nitore

nitore s.m. (letter.)

1 ( nitidezza) brightness, clearness

2 (fig.) clearness, lucidity.

nītor, nīsus and nixus ( inf. nitier, Lucr. 1, 1059; old form of the part. perf.: gnitus et gnixus a genibus prisci dixerunt, Paul. ex Fest. p. 96 Müll.), 3, v. dep. n. [from gnitor; root gnic- or gnig-; cf.: nico, conivere], to bear or rest upon something.

Lit.

With abl.: ambae te obsecramus genibus nixae, we implore thee upon our knees, i. e. kneeling, Plaut. Rud. 3, 3, 33:

stirpibus suis niti,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 13, 37:

herbescens viriditas, quae nixa fibris stirpium sensim adulescit,

id. Sen. 15, 51:

hastili nixus,

id. Rab. Perd. 7, 21:

mulierculā nixus,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 33, § 86:

juvenis, qui nititur hastā,

Verg. A. 6, 760:

paribus nitens Cyllenius alis Constitit,

id. ib. 4, 252:

nixus baculo,

Ov. P. 1, 8, 52.—

With in and acc.:

nixus in hastam,

Verg. A. 12, 398.—

With de:

de quā pariens arbore nixa dea est,

Ov. H. 21, 100.—

With gen. of place:

humi nitens,

Verg. A. 2, 380.—

Absol.: Sisiphu' versat Saxum sudans nitendo, Poët. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 10:

niti modo ac statim concidere,

to strive to rise, Sall. J. 101, 11.—

Transf.

To make one's way with an effort, to press forward, advance; and, with respect to the goal, to mount, climb, fly, etc. (mostly poet.):

quaedam serpentes ortae extra aquam simul ac primum niti possunt, aquam persequuntur,

Cic. N. D. 2, 48, 124:

nituntur gradibus,

Verg. A. 2, 442:

in altas rupes,

Luc. 4, 37:

ad sidera,

Verg. G. 2, 427:

in aëra,

Ov. P. 2, 7, 27:

in adversum,

id. M. 2, 72:

sursum nitier,

Lucr. 1, 1059.—Of violent bodily motion:

niti corporibus et ea huc illuc, quasi vitabundi aut jacientes tela agitare,

to struggle, Sall. J. 60, 4.—

To strain in giving birth, to bring forth, Plin. 9, 35, 54, § 107 (al. eniti):

nitor,

I am in labor, Ov. M. 9, 302; Pseud.-Ov. Her. 21, 100.—

To strain for a stool, Suet. Vesp. 20.—

Trop.

To strive, to exert one's self, make an effort, labor, endeavor:

moderatio modo virium adsit et tantum, quantum potest, quisque nitatur,

Cic. Sen. 10, 33; Nep. Att. 15, 2:

nisurus contra regem,

Caes. B. C. 2, 37; Sall. C. 38, 2:

pro aliquo,

Liv. 35, 10; cf.:

pro libertate summā ope niti,

Sall. J. 31, 17:

nitebantur, ne gravius in eum consuleretur,

Sall. J. 13, 8; cf.:

unus Miltiades maxime nitebatur, ut, etc.,

Nep. Milt. 4, 2. — Inf.:

summā vi Cirtam irrumpere nititur,

Sall. J. 25, 9:

patriam recuperare niti,

Nep. Pelop. 2:

ingenio nitor non periisse meo,

Ov. P. 3, 5, 34; id. M. 8, 694.— Absol., of soldiers hard pressed in battle:

tamen virtute et patientia nitebantur atque omnia vulnera sustinebant,

Caes. B. C. 1, 45.—

To strive after a thing:

ad immortalitatem gloriae niti,

Cic. Sen. 23, 82:

ad summa, Quint. prooem. § 20: in vetitum,

Ov. Am. 3, 4, 17.—

To try to prove, contend in argument, argue, with acc. and inf.:

nitamur igitur nihil posse percipi,

Cic. Ac. 2, 21, 68.—

To rest, rely, depend upon a thing.

