляд (в т. ч. медичний); догляд, перевірка; опитування, опит ( у суді); допит ( свідка або підсудного в суді); судове розслідування (слідство); висновки слідства; протокол
    - examination board
    - examination by touch
    - examination by witness
    - examination certificate
    - examination de bene esse
    - examination department
    - examination for nonobviousness
    - examination for subject-matter
    - examination-in-chief
    - examination in court
    - examination of accounts
    - examination of automobile
    - examination of bullets
    - examination of case in court
    - examination of causal relation
    - examination of claim
    - examination of corpse
    - examination of exhibits
    - examination of handwriting
    - examination of ink
    - examination of paper
    - examination of party
    - examination of proposal
    - examination of witness
    - examination procedure
    - examination record book
    - examination standard
    - examination system
    - examination upon oath

    English-Ukrainian law dictionary > examination

  • 24 heavy

    A ○ n
    1 ( person) gen grosse brute f ; (bodyguard, escort) gorille ○ m ;
    2 GB ( newspaper) grand journal m, journal m sérieux.
    B adj
    1 gen, Phys ( having weight) [weight, person, load, bag, parcel] lourd ; to be too heavy to lift être trop lourd à soulever or pour qu'on puisse le soulever ; to make sth heavier alourdir qch ; he's 5 kg heavier than me il pèse 5 kilos de plus que moi ; how heavy are you? combien pèses-tu? ; to be heavy with young [animal] être pleine ;
    2 ( thick) [fabric, coat] lourd ; [shoes, frame] gros/grosse (before n) ; [line, feature, face] épais/épaisse ; in heavy type en caractères gras ; of heavy build solidement bâti, de forte carrure ; to wear heavy make-up se maquiller beaucoup, être très maquillé ;
    3 Mil, Ind [machinery] gros/grosse (before n), lourd ; [artillery] lourd ; ‘heavy plant crossing’ ‘traversée d'engins’ ;
    4 fig (weighty, ponderous) [movement, step] pesant, lourd ; [irony, humour, responsibility, sigh] lourd ; my legs feel heavy j'ai les jambes lourdes ; his eyelids began to get heavy ses paupières devenaient lourdes ; with a heavy heart le cœur gros ; to be a heavy sleeper avoir le sommeil lourd ; a heavy thud un bruit sourd ; a heavy blow un coup violent ; ‘you told me,’ he said with heavy emphasis ‘c'est toi qui me l'a dit,’ dit-il en insistant lourdement ; the going is heavy le terrain est lourd ; the interview was heavy going (slow, hard work) l'interview était laborieuse ;
    5 ( abundant) [traffic] dense ; [gunfire] nourri ; [bleeding, period] abondant ; [charge, investment] important ; to be a heavy drinker/smoker boire/fumer beaucoup ; security was heavy d'importantes mesures de sécurité avaient été prises ; heavy trading on the stock market beaucoup de transactions à la Bourse ; to have a heavy workload avoir beaucoup de travail ; to be heavy on ( use a lot of) [person] avoir la main lourde sur [ingredient, perfume] ; [machine] consommer beaucoup de [fuel] ; ( contain a lot of) comporter beaucoup de [humour, ingredient] ;
    6 ( severe) [defeat, loss, debt] lourd ; [attack, bombing] intense ; [prison sentence, penalty, fine] sévère ; [cuts, criticism] fort (before n) ; [cold] gros/grosse (before n) ; heavy casualties un nombre élevé de victimes ; heavy fighting de violents combats ;
    7 ( strong) [perfume, scent, concentration] fort ; [accent] prononcé ;
    8 Meteorol [rain, frost] fort ; [fog, mist] épais/épaisse ; [snow, dew] abondant ; [cloud] lourd ; [sky] chargé, lourd ; it's very heavy today il fait très lourd aujourd'hui ; to capsize in heavy seas chavirer par grosse mer ;
    9 Culin [meal, food, pastry] lourd ; [wine] corsé ;
    10 (busy, packed) [day, month, timetable, programme] chargé ;
    11 (difficult, serious) [book, paper, film, lecture] ardu ; this article is ou makes heavy reading cet article n'est pas d'une lecture facile ;
    12 ( loaded) to be heavy with [air, branch, atmosphere] être chargé de [perfume, flowers, resentment] ; a remark heavy with meaning une remarque lourde de sens.
    C adv [weigh] lourdement ; time hung heavy on her hands le temps lui pesait.
    things started to get heavy ○ ( threatening) ça a commencé à mal tourner ; (serious, intellectual) ça a commencé à devenir un peu ardu ; ( sexual) ça a commencé à devenir lourd ○.

