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nobel+prize

  • 101 ofender

    v.
    1 to insult.
    tus palabras me ofenden I feel insulted
    2 to offend.
    María ofendió a su suegra Mary offended her mother-in-law.
    Estos poemas ofenden el intelecto These poems offend the intellect.
    3 to cause offense.
    4 to be offensive, to give offense, to offend.
    Sus comentarios ofenden Her comments are offensive.
    * * *
    1 (herir) to offend
    ■ no quisiera ofenderte, pero... no offence, but...
    2 (disgustar) to hurt
    1 to get offended
    \
    ofenderse por nada to be quick to take offence
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=agraviar) to offend

    (dicho) sin ánimo de ofender, no es que tu marido sea un santo — no offence meant, but your husband's no saint

    2) [+ sentido] to offend, be offensive to
    3) Méx ** [+ mujer] to touch up **, feel **
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) ( agraviar) to offend
    b) < buen gusto> to offend against
    2.
    ofenderse v pron to take offense*

    no te ofendas, pero... — don't be offended, but...

    * * *
    = offend, demean, insult, sour, tread on + toes, diss.
    Nota: Derivado del verbo disrespect.
    Ex. The telephone provokes a range of interesting problems, and one hopes not to offend callers but rather to minimize the distraction of telephone transactions.
    Ex. While there have been some praiseworthy improvements over the past few years, many biased headings persist which demean the very people who use the catalog.
    Ex. This insults staff by suggesting they did not work hard previously and is harmful to morale because goals are not attainable.
    Ex. His poetry is characterized by a distinctive and attractive tone that is neither sentimental nor soured by experience.
    Ex. For all the indisputable good the Dalai Lama does in terms of spiritual guidance, he seems reluctant to tread on any political toes.
    Ex. And she has the gall to diss a Nobel Prize winner who isn't even in the academic world.
    ----
    * ofender a Alguien = incur + Posesivo + wrath.
    * ofenderse = take + things personally, pique.
    * ofenderse por = take + exception to the idea that, take + exception to.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) ( agraviar) to offend
    b) < buen gusto> to offend against
    2.
    ofenderse v pron to take offense*

    no te ofendas, pero... — don't be offended, but...

    * * *
    = offend, demean, insult, sour, tread on + toes, diss.
    Nota: Derivado del verbo disrespect.

    Ex: The telephone provokes a range of interesting problems, and one hopes not to offend callers but rather to minimize the distraction of telephone transactions.

    Ex: While there have been some praiseworthy improvements over the past few years, many biased headings persist which demean the very people who use the catalog.
    Ex: This insults staff by suggesting they did not work hard previously and is harmful to morale because goals are not attainable.
    Ex: His poetry is characterized by a distinctive and attractive tone that is neither sentimental nor soured by experience.
    Ex: For all the indisputable good the Dalai Lama does in terms of spiritual guidance, he seems reluctant to tread on any political toes.
    Ex: And she has the gall to diss a Nobel Prize winner who isn't even in the academic world.
    * ofender a Alguien = incur + Posesivo + wrath.
    * ofenderse = take + things personally, pique.
    * ofenderse por = take + exception to the idea that, take + exception to.

    * * *
    ofender [E1 ]
    vt
    1 (agraviar) to offend
    sus palabras me ofendieron I was offended by what she said
    ofender la memoria de algn to insult sb's memory
    no quise ofenderla I didn't mean to offend her
    está ofendido porque no lo invitaste he feels o is offended because you didn't invite him
    2 ‹buen gusto› to offend against
    una combinación de colores que ofende la vista a combination of colors which offends the eye
    to take offense*
    se ofende por cualquier cosa he gets offended by the slightest thing, he takes offense at the slightest thing
    se ofendió porque no la invitaron she was offended o took offense because they didn't invite her
    no te ofendas, pero … don't be offended, but …
    * * *