With in and abl.:

nixus in nomine inani,

Lucr. 5, 909:

conjectura in quā nititur divinatio,

Cic. Div. 2, 26, 55:

ea, in quibus causa nititur,

id. Cael. 10, 25:

cujus in vitā nitebatur salus civitatis,

id. Mil. 7, 19.—

With abl.:

spe niti,

Cic. Att. 3, 9, 2:

consilio atque auctoritate alicujus,

id. Off. 1, 34, 122; id. Fam. 1, 5, a, 2:

si quis hoc uno nititur quod sit ignobilis,

id. Clu. 40, 112.—

With ubi:

quo confugies? ubi nitere?

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 64, § 155.—Hence, P. a., as subst., Nixus, i, m., only plur., Nixi, ōrum, m., three guardian deities of women in labor, the statues of whom, representing them in a kneeling posture, stood on the Capitol before the chapel of Minerva, Paul. ex Fest. p. 174 Müll.:

magno Lucinam Nixosque patres clamore vocabam,

Ov. M. 9, 294.

nĭtor, ōris, m. [niteo], brightness, splendor, lustre, sheen.

Lit.:

nitor exoriens aurorae,

Lucr. 4, 538:

diurnus,

the daylight, Ov. H. 18, 78:

herbarum viridis,

Lucr. 5, 783:

argenti et auri,

Ov. P. 3, 4, 23:

eboris,

Plin. 7, 15, 13, § 64:

materiae,

of the wood, id. 16, 40, 79, § 215:

speculi,

id. 11, 37, 64, § 170:

gladii,

id. 2, 25, 22, § 89:

nigerrimus gemmae,

id. 37, 10, 69, § 184:

nitorem cutis facit sal,

id. 31, 7, 41, § 84.— Plur.:

nitores splendoresque auri,

Gell. 2, 6, 4.—

Transf.

Sleekness, plumpness, good looks, beauty:

nitor corporis,

Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 10:

urit me Glycerae nitor,

Hor. C. 1, 19, 5:

Liparei nitor Hebri,

id. ib. 3, 12, 6:

nullus totā nitor in cute,

Juv. 9, 13.—

Neatness, elegance, brilliancy of external appearance:

si quem... aliquid offendit, si purpurae genus, si amicorum catervae, si splendor, si nitor,

Cic. Cael. 31, 77:

habitus,

Juv. 3, 180:

oppidum praecipui nitoris,

Plin. 4, 12, 26, § 85.—

In gen., color, Lucr. 2, 819:

ludis et externo tincta nitore caput,

Prop. 2, 14, 26 (3, 11, 2).—

Trop., of speech, splendor, elegance, grace of style. —With gen.:

adhibendus erit in eis explicandis quidam orationis nitor,

Cic. Or. 32, 115:

domesticus eloquii,

Ov. P. 2, 2, 51:

nitor et cultus descriptionum,

Tac. Or. 20:

translationum,

Quint. 12, 10, 36.— Absol.:

sublimitas et magnificentia et nitor,

Quint. 8, 3, 3:

eruditione ac nitore praestare,

id. 10, 1, 98:

scripsit non sine cultu ac nitore,

id. 10, 1, 124.—

Of character, dignity, excellence:

generis,

Ov. P. 2, 9, 17; splendid liberality, Stat. S. 3, 3, 149.

nītor, nīsus and nixus ( inf. nitier, Lucr. 1, 1059; old form of the part. perf.: gnitus et gnixus a genibus prisci dixerunt, Paul. ex Fest. p. 96 Müll.), 3, v. dep. n. [from gnitor; root gnic- or gnig-; cf.: nico, conivere], to bear or rest upon something.

Lit.

