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Толкование Перевод

61 run

1) работа; ход || работать

2) эксплуатация || эксплуатировать

3) партия; серия

4) увод ( сверла)

5) ветвь (напр. конвейера)

6) длина ( провода)

7) приводить в действие; пускать в ход

8) плавить; лить ( металл); заливать ( подшипник)

•

to run out of true — 1) вращаться с большим биением 2) терять круглую форму (напр. в результате износа)

to run out of work — оставаться без заготовок (напр. о станке)

to test run — отрабатывать (напр. программу на станке)

to test run slide travel — тестировать перемещение салазок (напр. в станке с ЧПУ)

to run together — 1) прикатывать; прирабатывать 2) работать в паре

to run true — 1) вращаться без биения 2) работать без увода (напр. о сверле)

to run under power — обкатывать под нагрузкой

to run up to full speed — достигать полной скорости, достигать нормальной скорости

- active run
- backward run
- balancing run
- batch proof run
- batch proving run
- dry run
- durability run
- high-production run
- idle run
- infrequent batch runs
- laser run
- length run of weld
- low-frequency batch run
- machining run
- measuring run
- medium run
- medium-length run
- multiple part run
- out-of-normal run
- production run
- proof run
- proving run
- repeat batch run
- repeat component run
- return run
- run of blade
- semiautomatic run
- short-production run
- simulation run
- single-piece lot run
- tape-and-planning proof run
- test run
- to run in
- to run off
- trial runs
- unattended run
- untended run
- vacant run
- weld run

English-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > run
62 device

1) устройство; прибор; приспособление; механизм; аппарат

2) элемент, компонент (см. тж component, element, unit)

3) схема; метод; способ

•

- accounting device
- active device
- adding device
- add-on device
- addressed device
- aiming device
- alarm device
- analog device
- arithmetic device
- attached device
- attention device
- autopolarity device
- backup device
- beam-leaded device
- beam-lead device
- binary storage device
- bipolar device
- bistable device
- block-oriented device
- borrow generating device
- bridging device
- buffered device
- built-in display device
- calling device
- card feed device
- card-take device
- carry storage device
- cellular-logic device
- character recognition device
- charge-coupled device
- charge-transfer device
- checking device
- choice device
- clamp device
- code device
- coding device
- coincident-current device
- communication device
- comparison device
- complementary devices
- computing device
- control device
- conversion device
- counting device
- cross-magnetized device
- CRT programming device
- currently configured device
- current-operated device
- current-output device
- cursor-director device
- cutoff device
- data display device
- data input device
- data-hold device
- decision-making device
- delay device
- detachable device
- differential device
- digital delay device
- digital device
- discrete device
- display device
- division device
- dynamic analog device
- dynamic MOS device
- encoding device
- error sensing device
- exchange device
- exponential device
- external device
- figure reading device
- file protected device
- film optical sensing device
- fixed program device
- fluidic device
- full functional device
- full-wafer device
- graphic input device
- hard-copy output device
- hardware/software input device
- higher-priority device
- I/O device
- IDE device
- indicating device
- input device
- input/output device
- integrating device
- interactive pointing device
- interconnecting device
- known good device
- laser device
- lasing device
- list device
- locator device
- log-normal device
- lower-priority device
- LSI device
- magnetic-bubble device
- mapping device
- marginal device
- mark scanning device
- media device
- metal-oxide-semiconductor device
- mixed-signal device
- MOS device
- mouse pointing device
- multiaperture device
- multilevel storage device
- multiport device
- multivariable device
- nonburst device
- null device
- operator's station devices
- optical input device
- output device
- paging device
- paper-moving device
- parameter device
- parametric device
- peripheral device
- plotting device
- pointing device
- printer-sharing device
- printing device
- programmable logic device
- protective device
- pseudointerrupt device
- raster-scan device
- readout device
- ready/not ready device
- recirculating amplifier storage device
- recording device
- removable device
- repeat printing device
- reproducing device
- rewriting device
- rolling device
- safety device
- second source device
- self-timing device
- sensing device
- setting device
- short-time memory device
- silicon-gate device
- single-order device
- single-pulse device
- slot device
- snap-on pointing device
- solid-state device
- sorting device
- spurious device
- squaring device
- stand-alone device
- static analog device
- still image device
- storage device
- storing device
- string device
- stylus input device
- surface mount device
- swap device
- switching device
- system input device
- system output device
- tablet coordinates input device
- tablet coordinates device
- tape-moving device
- temporary storage device
- terminal device
- three-state device
- time sharing device
- touch-input device
- tristate device
- tunnel effect device
- tunneling device
- two-state device
- two-terminal device
- user-record device
- utility device
- virtual device
- visible-warning device
- voltage-operated device
- voltage-output device
- worst-case device

English-Russian dictionary of computer science and programming > device
63 star

звезда

@star cluster

звездное скопление
@star streaming
звездный поток
@star of advancing spectral type
звезда более позднего спектрального класса (чем данная)
@star of low metal content
звезда с низким содержанием металлов
@A-O star
(A, B, F, G, K, M, O)

звезда спектрального класса A-O
@Algol star
переменная типа Алголя (β Персея)
@antalgol star
анталголь
@artificial star
искусственная звезда
@azimuth star
азимутальная звезда
@background star
звезда фона
@baryon star
барионная звезда
@BD star
звезда из каталога "Боннское обозрение"
@binary star
двойная звезда
@blue star
голубая звезда
@blue halo stars
голубые звезды гало Галактики
@blue horizonal-branch stars
голубые звезды горизонтальной ветви диаграммы "спектр-светимость"
@Bp star
пекулярная В-звезда
@bright star
яркая звезда
@bright radio star
яркий (дискретный) радиоисточник
@brown dwarf star
коричневый карлик
@Bw star
В-звезда со слабыми линиями гелия
@C stars
С-звезды (класс углеродных звезд)
@calcium star
кальциевая звезда (устаревшее название звезд класса F)
@carbon star
углеродная звезда
@CD star
звезда из каталога "Кордобское обозрение"
@central star
центральная звезда (в планетарной туманности)
@Cepheid star
цефеида
@circumpolar stars
околополюсные звезды
@clock star
навигационная звезда
@close binary stars
тесные двойные
@close circumpolar stars
близкополюсные звезды
@cocon star
звезда-"кокон"
@collapsed star
сколлапсировавшая звезда
@collapsing star
коллапсирующая звезда
@comparison star
звезда сравнения
@component stars
компонента кратной звезды
@cool star
холодная звезда
@C-S stars
звезды с сильными полосами CN
@cyclic variable stars
циклические переменные
@dark star
темная звезда
@degenerating star
см. degenerate star
@degenerate star
вырожденная звезда
@discrete radio star
дискретный радиоисточник
@distant star
удаленная звезда
@double star
двойная звезда
@dwarf star
звезда карлик
@early(-type) stars
звезды ранних спектральных классов
@eclipsing binary star
затменная двойная звезда
@equatorial star
экваториальная звезда
@eruptive stars
эруптивные (взрывные) звезды
@exiting star
возбуждающая звезда (в газовой туманности)
@exploding stars
взрывные звезды
@extremely metal-poor stars
звезды с предельно низким содержанием металлов
@faint star
слабая звезда
@falling star
падающая звезда, метеор
@first magnitude star
звезда первой величины
@fixed star
неподвижная звезда
@flare star
вспыхивающая звезда
@foreground star
звезда, находящаяся между наблюдателем и туманностью
@fundamental star
звезда, содержащаяся в фундаментальном каталоге
@galactic star
1.галактическая звезда 2.сверхзвезда, квазар
@galactic radio star
галактический (дискретный) источник радиоизлучения
@geodetic star
геодезическая звезда
@giant star
звезда-гигант
@guest star
звезда-гость (Новая или Сверхновая)
@guide star
звезда для гидирования
@guiding star
звезда для гидирования
@half regular stars
полуправильные переменные
@heavy-metal stars
класс пекулярных гигантов, содержащих тяжелые металлы
@helium star
гелиевая звезда
@high luminosity star
звезда высокой светимости
@high temperature star
звезда с высокой температурой фотосферы
@high velocity star
звезда с большой пространственной скоростью
@hot star
горячая звезда
@identified radio star
отождествленный (дискретный) источник радиоизлучения
@illuminating star
звезда, освещающая пылевую туманность
@indimmed star
звезда, излучение которой не ослаблено пространственным поглощением
@infrared star
звезда с максимумом излучения в ИК-области
@intermediate stars
промежуточные звезды
@invisible radio star
оптически ненаблюдаемый (дискретный) источник радиоизлучения
@isolated neutron star
изолированная нейтронная звезда
@late(-type) stars
звезды поздних спектральных классов K, M, S, C
@latitude stars
звезды, служащие для определения широты
@lithium star
литиевая звезда
@local stars
местная система звезд
@low-luminosity stars
звезды низкой светимости
@low-mass star
маломассивная звезда
@magnetic star
магнитная звезда
@main sequence star
звезда главной последовательности
@manganese star
магрганцевая звезда
@Me stars
звезды спектрального класса М с эмиссионными линиями в спектре
@member stars
1.звезды созвездия 2.звезды скопления
@mercury star
магранцевая звезда
@merged stars
слившиеся звезды
@metallic line star
звезда с интенсивными линиями металлов в спектре
@metal-rich stars
звезды с повышенным содержанием металлов
@morning star
утренняя звезда, Венера
@multiple star
кратная звезда
@naked-eye star
звезда, видимая невооруженным глазом
@navigational star
навигационная звезда
@nearly stars
близкие звезды
@neutron star
нейтронная звезда
@neutron magnetic star
нейтронная намагниченная звезда
@Newtonian stars
ньютоновские звезды
@Newtonian boson stars
ньютоновские бозонные звезды
@nonperiodic variable stars
неправильные переменные
@nonstable stars
нестационарные звезды
@normal star
обычная звезда
@north(ern) stars
звезды северного неба
@nova-like star
новоподобная звезда
@nuclear star
см. central star
@observed star
наблюденная звезда
@old star
старая звезда
@optical star
оптически наблюдаемая звезда
@optical double star
см. optical binary star
@optical binary star
оптически двойная звезда
@parallax star
звезда, параллакс которой определяется
@pecular star
пекулярная звезда, звезда с особенностями в спектре
@periodic variable stars
периодические переменные
@physical binary star
физическая двойная звезда
@population Ⅰ star
звезда плоской составляющей Галактики
@population Ⅱ star
звезда сферической составляющей Галактики
@pre-main-sequence star
звезда, находящаяся в состоянии между протозвездой и своим основным положением на главной последовательности
@pulsating variable stars
пульсирующие переменные
@pygmy star
звезда-пигмей
@radio star
радиозвезда
@rapidly rotating cool neutron stars
быстровращающиеся холодные нейтронные звезды
@receding star
удаляющаяся звезда
@red dwarf star
красный карлик
@reddened star
покрасневшая звезда (из-за межзвездного поглощения света)
@red giant star
красный гигант
@reference star
опорная звезда
@remaining star
бывшая сверхновая
@remote star
см. distant star
@rotating star
вращающаяся звезда
@runaway star
убегающая звезда
@Scuti stars
карликовые цефеиды типа δ Щита
@sequence star
звезда главной последовательности
@shell star
звезда с газовой оболочкой вокруг нее
@shooting star
метеор
@silicon star
кремниевая звезда, тип Ap звезды
@single star
одиночная звезда
@solar type star
звезда типа Солнца
@south(ern) stars
звезды южного неба
@spectroscopic binary star
спектрально-двойная звезда
@standard star
стандартная звезда; опорная звезда
@subdwarf star
субкарлик
@subgiant star
субгигант
@subluminous stars
звезды низкой светимости
@supergiant star
звезда сверхгигант
@supermassive star
сверхмассивная звезда
@symbiotic star
симбиотическая звезда
@telescopic star
телескопическая звезда
@triple star
тройная звезда
@type Ⅰ star
см. population Ⅰ star
@type Ⅱ star
см. population Ⅱ star
@typical stars
типичные звезды
@twinkling star
мерцающая звезда
@undimmed star
звезда, излучение которой не ослаблено межзвездным поглощением
@unidentified radio star
неотождествленный (дискретный) радиоисточник
@Van Maanen star
звезда Ван-Маанена, белый карлик
@variable star
переменная звезда
@visual double star
визуальная двойная звезда
@white dwarf star
белый карлик
@X-ray star
рентгеновская звезда
@yellow star
желтая звезда
@young star
молодая звезда
@zenith star
зенитная звезда
@zodiacal stars
зодиакальные звезды
@

