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81 SONR
(gen. sonar, dat. syni and søni; pl. synir, sønir; ace. sonu and syni), m. son.* * *m., gen. sonar, dat. syni, pl. synir, acc. sonu, and mod. syni, which form occurs in vellums of the end of the 13th century (Cod. Fris.), Sks. 329 B: an acc. sing. sunu, Thorsen 335 (a Dan. Runic stone). The forms syni, synir refer to an older nom. sunr, which is freq. in Norse vellums; on the other hand, Icel, vellums now and then have dat. søni, pl. sønir, Grág. ii. 174; senir, 656 C. 14; Guðs senir, id.; even spelt seyni, seynir, Bs. i, Rafns. S.; the ø (ey) representing the vowel change of o. When sonr is suffixed to a name, the Icel. (but not Norsemen) drop the r, e. g. Snorri Sturlu-son (not sonr); it is in Edd. written in one word, Árni Magnússon, but in the vellums in two words, as in the list D. I. i. 185, 186 (Fiðr Halls son, Hjalti Arnsteins son …): [the root is sunu; cp. Goth. sunus, A. S. sunu, whence Engl. son, Dan. sön, but sen when suffixed, as Peter-sen.]B. A son; skilgetinn sonr, laun-s., bróður-s., systur-s., dóttur-s., sonar-s., Grág. i. 171; sonar-dóttir. id.; sonar-kona, sonar-kvon, a daughter-in-law, N. G. L. i. 350, K. Á. 142; sonar-synir, a son’s sons, grandsons, Eg. 591; sona-torrek, a son’s loss, the name of an old poem, Eg.; sonar-dauði, sonar-missir, Stj.; sonar-bani, slayer of one’s son, Háv. 44, Fms. vi. 106; sonar-bætr, the weregild for a son, Nj. 21, Fms. i. 194; sonar iðgjöld, engi getr s. nema sjálfr ali, Stor.; sona-eign, Ld. 236, Fas. ii. 112; sonar-gjöld = sonar-bætr. Eg. 311; sonar-hefndir, Grett. 150. ☞ We may notice the brief way of stating a pedigree upwards with a running genitive; e. g. móðir hans hét Þórgerðr ok var dóttir Þorsteins ins Rauða, Óláfs-sonar ins Hvíta, Ingjalds-sonar, Helga-sonar, … Th. was the daughter of Th. the Red, son of Olave the White, son of Ingjald, son of Helgi; … Auðr var dóttir Ketils Flatnefs, Bjarnar-sonar Bunu, Grims-sonar hersis or Sogni, A. was the daughter of K. Flatnose, son of Bjórn Buna, son of Grim Hersir of Sogn, Nj. 2, see the Landn. passim. -
82 SÓL
* * *(gen. sólar, dat. sól and sólu), f.1) sun (hann fal sik á hendi þeim guði, er sólina hafði skapat); á morgin fyrir s., before sunrise; einn morgin við s., about sunrise; þá var dagr all-ljóss, ok s. farin, the sun had risen; sól var lítt farin, lítt á lopt komin, not high above the horizon; s. rennr upp, the sun rises; þegar er sólina lægði, when the sun got low; s. gengr í ægi, til viðar, undir, s. sezt, the sun sets; ganga at sólu, to go prosperously, succeed to one’s wishes (honum gengu náliga allir hlutir at sólu);2) day; fyrir ina þriðju s., before the third sun, within three days; áðr sjau sólir eru af himni, before seven days have passed.* * *f., dat. sól, and older sólu; acc. with the article sólna, Edda 41, Ó. H. 216; sól is the Scandin. word, ‘sunna’ being only used in poets: [in Ulf. sauil occurs twice, Mark i. 32, xiii. 24; in A. S. poets sôl occurs once, see Grein; Dan.-Swed. sōl; Lat. sōl; Gr. ἥλιος.]A. The sun, Vsp. 4. 5, 57, Gm. 38; úlfrinn gleypir sólna. Edda 41; vedr var heitt af sólu, Ó. H.; sól skein í heiði, 216; nú vil ek heita á þann er sólina hefir skapat, Fs. 59; hann lét sik bera í sólar-geisla í bana-sótt sinni ok fal sik á hendi þeim guði er sólina hafði skapat, Landn. 38.2. various phrases as to the sun’s course; fyrir sól, before sunrise, Bs. ii. 241; einn morgin við sól, with the sun, about sunrise, Eg. 717; með sólu, id., Bs. ii. 243; sól rennr á fjöll, K. Þ. K.: or mod., sól kastar á fjöll, the sun appears on the fells; or sól roðar, það roðar af sólu; sól rýðr, or rýðr fjöll, the sun reddens the fells, Fms. xi. 438 (sólar-roð), all denoting the moment before sunrise: of the sunrise, þá rann sól upp, Ó. H. 109; þá er sól ridr upp, N. G. L. i. 218: early in the morning, sól skapthá, shaft-high, Grág.; sól lítt farin, Ó. H.; sól lítt á lopt komin, Ld. 36: of noon, sól hátt á lopti, sól hæst á lopti, sól í suðri, sól í landsuðri, Landn. 