     

    ofender ( conjugate ofender) verbo transitivo
    to offend
    ofenderse verbo pronominal
    to take offense( conjugate offense)
    ofender verbo transitivo to offend
    ' ofender' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    ánimo
    - faltar
    - zaherir
    - insultar
    - mentiroso
    - molestar
    English:
    hurt
    - insult
    - offence
    - offend
    - put out
    - upset
    - wrong
    - intend
    - preoccupation
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [injuriar, molestar] to offend;
    tus palabras me ofenden your words offend me;
    disculpa si te he ofendido en algo I'm sorry if I've offended you in some way
    2. [a la vista, al oído] to offend;
    una monstruosidad arquitectónica que ofende la vista an architectural monstrosity that offends the eye
    ♦ vi
    to cause offence
    * * *
    v/t offend
    * * *
    agraviar: to offend, to insult
    : to offend, to be insulting
    * * *
    ofender vb to offend

    Spanish-English dictionary > ofender

  • 102 ser irrespetuoso con

    (v.) = disrespect, diss
    Ex. Imagine if it was your house and people were disrespecting you, cursing, urinating and fornicating on your lawn.
    Ex. And she has the gall to diss a Nobel Prize winner who isn't even in the academic world.
    * * *
    (v.) = disrespect, diss

    Ex: Imagine if it was your house and people were disrespecting you, cursing, urinating and fornicating on your lawn.

    Ex: And she has the gall to diss a Nobel Prize winner who isn't even in the academic world.

    Spanish-English dictionary > ser irrespetuoso con

  • 103 sisar

    v.
    to pilfer. (peninsular Spanish)
    * * *
    1 COSTURA to dart, take in
    2 (hurtar) to pilfer, pinch, nick; (estafar) to cheat
    * * *
    VT
    1) (=robar) to thieve, pilfer
    2) (=engañar) to cheat
    3) (Cos) to take in
    * * *
    verbo transitivo (Esp fam)
    * * *
    = pilfer, filch, swipe.
    Ex. In his work, Al pilfers fragments from a wide array of sources and glues them into collages.
    Ex. Even in poems written directly out of his own experience, he is likely to use notions, phrases, and musical ideas filched from other recent poems.
    Ex. A thief has swiped the solid-gold medallion given as a Nobel Prize in Physics to Ernest Lawrence.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo (Esp fam)
    * * *
    = pilfer, filch, swipe.

    Ex: In his work, Al pilfers fragments from a wide array of sources and glues them into collages.

    Ex: Even in poems written directly out of his own experience, he is likely to use notions, phrases, and musical ideas filched from other recent poems.
    Ex: A thief has swiped the solid-gold medallion given as a Nobel Prize in Physics to Ernest Lawrence.

    * * *
    sisar [A1 ]
    vt
    ( Esp fam)
    1 (robar) to swipe ( colloq)
    2
    (estafar): me sisaba unos euros en la compra she used to diddle me out of a few euros from the shopping money
    ayer me sisó 100 gramos you did me out of 100 grams yesterday, it was 100 grams short yesterday
    * * *

    sisar verbo transitivo
    1 (dinero) to pilfer
    2 Cost to do the armhole
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    to pilfer
    ♦ vi
    to pilfer
    * * *
    v/t fam
    pilfer

    Spanish-English dictionary > sisar

  • 104 laurear

    v.
    to crown with laurels, to honor, to glorify.
    * * *
    1 to award a prize to
    2 (militar) to decorate
    * * *
    VT frm
    1) (=galardonar) to honour, honor (EEUU)
    2) ( Hist) (=coronar) to crown with laurel
    * * *
    verbo transitivo (frml)

    laurear a alguien con algo — to award something to somebody, to honor* somebody with something (frml)

    * * *
    verbo transitivo (frml)

    laurear a alguien con algo — to award something to somebody, to honor* somebody with something (frml)

    * * *
    laurear [A1 ]
    vt
    ( frml) laurear a algn CON algo to award sth TO sb, to honor* sb WITH sth ( frml)
    fue laureado con el Premio Nobel en 1965 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1965
    * * *
    to honour;
    laurear a alguien con algo to honour sb with sth, to award sth to sb
    * * *
    v/t
    :
    laurear a alguien con algo fml award sth to s.o.
    * * *
    : to award, to honor

    Spanish-English dictionary > laurear

  • 105 nobelprisen

    subst. Nobel Prize (i in, for) (f.eks.

    The Nobel Prize in literature was awarded to Sigrid Undset in 1928.

