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1 TIME
lúmë (translated "hour" in LotR:94; allative lúmenna is attested. Note: lúmë also means "darkness"). Pl. locative lúmissen “at the times” (VT49:47). Cf. also lú (= "a time, occasion"). FIXED TIME asar (Vanyarin athar) (festival); pl. asari is attested. ONCE UPON A TIME yassë, yalúmessë, yáressë (Note: the first of these seems to clash with *yassë "in/on which".) MEAL TIME mat (matt-) AT ONE TIME (in the past), see ONCE. AT THIS TIME silumë (referring to the present of the time of speech). The word talumë is translated “at this time” in the sense of “at the time we are thinking or speaking of”, hence de facto meaning *”at that time” (the element ta- is normally defined “that”, not “this”). –LU, WJ:399/VT39:31, YA, QL:59, VT49:11-12 -
2 BOW
(vb) luhta- (Note: a homophone means "enchant"), \#caw- (cited in source as cawin "I bow", 1st pers. aorist; in Tolkien's later conception it would be difficult to account for w in this position, and we should perhaps read *cav- with pa.t. *canwë); BOW (noun) quinga, cú (also = crescent Moon), lúva, cúnë (crescent); RAINBOW helyanwë ("sky-bridge"), Ilweran, Ilweranta (LT2:348 has iluquinga "sky-bow", but this word was obsoleted when Tolkien changed the meaning of ilu from "sky" to "universe".) BOWLEGGED quingatelco (So it is translated, but this must really be a noun: "bow-leg" [quinga + telco]. No Quenya adjectives end in –o, unless this is the only one. Read *quingatelca for "bow-legged"? Cf. one of the other words from the same source, sincahonda, changed from sincahondo in an earlier draft – but at that time Tolkien had already omitted quingatelco and hence did not change its ending: See SD:72.) –VT47:35, LT1:257, SD 68, 72, KWIG, KU3, LT1:256, LotR:1154, LT1:271 -
3 VOWEL
\#ómëa (only pl. ómëar attested), also \#óma-tengwë, \#ómatengwë (this term refers to vowels considered as independent phonemes, according to Fëanor's new insights on phonemics; only pl. ómatengwi is attested), óman (pl. "amandi" in LR:379 is a misreading for omandi, VT46:7; this term from the Etymologies may in any case be obsoleted by the above-mentioned forms), \#lehta tengwë (lit. "free/relased element"; only pl. lehta tengwi is attested; we would rather expect *lehtë tengwi). (Note: In some compounds, óma seems to mean "vowel" instead of "voice": VOWEL SIGN \#ómatehta (only pl ómatehtar is attested), DETERMINANT VOWEL sundóma, VOCALIC EXTENSION ómataina (q.v. for definition). Yet another term for "vowel", \#penna pl. pennar, is given in VT39:16, but this is taken from a draft and not included in the final text Tolkien wrote. – The term \#mussë tengwë "soft element" (only attested in the pl.: mussë tengwi) covers vowels, semi-vowels (y, w) and continuants (l, r, m, n). –VT39:8/16, OM, WJ:396, 319, 417, VT39:17 -
4 EARTH
cemen (soil). (Note: at the time Tolkien wrote Etym, he thought of cemen as the genitive of cén, but later cemen evidently became the nominative form, as it had been in earlier writings [LT1:257]. In Silm:433, it is said that cemen [kemen] refers to "the Earth as a flat floor beneath menel, the heavens". LT1:257, reproducing early material, also has cemi "earth, soil, land" and Kémi "Mother Earth".) Locative cemendë "on earth" in VT43:17. HEAVEN AND EARTH Menel Cemenyë (VT47:11). EARTH-QUEEN Kementári (Yavanna's title); EARTHEN, OF EARTH cemna. (LR:363 gves "kemina", but according to VT45:19, this is a misreading for "kemna" in Tolkien's manuscript.) EARTH (= world) Ambar (world) (Tolkien equated Ambar with Oikoumene, a Greek word denoting "world" considered as "the inhabited world of Men". But ambar also seems to mean "doom", q.v. MR:337 (cf. WJ:419) has Imbar instead of Ambar; the literal meaning of both words is said to be "habitation") EARTH-DWELLERS –LT2:343 gives indi, rendered "earthdwellers" and said to be another word for "men", but this is hardly a valid word in LotR-style Quenya. –KEM/Silm:433/LT1:257/VT44:34, MBAR cf. Letters:283 or SD:409 -
5 HOUR
lúmë (so translated in LotR and in VT43:34; in Etym the gloss is simply "time". Allative lúmenna is attested. Note: lúmë also means "darkness".) THIS HOUR \#sillumë (isolated from the ablative sillumello “from this hour”) –LU, LotR:94, WJ:367, VT44:35 -
6 NAME