With abl.: ambae te obsecramus genibus nixae, we implore thee upon our knees, i. e. kneeling, Plaut. Rud. 3, 3, 33:

stirpibus suis niti,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 13, 37:

herbescens viriditas, quae nixa fibris stirpium sensim adulescit,

id. Sen. 15, 51:

hastili nixus,

id. Rab. Perd. 7, 21:

mulierculā nixus,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 33, § 86:

juvenis, qui nititur hastā,

Verg. A. 6, 760:

paribus nitens Cyllenius alis Constitit,

id. ib. 4, 252:

nixus baculo,

Ov. P. 1, 8, 52.—

With in and acc.:

nixus in hastam,

Verg. A. 12, 398.—

With de:

de quā pariens arbore nixa dea est,

Ov. H. 21, 100.—

With gen. of place:

humi nitens,

Verg. A. 2, 380.—

Absol.: Sisiphu' versat Saxum sudans nitendo, Poët. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 10:

niti modo ac statim concidere,

to strive to rise, Sall. J. 101, 11.—

Transf.

To make one's way with an effort, to press forward, advance; and, with respect to the goal, to mount, climb, fly, etc. (mostly poet.):

quaedam serpentes ortae extra aquam simul ac primum niti possunt, aquam persequuntur,

Cic. N. D. 2, 48, 124:

nituntur gradibus,

Verg. A. 2, 442:

in altas rupes,

Luc. 4, 37:

ad sidera,

Verg. G. 2, 427:

in aëra,

Ov. P. 2, 7, 27:

in adversum,

id. M. 2, 72:

sursum nitier,

Lucr. 1, 1059.—Of violent bodily motion:

niti corporibus et ea huc illuc, quasi vitabundi aut jacientes tela agitare,

to struggle, Sall. J. 60, 4.—

To strain in giving birth, to bring forth, Plin. 9, 35, 54, § 107 (al. eniti):

nitor,

I am in labor, Ov. M. 9, 302; Pseud.-Ov. Her. 21, 100.—

To strain for a stool, Suet. Vesp. 20.—

Trop.

To strive, to exert one's self, make an effort, labor, endeavor:

moderatio modo virium adsit et tantum, quantum potest, quisque nitatur,

Cic. Sen. 10, 33; Nep. Att. 15, 2:

nisurus contra regem,

Caes. B. C. 2, 37; Sall. C. 38, 2:

pro aliquo,

Liv. 35, 10; cf.:

pro libertate summā ope niti,

Sall. J. 31, 17:

nitebantur, ne gravius in eum consuleretur,

Sall. J. 13, 8; cf.:

unus Miltiades maxime nitebatur, ut, etc.,

Nep. Milt. 4, 2. — Inf.:

summā vi Cirtam irrumpere nititur,

Sall. J. 25, 9:

patriam recuperare niti,

Nep. Pelop. 2:

ingenio nitor non periisse meo,

Ov. P. 3, 5, 34; id. M. 8, 694.— Absol., of soldiers hard pressed in battle:

tamen virtute et patientia nitebantur atque omnia vulnera sustinebant,

Caes. B. C. 1, 45.—

To strive after a thing:

ad immortalitatem gloriae niti,

Cic. Sen. 23, 82:

ad summa, Quint. prooem. § 20: in vetitum,

Ov. Am. 3, 4, 17.—

To try to prove, contend in argument, argue, with acc. and inf.:

nitamur igitur nihil posse percipi,

Cic. Ac. 2, 21, 68.—

To rest, rely, depend upon a thing.

With in and abl.:

nixus in nomine inani,

Lucr. 5, 909:

conjectura in quā nititur divinatio,

Cic. Div. 2, 26, 55:

ea, in quibus causa nititur,

id. Cael. 10, 25:

cujus in vitā nitebatur salus civitatis,

id. Mil. 7, 19.—

With abl.:

spe niti,

Cic. Att. 3, 9, 2:

consilio atque auctoritate alicujus,

id. Off. 1, 34, 122; id. Fam. 1, 5, a, 2:

si quis hoc uno nititur quod sit ignobilis,

id. Clu. 40, 112.—

With ubi:

quo confugies? ubi nitere?