    )

    Norsk-engelsk ordbok > nobelprisen

  • 106 inconnu

    inconnu, e [ɛ̃kɔny]
    1. adjective
    unknown (de to ) ; [odeur, sensation] unfamiliar
    2. masculine noun, feminine noun
    3. masculine noun
    4. feminine noun
    inconnue ( = élément inconnu) unknown factor ; (Mathematics) unknown
    * * *

    1.
    inconnue ɛ̃kɔny adjectif gén unknown (de to); [territoires] unexplored

    2.
    nom masculin, féminin
    1) ( personne non célèbre) unknown (person)
    2) ( étranger) stranger

    3.
    nom masculin
    * * *
    ɛ̃kɔny inconnu, -e
    1. adj
    1) (pays, personne) unknown
    2) (sentiment, plaisir) new, strange
    2. nm/f

    Ne parle pas à des inconnus. — Don't speak to strangers.

    C'est un inconnu qui a remporté la palme. — The prize went to an unknown.

    3. nm
    4. nf
    MATHÉMATIQUE unknown, fig unknown factor
    * * *
    A adj [personne, causes, destination] unknown (de to); [territoires] unexplored; mers inconnues uncharted waters; il est inconnu des services de police he's unknown to the police; enfant né de père inconnu child by father unknown; inconnu à cette adresse not known at this address; votre visage ne m'est pas inconnu your face is familiar; ressentir une émotion inconnue to experience a strange feeling.
    B nm,f
    1 ( personne non célèbre) unknown (person); c'est un inconnu qui a reçu le prix Nobel de littérature an unknown writer won the Nobel prize;
    2 ( étranger) stranger; ne parle pas aux inconnus don't talk to strangers; il s'est épris d'une inconnue he fell in love with a complete stranger.
    C nm l'inconnu the unknown.
    D inconnue nf
    1 Math unknown;
    2 ( facteur d'incertitude) unknown; beaucoup trop d'inconnues far too many unknowns.
    ( féminin inconnue) [ɛ̃kɔny] adjectif
    1. [personne - dont on ignore l'existence] unknown ; [ - dont on ignore l'identité]
    ‘inconnu à cette adresse’ ‘not known at this address’
    2. [destination] unknown
    3. [étranger] unknown
    4. [sans notoriété] unknown
    ————————
    , inconnue [ɛ̃kɔny] nom masculin, nom féminin
    1. [étranger] unknown person, stranger
    2. [personne sans notoriété] unknown person
    ————————
    nom masculin
    ————————
    inconnue nom féminin
    1. [élément ignoré] unknown quantity ou factor

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > inconnu

  • 107 Nobelprijs

    ♦voorbeelden:
    1   de Nobelprijs voor de vrede • the Nobel Peace prize

    Van Dale Handwoordenboek Nederlands-Engels > Nobelprijs

  • 108 Bothe, Walter Wilhelm Georg Franz

    SUBJECT AREA: Weapons and armour
    [br]
    b. 8 January 1891 Oranienburg, Berlin, Germany
    d. 8 February 1957 Heidelberg, Germany
    [br]
    German nuclear scientist.
    [br]
    Bothe studied under Max Planck at the University of Berlin, gaining his doctorate in 1914. After military service during the First World War, he resumed his investigations into nuclear physics and achieved a breakthrough in 1929 when he developed a method of studying cosmic radiation by placing one Geiger counter on top of another. From this he evolved the means of high-speed counting known as "coincidence counting". The following year, in conjunction with Hans Becker, Bothe made a Further stride forward when they identified a very penetrative neutral particle by bombarding beryllium with alpha particles; this was a significant advance towards creating nuclear energy in that the neutral particle was what Chadwick later identified as the neutron.
    In 1934 Bothe's achievements were recognized by his appointment as Director of the Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, although this was after Planck himself had been deposed because of his Jewish sympathies. Bothe did, however, become primarily involved in Germany's pursuit of the atomic bomb and in 1944 constructed Germany's first cyclotron for accelerating nuclear particles. By that time Germany was faced with military defeat and Bothe was not able to develop his ideas further. Even so, for his work in the field of cosmic radiation Bothe shared the 1954 Nobel Prize for Physics with the naturalized Briton (formerly German) Max Born, whose subject was statistical mechanics.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Co-winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics 1954.
    CM