English-Russian astronomy dictionary > star
64 order

1. n

1) порядок, последовательность

2) исправность, хорошее состояние

3) заведенный порядок

4) приказ, распоряжение; предписание

5) ордер; разрешение

6) заказ; требование (заявка)

- additional order
- adjudication order
- administration order
- administrative order
- advance order
- advertising order
- all-or-none order
- alternative order
- back order
- backlog order
- banker's order
- banker's standing order
- bank money order
- bank payment order
- big order
- blanket order
- board order
- buy order
- buying order
- cable order
- cash order
- cease-and-desist order
- chartering order
- circular order
- collection order
- collective order
- combination order
- company order
- company work orders
- completed collection order
- conditional order
- confiscation order
- construction order
- contingent order
- covering order
- credit order
- cyclic order
- day order
- delivery order
- departmental order
- depositor's order
- disclosure order
- discretionary order
- dispatch order
- economic order
- either-or order
- established order
- export order
- express order
- express money order
- factory order
- fill-or-kill order
- firm order
- follow-up orders
- foreign order
- forwarding order
- formal order
- fresh order
- garnishee order
- general order
- global economic order
- good this month order
- good till cancelled order
- good working order
- government order
- heavy order
- import order
- incoming orders
- individual order
- initial order
- insolvency order
- interim order
- international money order
- job order
- large order
- limit order
- limit price order
- loading order
- mail order
- market order
- market-if-touched order
- market-on-close order
- matched orders
- minimum order
- money order
- month order
- mortgage registry order
- negotiable order of withdrawals
- new orders
- New International Economic Order
- no-limit order
- nonrepeat order
- nontransferable order
- normal order
- numerical order
- odd-lot order
- off-floor order
- official order
- offshore orders
- omnibus order
- on-floor order
- open order
- original order
- outstanding order
- payment order
- perpetual order
- pilot order
- placed order
- positive orders
- postal order
- postal money order
- preliminary order
- pressing order
- priority order
- production order
- proforma order
- publicity order
- purchase order
- purchasing order
- rated order
- repair order
- receiving order
- regular order
- remittance order
- repair order
- replenishment order
- repeat order
- resting order
- reverse order
- revocable order
- round-lot order
- rush order
- sample order
- sampling order
- scale order
- schedule order
- second order
- selling order
- sell-stop order
- sequence order
- service order
- shipping order
- shop order
- single order
- single-component order
- special order
- split order
- spread order
- standard order
- standing order
- state order
- stock order
- stock exchange order
- stop order
- stop limit order
- stop loss order
- stop payment order
- strict order
- substantial order
- supplementary order
- supporting order
- suspended market order
- swap order
- tall order
- tentative order
- time order
- transfer order
- transhipment delivery order
- transportation order
- trial order
- unfilled order
- unfulfilled order
- unlimited order
- urgent order
- valuable order
- vesting order
- warehouse order
- warehouse-keeper's order
- week order
- withdrawal order
- work order
- working order
- written order
- order for account
- order for collection
- order for designing
- order for development
- order for equipment
- order for goods
- order for payment
- order for remittance
- order for sample
- order for samples
- order for settlement
- order for transfer
- order for work
- order from abroad
- order of appeal
- order of attachment
- order of consideration
- order of the court
- order of day
- order of distribution
- order of events
- order of examination
- order of payments
- order of priority
- order of proceedings
- order of registration
- order of succession
- order of transfer
- order of utilization of funds
- order of work
- order on a competition basis
- orders on hand
- order on sample
- order to buy
- order to deliver
- order to pay
- order to purchase
- order to sell
- according to order
- against order
- by order
- in order
- in order of priority
- in chronological order
- in consecutive order
- in good order and condition
- in running order
- in short order
- in the inverse order
- in working order
- in order of priority
- of the order of
- on order
- out of order
- order
- order of the buyer
- order of the seller
- own order
- under order
- until further orders
- with order
- made to order
- accept an order
- acknowledge an order
- alter an order
- attend to an order
- award an order
- be in order
- book an order
- call off an order
- cancel an order
- carry out an order
- collect orders
- complete an order
- confirm an order
- countermand an order
- discharge an order
- dispatch an order
- draw up an order
- establish order
- execute an order
- file an order
- fill an order
- fulfil an order
- get an order
- give an order
- handle large orders
- have an order
- have smth on order
- honour with an order
- issue an order
- keep order
- lag behind incoming orders
- lose an order
- maintain order
- maintain in good order
- make out an order
- make to order
- meet orders
- observe the established order
- obtain an order
- pass on an order
- pay by banker's order
- pay for an order
- pay to the order of
- place an order
- place orders electronically
- pool orders
- procure an order
- put in order
- receive an order
- reconsider an order
- relay an order
- renew an order
- repeat an order
- revise an order
- revoke an order
- rush an order
- secure an order
- send an order
- solicit orders
- stick to the order
- subcontract an order
- suspend an order
- take an order
- transmit an order
- withdraw an order
2. v

1) приказывать; распоряжаться

2) заказывать

3) приводить в порядок

English-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > order
65 direction

1) инструкция; предписание; распоряжение; мн. ч. директивы

2) направление

•

directions for use — руководство по эксплуатации (машин, оборудования и т.п.)

to assume the direction by a plumbline — задавать направление отвесом

to observe the direction — измерять направление

- direction of construction works
- direction of current - direction of dip - direction of fall - direction of rotation - direction of welding - across-track direction - along-track direction - axial direction - base direction - clockwise direction - counterclockwise direction - driving direction - flow direction - initial direction - pointing direction - principal direction - radial direction - reference direction - reverse direction
* * *

направление
- direction of the component of the shearing stress
- direction of the normal to the plane
- axis direction
- clockwise direction
- counterclockwise direction
- down-slope direction
- level-slope direction
- longitudinal direction
- principal stress directions
- rectangular direction
- reverse direction
- spanning direction
- transverse direction
- up-slope direction

Англо-русский строительный словарь > direction
66 cutting

стружка; опилки; лоскутки; обрезки; обрезь; обрезок (пиломатериал); нарезание; насечка; резание; резка (напр. газовая); разрезка; разрезание; срезание; перерезание; строжка; обработка резанием; фрезерование; гранение; выемка (бульдозером); разъединение; разрыв; отсоединение; отключение; выключение; отсечка (тока); запирание (цепи); отсечение; вырезание; отбрасывание стр. выемка грунта; лес. подрубка; врубка; рубка; тесание; распиливание; с.х. косьба; кошение; покос; отросток; отводок; черенок

- cutting ability
- cutting accuracy
- cutting action

- cutting air
- cutting amperage - cutting and bending - cutting-and-mixing machine - cutting-and-molding machine - cutting and shearing plant - cutting angle - cutting apparatus - cutting area - cutting area work - cutting assemblage
- cutting attachment

- cutting-away
- cutting axis - cutting-back - cutting band
- cutting behavior

- cutting bit
- cutting-bit head
- cutting blade

- cutting blowpipe

- cutting burner
- cutting burrs - cutting by blowtorch - cutting by waterjet - cutting cam - cutting capability
- cutting capacity

- cutting center
- cutting ceramics - cutting chain
- cutting chamber

- cutting chisel
- cutting chute - cutting conditions - cutting coolant - cutting-cooling medium - cutting cycle - cutting depth - cutting device - cutting diamond - cutting die - cutting divider - cutting down - cutting-down - cutting drag - cutting drum - cutting-edge - cutting edge - cutting edge angle - cutting edge configuration - cutting edge form - cutting edge inclination - cutting edge length - cutting edge normal plane - cutting edge of a knife - cutting edge of machining technology
- cutting edge of scraper bowl

- cutting edge of shield
- cutting edge package - cutting-edge seal - cutting edge sharpness - cutting edge technology - cutting-edge technology - cutting edge tip - cutting effect - cutting efficiency - cutting effort - cutting electrode - cutting emulsion - cutting end - cutting end shape - cutting energy - cutting engagement - cutting equipment - cutting face - cutting feed rate - cutting feed speed - cutting flame - cutting fluid - cutting-fluid recycling - cutting flute - cutting force - cutting force component - cutting force deflection - cutting force dynamometer - cutting force-induced error - cutting force per unit area of cut - cutting force per unit width of cut - cutting forceps - cutting frame - cutting from the solid - cutting gage - cutting gas - cutting geometry - cutting giant - cutting grade - cutting head - cutting head assembly - cutting-head-height-and-collision sensor - cutting heat - cutting height - cutting-in - cutting in a smooth pattern - cutting in a spiral pattern - cutting-in speed - cutting-in speed of over drive - cutting-in time - cutting inaccuracies - cutting insert - cutting installation - cutting instrument - cutting interval - cutting iron - cutting jet - cutting jib - cutting job - cutting knife - cutting laser tool - cutting length - cutting life - cutting line - cutting liquid - cutting load - cutting load signal - cutting-loading machine - cutting lubricant - cutting machine - cutting machine scratch - cutting machine tool technology - cutting machine with coordinate drive - cutting material - cutting mechanics - cutting mechanism - cutting medium - cutting member - cutting metal - cutting mode - cutting motion - cutting movement - cutting nippers - cutting noise - cutting nozzle - cutting of fuel oils - cutting-off-abrasive wheel - cutting-off - cutting-off bit tool - cutting-off EDM - cutting-off grinding - cutting-off lathe - cutting-off machine - cutting-off saw - cutting-off tool - cutting oil - cutting-oil deflector - cutting oil freshener - cutting oil separator - cutting operation - cutting orientation - cutting out - cutting-out - cutting-out of rivets - cutting out of square - cutting-out press - cutting oxygen - cutting oxygen tube - cutting parameters - cutting part - cutting pass - cutting path - cutting path supporting points - cutting pattern - cutting performance - cutting period - cutting perpendicular force - cutting pick - cutting plan - cutting plane - cutting plane line - cutting plate - cutting platform - cutting pliers - cutting point - cutting-point angle - cutting position - cutting power - cutting-practice rules - cutting press - cutting profile - cutting program - cutting prong - cutting propagation - cutting pulse - cutting punch - cutting quality - cutting radius - digging radius - cutting rate - cutting region - cutting relief angle - cutting resistance - cutting resistance per tooth - cutting rib - cutting right to size - cutting rim - cutting ring - cutting ring coupling - cutting roll - cutting room - cutting rotor - cutting rule - cutting run - cutting scallops - cutting sequence - cutting-shearing drilling bit - cutting shoe - cutting simulation - cutting size - cutting size of core diamond bit - cutting speed - cutting speed chart plate - cutting speed control mechanism - cutting speed for milling - cutting speed indicator - cutting spindle - cutting stretch - cutting stroke - cutting stroke drive - cutting surface - cutting table - cutting tap - cutting technology - cutting technology routine - cutting teeth - cutting temperature - cutting test - cutting the loop - cutting-through of a tunnel - cutting thrust - cutting thrust force - cutting time - cutting-time monitor - cutting tip - cutting to a shoulder - cutting to length - cutting to size - cutting tool - cutting tool assembly - cutting tool body - cutting tool cartridge - cutting tool collet - cutting tool contact indicator - cutting tool control macro - cutting tool data - utting tool edge - cutting tool engineering - cutting tool force - cutting tool holder - cutting tool industry - cutting tool insert - cutting tool lubricant - cutting tool materials - cutting tool measurement system - cutting tool outlet - cutting tool technology - cutting tool with inserted blades - cutting tooth - cutting torch - cutting torque - cutting-type core drilling bit - cutting-type drilling bit - cutting unit - cutting up - cutting-up line - cutting value - cutting waste - cutting wear - cutting wedge - cutting wheel - cutting wheel carrier - cutting width - cutting-winning machine - cutting with preheating - cutting work - cutting zone - abrasive cutting - abrasive cutting-off - abrasive waterjet cutting - accretion cutting - across cutting - adaptive control cutting - air-arc cutting - air plasma cutting - angle cutting - approach cutting - arc cutting - arc-oxygene cutting
- autogenous cutting