    Big English-French dictionary > heavy

  • 25 wrap

    wrap [ræp] (pt & pp wrapped)
    (a) (goods, parcel, gift, food) emballer, envelopper;
    ∎ the fish was wrapped in foil le poisson était enveloppé dans du papier d'aluminium;
    ∎ would you like it wrapped? (gift) c'est pour offrir?;
    ∎ she wrapped the scarf in tissue paper elle a emballé ou enveloppé l'écharpe dans du papier de soie
    (b) (cocoon, envelop) envelopper, emmailloter;
    ∎ the baby was wrapped in a blanket le bébé était enveloppé dans une couverture;
    ∎ her head was wrapped in a thick scarf elle avait la tête enveloppée dans une grosse écharpe;
    ∎ figurative her visit was wrapped in mystery sa visite était entourée de mystère
    (c) (twist, wind)
    ∎ to wrap round or around enrouler;
    ∎ she had a towel wrapped round her head sa tête était enveloppée dans une serviette;
    ∎ she had a towel wrapped round her body elle s'était enveloppée dans une serviette;
    ∎ wrap this blanket round you/your shoulders enroule cette couverture autour de toi/de tes épaules;
    ∎ he wrapped the bandage round her hand il lui a enroulé la main dans une bande;
    ∎ he wrapped his arms round her il l'a prise dans ses bras;
    Computing (lines) se boucler
    3 noun
    (a) (housecoat) peignoir m; (shawl) châle m; (over ballgown) sortie-de-bal f; (blanket, rug) couverture f
    ∎ it's a wrap! c'est dans la boîte!
    (c) Cookery (sandwich) = tortilla fourrée
    ∎ figurative to keep a plan/one's feelings under wraps garder un plan secret/ses sentiments secrets;
    ∎ when the wraps eventually came off lorsque tout a été dévoilé;
    ∎ the wraps were taken off the new car today la voiture a été montrée au public pour la première fois aujourd'hui
    ➲ wrap up
    (a) (goods, parcel, gift, food) envelopper, emballer, empaqueter;
    ∎ he wrapped the sandwiches up in foil il a enveloppé les sandwiches dans du papier d'aluminium
    (b) (person → in clothes, blanket) envelopper;
    ∎ wrap him up in a blanket enveloppez-le dans une couverture;
    ∎ she was well wrapped up in a thick coat elle était bien emmitouflée dans un épais manteau;
    ∎ wrap yourself up warmly couvrez-vous bien
    ∎ politicians are skilled at wrapping up bad news in an acceptable form les politiciens s'y connaissent pour présenter les mauvaises nouvelles sous un jour acceptable;
    ∎ his meaning was wrapped up in diplomatic jargon il enrobait ce qu'il disait de jargon diplomatique
    (d) familiar (conclude → job) terminer□, conclure□ ; (→ deal, contract) conclure□, régler□ ;
    ∎ that wraps up business for today c'est fini pour aujourd'hui□ ;
    ∎ let's get this matter wrapped up finissons-en avec cette question□
    ∎ to be wrapped up in sth être absorbé par qch;
    ∎ he's very wrapped up in his work il est très absorbé par son travail;
    ∎ they're wrapped up in their children ils ne vivent que pour leurs enfants;
    ∎ she's very wrapped up in herself elle est très repliée sur elle-même;
    ∎ she is too wrapped up in her own problems elle est trop préoccupée par ses propres problèmes
    ∎ he was wrapped up in some shady dealings il a été impliqué dans des transactions louches
    ∎ she wrapped up her talk with three points elle a résumé son discours en trois points
    (a) (dress) s'habiller, se couvrir;
    ∎ wrap up warmly or well! couvrez-vous bien!
    ∎ wrap up! la ferme!