    Biographical history of technology > Bothe, Walter Wilhelm Georg Franz

  • 109 Brattain, Walter Houser

    [br]
    b. 10 February 1902 Amoy, China (now Hsiamen)
    d. 13 October 1987 Seattle, Washington, USA
    [br]
    American physicist and co-inventor of the transistor.
    [br]
    Born of American parents in China, he was brought up on a cattle-ranch and graduated from Whitman College, Walla Walla, Washington, in 1924. He then went to the University of Minnesota, where he obtained a PhD in 1929. The same year he joined the staff of Bell Telephone Laboratories as a research physicist and there, during the First World War, he worked on the magnetic detection of submarines. For his work on the invention and development of the transistor, he was awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize for Physics jointly with John Bardeen and William Shockley. He retired in 1967. His interests have been concentrated on the properties of semiconductors such as germanium and silicon.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Nobel Prize for Physics (jointly with Bardeen and Shockley) 1956.
    Further Reading
    Isaacs and E.Martin (eds), 1985, Longmans Dictionary of 20th Century Biography.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Brattain, Walter Houser

  • 110 Dalen, Nils Gustav

    [br]
    b. 30 November 1869 Stenstorp, Sweden
    d. 9 December 1937 Stockholm, Sweden
    [br]
    Swedish physicist and engineer who was awarded the Nobel Prize for his "sun valve".
    [br]
    Nils Gustav Dalen is probably best known as the inventor of the solid-fuel Aga Cooker. He was confined at home for some time in the 1920s, having been blinded as the result of an accident, and found the time to consider the need for an efficient, clean, attractive-looking cooker that would be economical in fuel consumption. The resultant cooking range of 1924 was based on sound scientific principles, was simple to manage and needed a minimum of attention.
    The first Aga contained a cast-iron firebox enclosed in an insulated jacket of kieselguhr. The firebox was connected to cast-iron hotplates and ovens, all designed so that the heat was conducted to the various parts at precisely the correct temperatures for all types of cooking: simmering, boiling, roasting, baking and grilling. The hotplate heat was maintained at the desired temperature by way of insulated hinged covers that were lifted only when the hotplate was in use. The Aga was made in Sweden and was introduced into Britain in 1929. It was noted for being costly to purchase but inexpensive to run as no energy was wasted.
    Dalen is also known for his invention of the "sun valve", a device which, as required, automatically lighted or extinguished light beacons and buoys; this invention brought him the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1912.
    DY

    Biographical history of technology > Dalen, Nils Gustav

  • 111 Domagk, Gerhard Johannes Paul

    SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology
    [br]
    b. 30 October 1895 Lagow, Brandenburg, Germany
    d. 24 April 1964 Burgberg, Germany
    [br]
    German physician, biochemist and pharmacologist, pioneer of antibacterial chemotherapy.
    [br]
    Domagk's studies in medicine were interrupted by the outbreak of the First World War and his service in the Army, delaying his qualification at Kiel until 1921. For a short while he worked at the University of Greifswald, but in 1925 he was appointed Reader in Pathology at the University of Munster, where he remained as Extraordinary Professor of General Pathology and Pathological Anatomy (1928) and Professor (1958).
    In 1924 he published a paper on the role of the reticulo-endothelial system against infection. This led to his appointment as Director of Research by IG Farbenindustrie in their laboratory for experimental pathology and bacteriology. The planned programme of research into potential antibacterial chemotherapeutic drugs led, via the discovery of the dye Prontosil rubrum by his colleagues, to his reporting in 1936 the clinical antistreptococcal effects of the sulphonamide drugs. These results were confirmed in other countries, but owing to problems with the Nazi authorities he was unable to receive until 1947 the Nobel Prize that he was awarded in 1939.
    Domagk turned his interest to the chemotherapy of tuberculosis, and in 1946 he was able to report the therapeutic activity of the thiosemicarbazones, which, although too toxic for general use, in their turn led to the discovery of the potent and effective isoniazid. In his later years he moved into the field of cancer chemotherapy, but interestingly he wrote, "One should not have too great expectations of the future of cytostatic agents." His only daughter was one of the first patients to have a severe streptococcal infection successfully treated with Prontosil rubrum.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Nobel Prize for Medicine 1939. Foreign Member of the Royal Society. Paul Ehrlich Gold Medal.
    Bibliography
    1935, "Ein Beitrag zur Chemotherapie der bakteriellen Infektionen", Deutsche med. Woch.
    1924, Virchows Archiv für Path. Anat. und Physiol. u.f. klin. Med. 253:294–638.
    Further Reading
    1964, Biographical Memoirs of the Royal Society: Gerhard Domagk, London.
    MG