(noun) essë (pl. essi is attested, but see below concerning \#esser as a possible alternative pl. form. Note: the word essë was also used in the sense "person as a whole", body and soul.) AFTER-NAME epessë (i.e., "a nickname – mostly given as a title of admiration or honour"); MOTHER-NAME (OF INSIGHT) \#amilessë (tercenya) (i.e. names given by Elvish mothers to their children, indicating some dominant feature of the nature of the child as perceived by its mother. Only pl amilessi tercenyë is attested.) NAME OF INSIGHT \#essë tercenya (i.e., the same as "mother-name"; only pl essi tercenyë is attested); GIVEN (OR ADDED) NAME anessë (pl anessi is attested. This term includes both "after-names" and "mother-names".) NAME-MAKING Essecarmë (an Eldarin seremony in which the father of a child announces its name), NAME-CHOOSING Essecilmë (an Eldarin seremony in which a person chooses a name according to his or her personal lámatyávë or sound-taste); SELF-NAME \#cilmessë (only pl. cilmessi is attested, said to mean more literally "names of personal choice": \#cilmë "choice" + essi "names". PM:339 explains that "some among the exiles gave themselves names, as disguises or in reference to their own deeds and personal history: such names were called kilmessi 'self-names'.") PLACE NAME \#nómessë (isolated from the gen. pl. form nómesseron, "of place-names", VT42:17. This word suggests that the plural of essë can be esser as well as essi). –ES/LotR:1157/MR:216, UT:266, MR:217, 214, VT42:17 (verb) esta- –ES, VT45:12 -
7 RADIANCE
alcar, alcarë (brilliance, splendour), incalë (compare Ancalë or "Radiant One" as a name of the Sun, LR:392 s.v. KAL, though it is not clear whether or not Tolkien abandoned this word), fairë (Note: the word fairë has several other meanings – see DEATH, FREEDOM, PHANTOM), nalta (glittering reflection [from jewels, glass, polished metals, or water] – alata in Silm:433 is the Telerin form, and alta in VT42:32 would seem to be a variant. In PM:347, nalta is spelt with initial ñ, that is, ng. Initial ng had become n in Third Age Quenya, and we follow the system of LotR and transcribe it accordingly. But if this word is written in Tengwar, the initial n should be transcribed with the letter noldo, not númen.) RADIANT alcarinqua (glorious) –AKLA-R, VT45:36, PHAY, PM:347, WJ:369 (where alkar is translated "splendour") -
8 RING
\#corma (isolated from cormacolindor "Ring-bearers"). The title "Lord of the Rings" Tolkien translated as Heru i Million, with \#milli as the word for "rings" (singular *millë or less likely *mil with stem *mill-). The word *risil (quoted in archaic form rithil) appears in Rithil-Anamo or "Ring of Doom", the place where judgement was passed in Valinor; this would therefore be a "ring" on the ground. RING-DAY Cormarë (Yavannië 30th, a festival in honour of Frodo Baggins; this was his birthday). RING-WRAITHS Úlairi (Nazgûl) (pl; sg \#Úlairë? Note that Úlairi is not a literal translation of "ring-wraiths"; the prefix ú- may mean "un-" with evil connotation; the rest of the word is obscure. Lairë "summer" or "poem" can hardly have anything to do with \#lairi. The syllable úl- may also have something to do with the Black Speech word gûl, wraith, or else the meaning may be "unliving (= undead) ones", with the root LAY that is normally associated with greenness but also with life: *ú-lai-ri "un-live-ly ones") –LotR:989 cf. Letters:308, LotR.1146, WJ:401, Silm:362, 417 -
9 RULE
(vb) heru- (Note: In Tolkien’s later Quenya, heru is primarily the noun "lord", so the later verb tur- “govern” may be preferred to this early “Qenya” verb.). LT1:273 has vard- "rule, govern", but this is hardly a valid word in LotR-style Quenya. RULE (noun, “a rule”) sanyë (Þ) (law), axan (commandment, law, as proceeding primarily from Eru; pl. axani is attested.) –LT1:272, STAN, WJ:399/VT39:30 -
10 WHO
(interrogative pronoun) man (so in Nam and MC:222; MC:221 one place has men, but that is evidently an error, for man occurs in the same text. In FS and LR:59/63, man is translated "what". Either Tolkien later adjusted the meaning of the word, or man covers the meaning of both "who" and "what", but mana is seemingly attested in PM:396 as a distinct word for "what".) NOTE: this "who" is used only in questions. As for "who" as a relative pronoun, as in "the man who did this", see THAT \#3. –Nam/MC:222 -
11 BEAUTIFUL