- automatic oxygen cutting
- back-off cutting
- bench cutting

- bevel cutting

- bevel gear cutting

- bevel gear cutting by reciprocating tools

- block cutting
- bottom cutting
- branch cutting-in

- brush cutting
- burrless cutting - cable cutting - cam cutting - carbide cutting - carbon-arc cutting - cleaning cutting - climb cutting - composite cutting - consecutive tool cutting - creep cutting - cross-cutting - cryogenic cutting - curved cutting - 2D profile cutting - 3D profile cutting - deep cutting - deskill cutting - diagonal cutting - diamond cutting - double cutting - double-roll cutting - double-roll tooth cutting - drill cuttings - dry cutting - ED cutting-off - ED wire cutting - edge cutting - electric arc-gas jet cutting - electrochemical hole cutting - electrochemical wire cutting - electroerosion cutting - end cutting - fabric cutting - finishing cutting - flame cutting - flux injetion cutting - form cutting - form tooth cutting - friction cutting - fusion cutting - gas cutting - gas metal cutting - gas-shielded arc cutting - gas-shielded tungsten-arc cutting - gas tungsten cutting - gear cutting - grass cutting - groove cutting - guided hand cutting - hand cutting - heavy cutting - high-pressure water-assisted cutting - hoisting and drilling load cuttings - hydraulic cutting - hydrogene cutting - in-line cutting - inserted carbide cutting - internal cutting - internally fed wet cutting - interrupted cutting - irregular depth cutting - keyway cutting - lance cutting - laser cutting - lateral cutting - length cutting - light cutting - little-and-often cutting - low-rpm cutting - machine cutting - manual air-plasma jet cutting - measure cutting - metal cutting - metal-arc cutting - metal powder cutting - miter cutting - multipass cutting - multiple milling cutting - multiple thread cutting - multitool cutting - oblique cutting - orthogonal cutting - oxy-arc cutting - oxygene-arc cutting - oxy-fuel cutting - oxy-fuel gas cutting - oxyacetylene cutting - oxyacetylene flame cutting - oxygen arc cutting - oxygen assisted laser cutting - oxygene lance cutting - oxyhydrogen cutting - oxy-propane cutting - part cutting - percussion cutting - peritheral cutting - pipe cuttings - plasma arc cutting - plasma flame cutting - plasma-jet cutting - playback laser cutting - plunge cutting - press cutting - polygon cutting - polygonal cutting - profile cutting - punch cutting - railway cutting - right-angle cutting - rotary cutting - rough cutting - round cutting - sample cutting - screw cutting - scroll cutting - see-saw cutting - setable minimum cutting - shape cutting - shear cuttings - shear-speed cutting - shielded metal arc cutting - side cutting - sideways cutting - single-pass cutting - single-point cutting - single-point thread cutting - skip cutting - slice cutting - solid cutting - spark cutting - spiral cuttings - spiral-bevel-gear cutting - spur-gear cutting - stack cutting - steel cuttings - straight line cutting - taper cutting - thermal cutting - thread cutting - tooth cutting - torch cutting - transverse cutting - tungsten-arc cutting - two-way cutting - ultrasonic cutting - up cutting - waterjet cutting - waterjet-assisted mechanical cutting - wet cutting - wire cutting

Англо-русский словарь по машиностроению > cutting
67 flow

1) течение, поток || течь, протекать

2) текучесть ( вид деформации)

3) ход, течение ( процесса)

4) струя || струиться

5) технологический маршрут

6) производительность; объём выпуска ( продукции)

7) технологический процесс

8) электр. протекание ( тока)

•

flow about the airfoil — обтекание профиля крыла

flow bifurcates — поток раздваивается

flow in tension — мех. текучесть при растяжении

flow in shear — мех. текучесть при сдвиге

flows in graphs — матем. потоки в графах

flow stratifies — течение расслаивается

flow around — обтекание вокруг

flow along — обтекание вдоль

flow with gains — поток с приращениями; поток с выигрышами

flow with limited aftereffect — поток с ограниченным последействием

flow without aftereffect — поток без последействия

to constrict a flow — сужать поток

to cause current to flow — вызывать ток

to retard the flow — замедлять течение

to smoothen the flow — делать обтекание плавным

to spoil the flow — нарушать обтекание

- algebraic flow

- almost periodic flow

- annular-mist flow

- annulus flow

- antiinvariant flow

- antisymmetric flow

- arc flow

- autonomous flow

- axial flow

- axial-symmetric flow

- axisymmetric flow

- bounded flow

- capillary flow

- cavity flow

- chain flow

- circulating flow

- common terminal flow

- complete flow

- component flow

- compound flow

- conformal flow

- congruent flow

- core of flow

- counter flow

- creep flow

- cumulative flow

- diabatic flow

- differential flow

- discontinuous flow

- discrete flow

- dissipative flow

- double flow

- double-circuit flow

- dust-laden flow

- dynamic flow

- eddy flow

- enforced flow

- equicontinuous flow

- ergodic flow

- exponential flow

- feasible flow

- finitary flow

- flat flow

- flow of events

- flow of metal

- flow of parameters

- flow of probability

- flow of renewals

- generalized flow

- geodesic flow

- grain flow

- gravity flow

- heavy flow

- horocycle flow

- hyperbolic flow

- hypersonic flow

- incompressible flow

- incongruent flow

- indecomposable flow

- input flow

- integral flow

- jet flow

- laminar flow

- longitudinal flow

- main flow

- maximal flow
- maximum flow
- measurable flow

- measure-preserving flow

- metrically transitive flow
- minimal cost flow
- minimal flow

- multicommodity flow

- multiterminal flow

- net flow

- network flow under uncertainty

- network flow

- node flow

- non-circulatory flow

- nonedding flow

- nonequicontinuous flow

- nonsteady-state flow

- normal flow

- normalized flow

- one-commodity flow

- one-dimensional flow

- Oseen flow

- output flow

- permissible flow

- polygonal flow

- positive flow

- potential flow

- pseudoperiodic flow

- quasiautonomous flow

- quasiperiodic flow

- rectifiable flow

- recurrent flow with delay

- recurrent flow

- regeneration flow

- regular flow

- restricted flow

- reveser flow

- root flow

- saturating flow

- saturation flow

- secondary flow

- shear flow

- shock-free flow

- simple flow

- slip flow

- slug flow

- special flow

- stable flow

- stagnated flow

- stationary flow

- stochastic flow

- subsidiary flow

- subsonic flow

- supercritical flow

- supersonic flow

- swirling flow

- tangent flow

- thinning flow

- throat flow

- topological flow

- transient flow

- transitive flow

- transonic flow

- transversal flow

- two-commodity flow

- uniform flow

- upstream flow

- voluntary flow

- vortex flow

- vortex-free flow

- vortex-type flow

- wandering flow

- weakly autonomous flow
- wellbore flow - wellbore-reservoir flow

English-Russian scientific dictionary > flow
68 function

1) функция, действие || функционировать; действовать

- decision-making function
- essential functions - routine function - safety-related functions
2) функциональное назначение; роль

- auxiliary function
- circuit function - intrinsic function - metering function - primary function - robot function
- system function

3) функциональное подразделение ( предприятия)

- maintenance function
- planning function - service function - support function
4) функциональный узел ( машины)

- press function

5) матем. функциональная зависимость, функция

domain of a function — область определения функции, область изменения независимой переменной

function is periodic in — функция периодична по

function onto itself — отображение (функции) на себя

function vanishes — функция обращается в нуль

function with angular limit — функция с угловым пределом

function with vanishing derivative — функция с равной нулю производной

function without zeros — не обращающаяся в нуль функция

to be an explicit function of — зависеть явно от

to be an implicit function of — зависеть неявно от

- Abelian function

- absolute density function
- absolutely additive function - absolutely bounded function - absolutely continuous function - absolutely integrable function - absolutely monotone function - absolutely summable function - absolutely symmetric function
- abstract function

- accuracy function

- acidity function

- acyclic function

- additive random function

- advanced function

- affect function

- affine function

- algebraically definable function

- algebroid function

- almost bounded function
- almost complex function - almost continuous function - almost convex function - almost everywhere defined function - almost everywhere finite function - almost invariant function - almost periodic function - almost recursive function - almost separably-valued function - almost separating function - almost universal function
- alpha function

- alternating function

- ambiguous function

- analytically extended function
- analytically independent function - analytically representable function
- angle function

- antianalytic function

- antiholomorphic function

- antihyperbolic function

- antilinear function

- antiperiodic function

- antisymmetric function

- antitone function

- antitrigonometric function

- aperiodic function

- Appell function

- approximately continuous function
- approximately differentiable function
- arbitrary function

- arcus function

- area function

- arithmetical function

- arithmetically extensible function

- associated function

- asymmetric function

- asymptotic function

- asymptotical distribution function
- asymptotically differentiable function - asymptotically finite function - asymptotically uniformly optimal function
- atomic function

- attainability function

- autocovariance function

- autocovariance generating function

- automorphic function

- auxiliary function

- averaged function

- averaging function

- balayage function

- barrier function

- basis function

- behavioral function

- beta binomial function

- beta incomplete function

- biadditive function

- biaffine function

- bias function

- bicomplex function

- bicubic function

- biharmonic function

- biinvariant function

- bijective function

- bilinear function

- bimodal function

- bimultiplicative function

- binding function

- binomial distribution function

- binonlinear function

- biregular function

- biunique function

- bivariate function

- boundary characteristic function

- boundary characteristic function

- boundary function

- bounded above function
- bounded below function
- bounded function

- bracket function

- broad function

- broken-line function

- bulb function

- bump function

- canonical function

- canonically definable function

- capacity function

- carpeting function

- carrier function

- casino function

- causal function

- cellwise constant function
- cellwise continuous function
- centering function

- certain function

- chain function

- chance function

- chi-square function

- choice function

- chord function

- chromatic function

- circularly symmetric function
- circumferentially mean p-valent function
- class function

- close to convex function

- cluster function

- clutching function

- codimension function

- coefficient function

- coercive function

- cofinite function

- coherence function

- collapsing function

- color function

- combinatorial function

- combined function

- commutator function

- compact function

- compactly supported function

- compact-valued function

- comparative function
- comparison function - complementary error function
- complementary function

- complementary trigonometric function
- complete analytic function - completely additive function - completely computable function - completely monotone function - completely multiplicative function - completely productive function - completely subadditive function - completely symmetrical function - completely undefined function - complex hyperbolic function
- complex-valued function

- complicated function

- component function

- composite function

- computably ambiguous function

- concave-convex function

- concentrated function

- concentration function

- concordant function

- conditional power function
- conditional risk function
- cone function

- confluent function

- confluent hypergeometric function

- congruence function

- conical function

- conjugate function

- connecting function

- consistent function

- constant-preserving function

- constrained function

- constraint function

- constructive function

- constructively nonrecursive function

- consumption function

- content function

- contiguous function

- continuously differentiable function

- continuum function

- contracting function

- contraction function

- contrast transfer function

- convergent function

- converse function

- convex-concave function

- cosecant function

- cosine function

- cospectral function

- cost function

- cosuperharmonic function

- cotangent function

- countably additive function
- countably multiplicative function - countably valued function
- counting function

- course-of-value function

- covariance function
- covariant function
- cramp function

- created function

- creating function

- criterion function

- critical function

- crosscorrelation function

- cross-covariance function

- cross-variance function

- cumulant function

- cumulant generating function
- cumulative distribution function - cumulative frequency function
- cup function