    Biographical history of technology > Domagk, Gerhard Johannes Paul

  • 112 Fermi, Enrico

    [br]
    b. 29 September 1901 Rome, Italy
    d. 28 November 1954 Chicago, USA
    [br]
    Italian nuclear physicist.
    [br]
    Fermi was one of the most versatile of twentieth-century physicists, one of the few to excel in both theory and experiment. His greatest theoretical achievements lay in the field of statistics and his theory of beta decay. His statistics, parallel to but independent of Dirac, were the key to the modern theory of metals and the statistical modds of the atomic nucleus. On the experimental side, his most notable discoveries were artificial radioactivity produced by neutron bombardment and the realization of a controlled nuclear chain reaction, in the world's first nuclear reactor.
    Fermi received a conventional education with a chemical bias, but reached proficiency in mathematics and physics largely through his own reading. He studied at Pisa University, where he taught himself modern physics and then travelled to extend his knowledge, spending time with Max Born at Göttingen. On his return to Italy, he secured posts in Florence and, in 1927, in Rome, where he obtained the first Italian Chair in Theoretical Physics, a subject in which Italy had so far lagged behind. He helped to bring about a rebirth of physics in Italy and devoted himself to the application of statistics to his model of the atom. For this work, Fermi was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1938, but in December of that year, finding the Fascist regime uncongenial, he transferred to the USA and Columbia University. The news that nuclear fission had been achieved broke shortly before the Second World War erupted and it stimulated Fermi to consider this a way of generating secondary nuclear emission and the initiation of chain reactions. His experiments in this direction led first to the discovery of slow neutrons.
    Fermi's work assumed a more practical aspect when he was invited to join the Manhattan Project for the construction of the first atomic bomb. His small-scale work at Columbia became large-scale at Chicago University. This culminated on 2 December 1942 when the first controlled nuclear reaction took place at Stagg Field, Chicago, an historic event indeed. Later, Fermi spent most of the period from September 1944 to early 1945 at Los Alamos, New Mexico, taking part in the preparations for the first test explosion of the atomic bomb on 16 July 1945. President Truman invited Fermi to serve on his Committee to advise him on the use of the bomb. Then Chicago University established an Institute for Nuclear Studies and offered Fermi a professorship, which he took up early in 1946, spending the rest of his relatively short life there.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Nobel Prize for Physics 1938.
    Bibliography
    1962–5, Collected Papers, ed. E.Segrè et al., 2 vols, Chicago (includes a biographical introduction and bibliography).
    Further Reading
    L.Fermi, 1954, Atoms in the Family, Chicago (a personal account by his wife).
    E.Segrè, 1970, Enrico Fermi, Physicist, Chicago (deals with the more scientific aspects of his life).
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Fermi, Enrico

  • 113 Gabor, Dennis (Dénes)