vanya (Note: a homophone verb means "disappear"), linda (beautiful/fair of sound, VT45:27), calwa, vanima (fair, proper, right) (nominal pl vanimar "beautiful ones" and partitive plural genitive vanimálion are attested). According to MR:49, Maiar means "the Beautiful", but in Quenya this is the name of an order of spirits and cannot be used as a general adjective. BEAUTY vanessë, WITHOUT BEAUTY úvanë, adj. úvanëa –BAN, SLIN, LT1:254, LotR:1017 cf. Letters:308, LT1:272, MR:49, VT39:14 -
12 BIRD
aiwë, filit (pl filici) (Note: both aiwë and filit are stated to mean "small bird", not "bird" in general), ambalë, ammalë (= yellow bird), lindo (= "singer", singing bird). LT1:273 also has wilin; this may or may not be a valid word in LotR-style Quenya. –AIWĒ, PHILIK, SMAL, LIN -
13 DEATH
qualmë, unqualë (agony; according to VT45:24, Tolkien changed this word to anqualë), \#fírië, \#effírië (basically "expiration", attested with the ending -mmo in fíriemmo, effíriemmo "of our death"), nuru, older ñuru (personalized Nuru = Mandos), fairë (natural death [as act]) (Note: fairë also means "radiance" and "phantom", and even [in LT1:250] "free"), urdu –KWAL/LT1:264, VT43:34, ÑGUR/VT46:4, PHIR, LT2:342 -
14 DESIRE
(vb) \#mer- (cited in the form merë, evidently the 3rd person aorist; pa.t. given as mernë) (want, wish). The stem YES yields a word yesta- "desire" (which may however be confused with yesta “beginning”). DESIRE (noun) írë, náma (= "a desire" or "a judgement"), námië (= "a (single) desire" or "a (single) judgement"), milmë (greed). (Note: írë also means "when".) See SEXUAL DESIRE for a term that possibly has this meaning. DESIREABLE írima (loveable), DESIRER Irmo (name of a Vala). DESIRING TO START mína (eager to go), also verb DESIRE TO GO IN SOME DIRECTION mína- (to wish to go to a place, make for it, have some end in view). –MER, ID, VT41:13, MIL-IK, YES/VT46:23, WJ:403, VT39:11 -
15 GLOWING
lúsina adj. “glowing” (of things). Note: used of people, the word means “hearty” (QL:57). If this early Qenya term is to be used in LotR-style Quenya, one would have to assyme that it represents earlier lúÞina (root *LUTH) and spell it accordingly in Tengwar. -
16 HEART
hón (physical heart), órë (inner mind – concerning this word, see SPIRIT) (Note: a homophone means "rising"), indo (mind, mood), enda (lit. "centre", not referring to the physical organ, but the fëa [soul] or sáma [mind] itself; enda may be the best word to use for the metaphorical “heart” in general), Tolkien’s early “Qenya” also has the word elwen. -HEARTED \#honda (isolated from sincahonda "flinthearted"). EYES OF HEARTSEASE (a name of the pansy) Helinyetillë HEART OF FLAME Naira (a name of the Sun), –KHŌ-N-, LotR:1157, ID, VT39:32, LT1:255, LotR:1015 cf. SD:68, 72, LT1:262, MR:198 -
17 HEAT
úrë (The stem from which this word must be derived was struck out in Etym, but the word occurs in LotR itself, indicating that Tolkien restored the stem in question.) SMOULDERING HEAT, RED [?HEAT] (Tolkies handwriting was illegible) yulmë (Note: a homophone means "drinking, carousal") –LotR:1157 cf. UR; YUL -
18 HONEY
lis (liss-). In a far earlier source, reproduced in LT1:262, the word for "honey" was nektë. This would however become nehtë in LotR-style Quenya, since Tolkien later decided that kt becomes ht in Quenya, and in its new form nehtë the word turns up in the Etymologies with the slightly modified meaning "honeycomb". (Note: a homophone means "spear-head, gore, wedge, narrow promontory".) HONEY-BEE nier, nion –LIS, LT1:262, VT45:38, GL:60 -
19 LIE
(noun, = untruth) furu (read perhaps *huru since Tolkien decided that fu- becomes *hu- in Quenya) –LT2:340, GL:36 (1) (vb, not "tell a lie" but "lie [horisontally]") caita- (pa.t. \#cainë with the alternative cëantë); LIE HEAVY lumna- (Note: this is also an adjective meaning "lying heavy"; see OPPRESSIVE) –Nam/RGEO:67, VT48:12, 13, DUB (2) (vb, tell a lie) fur- (conceal) (read perhaps *hur- since Tolkien decided that fu- becomes *hu- in Quenya) –LT2:340 -
20 LOFTY
tára (tall, high); compare antara "very lofty". Also arta (exalted, noble; note that homophones mean "athwart" and also "fort"). (According to Letters:282, Varda means "Lofty" [WJ:402 has "the Sublime"], but this word should probably not be used as a common adjective.) LOFTY TOWER see TOWER. –TĀ/Silm:437/LT1:264, VT45:36, VT46:17, PM:354
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