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 64, § 155.—Hence, P. a., as subst., Nixus, i, m., only plur., Nixi, ōrum, m., three guardian deities of women in labor, the statues of whom, representing them in a kneeling posture, stood on the Capitol before the chapel of Minerva, Paul. ex Fest. p. 174 Müll.:

magno Lucinam Nixosque patres clamore vocabam,

Ov. M. 9, 294.

nĭtor, ōris, m. [niteo], brightness, splendor, lustre, sheen.

Lit.:

nitor exoriens aurorae,

Lucr. 4, 538:

diurnus,

the daylight, Ov. H. 18, 78:

herbarum viridis,

Lucr. 5, 783:

argenti et auri,

Ov. P. 3, 4, 23:

eboris,

Plin. 7, 15, 13, § 64:

materiae,

of the wood, id. 16, 40, 79, § 215:

speculi,

id. 11, 37, 64, § 170:

gladii,

id. 2, 25, 22, § 89:

nigerrimus gemmae,

id. 37, 10, 69, § 184:

nitorem cutis facit sal,

id. 31, 7, 41, § 84.— Plur.:

nitores splendoresque auri,

Gell. 2, 6, 4.—

Transf.

Sleekness, plumpness, good looks, beauty:

nitor corporis,

Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 10:

urit me Glycerae nitor,

Hor. C. 1, 19, 5:

Liparei nitor Hebri,

id. ib. 3, 12, 6:

nullus totā nitor in cute,

Juv. 9, 13.—

Neatness, elegance, brilliancy of external appearance:

si quem... aliquid offendit, si purpurae genus, si amicorum catervae, si splendor, si nitor,

Cic. Cael. 31, 77:

habitus,

Juv. 3, 180:

oppidum praecipui nitoris,

Plin. 4, 12, 26, § 85.—

In gen., color, Lucr. 2, 819:

ludis et externo tincta nitore caput,

Prop. 2, 14, 26 (3, 11, 2).—

Trop., of speech, splendor, elegance, grace of style. —With gen.:

adhibendus erit in eis explicandis quidam orationis nitor,

Cic. Or. 32, 115:

domesticus eloquii,

Ov. P. 2, 2, 51:

nitor et cultus descriptionum,

Tac. Or. 20:

translationum,

Quint. 12, 10, 36.— Absol.:

sublimitas et magnificentia et nitor,

Quint. 8, 3, 3:

eruditione ac nitore praestare,

id. 10, 1, 98:

scripsit non sine cultu ac nitore,

id. 10, 1, 124.—

Of character, dignity, excellence:

generis,

Ov. P. 2, 9, 17; splendid liberality, Stat. S. 3, 3, 149.

nītor, nīsus and nixus ( inf. nitier, Lucr. 1, 1059; old form of the part. perf.: gnitus et gnixus a genibus prisci dixerunt, Paul. ex Fest. p. 96 Müll.), 3, v. dep. n. [from gnitor; root gnic- or gnig-; cf.: nico, conivere], to bear or rest upon something.

Lit.

With abl.: ambae te obsecramus genibus nixae, we implore thee upon our knees, i. e. kneeling, Plaut. Rud. 3, 3, 33:

stirpibus suis niti,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 13, 37:

herbescens viriditas, quae nixa fibris stirpium sensim adulescit,

id. Sen. 15, 51:

hastili nixus,

id. Rab. Perd. 7, 21:

mulierculā nixus,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 33, § 86:

juvenis, qui nititur hastā,

Verg. A. 6, 760:

paribus nitens Cyllenius alis Constitit,

id. ib. 4, 252:

nixus baculo,

Ov. P. 1, 8, 52.—

With in and acc.:

nixus in hastam,

Verg. A. 12, 398.—

With de:

de quā pariens arbore nixa dea est,

Ov. H. 21, 100.—

With gen. of place:

humi nitens,

Verg. A. 2, 380.—

Absol.: Sisiphu' versat Saxum sudans nitendo, Poët. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 10:

niti modo ac statim concidere,

to strive to rise, Sall. J. 101, 11.—

Transf.