- curvilinear function

- cuspidal function

- cyclically monotone function

- cyclometric function

- cylinder function

- decay function

- decoding function

- decomposable function

- decomposing function

- defect function
- deficiency function
- deficient function

- degenerate function

- delta function

- denumerably-valued function

- dependence function

- depletion function

- derived function

- descriptive function

- design function

- determinate function

- diagonal function

- diagonalization function

- dibeta function

- difference function

- differential function

- digamma function

- dilogarithmic function

- dimensional function

- dimensionless function

- directing function

- discontinuous function

- discrete function

- discriminant function

- disjoined function

- dispersion function

- dissipative function

- distance function

- disturbing function

- ditonic function

- divergence-free vector function

- divergent function

- divisor function

- dominant function

- donor function

- don't care function
- double limit function
- double-spectral function

- double-valued function

- doubly orthogonal function
- doubly periodic function - doubly recursive function
- dual function

- dyadic function

- effective function

- effectively calculable function
- effectively computable function - effectively constant function - effectively decidable function - effectively variable function
- effectiveness function

- efficiency function

- elementarily recursive function
- elementarily symmetric function
- ellipsoidal function

- elliptic cylinder function

- empirical function

- empty function

- encoding function

- endogeneous function

- entire function of finite type
- entire function of maximum type - entire function of mean type - entire function of potential type - entire function of zero type - entire rational function
- entropy function

- enumerating function

- enumeration function

- envelope function

- equal-ripple function

- equibounded function

- equilibrium function

- equivalence function

- essentially bounded function
- essentially increasing function - essentially integrable function - essentially real function - essentially smooth function
- estimable function

- estimating function

- everywhere continuous function
- everywhere differentiable function - everywhere smooth function
- excessive function

- excitation function

- exhaustion function

- expandable function
- expansible function
- expansion function

- expansive function

- expectation function

- expenditure function

- explicitly bounded function
- explicitly definable function - exponentially convex function - exponentially decreasing function - exponentially increasing function - exponentially multiplicative function - exponentially vanishing function
- extendable function

- extended function

- extensional function

- exterior function

- extremal function

- extremized function

- extremum function

- factor function

- factorable function

- factored function

- factorial function

- fatigue function

- feably oscillating function

- featureless function

- field function

- filter function

- filtration function

- final state function

- finitary function

- finite-dimensional function

- finitely additive function
- finitely mean valent function - finitely measurable function
- finite-path function

- fitted function

- flat function

- flow function

- force function

- forcing function

- forecast function

- formally ordered function

- fractional function

- frequency distribution function

- frequency function

- full function

- fully closed function

- function of a single variable
- function of appropriate behavior - function of bounded characteristic - function of bounded type - function of bounded variation - function of complex variable - function of exponential type - function of finite genus - function of finite variation - function of fractional order
- function of function

- function of high smoothness
- function of infinite type - function of integral order
- function of intervals

- function of matrix

- function of maximal growth
- function of maximal type - function of minimal type - function of mixed variables - function of normal type - function of number theory - function of one variable
- function of phase

- function of position

- function of random variable
- function of rapid descent - function of rapid growth - function of real variable
- function of set

- function of several complex variables

- function of singularities

- function of state

- function of support

- function of time

- function of transition

- function of two variables

- fundamental function

- fuzzy function

- gage function

- gage-like function

- game function

- general recursive function
- general universal function - geometric carrier function
- given function

- global defining function

- goniometric function

- grammatical function

- graph-valued function

- greatest-integer function

- group function

- group-reduction function

- growth function

- halo function

- harmonizable function

- height-gain function

- hemicylindrical function

- Herglotz function

- heuristic function

- higher function

- homographic function

- homology function

- homotopic function

- hyperanalytic function

- hyperarithmetical function

- hyperbolic cylinder function

- hypercomplex function

- hyperelliptic function

- hyperharmonic function

- hyperrank function

- hyperspherical function

- hypertranscendental function

- hypoanalytic function

- ideal function

- imaginary function

- immediate successor function
- implicitly definable function
- improper function

- impulse function

- inclusion function

- inclusive function

- incomplete beta function
- incomplete dibeta function - incomplete gamma function - incomplete tribeta function - incompletely defined function
- increment function

- indecomposable function

- indefinite function

- index function

- indicial function

- individual function

- induced function

- inductive function

- inductively definable function
- inductively defined function - inductively integrable function
- infinite function

- infinitely differentiable function
- infinitely divisible function - infinitely many-valued function
- infinitesimal function

- information function

- information-packing function

- initial function

- injective function

- inner function

- input function

- insolvency function

- integrable function

- integral function of mean type
- integral logarithmic function
- integrating function

- intensity function

- interior function

- intermediary function

- interpolating function

- interpolatory function

- interval function

- inverse hyperbolic function
- inverse trigonometric function - inverted beta function
- invertible function

- irrational function

- irreducible function

- irregular function

- isotone function

- iterated function

- iteration function
- iterative function - joint correlation function - joint density function
- kernel function

- kinked function

- knapsack function

- lacunary function

- lambda function

- lattice function

- Lauricella function

- left-continuous function

- left-invariant function

- left-invertible function

- lexical function

- lifting function

- likelihood function

- limit of function

- limitable function

- limiting function

- linear discriminant function

- linearized function

- linearly dependent function
- linearly separable function
- local function

- locally analytic function

- locally approximable function
- locally bounded function - locally constant function - locally holomorphic function - locally homogeneous function - locally integrable function - locally negligible function - locally regular function - locally summable function - logarithmic generating function - logarithmic integral function
- logarithmically concave function

- logarithmically convex function
- logarithmically infinite function - logarithmically plurisubharmonic function - logarithmically subharmonic function
- logarithmico-exponential function

- logical addition function

- logical function

- logical multiplication function

- logistic function

- log-likelihood function

- loss-of-utility function

- lower closed function

- lower function

- lower measurable function
- lower semicontinuous function
- majorizing function

- many-valued function

- mapping function

- marginal distribution function

- mathematical function

- matrix function

- matrix-convex function

- maximal function

- mean-value function

- measurable function

- measure function

- measure-limited function

- mechanically computable function

- member function

- meromorphic function

- mesh function

- metaharmonic function

- metapragmatic function

- metasemantic function

- metaspherical function

- minimal function

- minimizing function

- minimum function

- minority function

- mixing function

- modified function

- modular function

- molecular set function

- moment generating function

- moment-generating function

- monochromatic function

- monodromic function

- monogenic function

- monomial function

- monomially alternating function
- monotone non-decreasing function - monotone non-increasing function
- monotonic function

- multiaffine function

- multiconstrained function

- multidimensional function

- multiextremal function

- multilinear function

- multiplace function

- multiple valued function

- multiplicity function

- multiplier function

- multiply harmonic function
- multiply periodic function - multiply recursive function
- multithreshold function

- multivalent function

- multivalued function

- multivariable function

- multivariant function

- mutual covariance function

- n-ary function

- nearly continuous function
- negative definite function - negative infinite function
- negligible function

- never-decreasing function

- never-increasing function

- next-state function

- nice function

- n-linear function

- n-metacaloric function

- noise function

- nomographic function

- nonanalytic function

- nonanticipative random function

- nonatomic function

- nonbounded function

- nonconstant function

- nondecreasing function

- nondegenerate function

- nondifferentiable function

- nonelementary function

- nonharmonizable function

- nonincreasing function

- noniterated function

- nonlattice function

- nonmonotonic function

- nonnegative definite function

- nonnegative function

- nonpositive function

- nonrandom function

- nonrecursive function

- nonsymmetrical density function
- nontangentially bounded function
- nontrivial function

- nonvanishing function

- norm function

- normalizable function

- normalized coherence function
- normalized function - normed function - nowhere continuous function - nowhere differentiable function - nowhere monotonic function
- n-place function

- n-point function

- n-th order function
- n-times differentiable function - n-tuply periodic function
- null function

- number-theoretical function

- numeralwise decidable function
- numeralwise expressible function - numeralwise representable function - numerical function - numerically valued function - oblate spheroidal function
- observation function

- odd function

- omega function

- one-loop function

- one-parameter function

- one-periodic function

- one-place function

- one-sheeted function

- one-sided function

- one-step function

- one-valued function

- one-variable function

- open propositional function
- operating characteristic function
- operative function

- operator function

- optimal decision function
- optimal policy function
- optimizable function

- optimized function

- order function

- order of function

- order preserving function

- orderable function

- ordered function

- ordering function

- ordinal function

- orientation function

- original function

- orthonormal function

- oscillating function

- oscillatory function

- outcome function

- outer function

- p-adic function

- pair correlation function

- pairing function

- parabolical cylinder function
- parametrically definable function
- parametrization function

- parametrized function

- partially computable function

- partially differentiable function

- partially recursive function
- partially symmetric function
- partition function

- partition preserving function

- partitionable function

- patch function

- pattern function

- peaked function

- peakless function

- Pearcey function

- penalty function

- pentagamma function

- permanent function

- perturbation function

- phase function

- phi function

- picture function

- piecewise analytic function
- piecewise constant function - piecewise continuously differentiable function
- piecewise continuously differentiable function

- piecewise expanding function
- piecewise linear function - piecewise monotonic function - piecewise polynomial function - piecewise quadratic function - piecewise regular function - piecewise smooth function
- plotted function

- pluriharmonic function

- plurisubharmonic function

- plurisublinear function

- plurisuperharmonic function

- point spread function
- pointwise approximated function
- pointwise bounded function

- pointwise discontinuous function

- policy function

- polyanalytic function

- polydromic function

- polygamma function

- polygenic function

- polygonal function

- polyhedral function

- polymorphic function

- polynomial clutching function

- polynomial function

- polynomially bounded function

- portfolio function

- posinomial function

- positive definite function
- positive homogeneous function - positive infinite function - positive monotone function - positive monotonic function - positive semidefinite function - potentially calculable function - potentially recursive function - power series function
- predetermined function

- predicate function

- predicate preserving function

- predual function

- premeromorphic function

- prescribed function

- primal function

- primary function

- prime-divisor function

- primitively recursive function

- principal function

- probability density function
- probability generating function
- process function

- product function

- production function

- productive function

- profit function

- projection function

- projective function

- propagation function

- proximally continuous function

- proximity function

- pseudoanalytic function

- pseudoconcave function

- pseudoconjugate function

- pseudoconvex function

- pseudodifferentiable function

- pseudoelliptic function

- pseudoharmonic function

- pseudohyperanalytic function

- pseudolikelihood function

- pseudolinear function

- pseudoperiodic function

- pseudopotential function

- pseudoproper function

- pseudorandom function

- pure quadratic function

- quadratic function

- quadratically integrable function
- quadratically summable function
- quantile function

- quasiaffine function

- quasialgebraic function

- quasianalytic function

- quasibounded function

- quasiconcave function

- quasiconformal function

- quasicontinuous function

- quasiconvex function

- quasidifferentiable function

- quasidoubly periodic function

- quasielliptic function

- quasiexcessive function

- quasiexponential function

- quasiharmonic function

- quasihomogeneous function

- quasiinterpolating function

- quasimonotonic function

- quasiperiodic function

- quasipolynomial function

- quasiradial function

- quasirecursive function

- quasiseparable function

- quasismooth function

- quasistandard function

- quasistar function

- quasisummation function

- quasiuniformly continuous function

- quasiunimodal function

- quaternion function

- radially symmetric function

- ramification function

- ramified function

- randomized decision function
- rapidly damped function - rapidly decreasing function - rapidly oscillatory function
- ray function

- Rayleigh dissipation function

- real-definite function

- real-valued function

- recession function

- reciprocal function

- recover function

- rectangle function

- recursively calculable function
- recursively continuous function - recursively convergent function - recursively defined function - recursively differentiable function - recursively divergent function - recursively extensible function
- reduced function

- regression function

- regret function

- regularized function

- regularly varying function

- regulated function

- relation reserving function
- relative distribution function - relative frequency function
- remuneration function