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > wrap

  • 26 Alden, George I.

    [br]
    b. 22 April 1843 Templeton, Massachusetts, USA
    d. 13 September 1926 Princeton, Massachusetts, USA
    [br]
    American mechanical engineer and professor of engineering.
    [br]
    From 1868 to 1896 George Alden was head of the steam and mechanical engineering departments at the Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts. He made a donation in 1910 to establish a hydraulic laboratory at the Institute, and later a further donation for an extension of the laboratory which was completed in 1925. He was Chairman of the Board of Norton (Abrasives) Company and made a significant contribution to the theory of grinding in his paper in 1914 to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. He was a member of that society from 1880, the year of its foundation, and took an active part in its proceedings.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Vice-President, American Society of Mechanical Engineers 1891–3.
    Bibliography
    1914, "Operation of grinding wheels in machine grinding", Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers 36:451–60.
    Further Reading
    For a description of the Alden Hydraulic Laboratory, see Mechanical Engineering, June 1926: 634–5.
    RTS

    Biographical history of technology > Alden, George I.

  • 27 Barnaby, Kenneth C.

    SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping
    [br]
    b. c.1887 England
    d. 22 March 1968 England
    [br]
    English naval architect and technical author.
    [br]
    Kenneth Barnaby was an eminent naval architect, as were his father and grandfather before him: his grandfather was Sir Nathaniel Barnaby KGB, Director of Naval Construction, and his father was Sydney W.Barnaby, naval architect of John I. Thornycroft \& Co., Shipbuilders, Southampton. At one time all three were members of the Institution of Naval Architects, the first time that this had ever occurred with three members from one family.
    Kenneth Barnaby served his apprenticeship at the Thornycroft shipyard in Southampton and later graduated in engineering from the Central Technical College, South Kensington, London. He worked for some years at Le Havre and at John Brown's shipyard at Clydebank before rejoining his old firm in 1916 as Assistant to the Shipyard Manager. In 1919 he went to Rio de Janeiro as a chief ship draughtsman, and finally he returned to Thornycroft, in 1924 he succeeded his father as Naval Architect, and remained in that post until his retirement in 1955, having been appointed a director in 1950.
    Barnaby had a wide knowledge and understanding of ships and ship design and during the Second World War he was responsible for much of the development work for landing craft, as well as for many other specialist ships built at the Southampton yard. His experience as a deep-sea yachtsman assisted him. He wrote several important books; however, none can compare with the Centenary Volume of the Royal Institution of Naval Architects. In this work, which is used and read widely to this day by naval architects worldwide, he reviewed every paper presented and almost every verbal contribution made to the Transactions during its one hundred years.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    OBE 1945. Associate of the City and Guilds Institute. Royal Institution of Naval Architects Froude Gold Medal 1962. Honorary Vice-President, Royal Institution of Naval Architects 1960–8.
    Bibliography
    c.1900, Marine Propellers, London. 1949, Basic Naval Architecture, London.
    1960, The Institution of Naval Architects 1860–1960, London.
    FMW

    Biographical history of technology > Barnaby, Kenneth C.