To make one's way with an effort, to press forward, advance; and, with respect to the goal, to mount, climb, fly, etc. (mostly poet.):

quaedam serpentes ortae extra aquam simul ac primum niti possunt, aquam persequuntur,

Cic. N. D. 2, 48, 124:

nituntur gradibus,

Verg. A. 2, 442:

in altas rupes,

Luc. 4, 37:

ad sidera,

Verg. G. 2, 427:

in aëra,

Ov. P. 2, 7, 27:

in adversum,

id. M. 2, 72:

sursum nitier,

Lucr. 1, 1059.—Of violent bodily motion:

niti corporibus et ea huc illuc, quasi vitabundi aut jacientes tela agitare,

to struggle, Sall. J. 60, 4.—

To strain in giving birth, to bring forth, Plin. 9, 35, 54, § 107 (al. eniti):

nitor,

I am in labor, Ov. M. 9, 302; Pseud.-Ov. Her. 21, 100.—

To strain for a stool, Suet. Vesp. 20.—

Trop.

To strive, to exert one's self, make an effort, labor, endeavor:

moderatio modo virium adsit et tantum, quantum potest, quisque nitatur,

Cic. Sen. 10, 33; Nep. Att. 15, 2:

nisurus contra regem,

Caes. B. C. 2, 37; Sall. C. 38, 2:

pro aliquo,

Liv. 35, 10; cf.:

pro libertate summā ope niti,

Sall. J. 31, 17:

nitebantur, ne gravius in eum consuleretur,

Sall. J. 13, 8; cf.:

unus Miltiades maxime nitebatur, ut, etc.,

Nep. Milt. 4, 2. — Inf.:

summā vi Cirtam irrumpere nititur,

Sall. J. 25, 9:

patriam recuperare niti,

Nep. Pelop. 2:

ingenio nitor non periisse meo,

Ov. P. 3, 5, 34; id. M. 8, 694.— Absol., of soldiers hard pressed in battle:

tamen virtute et patientia nitebantur atque omnia vulnera sustinebant,

Caes. B. C. 1, 45.—

To strive after a thing:

ad immortalitatem gloriae niti,

Cic. Sen. 23, 82:

ad summa, Quint. prooem. § 20: in vetitum,

Ov. Am. 3, 4, 17.—

To try to prove, contend in argument, argue, with acc. and inf.:

nitamur igitur nihil posse percipi,

Cic. Ac. 2, 21, 68.—

To rest, rely, depend upon a thing.

With in and abl.:

nixus in nomine inani,

Lucr. 5, 909:

conjectura in quā nititur divinatio,

Cic. Div. 2, 26, 55:

ea, in quibus causa nititur,

id. Cael. 10, 25:

cujus in vitā nitebatur salus civitatis,

id. Mil. 7, 19.—

With abl.:

spe niti,

Cic. Att. 3, 9, 2:

consilio atque auctoritate alicujus,

id. Off. 1, 34, 122; id. Fam. 1, 5, a, 2:

si quis hoc uno nititur quod sit ignobilis,

id. Clu. 40, 112.—

With ubi:

quo confugies? ubi nitere?

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 64, § 155.—Hence, P. a., as subst., Nixus, i, m., only plur., Nixi, ōrum, m., three guardian deities of women in labor, the statues of whom, representing them in a kneeling posture, stood on the Capitol before the chapel of Minerva, Paul. ex Fest. p. 174 Müll.:

magno Lucinam Nixosque patres clamore vocabam,

Ov. M. 9, 294.

nĭtor, ōris, m. [niteo], brightness, splendor, lustre, sheen.

