north+from

1. noun

1) the direction to the left of a person facing the rising sun, or any part of the earth lying in that direction:

2) ( also N) one of the four main points of the compass.

2. adjective

1) in the north:

2) from the direction of the north:

3. adverb

SUBJECT AREA: Weapons and armour

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Like his father and grandfather, Simeon North began his working life as a farmer. In 1795 he started a business making scythes in an old mill adjoining his farm. He had apparently already been making some pistols for sale, and in March 1799 he secured his first government contract, for 500 horse-pistols to be delivered within one year. This was followed by further contracts for 1,500 in 1800, 2,000 in 1802, and others; by 1813 he had supplied at least 10,000 pistols and was employing forty or fifty men. In a contract for 20,000 pistols in 1813 there was a provision, which North himself recommended, that parts should be interchangeable. It is probable that he had employed the concept of interchangeability at least as early as his more famous contemporary Eli Whitney. To meet this contract he established a new factory at Middletown, Connecticut, but his original works at Berlin continued to be used until 1843. His last government order for pistols was in 1828, but from 1823 he obtained a series of contracts for rifles and carbines, with the last (1850) being completed in 1853, after his death. In developing machine tools to carry out these contracts, North was responsible for what was probably the earliest milling machine, albeit in a relatively primitive form, c. 1816 or even as early as 1808. In 1811 he was elected Lieutenant-Colonel of the 6th Connecticut Regiment; although he resigned after only two years, he was generally known thereafter as Colonel North.

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2. adverb

2. adverb

1) (of a wind etc) coming from the north-east or north-west:

2) looking, lying etc towards the north-east or north-west:

1) (of a wind etc) coming from the north-east or north-west:

2) looking, lying etc towards the north-east or north-west:

(NATO)

   Portugal joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1949, as a founding member. Besides complementing the Atlantic orientation of Portugal's foreign and defense policies, this membership also supported the country's close relationship with two leading members of NATO, Great Britain and the United States. Portugal's slight contribution to NATO in the first decades after joining was conditioned mainly by the fact that Portugal's primary concern was in defending its colonial empire, Portuguese India (1954-61) and in conducting several colonial wars in its African empire in Angola, Mozambique, and Guinea- Bissau (1961-74). One contentious question during this phase of Portugal's membership was the extent to which Portugal used NATO-issued equipment to fight those wars in Africa and Asia, since several of these colonial territories were neither on the Atlantic nor in NATO's jurisdiction (Mozambique and Portuguese India).

   The perceived strategic value of Portugal's key Atlantic archipelagos, the Azores and Madeiras, constituted Portugal's primary contribution to NATO and neutralized any U.S. ambivalence about the question of Portugal's NATO membership. The usefulness of Azores' air and naval bases, especially Lajes base at Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira Island, Azores, along with bases in continental Portugal and in the Madeira Islands, trumped international criticism of Portugal's colonial action and influenced American policy toward Portugal. This remained the situation until after the Yom Kippur war, an Arab-Israeli conflict, in October 1973, when Portugal, despite the risks to her energy supplies, gave the United States permission to use Azores bases for resupplying Israel.

   The Revolution of 25 April 1974 had an impact on Portugal's relationship to NATO. Leftist forces in Portugal were now in command, and Portuguese NATO delegates did not attend highly sensitive NATO defense briefings. But by 1980, after moderate military forces had ousted the radical leftists, Portugal's NATO roles returned to the routing. One of NATO's major subordinate commands became IBERLANT (Iberian Atlantic Command), under SACLANT (Supreme Commander Atlantic), located at Norfolk, Virginia. IBERLANT is located at Oeiras, Portugal and, in 1982, the IBERLAND commander for the first time was a Portuguese Vice Admiral. That same year, Spain joined NATO and, until 1986, when Spain decided not to join NATO's integrated military structure, Portugal was anxious that Portuguese commanders not be subordinate to Spanish commanders in NATO. As a key leader of IBERLANT, along with the representative units of Great Britain and the United States, Portugal's forces remain responsible for surveillance and patrolling of the area from central Portugal to the straits of Gibraltar.

   Portugal has made symbolic if modest contributions to NATO's mission in the Balkan conflicts beginning in the late 1990s and in Afghanistan since 2001. Among Portugal's contributions has been the service of medical units in Afghanistan.

    See also Armed forces; Great Britain; United States of America.

- wiatr wieje od a. z północy/znad morza a wind is blowing from the north/from over the sea

- wieje chłód/zimno a. chłodem/zimnem it’s cold

- z piwnicy wieje stęchlizną there’s a musty smell wafting up from the cellar

- krajobraz wieje pustką the landscape breathes an air of emptiness

- od zgliszcz wiało grozą the smouldering ruins breathed an air of peril

- z ekranu wieje nudą boredom is drifting from the screen

- była piękna, ale wiało od niej chłodem she was beautiful but cold

- wiać pszenicę/żyto to winnow wheat/rye

- wiać na strych/przez okno to bolt up to the attic/out of the window, to run away to the attic/through the window

- wiać za granicę to flee the country

- wiać ze strachu/z przerażenia to run away out of fear/terror

- wiejemy, strażnik idzie let’s beat it, the guard’s coming ⇒ zwiać

- na dworze wieje it’s windy outside

- wiało na mnie od okna I could feel a draught (coming) from the window

- zamknij drzwi, strasznie wieje close the door, it’s really draughty

■ wiać aż się kurzy pot. to run away like a bat out of hell

- wiać, gdzie pieprz rośnie pot. to run for dear a. one’s life

- orientować się/wiedzieć/wyczuwać skąd wiatr wieje to see/to know what’s in the wind