  • 28 Cecil, Revd William

    [br]
    b. 1792 England
    d. 1882 England
    [br]
    English inventor of a gas vacuum engine.
    [br]
    Admitted to Magdalene College, Cambridge, in 1810, Cecil was elected a Fellow in 1814. The son of an Anglican priest, he was himself ordained in 1820; he devoted his life to the Church of England, but he also showed a commendable aptitude for technical matters. His paper on a means of motive power, presented to the Cambridge Philosophical Society in 1820, created immense interest. A working model of his engine, using hydrogen as fuel, was demonstrated during the presentation. The operating principle required that a vacuum be produced in a closed cylinder by quenching a burning flame, the pressure difference between the vacuum and atmosphere then being used to produce the working stroke. Cecil's engine was never manufactured in any number, but the working principle was adapted by other pioneers, namely Samuel Brown, in 1824, and, more successfully, Otto- Langen in 1867.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1820, "On the application of hydrogen gas to produce a moving power in machinery", Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 1(2):217–39.
    Further Reading
    John Venn, Alumni Cantabrienses Part II (1752–1900): p. 567.
    KAB

    Biographical history of technology > Cecil, Revd William

  • 29 Kirkaldy, David

    [br]
    b. 4 April 1820 Mayfield, Dundee, Scotland
    d. 25 January 1897 London, England
    [br]
    Scottish engineer and pioneer in materials testing.
    [br]
    The son of a merchant of Dundee, Kirkaldy was educated there, then at Merchiston Castle School, Edinburgh, and at Edinburgh University. For a while he worked in his father's office, but with a preference for engineering, in 1843 he commenced an apprenticeship at the Glasgow works of Robert Napier. After four years in the shops he was transferred to the drawing office and in a very few years rose to become Chief. Here Kirkaldy demonstrated a remarkable talent both for the meticulous recording of observations and data and for technical drawing. His work also had an aesthetic appeal and four of his drawings of Napier steamships were shown at the Paris Exhibition of 1855, earning both Napier and Kirkaldy a medal. His "as fitted" set of drawings of the Cunard Liner Persia, which had been built in 1855, is now in the possession of the National Maritime Museum at Greenwich, London; it is regarded as one of the finest examples of its kind in the world, and has even been exhibited at the Royal Academy in London.
    With the impending order for the Royal Naval Ironclad Black Prince (sister ship to HMS Warrior, now preserved at Portsmouth) and for some high-pressure marine boilers and engines, there was need for a close scientific analysis of the physical properties of iron and steel. Kirkaldy, now designated Chief Draughtsman and Calculator, was placed in charge of this work, which included comparisons of puddled steel and wrought iron, using a simple lever-arm testing machine. The tests lasted some three years and resulted in Kirkaldy's most important publication, Experiments on Wrought Iron and Steel (1862, London), which gained him wide recognition for his careful and thorough work. Napier's did not encourage him to continue testing; but realizing the growing importance of materials testing, Kirkaldy resigned from the shipyard in 1861. For the next two and a half years Kirkaldy worked on the design of a massive testing machine that was manufactured in Leeds and installed in premises in London, at The Grove, Southwark.
    The works was open for trade in January 1866 and engineers soon began to bring him specimens for testing on the great machine: Joseph Cubitt (son of William Cubitt) brought him samples of the materials for the new Blackfriars Bridge, which was then under construction. Soon The Grove became too cramped and Kirkaldy moved to 99 Southwark Street, reopening in January 1874. In the years that followed, Kirkaldy gained a worldwide reputation for rigorous and meticulous testing and recording of results, coupled with the highest integrity. He numbered the most distinguished engineers of the time among his clients.
    After Kirkaldy's death, his son William George, whom he had taken into partnership, carried on the business. When the son died in 1914, his widow took charge until her death in 1938, when the grandson David became proprietor. He sold out to Treharne \& Davies, chemical consultants, in 1965, but the works finally closed in 1974. The future of the premises and the testing machine at first seemed threatened, but that has now been secured and the machine is once more in working order. Over almost one hundred years of trading in South London, the company was involved in many famous enquiries, including the analysis of the iron from the ill-fated Tay Bridge (see Bouch, Sir Thomas).
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland Gold Medal 1864.
    Bibliography
    1862, Results of an Experimental Inquiry into the Tensile Strength and Other Properties of Wrought Iron and Steel (originally presented as a paper to the 1860–1 session of the Scottish Shipbuilders' Association).
    Further Reading
    D.P.Smith, 1981, "David Kirkaldy (1820–97) and engineering materials testing", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 52:49–65 (a clear and well-documented account).
    LRD / FMW