    [br]
    b. 5 June 1900 Budapest, Hungary
    d. 9 February 1979 London, England
    [br]
    Hungarian (naturalized British) physicist, inventor of holography.
    [br]
    Gabor became interested in physics at an early age. Called up for military service in 1918, he was soon released when the First World War came to an end. He then began a mechanical engineering course at the Budapest Technical University, but a further order to register for military service prompted him to flee in 1920 to Germany, where he completed his studies at Berlin Technical University. He was awarded a Diploma in Engineering in 1924 and a Doctorate in Electrical Engineering in 1927. He then went on to work in the physics laboratory of Siemens \& Halske. He returned to Hungary in 1933 and developed a new kind of fluorescent lamp called the plasma lamp. Failing to find a market for this device, Gabor made the decision to abandon his homeland and emigrate to England. There he joined British Thompson-Houston (BTH) in 1934 and married a colleague from the company in 1936. Gabor was also unsuccessful in his attempts to develop the plasma lamp in England, and by 1937 he had begun to work in the field of electron optics. His work was interrupted by the outbreak of war in 1939, although as he was not yet a British subject he was barred from making any significant contribution to the British war effort. It was only when the war was near its end that he was able to return to electron optics and begin the work that led to the invention of holography. The theory was developed during 1947 and 1948; Gabor went on to demonstrate that the theories worked, although it was not until the invention of the laser in 1960 that the full potential of his invention could be appreciated. He coined the term "hologram" from the Greek holos, meaning complete, and gram, meaning written. The three-dimensional images have since found many applications in various fields, including map making, medical imaging, computing, information technology, art and advertising. Gabor left BTH to become an associate professor at the Imperial College of Science and Technology in 1949, a position he held until his retirement in 1967. In 1971 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for his work on holography.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Royal Society Rumford Medal 1968. Franklin Institute Michelson Medal 1968. CBE 1970. Nobel Prize for Physics 1971.
    Bibliography
    1948. "A new microscopic principle", Nature 161:777 (Gabor's earliest publication on holography).
    1949. "Microscopy by reconstructed wavefronts", Proceedings of the Royal Society A197: 454–87.
    1951, "Microscopy by reconstructed wavefronts II", Proc. Phys. Soc. B, 64:449–69. 1966, "Holography or the “Whole Picture”", New Scientist 29:74–8 (an interesting account written after laser beams were used to produce optical holograms).
    Further Reading
    T.E.Allibone, 1980, contribution to Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 26: 107–47 (a full account of Gabor's life and work).
    JW

    Biographical history of technology > Gabor, Dennis (Dénes)

  • 114 Guillaume, Charles-Edouard

    SUBJECT AREA: Horology, Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 15 February 1861 Fleurier, Switzerland
    d. 13 June 1938 Sèvres, France
    [br]
    Swiss physicist who developed two alloys, "invar" and "elinvar", used for the temperature compensation of clocks and watches.
    [br]
    Guillaume came from a family of clock-and watchmakers. He was educated at the Gymnasium in Neuchâtel and at Zurich Polytechnic, from which he received his doctorate in 1883 for a thesis on electrolytic capacitors. In the same year he joined the International Bureau of Weights and Measures at Sèvres in France, where he was to spend the rest of his working life. He retired as Director in 1936. At the bureau he was involved in distributing the national standards of the metre to countries subscribing to the General Conference on Weights and Measures that had been held in 1889. This made him aware of the crucial effect of thermal expansion on the lengths of the standards and he was prompted to look for alternative materials that would be less costly than the platinum alloys which had been used. While studying nickel steels he made the surprising discovery that the thermal expansion of certain alloy compositions was less than that of the constituent metals. This led to the development of a steel containing about 36 per cent nickel that had a very low thermal coefficient of expansion. This alloy was subsequently named "invar", an abbreviation of invariable. It was well known that changes in temperature affected the timekeeping of clocks by altering the length of the pendulum, and various attempts had been made to overcome this defect, most notably the mercury-compensated pendulum of Graham and the gridiron pendulum of Harrison. However, an invar pendulum offered a simpler and more effective method of temperature compensation and was used almost exclusively for pendulum clocks of the highest precision.
    Changes in temperature can also affect the timekeeping of watches and chronometers, but this is due mainly to changes in the elasticity or stiffness of the balance spring rather than to changes in the size of the balance itself. To compensate for this effect Guillaume developed another more complex nickel alloy, "elinvar" (elasticity invariable), whose elasticity remained almost constant with changes in temperature. This had two practical consequences: the construction of watches could be simplified (by using monometallic balances) and more accurate chronometers could be made.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Nobel Prize for Physics 1920. Corresponding member of the Académie des Sciences. Grand Officier de la Légion d'honneur 1937. Physical Society Duddell Medal 1928. British Horological Institute Gold Medal 1930.
    Bibliography
    1897, "Sur la dilation des aciers au nickel", Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences 124:176.
    1903, "Variations du module d"élasticité des aciers au nickel', Comptes rendus
    hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences 136:498.
    "Les aciers au nickel et leurs applications à l'horlogerie", in J.Grossmann, Horlogerie théorique, Paris, Vol. II, pp. 361–414 (describes the application of invar and elinvar to horology).
    Sir Richard Glazebrook (ed.), 1923 "Invar and Elinvar", Dictionary of Applied Physics, 5 vols, London, Vol. V, pp. 320–7 (a succinct account in English).
    Further Reading
    R.M.Hawthorne, 1989, Nobel Prize Winners, Physics, 1901–1937, ed. F.N.Magill, Pasadena, Salem Press, pp. 244–51.
    See also: Le Roy, Pierre
    DV