- renewal function

- renormalized function

- repeatedly differentiable function

- representable function

- representative function
- representing function - reproducing kernel function - residual function - residue function
- resolutive function

- resolvent function

- restricted function

- restricting function

- retarded function

- retracting function

- ridge function

- Riemann zeta function

- right-continuous function

- right-invariant function

- roof function

- root-mean-square function

- rudimentary function

- ruin function

- ruled function

- saddle function

- saltus function

- sample distribution function

- sampling function

- sandwich function

- scalar analytical function
- scalarwise integrable function - scalarwise measurable function
- scedastic function

- scheme function

- schlicht function

- search function

- section of function

- sectionally continuous function
- sectionally smooth function
- selective function

- self-dual function

- self-indexing function

- self-reciprocal function

- semiarithmetical function

- semicoercive function

- semicontinuous function

- semicylindrical function

- semidefinite function

- semiintegrable function

- semiinvariant function

- semimodular function

- semimultiplicative function

- semiproductive function

- semispectral function

- semisymmetric function

- sentential function

- separably valued function

- separately continuous function

- separation function

- sequence function

- sequential function

- sequentially continuous function

- set-preserving function

- set-valued function

- shape function

- sharp function

- shifted function

- sifting function

- sigma function

- signaling function

- simple function

- simply measurable function
- simply periodic function
- single-humped function

- singly periodic function
- singly recursive function
- singular function

- singularity function

- sinusoidal function

- skew-symmetric function

- slowly decreasing function
- slowly increasing function - slowly oscillating function - slowly varying function - smoothly varying function - solid spherical harmonic function - solid zonal harmonic function
- source function

- sourcewise representable function

- space-dependent function

- space-time function

- spannable function

- spheroidal function

- spinor-valued function

- spline function

- square-integrable function

- square-sine function

- square-summable function

- stability function

- stable function

- starlike function

- star-shaped function

- stationary random function

- statistical function

- status function

- steadily decreasing function
- steadily increasing function
- stiff function

- stochastic function

- stochastic transition function
- stopped random function
- straight-line function

- stream function

- streamline function

- strength function

- stretch function

- strictly concave function
- strictly convex function - strictly decreasing function - strictly increasing function - strictly integrable function - strictly monotone function
- stroke function

- strongly continuous function
- strongly differentiable function - strongly holomorphic function - strongly integrable function - strongly measurable function - strongly plurisubharmonic function
- structure function

- subadditive function

- subdifferentiable function

- subintegral function

- subinvariant function

- submultiplicative function

- suboperative function

- suboptimized function

- subordinated function

- subparabolic function

- subregular function

- success function

- sufficiently differentiable function

- sum function

- summatory function

- superadditive function

- supercaloric function

- supercontinuous function

- supermedian function

- supermultiplicative function

- superparabolic function

- superregular function

- surface function

- surjective function

- switching function

- symbolic function

- symmetrizable function

- symmetrized function

- tabulated function

- tame function

- tangential function

- target function

- temperate function

- temperature function

- tempered function

- tensor function

- ternary function

- tesseral function

- tetrachoric function

- tetragamma function

- time-limited function

- time-varying function

- tissue function

- toroidal function

- torus function

- total function

- total recursive function
- totally additive function - totally continuous function - totally measurable function - totally multiplicative function - totally positive function
- totient function

- tower function

- trace function

- transferable function

- transfinite function

- transformation function

- transition probability function

- translation function

- translation invariant function

- transmission function

- trapezoidal function

- trend function

- trial function

- triangle function
- triangular function
- tribeta function

- trigamma function

- trilinear function

- true function

- truncated function

- truncation function

- twice differentiable function

- twistor function

- two-parameter function

- two-place function

- two-point function

- two-sided function

- typically real function

- ultradifferentiable function

- ultraspherical function

- unbounded function

- uncertainty function

- uncomputable function

- unconditionally summable function

- unconstrained function

- undecomposable function

- undefined function

- uneven function

- uniform function

- uniformizing function

- uniformly approximable function
- uniformly best decision function - uniformly bounded function - uniformly definable function - uniformly differentiable function - uniformly homotopic function - uniformly integrable function - uniformly limited function - uniformly measurable function - uniformly smooth function
- unimodular function

- uniquely nomographic function

- unisolvent function

- unit function

- unit impulse function
- unit step function - unitary divisor function
- univalent function

- univariate function

- universally measurable function

- unknown function

- unramified function

- upper closed function
- upper measurable function - upper semicontinuous function
- valuation function

- vector-valued function

- vertex function

- voting function

- weakly additive function
- weakly analytic function - weakly continuous function - weakly differentiable function - weakly holomorphic function - weakly measurable function - weakly singular function - weighted random function
- well-behaved function

- well-integrable function

- window function

- wrapping function

- wurzelfrei function

- zero function

- zonal spherical function

English-Russian scientific dictionary > function
69 game

1) игра || играть

2) партия ( в игре)

•

bending of the game — выигрыш

game in an extensive form — игра в развёрнутой форме, позиционная игра

game in a normal form — игра в нормальной форме

game in a reduced form — игра в приведённой форме, приведённая игра

game is a draw — игра закончилась вничью

game on square — игра на квадрате

game on graph — игра на графе

game over a unit square — игра на единичном квадрате

game with almost perfect information — игра с почти полной информацией

game with complete information — игра с полной информацией

game with constant cost — игра с постоянной стоимостью

game with constant sum — игра с постоянной суммой

game with constraints — игра с ограничениями

game with continuous kernel — игра с непрерывным ядром

game with delayed information — игра с запаздывающей информацией

game with equilibrium pairs — игра с уравновешенными парами

game with equilibrium points — игра с точками равновесия

game with feedback — рекурсивная игра

game with finite resources — игра с конечными ресурсами

game with hierarchical structure — игра с иерархической структурой

game with ideal recall — игра с идеальной памятью

game with identical interests — игра с одинаковыми интересами

game with infinitely many strategies — игра с бесконечным множеством стратегий

game with information lag — игра с запаздыванием информации

game with kernel — игра с ядром

game with misperceptions — игра при ошибочных предположениях

game with moving craft — игра с движущимся объектом

game with negative payoffs — игра с отрицательными платежами

game with negative value — игра с отрицательной ценой

game with no value — не имеющая цены игра

game with oblivion — игра с забыванием

game with perfect information — игра с полной информацией

game with positive payoffs — игра с положительными платежами

game with quota — игра с квотой

game with saddle point — игра с седловой точкой

game with single experiment — игра с единичным испытанием

game with value — имеющая цену игра

game without constraints — игра без ограничений, свободная игра

game without equilibrium pairs — игра без уравновешенных пар

game without saddle point — игра без седловой точки

game without side payments — игра без побочных платежей

game without value — не имеющая цены игра

worth of game — цена игры

to play the waiting game — выжидать

- absolute game

- absolutely fair game

- abstract game

- achievement game

- additive game

- advantageous game

- algebraic game

- alliance game

- allocation game

- almost cooperative game
- almost unanimity game
- antagonistic game

- arbitrary game

- atomic game

- attack-defence game

- augmented game

- autonomous game

- auxiliary game

- avoidance game

- balanced game

- ball and cell game

- bargaining game

- basic game

- battle game

- bidding game

- bilinear game

- bimatrix game

- butterfly game

- butterfly-shaped game

- card game

- cautious game

- chance-constrained game

- circular symmetric game

- clear game

- closed game

- coalition game

- coalition-free game

- coin guessing game
- coin matching game - coin tossing game
- combat game

- competitive game

- completely mixed game
- completely reduced game
- composite game

- compound game

- computer-assisted game

- concave game

- concave-convex game

- constrained game
- constraint game
- continuous game

- convex-concave game

- counterfait coin game

- cutthroat game

- decision making game

- degenerate game

- derived game

- determined game

- deterministic game

- diagonal game

- dialogical game

- difference game

- differential game

- dilemma game

- discounted game

- discrete game

- dual-homogeneous game

- dynamic game

- economic game

- economic ruin game

- end game

- equitable game

- essential game

- evasion game

- evolutionary operation game

- expansion of game

- experimental game

- extended game

- favorable game

- finitary game

- finite dimensional game
- fixed sample-size game
- flexible game

- four-person game

- fuzzy game

- game of billiards

- game of chance

- game of craps

- game of degree

- game of dice

- game of exhaustion

- game of fair division
- game of harmstrung squad car - game of heads or tails
- game of kalah

- game of kind

- game of luck

- game of matching pennies
- game of odd man out - game of pure chance - game of pursuit and evasion
- game of pursuit

- game of snap

- game of strategy

- game of timing

- general game

- generalized game

- graph interpretable game

- guessing game

- hand-played game

- heuristic game

- homicidal chauffeur game
- identification of friend and foe game
- imitation game

- impartial game

- improper game

- inessential game

- infinite move game
- inherently unstable game
- inspection game

- insurance game

- interactive game

- isomorphic game

- iterated game

- last-player-winning game

- learning game

- liar dice game
- locally bounded game - locally finite game - machine played game
- majorant game

- manual game

- mathematical game

- maximal atomic game

- maximization game

- military game

- minimization game

- mixed strategy game

- monadic game

- more-than-two-persons game

- multicomponent game

- multidecision game

- multimove game

- multiple game

- multistage search game

- negotiated game

- network game

- n-move game

- nonatomic game

- nonconstant sum game

- noncooperative game

- noncooperative game

- nonfinitary game

- nonrecursive game

- nonstrategic game

- nonstrictly competitive game
- nonstrictly determined game
- nonsymmetric game

- normalized game

- no-solution game

- number game

- odd-even game

- oligopol game

- one chance pursuit game

- one-component game

- one-move game

- one-person game
- one-player game
- one-sided game

- open game

- ordered set game

- ordinary game

- original game

- pair game

- parlor game

- passive game

- pathological game

- permutational game

- pick-a-number game

- poker game

- pokerlike game

- polyhedral game

- polymatrix game

- progressively finite game

- projective game

- pure strategy game

- pursuit game

- pursuit-evasion game

- qualitative game

- quantitative game

- quasidiscrete game

- quick game

- quota game

- random game

- reasonable game

- rectangular game

- reduced game

- repetitive game

- resource game

- rigid game

- ruin game

- scalar measure game

- search game

- semicooperative game

- semidiscrete game

- semidynamic game

- semisimple game

- sequence game

- simultaneous-move game

- single-experiment game

- smoothed game

- solvable game

- stable game

- standard game

- statistical game

- stochastic game

- strategically equivalent games
- strictly solvable game
- strong game

- superadditive game

- survival game

- switching game

- symmetrical game

- tactical game

- take-away game

- terminal game

- terminating game
- termination game
- tic-tac-toe-like game

- topological game

- trapezoidal game

- tree searching game

- trilogic game

- truncated game

- truncated sequential game

- truncation of game

- two person cooperative game
- two-person game - two-player game
- two-sided game

- unbiased differential game

- unconstrained game

- unfair game

- unfavorable game

- unhomogeneous game

- uniform game

- univalent game

- unsolvable game

- unsymmetric game

- variable-sum game

- voting game

- war game

- weakly balanced game
- weighted majority game - zero-sum two-person game

English-Russian scientific dictionary > game
70 matrix

1) мат. матрица || матричный

2) форма, шаблон

3) прямоугольная таблица

4) растр

5) решётка

6) таблица

7) геол. материнская порода, основная масса ( породы)

8) основа кристаллического вещества; кристаллическая решётка

•

adjoint of a matrix — сопряжённая матрица

in a matrix form — в матричной форме

proof by matrices — доказательство с помощью матриц

representation by matrices — матричное представление

to invert a matrix — обращать матрицу

to multiply a matrix on left — умножать матрицу слева

- absolutely bounded matrix
- absolutely equivalent matrices
- absorption matrix

- additively inverse matrix
- adjoint matrices
- adjoint matrix

- adjugate matrix

- admissible matrix

- alias matrix

- allocation matrix

- almost normal matrix
- almost perfect matrix - almost periodic matrix - almost superdiagonal matrix
- alternant matrix