276, Sturl. iii. 70, Al. 51: of the afternoon and evening, er sólina lægði, Eb. 172; lágr veggr undir sólina, a low wall under the sun (cp. skapthá sól, in the morning), Sturl. iii. 70: of the sunset, er sól settisk (sól-setr), Eb. 172; sól gengr (rennr) í ægi, the sun sinks into the sea, the phrase suits a coast-land towards the west, Fms. ii. 302, Al. 67; or sól rennr á viðu (or til viðar), towards the wood, in a wooded inland country, Hkr. iii. 227; sól affjalla, ‘the sun is off the fells,’ i. e. is after sunset.3. of the seasons; cp. the old Dan. phrase, solen bjerges, the sun is ‘mountained,’ sets over the fells; þá tognar dagr en sól vex, Sks. 234 (see sólar-gangr).4. sól = day; in the law phrase, fyrir ina þriðju sól, before the third sun, within three days, Grág. ii. 20, 24, Eb. 222, Eg. 723; til hinnar þriðju sólar, Fas. i. 20; er þrjár sólir eru af himni, when three suns are off the heaven, three days hence, Nj. 206.5. hann skyldi snemma upp rísa, ok fylgia sólu meðan hæst væri sumars, Lv. 43; þeir skyldi um nætr berjask, en eigi undir sólu, Fms. vii. 296; á þann bekk er vissi móti sólu, towards the south, Fms. vi. 439.6. at sólu, following the sun’s course, in due course, prosperously, opp. to andsælis (q. v.), ‘withershins;’ þér skyldið rétt horfa á sólina, ok draumr þinn skyldi þér at sólu ganga, Fb. ii. 298; Páll biskup var svá mikill gæfu-maðr, at honum gengu náliga allir hlutir at sólu (sölu = ślu, Ed.) hinn fyrra hlut æfi sinnar, Bs. i. 137: er náliga mun komið á enda æfi minnar, ok gengit áðr mart at sólu, 70; but wizards used to make a ring or walk against the sun’s course, saying charms, which was thought to work evil, see andsælis: gýgjar-sól (q. v.), a mock-sun, Sól.; auka-sólir, ‘eke-suns,’ mock-suns: a beam gener., skínn af sverði sól, Vsp. 51.II. the Sun-goddess. the sister of Máni and daughter of the giant Möndilföri, Vþm., Gm., Edda.☞ The sun as an object of worship and reverence:—the heathen Thorkel Máni, when on his death-bed, had himself carried out into the sun, and commended his spirit to the god who had made the sun, Landn. 38, see the citation above; sól ek sá … henni ek laut hinnsta sinni ægis-heimi í, I saw the sun and louted to him the last time in this world, Sól. So in Icel. at the present day children, immediately after getting out of bed in the morning, are made to run out of doors bare-headed, there to say a short prayer or verse, and when they return ‘bid good-day,’—a ‘good-day’ being not allowable till this is done; this is called to ‘fetch the good-morning,’ sækja góðan-daginn; the verse Pass. 3. 12 is set apart for this use; but the very words of this verse—á morni hverjum þá upp stend eg, fyrst eg stíg niðr fæti á jörð, færi eg þér hjartans þakkar-görð—were evidently suggested to the poet’s mind by, this beautiful and time-honoured custom then general, but now perhaps fast dying out.B. COMPDS: sólarár, sólaráss, sólarbruni, sólarfall, sólargangr, sólargeisli, sólarglaðan, sólargoð, sólarhiti, sólarhringr, sólarhvarf, sólarlag, sólarlítill, sólarljós, sólarrás, sólarroð, sólarseta, sólarsetr, sólarsinnis, sólarskin, sólarsteinn, sólarsuðr, sólartal, sólartár, sólaruppkoma, sólarupprás, sólaröld. -
83 STAKR
adj. [stök, stakt], single, odd; handlín stakt, an odd napkin, Pm. 73 (cp. Dan. umage); tvennir hauzkar og einn stakr, stakr sokkr, etc.; annan vetr verðr stakt sævar-fall, Rb. 90; fjórtán hundruð, sextigi, ok eitt stakt, Ann. 415. 10; sjaldan er ein báran stök, a saying: adv. stöku-, in compds, stöku-sinnum, adv. now and then; ein-stakr. -
84 stundum
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85 úlf-liðr
m. the wolf’s joint, i. e. the wrist, see the story of Ty and the Wolf Fenrir, Edda 20,—‘then bit he (the wolf) the hand off, whence it is now called wolf’s joint (the wrist):’ the word is often spelt as above, e. g. Gullþ. 59, Fms. i. 166, Nj. 84, 262 (Cod. 468 in both instances gives ‘aulflið’). This etymology, although old, is quite erroneous, for the word is derived from oln- or öln-, see alin (p. 13, col. 2); the true form being öln-liðr, q. v. -
86 VÁFA
I)(-ða), v. to swing, vibrate to and fro, hang; v. yfir, to be impending.f. ghost, spectre, shade.* * *váfi, váfði; ófir = váfir, Pd. 3; (later vófa, mod. vofa):—to swing, vibrate to and fro; belgr váfir, Hm. 135; ef ek sé á tré uppi váfa virgil-ná, 158; ván mín váfir, my hope wavers, Fms. vii. 115 (in a verse); sá váfði milli himins ok jarðar, Post.: still used in the phrase, e-t vofir yfir, is imminent, of danger; cp. þó man ek yðr þat er yfir ófir, þegjum nú, segja, then I will tell thee what is impending, though now I am silent, Pd. 3. -