    Biographical history of technology > Kirkaldy, David

  • 30 McNeill, Sir James McFadyen

    SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping
    [br]
    b. 19 August 1892 Clydebank, Scotland
    d. 24 July 1964 near Glasgow, Scotland
    [br]
    Scottish naval architect, designer of the Cunard North Atlantic Liners Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth.
    [br]
    McNeill was born in Clydebank just outside Glasgow, and was to serve that town for most of his life. After education at Clydebank High School and then at Allan Glen's in Glasgow, in 1908 he entered the shipyard of John Brown \& Co. Ltd as an apprentice. He was encouraged to matriculate at the University of Glasgow, where he studied naval architecture under the (then) unique Glasgow system of "sandwich" training, alternately spending six months in the shipyard, followed by winter at the Faculty of Engineering. On graduating in 1915, he joined the Army and by 1918 had risen to the rank of Major in the Royal Field Artillery.
    After the First World War, McNeill returned to the shipyard and in 1928 was appointed Chief Naval Architect. In 1934 he was made a local director of the company. During the difficult period of the 1930s he was in charge of the technical work which led to the design, launching and successful completion of the great liners Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth. Some of the most remarkable ships of the mid-twentieth century were to come from this shipyard, including the last British battleship, HMS Vanguard, and the Royal Yacht Britannia, completed in 1954. From 1948 until 1959, Sir James was Managing Director of the Clydebank part of the company and was Deputy Chairman by the time he retired in 1962. His public service was remarkable and included chairmanship of the Shipbuilding Conference and of the British Ship Research Association, and membership of the Committee of Lloyd's Register of Shipping.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order 1954. CBE 1950. FRS 1948. President, Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland 1947–9. Honorary Vice-President, Royal Institution of Naval Architects. Military Cross (First World War).
    Bibliography
    1935, "Launch of the quadruple-screw turbine steamer Queen Mary", Transactions of the Institution of Naval Architects 77:1–27 (in this classic paper McNeill displays complete mastery of a difficult subject; it is recorded that prior to launch the estimate for travel of the ship in the River Clyde was 1,194 ft (363.9 m), and the actual amount recorded was 1,196 ft (364.5m)!).
    FMW