    Biographical history of technology > Guillaume, Charles-Edouard

  • 115 Marconi, Marchese Guglielmo

    [br]
    b. 25 April 1874 Bologna, Italy
    d. 20 July 1937 Rome, Italy
    [br]
    Italian radio pioneer whose inventiveness and business skills made radio communication a practical proposition.
    [br]
    Marconi was educated in physics at Leghorn and at Bologna University. An avid experimenter, he worked in his parents' attic and, almost certainly aware of the recent work of Hertz and others, soon improved the performance of coherers and spark-gap transmitters. He also discovered for himself the use of earthing and of elevated metal plates as aerials. In 1895 he succeeded in transmitting telegraphy over a distance of 2 km (1¼ miles), but the Italian Telegraph authority rejected his invention, so in 1896 he moved to England, where he filed the first of many patents. There he gained the support of the Chief Engineer of the Post Office, and by the following year he had achieved communication across the Bristol Channel.
    The British Post Office was also slow to take up his work, so in 1897 he formed the Wireless Telegraph \& Signal Company to work independently. In 1898 he sold some equipment to the British Army for use in the Boer War and established the first permanent radio link from the Isle of Wight to the mainland. In 1899 he achieved communication across the English Channel (a distance of more than 31 miles or 50 km), the construction of a wireless station at Spezia, Italy, and the equipping of two US ships to report progress in the America's Cup yacht race, a venture that led to the formation of the American Marconi Company. In 1900 he won a contract from the British Admiralty to sell equipment and to train operators. Realizing that his business would be much more successful if he could offer his customers a complete radio-communication service (known today as a "turnkey" deal), he floated a new company, the Marconi International Marine Communications Company, while the old company became the Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company.
    His greatest achievement occurred on 12 December 1901, when Morse telegraph signals from a transmitter at Poldhu in Cornwall were received at St John's, Newfoundland, a distance of some 2,100 miles (3,400 km), with the use of an aerial flown by a kite. As a result of this, Marconi's business prospered and he became internationally famous, receiving many honours for his endeavours, including the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1909. In 1904, radio was first used to provide a daily bulletin at sea, and in 1907 a transatlantic wireless telegraphy service was inaugurated. The rescue of 1,650 passengers from the shipwreck of SS Republic in 1909 was the first of many occasions when wireless was instrumental in saving lives at sea, most notable being those from the Titanic on its maiden voyage in April 1912; more lives would have been saved had there been sufficient lifeboats. Marconi was one of those who subsequently pressed for greater safety at sea. In 1910 he demonstrated the reception of long (8 km or 5 miles) waves from Ireland in Buenos Aires, but after the First World War he began to develop the use of short waves, which were more effectively reflected by the ionosphere. By 1918 the first link between England and Australia had been established, and in 1924 he was awarded a Post Office contract for short-wave communication between England and the various parts of the British Empire.
    With his achievements by then recognized by the Italian Government, in 1915 he was appointed Radio-Communications Adviser to the Italian armed forces, and in 1919 he was an Italian delegate to the Paris Peace Conference. From 1921 he lived on his yacht, the Elettra, and although he joined the Fascist Party in 1923, he later had reservations about Mussolini.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Nobel Prize for Physics (jointly with K.F. Braun) 1909. Russian Order of S t Anne. Commander of St Maurice and St Lazarus. Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown (i.e. Knight) of Italy 1902. Freedom of Rome 1903. Honorary DSc Oxford. Honorary LLD Glasgow. Chevalier of the Civil Order of Savoy 1905. Royal Society of Arts Albert Medal. Honorary knighthood (GCVO) 1914. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Medal of Honour 1920. Chairman, Royal Society of Arts 1924. Created Marquis (Marchese) 1929. Nominated to the Italian Senate 1929. President, Italian Academy 1930. Rector, University of St Andrews, Scotland, 1934.
    Bibliography
    1896, "Improvements in transmitting electrical impulses and in apparatus thereof", British patent no. 12,039.
    1 June 1898, British patent no. 12,326 (transformer or "jigger" resonant circuit).
    1901, British patent no. 7,777 (selective tuning).
    1904, British patent no. 763,772 ("four circuit" tuning arrangement).
    Further Reading
    D.Marconi, 1962, My Father, Marconi.
    W.J.Baker, 1970, A History of the Marconi Company, London: Methuen.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Marconi, Marchese Guglielmo

