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101 Paré, Ambroise
SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology[br]b. 1510 Laval, Maine, Franced. 20 December 1590 Paris, France[br]French physician, surgeon and anatomist recognized as the founder of the rational approach to the practice of surgery and the treatment of wounds.[br]After a barber-surgeon apprenticeship in Paris, Paré was appointed Resident Surgeon to the Hôtel-Dieu in 1533. From 1537 he served as a military surgeon in the Wars of Religion under Henri II, François II, Charles IX and Henri III. His immense experience of battlefield surgery led him to initiate new treatments of wounds and amputations, replacing the destructive and infecting procedures then practised. His first book, published in 1549, advocated the use of simple ointments and ligatures for amputations.During the following years he experienced many adventures and vicissitudes and survived the St Bartholomew's Day massacre probably as a result of royal intervention. His numerous surgical and anatomical discoveries and innovations appeared in two major sets of works published in 1564 and 1572. In 1574 he was appointed premier chirurgien, conseiller et valet-de-chambre to Henri II, and a further collection of writings was published in 1575.His attempts to unite French surgeons under his leadership were consistently opposed by the Faculty of Physicians, who not only objected to his writing in French rather than Latin, but also to his refutation of such therapies as "mummies and unicorn's horn".Of his many contributions to medicine, his insistence on rational treatments is outstanding, and two aphorisms are representative: "Then I resolved never again to so cruelly burn the poor wounded by gunshot"; "I removed the stone but God cured the patient".[br]Bibliography1564, Dix livres de chirurgerie, Paris. 1572, Cinq livres de chirurgerie, Paris.1575, Les Oeuvres de M.Ambroise Paré, Paris.Further ReadingT.Johnson, 1649, The Works of That Famous Chirurgien Ambroise Parey, London.MG -
102 Szilard, Leo
SUBJECT AREA: Weapons and armour[br]b. 11 February 1898 Budapest, Hungaryd. 30 May 1964 La Jolla, California, USA[br]Hungarian (naturalized American in 1943) nuclear-and biophysicist.[br]The son of an engineer, Szilard, after service in the Austro-Hungarian army during the First World War, studied electrical engineering at the University of Berlin. Obtaining his doctorate there in 1922, he joined the faculty and concentrated his studies on thermodynamics. He later began to develop an interest in nuclear physics, and in 1933, shortly after Hitler came to power, Szilard emigrated to Britain because of his Jewish heritage.In 1934 he conceived the idea of a nuclear chain reaction through the breakdown of beryllium into helium and took out a British patent on it, but later realized that this process would not work. In 1937 he moved to the USA and continued his research at the University of Columbia, and the following year Hahn and Meitner discovered nuclear fission with uranium; this gave Szilard the breakthrough he needed. In 1939 he realized that a nuclear chain reaction could be produced through nuclear fission and that a weapon with many times the destructive power of the conventional high-explosive bomb could be produced. Only too aware of the progress being made by German nuclear scientists, he believed that it was essential that the USA should create an atomic bomb before Hitler. Consequently he drafted a letter to President Roosevelt that summer and, with two fellow Hungarian émigrés, persuaded Albert Einstein to sign it. The result was the setting up of the Uranium Committee.It was not, however, until December 1941 that active steps began to be taken to produce such a weapon and it was a further nine months before the project was properly co-ordinated under the umbrella of the Manhattan Project. In the meantime, Szilard moved to join Enrico Fermi at the University of Chicago and it was here, at the end of 1942, in a squash court under the football stadium, that they successfully developed the world's first self-sustaining nuclear reactor. Szilard, who became an American citizen in 1943, continued to work on the Manhattan Project. In 1945, however, when the Western Allies began to believe that only the atomic bomb could bring the war against Japan to an end, Szilard and a number of other Manhattan Project scientists objected that it would be immoral to use it against populated targets.Although he would continue to campaign against nuclear warfare for the rest of his life, Szilard now abandoned nuclear research. In 1946 he became Professor of Biophysics at the University of Chicago and devoted himself to experimental work on bacterial mutations and biochemical mechanisms, as well as theoretical research on ageing and memory.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsAtoms for Peace award 1959.Further ReadingKosta Tsipis, 1985, Understanding Nuclear Weapons, London: Wildwood House, pp. 16–19, 26, 28, 32 (a brief account of his work on the atomic bomb).A collection of his correspondence and memories was brought out by Spencer Weart and Gertrud W.Szilard in 1978.CM -
103 object
I[΄ɔbdзikt] n իր, առարկա, օբյեկտ. object in space առարկա տիեզերքում. a strange object տարօ րինակ առարկա. an unidentified flying object (UFO) չհայտնաբերված թռչող օբյեկտ (ՉԹՕ). become an object of ridicule ծաղրի ա ռարկա դառնալ. A nice object you look ! ծղր. Հո յակա՜պ տեսք ունես. (նպատակ) object of expenditure ծախսերի նպատակը. the object of my visit իմ այցելության նպատակը. have no object in life կյանքում նպատակ չունենալ. Cost is no object Գինը նշանակություն չունի. քեր. խնդիր direct/ indirect object ուղիղ/անուղղակի խնդիր. object lesson դիտողական/զննողական դաս/օրինակ. հմկրգ. object oriented օբյեկտներին կողմնորոշված. object code օբյեկտային կոդ/ծրագիր. object computer նպատակային հա մակարգիչ. object lan guage օբյեկտային (թարգմանության) լեզուII[əb΄dзekt] v առարկել, հակաճառել. I object ես դեմ եմ. object most strongly խստորեն հակաճառել. It will be objected Դրան դեմ կլինեն. Do you object my smoking? Դեմ չե՞ք, եթե ես ծխեմ. I don’t object to a drink Մի բաժակից (թեյ, սուրճ, ալկոհոլ) չեմ հրաժարվի -
104 objection
возражение
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
objection
The act of a party who objects to some matter or proceeding in the course of a trial or an argument or reason urged by him in support of his contention that the matter or proceeding objected to is improper or illegal. (Source: BLACK)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
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Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > objection
См. также в других словарях:
Objected — Object Ob*ject ([o^]b*j[e^]kt ), v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Objected}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Objecting}.] [L. objectus, p. p. of objicere, obicere, to throw or put before, to oppose; ob (see {Ob }) + jacere to throw: cf. objecter. See {Jet} a shooting forth … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
objected — un·objected; … English syllables
objected — ob·ject || É™b dÊ’ekt , É‘bdʒɪkt / É’b n. article, thing; goal; objective; focus of a thought or action; (Grammar) recipient of action; (Computers) image or part of a document that can be embedded within another document; (in OOP) self… … English contemporary dictionary
OBJECTED — … Useful english dictionary
objected categorically — was completely opposed, opposed it aggressively … English contemporary dictionary
protested vigorously — objected vehemently, protested forcefully … English contemporary dictionary
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