    Biographical history of technology > McNeill, Sir James McFadyen

  • 31 Smeaton, John

    [br]
    b. 8 June 1724 Austhorpe, near Leeds, Yorkshire, England
    d. 28 October 1792 Austhorpe, near Leeds, Yorkshire, England
    [br]
    English mechanical and civil engineer.
    [br]
    As a boy, Smeaton showed mechanical ability, making for himself a number of tools and models. This practical skill was backed by a sound education, probably at Leeds Grammar School. At the age of 16 he entered his father's office; he seemed set to follow his father's profession in the law. In 1742 he went to London to continue his legal studies, but he preferred instead, with his father's reluctant permission, to set up as a scientific instrument maker and dealer and opened a shop of his own in 1748. About this time he began attending meetings of the Royal Society and presented several papers on instruments and mechanical subjects, being elected a Fellow in 1753. His interests were turning towards engineering but were informed by scientific principles grounded in careful and accurate observation.
    In 1755 the second Eddystone lighthouse, on a reef some 14 miles (23 km) off the English coast at Plymouth, was destroyed by fire. The President of the Royal Society was consulted as to a suitable engineer to undertake the task of constructing a new one, and he unhesitatingly suggested Smeaton. Work began in 1756 and was completed in three years to produce the first great wave-swept stone lighthouse. It was constructed of Portland stone blocks, shaped and pegged both together and to the base rock, and bonded by hydraulic cement, scientifically developed by Smeaton. It withstood the storms of the English Channel for over a century, but by 1876 erosion of the rock had weakened the structure and a replacement had to be built. The upper portion of Smeaton's lighthouse was re-erected on a suitable base on Plymouth Hoe, leaving the original base portion on the reef as a memorial to the engineer.
    The Eddystone lighthouse made Smeaton's reputation and from then on he was constantly in demand as a consultant in all kinds of engineering projects. He carried out a number himself, notably the 38 mile (61 km) long Forth and Clyde canal with thirty-nine locks, begun in 1768 but for financial reasons not completed until 1790. In 1774 he took charge of the Ramsgate Harbour works.
    On the mechanical side, Smeaton undertook a systematic study of water-and windmills, to determine the design and construction to achieve the greatest power output. This work issued forth as the paper "An experimental enquiry concerning the natural powers of water and wind to turn mills" and exerted a considerable influence on mill design during the early part of the Industrial Revolution. Between 1753 and 1790 Smeaton constructed no fewer than forty-four mills.
    Meanwhile, in 1756 he had returned to Austhorpe, which continued to be his home base for the rest of his life. In 1767, as a result of the disappointing performance of an engine he had been involved with at New River Head, Islington, London, Smeaton began his important study of the steam-engine. Smeaton was the first to apply scientific principles to the steam-engine and achieved the most notable improvements in its efficiency since its invention by Newcomen, until its radical overhaul by James Watt. To compare the performance of engines quantitatively, he introduced the concept of "duty", i.e. the weight of water that could be raised 1 ft (30 cm) while burning one bushel (84 lb or 38 kg) of coal. The first engine to embody his improvements was erected at Long Benton colliery in Northumberland in 1772, with a duty of 9.45 million pounds, compared to the best figure obtained previously of 7.44 million pounds. One source of heat loss he attributed to inaccurate boring of the cylinder, which he was able to improve through his close association with Carron Ironworks near Falkirk, Scotland.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1753.
    Bibliography
    1759, "An experimental enquiry concerning the natural powers of water and wind to turn mills", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society.
    Towards the end of his life, Smeaton intended to write accounts of his many works but only completed A Narrative of the Eddystone Lighthouse, 1791, London.
    Further Reading
    S.Smiles, 1874, Lives of the Engineers: Smeaton and Rennie, London. A.W.Skempton, (ed.), 1981, John Smeaton FRS, London: Thomas Telford. L.T.C.Rolt and J.S.Allen, 1977, The Steam Engine of Thomas Newcomen, 2nd edn, Hartington: Moorland Publishing, esp. pp. 108–18 (gives a good description of his work on the steam-engine).
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Smeaton, John