87 verða
(verð; varð, urðum; orðinn, vorðinn), v.1) to happen, come to pass;ætluðu allir, at þeir myndi tala um mál sitt, en þat varð ekki, but it came not to pass, it was not so;þá varð óp mikit at lögbergi, then there arose a great shout at the Lawhill;2) verða e-m, to happen to, befall one (slikt verðr opt ungum mönnum);þat varð Skarphéðni, at stökk í sundr skóþvengr hans, it happened to S. that his shoe-string snapped asunder;sjaldan verðr víti vörum, the wary man will seldom make a slip;e-m verðr þörf e-s, one comes to be in need of;3) to happen to be, occur;í lœk þann, er þar verðr, in the brook that happens to be there;varð fyrir þeim fjörðr, they came on a fjord;verða á leið e-s, to be on one’s path, happen to one;4) verða brottu, to leave, absent oneself (þeir sá þann sinn kost líkastan at verða á brottu);verða úti, to go away (verð úti ok drag ongan spott at oss);to perish in a storm from cold (sumir urðu úti);þeim þótti honum seint heim verða, they thought that he was long in coming home;5) with acc. to lose;kváðust okkr hafa orðit bæði, said that they had lost us both;6) followed by a noun, a., pp., adv., as predicate, to become;þá verðr þat þinn bani, it will be thy death;verða glaðr, hryggr, reiðr, to become glad, sad, angry;verða dauðr to die (áðr Haraldr inn hárfagri yrði dauðr) with participles;ok varð ekki eptir honum gengit, he was not pursued;verða þeir ekki fundnir, they could not be found;blóð hans varð ekki stöðvat, the blood could not be staunched;þeim varð litit til hafs, they happened to look seaward;impers., e-m verðr bilt, one is amazed;Kolbeini varð ekki fyrir, K. lost his head, was paralysed;with adverbs; hann varð vel við skaða sinn, he bore his loss well, like a man;jarl varð illa við þetta, the earl was vexed by this;7) with infin., denoting necessity, one must, needs, is forced, obliged to do;þat verðr hverr at vinna, er ætlat er, every one must do the work that is set before him;þar er bera verðr til grjót, where stones have to be carried;verð ek nú flýja, now I must flee;8) with preps., verða af e-u, to come to pass (var um rœtt, at hann skyldi leita fara, en eigi varð af);varð ekki af ferðinni, the journey came to nought was given up;verðr þetta af, at hann tekr við sveinunum, the end was that at last he took the boys;starf ok kostnaðr varð af þessu, trouble and expenses arose from this;livat verðr af e-u, what becomes of;hvat varð af húnum mínum, what has become of my cubs?;verða at e-u, to become (verða at undri, undrsjónum);veiztu, hvat þér mun verða at bana, knowest thou what will be the cause of thy death?;verða at engu, to come to nothing;verða á, to come on, happen;þvat sem á yrði síðan, whatever might happen later on;e-m verðr á, one makes a blunder, mistake (þótti þér ekki á verða fyrir honum, er hann náði eigi fénu?);verða eptir, to be left (honum varð þar eptir geit ok hafr);verða fyrir e-u, to meet with (verða fyrir goða reiði);to forebode (verða fyrir stórfundum);verða fyrir e-m, to be in one’s way, as a hindrance (því meira sem oss verðr fyrir, því harðara skulu þér niðr koma);verða í, to happen (tókust nú upp leikar sem ekki hefði í orðit);verða til e-s, to come forth to do a thing, be ready to;en sá er nefndr Hermóðr, er til þeirar farar varð, who undertook this journey;verða við e-m, to respond to (bið ek þik, at þú verðir við mér, þó at engi sé verðleiki til).* * *u, f. the ‘ward,’ the bulwarks of a ship which ward off the waves; hrími stokkin verða hrökk, Arnór, (also called varta.) -
88 annarr hvárr
indef. pron., one or other of two persons, either (drepa annan hvárn þeirra sona Skallagríms); at öðru hváru, every now and then, aðrir hvárir, one or other of the two parties; neut. used as adv., annat hvárt … eða, either … or. -
89 annarr hverr
indef. pron. every other alternately; annan hvern dag, every other day; annat hvert orð, every other (second) word; at öðru hverju, every now and then. -
90 beint
* * *adv.1) straight, in a straight line, straight on;2) just (þat kom mér beint í hug); beint sex tigir skipa, precisely sixty ships; nú beint, just now; þá beint, beint í þessu, just then.
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