  • 116 Muller, Paul Hermann

    [br]
    b. 12 January 1899 Olten, Solothurn, Switzerland
    d. 13 October 1965 Basle, Switzerland
    [br]
    Swiss chemist, inventor of the insecticide DDT.
    [br]
    Muller was educated in Basle and his interest in chemistry was stimulated when he started work as a laboratory assistant in the chemical factory of Dreyfus \& Co. After further laboratory work, he entered the University of Basle in 1919, achieving his doctorate in 1925. The same year, he entered the dye works of J.R.Geigy AG as a research chemist. He spent the rest of his career there, rising to the position of Deputy Head of Pest Control Research. From 1935 he began the search for an insecticide that was fast acting and persistent, but harmless to plants and warmblooded animals. In 1940 he patented the use of a compound known since 1873, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, or DDT. It could be easily and cheaply manufactured and was highly effective. Muller obtained a Swiss patent for DDT in 1940 and it went into commercial production two years later. One useful application of DDT at the end of the Second World War was in killing lice to prevent typhus epidemics. It was widely used and an important factor in farmers' postwar success in raising food production, but after twenty years or so, some species of insects were found to have developed resistance to its action, thus limiting its effectiveness. Worse, it was found to be harmful to other animals, which gave rise to anxieties about its persistence in the food chain. By the 1970s its use was banned or strictly limited in developed countries. Nevertheless, in its earlier career it had conferred undoubted benefits and was highly valued, as reflected by the award of a Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology in 1948.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology 1948.
    Bibliography
    Further Reading
    Obituary, 1965, Nature 208:1,043–4.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Muller, Paul Hermann

  • 117 Röntgen, Wilhelm Conrad

    [br]
    b. 27 March 1845 Lennep, Prussia (now Remscheid, Germany)
    d. 10 February 1923 Munich, Germany
    [br]
    German physicist who discovered X-rays.
    [br]
    Expelled from school and so unable to attend university, Röntgen studied engineering at Zurich Polytechnic. After graduation he obtained a post as assistant to the distinguished German physicist Kundt and eventually secured an appointment at the University of Würzburg in Bavaria. He was successively Professor of Physics at the universities of Strasbourg (1876), Giessen (1879), Würzburg (1888) and Munich (1900–20), but he died in abject poverty. At various times he studied piezo-electricity; heat absorption by and the specific heat of gases; heat conduction in crystals; elasticity; and the capillary action of fluids. In 1895, whilst experimenting with the Crookes tube, a partially evacuated tube invented some seven years earlier, he observed that when a high voltage was applied across the tube, a nearby piece of barium platinocyanide produced light. He theorized that when the so-called cathode rays produced by the tube (electrons, as we now know) struck the glass wall, some unknown radiation occurred that was able to penetrate light materials and affect photographic plates. These he called X-rays (they also became known as Röntgen rays), but he believed (erroneously) that they bore no relation to light rays. For this important discovery he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics, but, sadly, he died in abject poverty during the hyperinflation of the 1920s.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    First Nobel Prize for Physics 1901.
    Bibliography
    1895, "A new kind of radiation", Meeting of the Würzburg Physical-Medical Society (December) (reported Röntgen's discovery of X-rays).
    Further Reading
    O.Glasser, 1945, Dr. W.C.Röntgen (biography).
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Röntgen, Wilhelm Conrad

  • 118 лауреат Нобелевской премии

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > лауреат Нобелевской премии

  • 119 премія

    ж
    1) ( винагорода) bonus, bounty, gratuity, premium; ( приз) prize; ( нагорода) reward
    2) ек. prize; premium

    Українсько-англійський словник > премія

  • 120 премия

    ж
    1) prize, bonus
    2) ( награда) prize, reward

    Но́белевская пре́мия — Nobel Prize

    получи́ть (присуди́ть) пре́мию — get (award/give) a prize

    Американизмы. Русско-английский словарь. > премия

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