  • 32 Stephenson, Robert

    [br]
    b. 16 October 1803 Willington Quay, Northumberland, England
    d. 12 October 1859 London, England
    [br]
    English engineer who built the locomotive Rocket and constructed many important early trunk railways.
    [br]
    Robert Stephenson's father was George Stephenson, who ensured that his son was educated to obtain the theoretical knowledge he lacked himself. In 1821 Robert Stephenson assisted his father in his survey of the Stockton \& Darlington Railway and in 1822 he assisted William James in the first survey of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway. He then went to Edinburgh University for six months, and the following year Robert Stephenson \& Co. was named after him as Managing Partner when it was formed by himself, his father and others. The firm was to build stationary engines, locomotives and railway rolling stock; in its early years it also built paper-making machinery and did general engineering.
    In 1824, however, Robert Stephenson accepted, perhaps in reaction to an excess of parental control, an invitation by a group of London speculators called the Colombian Mining Association to lead an expedition to South America to use steam power to reopen gold and silver mines. He subsequently visited North America before returning to England in 1827 to rejoin his father as an equal and again take charge of Robert Stephenson \& Co. There he set about altering the design of steam locomotives to improve both their riding and their steam-generating capacity. Lancashire Witch, completed in July 1828, was the first locomotive mounted on steel springs and had twin furnace tubes through the boiler to produce a large heating surface. Later that year Robert Stephenson \& Co. supplied the Stockton \& Darlington Railway with a wagon, mounted for the first time on springs and with outside bearings. It was to be the prototype of the standard British railway wagon. Between April and September 1829 Robert Stephenson built, not without difficulty, a multi-tubular boiler, as suggested by Henry Booth to George Stephenson, and incorporated it into the locomotive Rocket which the three men entered in the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway's Rainhill Trials in October. Rocket, was outstandingly successful and demonstrated that the long-distance steam railway was practicable.
    Robert Stephenson continued to develop the locomotive. Northumbrian, built in 1830, had for the first time, a smokebox at the front of the boiler and also the firebox built integrally with the rear of the boiler. Then in Planet, built later the same year, he adopted a layout for the working parts used earlier by steam road-coach pioneer Goldsworthy Gurney, placing the cylinders, for the first time, in a nearly horizontal position beneath the smokebox, with the connecting rods driving a cranked axle. He had evolved the definitive form for the steam locomotive.
    Also in 1830, Robert Stephenson surveyed the London \& Birmingham Railway, which was authorized by Act of Parliament in 1833. Stephenson became Engineer for construction of the 112-mile (180 km) railway, probably at that date the greatest task ever undertaken in of civil engineering. In this he was greatly assisted by G.P.Bidder, who as a child prodigy had been known as "The Calculating Boy", and the two men were to be associated in many subsequent projects. On the London \& Birmingham Railway there were long and deep cuttings to be excavated and difficult tunnels to be bored, notoriously at Kilsby. The line was opened in 1838.
    In 1837 Stephenson provided facilities for W.F. Cooke to make an experimental electrictelegraph installation at London Euston. The directors of the London \& Birmingham Railway company, however, did not accept his recommendation that they should adopt the electric telegraph and it was left to I.K. Brunel to instigate the first permanent installation, alongside the Great Western Railway. After Cooke formed the Electric Telegraph Company, Stephenson became a shareholder and was Chairman during 1857–8.
    Earlier, in the 1830s, Robert Stephenson assisted his father in advising on railways in Belgium and came to be increasingly in demand as a consultant. In 1840, however, he was almost ruined financially as a result of the collapse of the Stanhope \& Tyne Rail Road; in return for acting as Engineer-in-Chief he had unwisely accepted shares, with unlimited liability, instead of a fee.
    During the late 1840s Stephenson's greatest achievements were the design and construction of four great bridges, as part of railways for which he was responsible. The High Level Bridge over the Tyne at Newcastle and the Royal Border Bridge over the Tweed at Berwick were the links needed to complete the East Coast Route from London to Scotland. For the Chester \& Holyhead Railway to cross the Menai Strait, a bridge with spans as long-as 460 ft (140 m) was needed: Stephenson designed them as wrought-iron tubes of rectangular cross-section, through which the trains would pass, and eventually joined the spans together into a tube 1,511 ft (460 m) long from shore to shore. Extensive testing was done beforehand by shipbuilder William Fairbairn to prove the method, and as a preliminary it was first used for a 400 ft (122 m) span bridge at Conway.
    In 1847 Robert Stephenson was elected MP for Whitby, a position he held until his death, and he was one of the exhibition commissioners for the Great Exhibition of 1851. In the early 1850s he was Engineer-in-Chief for the Norwegian Trunk Railway, the first railway in Norway, and he also built the Alexandria \& Cairo Railway, the first railway in Africa. This included two tubular bridges with the railway running on top of the tubes. The railway was extended to Suez in 1858 and for several years provided a link in the route from Britain to India, until superseded by the Suez Canal, which Stephenson had opposed in Parliament. The greatest of all his tubular bridges was the Victoria Bridge across the River St Lawrence at Montreal: after inspecting the site in 1852 he was appointed Engineer-in-Chief for the bridge, which was 1 1/2 miles (2 km) long and was designed in his London offices. Sadly he, like Brunel, died young from self-imposed overwork, before the bridge was completed in 1859.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1849. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1849. President, Institution of Civil Engineers 1856. Order of St Olaf (Norway). Order of Leopold (Belgium). Like his father, Robert Stephenson refused a knighthood.
    Further Reading
    L.T.C.Rolt, 1960, George and Robert Stephenson, London: Longman (a good modern biography).
    J.C.Jeaffreson, 1864, The Life of Robert Stephenson, London: Longman (the standard nine-teenth-century biography).
    M.R.Bailey, 1979, "Robert Stephenson \& Co. 1823–1829", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 50 (provides details of the early products of that company).
    J.Kieve, 1973, The Electric Telegraph, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles.
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Stephenson, Robert