- alternate matrix

- alternating matrix

- analytical matrix

- annihilating matrix

- antiself-dual matrix

- antisymmetric matrix

- antisymmetrical matrix

- aperiodic matrix

- associated matrix

- association matrix
- associative matrix
- asymtotic matrix

- augmented matrix

- autocorrelation matrix

- autocovariance matrix

- automaton matrix

- backcirculant matrix

- badly conditioned matrix

- basic matrix

- best conditioned matrix

- bidiagonal matrix

- bigradient matrix

- binary matrix

- biorthogonal matrices
- birth-death coefficient matrix
- block matrix

- block-diagonal matrix

- block-floating matrix

- block-periodic matrix

- block-stochastic matrix

- block-triangular matrix

- block-tridiagonal matrix

- bordered matrix

- boundary matrix

- bounded matrix

- canonical matrix

- capacity matrix

- cellular matrix

- centrosymmetrical matrix

- characteristic equation matrix

- characteristic matrix

- check matrix

- circuit matrix

- circuit-basis matrix

- clique matrix

- clique-incidence matrix

- cocircuit matrix
- cocycle matrix
- coding matrix

- cohesiveness matrix

- column definite matrix

- column-bounded matrix

- column-equilibrated matrix

- column-finite matrix

- column-infinite matrix

- column-reduced matrix

- combinatorial matrix

- combinatorially equivalent matrices
- commutative matrix - commute matrices - commuting matrix
- companion matrix

- comparable matrices

- compatibility matrix

- complete correlation matrix

- complete matrix

- completely reducible matrix
- complex conjugate matrix
- complex matrix

- complex orthogonal matrix

- component matrix

- composite matrix
- compound matrix
- conference matrix

- conformable matrices

- conformable matrix

- confounding matrix

- congruent matrices
- conjunctive matrices
- connected matrix

- connectedness matrix

- connection matrix

- conservative matrix

- consistent matrices
- consistently ordered matrix
- constant matrix

- constituent matrices matrix
- constituent matrices
- constraint matrix

- continuous matrix

- contraction matrix

- conversion matrix

- coordinatization matrix

- copositive matrix

- copositive-plus matrix

- correcting matrix

- cotree incidence matrix

- counterdiagonal matrix

- counteridentity matrix

- counterorthogonal matrices

- countersymmetrical matrix

- counterunitary matrix

- covariant matrix

- crossing matrix

- curvature matrix

- cutset basis matrix

- cutset matrix

- cyclic matrix

- cyclomatic matrix

- damping matrix

- decision matrix

- decoding matrix

- decomposable matrix

- decomposition matrix

- defective matrix
- deficient matrix
- degenerate matrix

- dense matrix

- derivative matrix

- derogatory matrix

- design matrix

- detour matrix

- deviation matrix

- diagnostic matrix

- diagonalizable matrix

- diagonalizing matrix

- diagonally dominant matrix

- differential matrix

- dilated matrix

- discontinuous matrix

- dispersion matrix

- distance matrix

- distribution matrix

- double diagonal matrix
- doubly degenerated matrix - doubly stochastic matrix
- dynamical matrix

- echelon matrix

- edge incident matrix

- edge matrix

- effectiveness matrix

- elementary matrix

- elimination matrix

- elliptic matrix

- encoder matrix
- encoding matrix
- equicofactor matrix

- equivalent matrices

- ergodic matrix

- essentially nonnegative matrix
- essentially positive matrix
- even matrix

- evolutional matrix

- exceptional matrix

- expansion matrix

- exponent matrix

- extended matrix

- fixed matrix

- flat type matrix

- flow matrix

- formal log-exponential matrix

- four-by-four matrix

- four-column matrix

- fully indecomposable matrix

- function of matrix

- fundamental matrix

- fuzzy matrix

- gains matrix

- general matrix

- generalized matrix

- graded matrix

- group matrix

- grouping matrix

- high-order matrix

- holomorphic matrix

- horizontally symmetrical matrix

- hyperbolic matrix

- hypercompanion matrix

- idempotent matrix

- identifiability matrix

- imaginary matrix

- immittance matrix

- imprimitive matrix

- improper matrix

- inconsistent matrices

- indecomposable matrix

- independent matrices

- ineffective matrix

- influence matrix

- integration matrix

- interblock matrix

- intersection matrix

- intrablock matrix

- invariant matrix

- invertible matrix

- involutive matrix

- irreducible matrix

- isotopic matrix

- iteration matrix

- jump matrix

- kinematically similar matrices

- lambda matrix

- leading matrix

- left-invariant matrix

- left-nonsingular matrix

- limiting matrix

- limiting transition matrix

- line matrix

- linearly dependent matrices

- linotype matrix

- logical conversion matrix

- logical matrix

- loop matrix

- loss matrix

- lower triangular matrix
- magnetic core matrix
- mapping matrix

- matrix of bilinear map

- matrix of coefficients

- matrix of constants

- matrix of linear map
- matrix of linear transformation
- matrix of observations

- matrix of orientation

- matrix of system

- matrix of wires

- m-by-n matrix

- m-column matrix

- mean-square error matrix

- measure matrix

- measurement error matrix

- meromorphic matrix

- minor definite matrix

- mixing matrix

- modal matrix

- model matrix

- mold matrix

- moment matrix

- monodromy matrix

- monomial matrix

- monotone matrix

- monotonicity matrix

- monotype matrix

- multidimensional matrix

- multiple-array matrix

- multiplicative inverse matrix
- multiplicatively cogredient matrix - multiply degenerate matrix - mutually consistent matrices
- n-by-n matrix

- n-column matrix

- nearly singular matrix
- nearly triangular matrix
- negative matrix

- negatively definite matrix
- negatively semidefinite matrix
- nilpotent matrix

- nil-triangular matrix

- node-arc incidence matrix

- nonconstant matrix

- nondegenerate matrix

- nonderogatory matrix

- nonexceptional matrix

- noninvertible matrix

- nonnegative matrix

- nonnegatively definite matrix
- nonnegatively semidefinite matrix
- nonnormal matrix

- nonorthogonal matrix

- nonpositive matrix

- nonrecurrent circulant matrix

- nonrecurrent matrix

- nonsymmetrical matrix

- non-unitary matrix

- nonvacuous matrix

- normalized matrix

- normed matrix

- n-rowed matrix

- n-th order matrix

- null matrix

- numerical matrix

- observability matrix

- observation matrix

- odd matrix

- one-by-three column matrix

- one-by-three row matrix

- one-step transition matrix

- operator matrix

- ordering matrix

- orthogonally equivalent matrices
- orthogonally similar matrices
- orthostochastic matrix

- oscillating matrix

- output matrix

- parabolic matrix

- paramount matrix

- parastrophic matrix

- parity-check matrix

- path matrix

- payoff matrix

- perfect matrix

- permutation matrix

- persymmetrical matrix

- pi matrix

- plain matrix

- polynomial matrix

- positive definite matrix
- positively definite matrix - positively semidefinite matrix
- precedence matrix

- preference matrix

- principal minor matrix

- probability matrix

- product matrix

- proximity matrix

- pseudoinverse matrix

- pseudoorthogonal matrix

- pseudoscalar matrix

- pseudosymplectic matrix

- pseudounitary matrix

- quadratic matrix

- qualification matrix

- quasicanonical matrix

- quasicommutative matrix

- quasidiagonal matrix

- quasidual matrix

- quasiinverse matrix

- quasi-inverse matrix

- quasiscalar matrix

- quasistochastic matrix

- quasisymmetrical matrix

- quasitriangular matrix

- quasitridiagonal matrix

- quaternionic matrix

- rational matrix

- reachability matrix

- real matrix

- reciprocal matrix

- rectangular matrix

- recursive matrix

- reflexion matrix

- regret matrix

- regular matrix

- regularly arranged matrix
- regularly partitioned matrix
- relational matrix

- residue matrix

- resolvent matrix

- reversible matrix

- right-invariant matrix

- right-nonsingular matrix

- rotation matrix

- row-bounded matrix

- row-equilibrated matrix

- row-finite matrix

- row-infinite matrix

- row-monomial matrix

- sandwich matrix

- scrambling matrix

- secondary matrix

- self-adjoint matrix

- self-conjugated matrix

- self-orthogonal matrix

- semantic matrix

- semicontinuous matrix

- semidefinite matrix

- semidiagonal matrix

- semiorthogonal matrix

- semisimple matrix

- semistable matrix

- shifting matrix

- signal matrix

- similar matrices

- similarity matrix

- simple classical matrix

- simplectic matrix

- simply degenerate matrix

- single-column matrix

- single-row matrix

- skeleton matrix

- skew matrix

- skew-symmetric matrix

- slightly intertwined matrices

- solenoidal matrix

- spectral density matrix

- spectral matrix

- spin matrix

- standardized matrix

- state-transition matrix

- statistical matrix

- steel matrix

- strictly triangular matrix
- strictly upper triangular matrix - strongly equivalent matrices
- structural matrix

- structure matrix

- structure of matrix

- subdiagonal matrix

- subinverse matrix

- substitution matrix

- substochastic matrix

- summation matrix

- superdiagonal matrix

- superinverse matrix

- superstochastic matrix

- symmetrized matrix

- system matrix

- system transfer matrix

- test matrix

- Toplitz matrix

- totally inefficient matrix
- totally nonnegative matrix - totally positive matrix - totally unimodular matrix
- traceless matrix

- transfer rate matrix

- transformed matrix

- transforming matrix

- transmission matrix

- trapezoidal matrix

- tree matrix

- triangulable matrix

- two-diagonal matrix

- two-dimensional matrix

- two-row matrix

- two-sided reciprocal matrix

- two-variable matrix

- unconditionally stable matrix
- uniformly tapered matrix
- unimodal matrix

- unimodular matrix

- union matrix

- unipotent matrix

- unitarily equivalent matrices

- unitary matrices

- unity matrix

- universal matrix

- unreduced matrix

- var-covar matrix

- variation diminishing matrix

- variation limiting matrix

- varying unitary matrix
- vertex incidence matrix
- vertex matrix

- vertex-edge incidence matrix
- vertically symmetrical matrix - weakly cyclic matrix
- weight matrix

- well-conditioned matrix

- zero matrix

English-Russian scientific dictionary > matrix
71 source range

начальный участок пускового режима

component range — участок стрельбы

takeoff range — диапазон взлетных режимов

machining range — диапазон режимов резания

transition range — область переходного режима

normal operating range — диапазон рабочих режимов

English-Russian big polytechnic dictionary > source range
72 wear

wear

A n ¢

1 ( clothing) vêtements mpl ; children's/beach wear vêtements pour enfants/de plage ; in beach/sports wear en tenue f de plage/de sport ;

2 ( use) for everyday wear de tous les jours ; for summer wear pour l'été ; to stretch with wear [shoes] s'assouplir à l'usage ; I've had three years' wear out of these boots ces bottes m'ont duré trois ans ; there's some wear left in these tyres ces pneus ne sont pas encore usés ; there's still a few months' wear in this shirt cette chemise peut encore servir quelques mois ;

3 ( damage) usure f (on de) ; wear and tear usure f ; fair ou normal wear and tear usure normale ; to stand up to wear résister à l'usure ; to get hard ou heavy wear servir beaucoup ; there are signs of wear on the brake linings les garnitures de freins sont un peu usées ; to show signs of wear commencer à être usé ; to look the worse for wear ( damaged) être abîmé ; to be somewhat the worse for wear ( drunk) être ivre ; ( tired) être épuisé.