Страницы
  • 1
  • 2

См. также в других словарях:

  • Paper stock — Stock Stock (st[o^]k), n. [AS. stocc a stock, trunk, stick; akin to D. stok, G. stock, OHG. stoc, Icel. stokkr, Sw. stock, Dan. stok, and AS. stycce a piece; cf. Skr. tuj to urge, thrust. Cf. {Stokker}, {Stucco}, and {Tuck} a rapier.] 1. The stem …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • Paper Money — A country s official, paper currency that is circulated for transaction related purposes. The printing of paper money is typically regulated by a country s central bank/treasury in order to keep the flow of money in line with monetary policy.… …   Investment dictionary

  • Paper Trade — Simulated trading that investors use to practice mimicking trades (buys and sells) without actually entering into any monetary transactions. Paper trading is a good way to learn the ropes without risking any money. You can do it simply by… …   Investment dictionary

  • paper trail — a written or printed record, as of transactions or judicial opinions, esp. when used to incriminate someone. [1975 80] * * * …   Universalium

  • paper trail — pa′per trail n. a written or printed record, as of transactions or judicial opinions, esp. when used to incriminate someone • Etymology: 1975–80 …   From formal English to slang

  • Commercial paper in India — is a new addition to short term instruments in Indian Money market since 1990 onward. The introduction of Commercial paper as the short term monetary instrument was the beginning of a reform in Indian Money market on the background of trend of… …   Wikipedia

  • Uniform Electronic Transactions Act — The Uniform Electronic Transactions Act ( UETA ) is one of the several United States Uniform Acts proposed by the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws (NCCUSL). Since then 46 States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico,… …   Wikipedia

  • Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society — The Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society , or Phil. Trans. , is a scientific journal published by the Royal Society.Begun in 1665, it is the oldest scientific journal printed in the English speaking world and the second oldest in the… …   Wikipedia

  • Mummy paper — is paper that is claimed to be made from the linen wrappings and other fibers (e.g. papyrus) from Egyptian mummies imported to America circa 1855.[1] The existence of this paper has not been conclusively confirmed, but it has been widely… …   Wikipedia

  • Association pour la taxation des transactions pour l'aide aux citoyens — The Association pour la taxation des transactions pour l aide aux citoyens ( Association for the Taxation of Financial Transactions for the Aid of Citizens , ATTAC) is an activist organization for the establishment of a tax on foreign exchange… …   Wikipedia

  • commercial paper — Negotiable instruments, drafts, checks, certificates of deposit, and promissory notes. The term also includes bearer bonds where such are not specifically excluded from the classification by statute. 11 Am J2d B & N § 8. The Uniform Commercial… …   Ballentine's law dictionary

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Прямая ссылка:
… Нажмите правой клавишей мыши и выберите «Копировать ссылку»