B vtr ( prét wore ; pp worn)

1 ( be dressed in) porter [garment, jewellery, earphones etc] ; to wear blue s'habiller en bleu ; to wear one's hair long/short avoir les cheveux longs/courts ; to wear one's hair in a bun porter un chignon ; to wear a ribbon in one's hair avoir un ruban dans les cheveux ; to wear one's skirts long s'habiller long ; to wear one's clothes loose aimer les vêtements lâches ;

2 ( put on) mettre [garment, jewellery etc] ; what are you wearing tonight? qu'est-ce que tu vas mettre ce soir? ; what should I wear? qu'est-ce que je devrais mettre? ; I haven't got a thing to wear je n'ai rien à me mettre ;

3 ( use) mettre [perfume, sun-cream] ; to wear make-up se maquiller ; she's wearing make-up elle est maquillée ;

4 ( display) he ou his face wore a puzzled frown il fronçait les sourcils d'un air perplexe ; her face wore a smug expression elle avait un air plein de suffisance ;

5 ( damage by use) user [carpet, clothes, clutch, component] ; to be worn to a thread être usé jusqu'à la corde ; to wear a hole in trouer [garment, sheet] ; to wear a track/a groove in creuser un sentier/une rigole dans ;

6 ○ ( accept) tolérer [behaviour, attitude] ; accepter [excuse].

C vi ( prét wore ; pp worn)

1 ( become damaged) [carpet, garment, shoes] s'user ; my patience is wearing thin je commence à être à bout de patience ;

2 ( withstand use) a carpet/fabric that will wear well un tapis/tissu solide ; he's worn very well fig il est encore bien pour son âge.

Phrasal verbs

■ wear away:

▶ wear away [inscription] s'effacer ; [tread, cliff, façade] s'user ;

▶ wear away [sth], wear [sth] away [water] ronger ; [footsteps, friction, rubbing] user.

■ wear down:

▶ wear down [heel, step, tread] s'user ; to be worn down être usé ;

▶ wear down [sth], wear [sth] down

1 ( damage) [friction, person, water] user ;

2 fig ( weaken) saper [resistance, resolve, will] ;

▶ wear [sb] down épuiser.

■ wear off:

▶ wear off

1 ( lose effect) [anaesthetic, drug, effect] se dissiper ; [feeling, sensation] passer ; the novelty will soon wear off ça n'aura bientôt plus l'attrait de la nouveauté ;

2 ( come off) [paint, gold plate] s'effacer ;

▶ wear [sth] off, wear off [sth] faire partir [paint, varnish] ; effacer [inscription].

■ wear on [day, evening] s'avancer ; as the evening wore on à mesure que la soirée s'avançait.

■ wear out:

▶ wear out [clothes, shoes, equipment] s'user ; my patience is beginning to wear out je commence à perdre patience ;

▶ wear out [sth], wear [sth] out user [clothes, shoes, mechanism] ; to wear out one's welcome lasser l'amabilité de ses hôtes ;

▶ wear [sb] out épuiser.

■ wear through:

▶ wear through [elbow, trousers] se trouer ; [sole, metal, fabric] se percer.

Big English-French dictionary > wear
73 mode

1. режим <полета, работы>

2. форма <напр. движения>; тип; вид

3. мода, тип колебаний, форма колебаний; тон (колебаний); колебания, колебательное движение; тип волны

4. способ, метод

mode of motion

mode of vibration

4-D mode

adaptive mode

advisory mode

aeroelastic mode

air resonance mode

aircraft mode

airframe mode

airplane mode

airspeed hold mode

all-out jamming mode

altitude hold mode

altitude hold control mode

aperiodic mode

approach mode

approach control mode

assumed modes

attitude command mode

attitude hold mode

auto-flap mode

auto-trim mode

autoflight mode

autopilot mode

autopilot-coupled mode

autothrottle mode

balance mode

beacon bombing mode

beam mode

beating mode

bending mode

beyond-the-horizon mode

blade mode

body freedom mode

boresight acquisition mode

buckling mode

camber control mode

CAS mode

chord mode

climb mode

closed-loop mode

closely spaced modes

closely spaced frequency modes

command augmentation mode

compensatory mode

component modes

constant airspeed mode

constraint modes

control mode

controlled modes

coupled mode

crack opening mode

cruise mode

cruise camber control mode

crushing mode

CTOL mode

decoupled mode

deformation mode

degraded mode

demand mode

digital mode

direct force modes

direct force control modes

directional mode

divergence mode

divergent mode

dogfight mode

dutch roll mode

edgewise mode

elastic mode

electronic mode

failure mode

fine pointing mode

finite frequency modes

fire-and-forget mode

first bending mode

first flap mode

first flexible mode

first lag mode

fixed-free mode

fixed-gain mode

fixed-wing mode

flap mode

flapping mode

flatwise mode

flexible mode

flexural mode

flight control mode

flight director mode

flight operation mode

flight path rate mode

flutter mode

flutter-critical mode

fly-up mode

FMS-controlled mode

free mode

fundamental mode

fuselage mode

ground contact mode

hard-ride mode

head-down mode

heading mode

heave mode

helicopter mode

helmet mode

high-frequency mode

higher mode

higher order mode

highly damped mode

hybrid tandem fan mode

in-plane mode

inflow mode

instability mode

interacting modes

intercept mode

land mode

lateral mode

lateral modes

lateral-directional mode

lateral-directional mode s

lateral-sway mode

lead-lag mode

lift mode

lightly damped mode

loading mode

lock-before-launch mode

long-term holding mode

longitudinal mode

longitudinal modes

longitudinal-sway mode

longitudinal-lateral modes

look-down mode

look-up mode

low-frequency mode

low-probability-of-intercept mode

low-speed mode

low-yaw-rate spin mode

lower order modes

Mach-hold mode

maneuver mode

maneuver camber control mode

manual mode

manual sweep mode

mapping mode

mechanical mode

monitored modes

motion mode

multitracking mode

natural mode

nonreversing mode

normal mode

nuisance mode

open-loop mode

operational mode

orbit mode

oscillatory mode

out-of-control mode

pendulum mode

phugoid mode

phugoidal mode

pitch mode

pitching mode

plunge mode

plunging mode

poorly damped mode

position mode

power approach mode

powered-lift mode

pulse mode

pusher mode

ramjet mode

reconfiguration mode

recovery mode

residual modes

response mode

return-to-base mode

reverse mode

reversing mode

reversion mode

rigid body mode

roll mode

roll rate command mode

rolling mode

rotary-wing mode

rotational mode

rotor-pylon mode

short-period mode

slender wing mode

sliding mode

spin mode

spiral mode

stand-off mode

stealthy mode

steering mode

stroke mode

structural mode

structure mode

supercruise mode

supersearch mode

supersonic cruise mode

takeoff mode

task-tailored mode

terminal tracking mode

terrain-avoidance mode

terrain-clearance mode

terrain-following mode

third flap mode

threat-avoidance mode

thrust-vectoring mode

torsion mode

track-on-jam mode

translational mode

turbojet mode

twisting mode

uncontrolled mode

unmodeled modes

unstable mode

unstick mode

vector mode

vectoring mode

vertical flight-control mode

vibration mode

weakly damped oscillatory mode

windowing mode

wing bending mode

wing sweep mode

wingborne mode

wing-pylon modes

wing's open mode

yaw mode

yawing mode

Авиасловарь > mode
74 test

1. испытание, испытания; проверка; контроль; тестирование; опробование;

см. тж. testing/ испытывать; проверять; контролировать; тестировать; опробовать

2. тест; проба

3. критерий; признак

accelerate-stop tests

accelerated mission test

acceleration-deceleration test

aerobatic flight tests

aeroelastic tests

agility test

air resonance test

air-to-air test

air-to-air combat test

airframe test

airspeed calibration test

all-attitude flight test

asymmetric loads tests

asymmetric wing sweep flight tests

auto-guidance tests

before-flight-rated tests

bench test

biaxial fatigue test

bird impact test

bird ingestion test

bird strike test

bird strike tests

burn-in test

burst pressure test

catapult tests

centrifugal load test

centrifuge tests

clean configuration test

closed-loop test

cockpit workload test

combined-systems tests

compatibility test

component tests

compression test

computer-aided test

constant amplitude test

continued takeoff tests

control test

convergence test

cooling test

crack-detection tests

crash test

creep test

crush tests

cyclic tests

damage tolerance test

damage resistance test

departure test

depressed-trajectory test

destruction test

development tests

divergence tests

dual-frequency test

durability test

dynamometer tests

electromagnetic interference tests

electromagnetic-vulnerability test

emergency survival test

EMI tests

endurance test

engine reingestion test

environmental test

exploratory tests

fatigue test

flammability test

flaps up landing tests

flexure test

flight clearance test

flight simulation tests

flight-by-flight fatigue test

flight simulation fatigue tests

flow field tests

flow visualization tests

flutter test

flutter-proof tests

flyover tests

force tests

forced oscillation tests

foreign object damage test

free oscillation tests

free spinning facility tests

free-flight test

free-to-roll tests

frequency response tests

frequency-sweep test

fuel runout test

full-scale test

ground effect test

ground resonance test

handling qualities tests

hard-ride test

heat tests

heavyweight test

high-angle-of-attack tests

high-alpha test

hover tests

hover in-ground-effect test

hover-in-ground test

hovering tests

humidity tests

icing test

impact test

in-plant tests

input-to-output tests

iron bird tests

landing test

landing flap tests

life roll test

limit cycle tests

limited-envelope flight test

load-deflection test

logic test

low-observability test

maneuvering tests

manual flight tests

modal test

modal survey test

mode interaction tests

model tests of airfoils

moire interferometry tests

noise test

nondestructive test

normal takeoff tests

Nyquist stability test

open-loop tests

operability test

oscillatory tests

overland tests

oxygen tests

performance test

pilot-in-loop tests

plenum-chamber burning tests

post-flight test

preflight test

pressure test

pressurization test

proof-lood test

proof-of-concept tests

radar cross-section test

radiographic test

rain test

ramp tests

rate of climb test

rejected takeoff test

reliability test

remote-site test

repair test

residual strength test

resonance tests

reverse-thrust tests

rig test

robustness test

roll-on-rim test

rolling test

rotary-balance tests

rough ground profile test

shake test

shakedown test

shear test

sideslip tests

simulation verification test

simulator test

small-scale test

smoke test

spin tests

spray ingestion test

stability test

stall tests

static tests

static strength test

steady rolling tests

steady state test

stealth test

stiffness test

store compatibility test

strength tests

structural tests

supercritical test

system integration test

tail on/off tests

takeoff test

taxy test

tensile test

tension test

tethered test

towing test

transfer function tests

validation tests

vectored thrust test

vibration test

vulnerability test

water-tank test

waveoff tests

wheel test

whirl test

wind blast test

wind tunnel test

wing-fatigue test

wingborne mode flight test

yaw oscillation tests

zero-speed-zero-altitude test

zero-zero test

Авиасловарь > test
75 accelerometer

акселерометр, указатель [измеритель, датчик] ускорений [перегрузок]; ньютономер

— aircraft accelerometer

— air-damped accelerometer

— angular accelerometer

— axial accelerometer

— control accelerometer

— counting accelerometer

— crash accelerometer

— current-balance accelerometer

— double-integrating accelerometer

— drag accelerometer

— dual accelerometer

— electrostatically suspended accelerometer

— flexure-pivoted accelerometer

— flight-controlling accelerometer

— floated accelerometer

— fluidic accelerometer

— fore-and-aft accelerometer

— gyro accelerometer

— high-level accelerometer

— horizontal accelerometer

— impact accelerometer

— inertia accelerometer

— inertial-guidance accelerometer

— inertial-navigation accelerometer

— integrating accelerometer

— lateral accelerometer

— linear accelerometer

— longitudinal accelerometer

— low-level accelerometer

— manometer accelerometer

— multiaxis accelerometer

— navigational accelerometer

— normal accelerometer

— orthogonally mounted accelerometers

— pendulous accelerometer

— piezoelectric accelerometer

— pitch-sensing accelerometer

— pulsed integrating accelerometer

— range accelerometer

— recording accelerometer

— reference accelerometer

— roll-sensing accelerometer

— servoed accelerometer

— single-axis accelerometer

— single-integrating accelerometer

— spring-mass accelerometer

— spring-restrained accelerometer

— statistical accelerometer

— stopped accelerometer

— strain-gauge accelerometer

— three-axis accelerometer

— trim-cutout accelerometer

— two-axis accelerometer

— two-component accelerometer

— vacuum-tube accelerometer

— vertical accelerometer

— vibrating-beam accelerometer

— vibrating-string accelerometer

— viscous integrating accelerometer

— working accelerometer

— yaw-sensing accelerometer

Englsh-Russian aviation and space dictionary > accelerometer
76 force

сила; усилие; см. тж. effort; pl. ( войсковые) соединения или части; ( вооружённые) силы; вынуждать

Air Fleet Marine forces, Atlantic — авиация морской пехоты Атлантического флота ВМС США

Air Material force, Pacific area — армия материально-технического обеспечения ВВС США в тихоокеанской зоне

air-combat forces, naval aviation — боевые силы авиации ВМС

Allied Air forces, Central Europe — объединённые ВВС НАТО на центрально-европейском театре

Allied Air forces, Eastern Atlantic area — объединённые ВВС НАТО в восточной части Атлантики

Allied Air forces, Northern Europe — объединённые ВВС НАТО на североевропейском театре

Allied Air forces, Southern Europe — объединённые ВВС НАТО на южноевропейском театре

Allied Tactical Air force — объединённое тактическое авиационное командование НАТО

composite air strike force — смешанная оперативная ударная группа [соединение] ВВС

continental air defense force — армия ПВО континентальной части США

control force per unit of normal acceleration — расход усилий (на органах управления) на единицу нормальной перегрузки [нормального ускорения]

control system breakout force — сила [усилие] страгивания системы управления, усилие для преодоления трения покоя в проводке управления

force due to Q — усилие, создаваемое скоростным напором

forces of gas flow — газодинамические силы

marine air ground task force — оперативное соединение воздушных и наземных сил морской пехоты

Middle East Air force — Бр. ВВС на Среднем Востоке

Royal Australian Air force — ВВС Австралии

Royal Auxiliary Air force — Бр. вспомогательные ВВС

Royal Canadian Air force — ВВС Канады

stick force per «g» — градиент усилий на ручке по перегрузке

trim out control forces — снимать усилия с рычагов управления (триммером)

United States Air force — ВВС США

United States Air forces in Europe — авиационное командование США в Европе

wheel brake decelerating force — сила торможения, развиваемая колёсами

— acceleration force

— actuator force

— aerodynamic force

— aerospace force s

— aileron stick force

— air force

— air logistics force

— air material force

— Air Self-Defense force

— air striking force

— air support force

— airborne alert force

— airborne force

— aircraft alert force

— aircraft battle force

— air-defense force

— airlanding force

— Allied Air forces

— antigravitational force

— antigravlty force

— antimissile forces

— armed forces

— artificial-g force

— attraction force

— attractive force

— aviation engineer force

— aviation working force

— balanced force

— ballistic missile force

— body forces

— bomber force

— bomber protection force

— bomber-missile force

— brake force

— braking force

— carrier striking forces

— carrier task forces

— centering detent force

— cohesive force

— column force

— component force

— concentrated force

— constraining forces

— control column force

— control force

— control stick force

— Coriolis force

— correction force

— corrective force

— counteracting force

— counter-air force

— countermissile force

— cyclic force

— deceleration force

— deflecting force

— deflection force

— detent force

— deviation force

— disreef force

— disturbance force

— disturbing force

— drag force

— driving force

— effective force

— electromotive force

— elevator stick force

— enemy air force

— erection force

— exciting force

— explosive force

— field force

— fighter force

— fighting force

— follower force

— force down

— force of thrust

— force of weight

— forces of pressurization

— G force

— generalized forces

— gravitational force

— gravity force

— ground maintenance forces

— heavy force

— helicopter force

— hold disconnect force

— holdback force

— hostile air force

— hypersonic forces

— impacting force

— impulsive force

— inertia force

— in-plane force

— interceptor aircraft forces

— interceptor alert force

— interference forces

— invasion forces

— inverted G force

— isolated force

— lift force

— light force

— light pressure force

— lower-stage forces

— low-impulse ejection force

— magnetohydrodynamic force

— manned bomber force

— M-day air force

— missile nuclear forces

— mixed force

— moderate force

— naval air force

— negative G force

— n-g force

— nose-down force

— nose-up force

— numbered air force

— out-oi-balance force

— overpower force

— Pacific Air forces

— pedal force

— penetrating air force

— perturbance force

— perturbation force

— perturbative force

— pilot overpower force

— pilot's force

— pitch control force

— precessing force

— pressurizing force

— propelling force

— propulsive force

— pull force

— push force

— Q force

— q force

— reaction force

— reactive force

— recovery forces

— Regular Air force

— restraining force

— resultant force

— resulting force

— rocket forces

— roll force

— Royal Air force

— rudder pedal force

— scouting force

— separate air force

— side force

— sky force

— sloshing force

— slush drag force

— spinning force

— spring force

— stabilizer stick force

— static lift force

— steering force

— stick control force

— store forces

— strategic air force

— strategic missiles forces

— strike force

— striking force

— subsonic forces

— supersonic forces

— tactical air force

— tensile force

— tension force

— terrestrial gravity force

— test force

— theater air forces

— total aerodynamic force

— translational force

— transport force

— trim force

— - trim force

— tri-service test force

— troop-carrier force

— unit force

— untrimmed force

— viscosity force

— weather-reconnaissance force

— wheel control force

— yawing force

Englsh-Russian aviation and space dictionary > force
77 Boole, George

SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology

[br]

b. 2 November 1815 Lincoln, England

d. 8 December 1864 Ballintemple, Coounty Cork, Ireland

[br]

English mathematician whose development of symbolic logic laid the foundations for the operating principles of modern computers.

[br]

Boole was the son of a tradesman, from whom he learned the principles of mathematics and optical-component manufacturing. From the early age of 16 he taught in a number of schools in West Yorkshire, and when only 20 he opened his own school in Lincoln. There, at the Mechanical Institute, he avidly read mathematical journals and the works of great mathematicians such as Lagrange, Laplace and Newton and began to tackle a variety of algebraic problems. This led to the publication of a constant stream of original papers in the newly launched Cambridge Mathematical Journal on topics in the fields of algebra and calculus, for which in 1844 he received the Royal Society Medal.

In 1847 he wrote The Mathematical Analysis of Logic, which applied algebraic symbolism to logical forms, whereby the presence or absence of properties could be represented by binary states and combined, just like normal algebraic equations, to derive logical statements about a series of operations. This laid the foundations for the binary logic used in modern computers, which, being based on binary on-off devices, greatly depend on the use of such operations as "and", "nand" ("not and"), "or" and "nor" ("not or"), etc. Although he lacked any formal degree, this revolutionary work led to his appointment in 1849 to the Chair of Mathematics at Queen's College, Cork, where he continued his work on logic and also produce treatises on differential equations and the calculus of finite differences.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

Royal Society Medal 1844. FRS 1857.

Bibliography

Boole's major contributions to logic available in republished form include George Boole: Investigation of the Laws of Thought, Dover Publications; George Boole: Laws of Thought, Open Court, and George Boole: Studies in Logic \& Probability, Open Court.

1872, A Treatise on Differential Equations.

Further Reading

W.Kneale, 1948, "Boole and the revival of logic", Mind 57:149.

G.C.Smith (ed.), 1982, George Boole \& Augustus de Morgan. Correspondence 1842– 1864, Oxford University Press.

—, 1985, George Boole: His Life and Work, McHale.

E.T.Bell, 1937, Men of Mathematics, London: Victor Gollancz.

KF

Biographical history of technology > Boole, George
78 NC

NC, NATO Center

центр НАТО
————————
NC, NATO Confidential

"НАТО - конфиденциально" (гриф секретности)
————————
NC, NATO Council

Совет НАТО
————————
NC, naval cadet

курсант военно-морского училища
————————
NC, naval chaplain

корабельный священник [капеллан]
————————
NC, Naval Command

командование ВМС; военно-морское командование
————————
NC, naval communication(s)

связь ВМС
————————
NC, naval correspondence

служебная переписка ВМС
————————
NC, navigation computer

навигационный вычислитель
————————
NC, navigation console

пульт наведения; пульт навигационного оборудования
————————
NC, Navy Component

военно-морской компонент; силы и средства ВМС (в составе объединенного командования)
————————
NC, Navy Cross

"Военно-морской крест" (орден)
————————
NC, network controller

св контролер [оператор] сети
————————
NC, New Construction

строительство новых кораблей (статья бюджета ВМС)
————————
NC, nitrocellulose

нитроцеллюлоза, нитроклетчатка (ВВ)
————————
NC, normal charge

арт нормальный [полный] заряд
————————
NC, Бр Northern Command

Северный военный округ
————————
NC, nose cone

носовой [головной] конус (ракеты)
————————
NC, not coded

незакодированный, незашифрованный
————————
NC, nuclear capability

возможность [средства] нанесения ЯУ; ядерный потенциал; ядерные силы и средства
————————
NC, Nurse Corps

служба медицинских сестер

English-Russian dictionary of planing, cross-planing and slotting machines > NC
79 density

[ˈdensɪtɪ]

arrival density вчт. интенсивность входного потока arrival density вчт. плотность распределения входящего потока bit density вчт. плотность бит bit density вчт. плотность записи board density вчт. плотность компоновки плат building density плотность застройки carrier density вчт. плотность насителей character density вчт. плотность знаков component density вчт. плотность компонентов conditional density вчт. плотность условного распределения density глупость, тупость density густота, плотность; компактность density физ. удельный вес; плотность density of population плотность населения denumerable density счетное множество double density вчт. двойная плотность down-time density плотность длительности простоев failure density плотность отказов housing density плотность застройки information density интенсивность потока информации joint density плотность совместного распределения multivariate density многомерная плотность вероятности normal density плотность нормального распределения optimum density оптимальная плотность packing density вчт. плотность записи packing density вчт. плотность монтажа packing density вчт. плотность размещения компонентов packing density вчт. плотность расположения packing density вчт. плотность упаковки printing density вчт. плотность печати prior density априорная плотность вероятности probabbility density плотность вероятности probability density плотность вероятности record density плотность записи recording density вчт. плотность записи residential density плотность населения track density вчт. плотность дорожек urban density плотность городского населения writing density вчт. плотность записи

English-Russian short dictionary > density
80 Artificial Intelligence

   1) Programs and the Complexity of Human Mental Processes

   In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)

   2) Artificial Intelligence Is an Engineering Discipline

   Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)

   3) A Sceptical View of Artificial Intelligence

   Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inﬂated predictions....

   When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)

   4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually

   Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)

   5) Problems in Machine Intelligence Arise Because Things Obvious to Any Person Are Not Represented in the Program

   Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)

   6) The Meaning of a Symbolic Description

   What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)

   7) The Principle of Artificial Intelligence

   [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)

   8) Artificial Intelligence Recognizes the Need for Knowledge in Its Systems

   The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)

   9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form

   The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)

    10) There Are Many Types of Reasoning

   There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:

    Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins ﬂy? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can ﬂy, so robins probably can ﬂy."

    Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)

    11) Programs Are Beginning to Do Things That Critics Have Asserted to Be Impossible

   Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)

    12) The Synthesis of Man and Machine

   Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)

    13) The Thesis of Good Old-Fashioned Artificial Intelligence (GOFAI)

   The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)

    14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation

   It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)

    15) Four Kinds of Artificial Intelligence

   We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.

   ♦ Nonpsychological AI

   Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.

   ♦ Weak Psychological AI

   Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.

   ♦ Strong Psychological AI

... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)

   ♦ Suprapsychological AI

   Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)

    16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts

   Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)

    17) Form and Content Are Not Fundamentally Different

   Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)

    18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System

   Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)

    19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence

   The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.

   The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)

    20) Mathematical Logic Provides the Basis for Theory in AI

   The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....

   AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)

    21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions

   In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)

    22) Definitions of Artificial Intelligence

   Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)

    23) The Computer Can Not Be a Model of the Mind

   Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)

    24) Computers Will Not Always Be Inferior to Human Brains

   The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence

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