Lit.:

nitor exoriens aurorae,

Lucr. 4, 538:

diurnus,

the daylight, Ov. H. 18, 78:

herbarum viridis,

Lucr. 5, 783:

argenti et auri,

Ov. P. 3, 4, 23:

eboris,

Plin. 7, 15, 13, § 64:

materiae,

of the wood, id. 16, 40, 79, § 215:

speculi,

id. 11, 37, 64, § 170:

gladii,

id. 2, 25, 22, § 89:

nigerrimus gemmae,

id. 37, 10, 69, § 184:

nitorem cutis facit sal,

id. 31, 7, 41, § 84.— Plur.:

nitores splendoresque auri,

Gell. 2, 6, 4.—

Transf.

Sleekness, plumpness, good looks, beauty:

nitor corporis,

Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 10:

urit me Glycerae nitor,

Hor. C. 1, 19, 5:

Liparei nitor Hebri,

id. ib. 3, 12, 6:

nullus totā nitor in cute,

Juv. 9, 13.—

Neatness, elegance, brilliancy of external appearance:

si quem... aliquid offendit, si purpurae genus, si amicorum catervae, si splendor, si nitor,

Cic. Cael. 31, 77:

habitus,

Juv. 3, 180:

oppidum praecipui nitoris,

Plin. 4, 12, 26, § 85.—

In gen., color, Lucr. 2, 819:

ludis et externo tincta nitore caput,

Prop. 2, 14, 26 (3, 11, 2).—

Trop., of speech, splendor, elegance, grace of style. —With gen.:

adhibendus erit in eis explicandis quidam orationis nitor,

Cic. Or. 32, 115:

domesticus eloquii,

Ov. P. 2, 2, 51:

nitor et cultus descriptionum,

Tac. Or. 20:

translationum,

Quint. 12, 10, 36.— Absol.:

sublimitas et magnificentia et nitor,

Quint. 8, 3, 3:

eruditione ac nitore praestare,

id. 10, 1, 98:

scripsit non sine cultu ac nitore,

id. 10, 1, 124.—

Of character, dignity, excellence:

generis,

Ov. P. 2, 9, 17; splendid liberality, Stat. S. 3, 3, 149.

ad-jăcĕo, cŭi, no sup., 2, v. n., to lie at or near, to be contiguous to, to border upon (most freq. used of the geog. position of a place).—Constr. with dat., acc., ad, or absol. (in the histt. very freq.).—

With dat.:

Tuscus ager Romano adjacet,

Liv. 2, 49, 9;

mari,

id. 26, 42, 4; Plin. 6, 17, 21, § 56; Front. Strat. 3, 9, 5:

cum Romani adjacerent vallo,

Tac. A. 1, 65:

munitionibus,

id. ib. 4, 48:

adjacet undis moles,

Ov. M. 11, 729:

quae adjacent torrenti Jeboc,

Vulg. Deut. 2, 37.— Trop.:

velle adjacet mihi,

Vulg. Rom. 7, 18; 7, 21.—

With acc.:

gentes, quae mare illud adjacent,

Nep. Tim. 2, 1:

Etruriam,

Liv. 7, 12, 6 (v. Alschefski and Weissenb. ad h. l.).—

With ad:

ad Syrtim,

Mel. 1, 7, 2; so perh. also Caes. B. G. 6, 33, 2: quae (regio) ad Aduatucos adjacet (for the lect. vulg. Aduatucos or Aduatucis), and id. B. C. 2, 1; v. adigo fin. —

Absol.:

adjacet (via) et mollior et magis trita,

Quint. 1, 6, 22:

adjacente Tiberi,

Tac. H. 2, 93; so,

adjacentes populi, i. q. propinqui,

contiguous, neighboring, Tac. A. 13, 55.—And adjăcentĭa, ium, n., the adjoining country:

lacum in adjacentia erupturum,

Tac. A. 1, 79; 5, 14:

projecto nitore adjacentia inlustrare,

Plin. 37, 9, 52, § 137.

circum-fundo, fūdi, fūsum, 3, v. a., lit. to pour out around, i.e. as in circumdo, either with the acc. of that which is poured, to pour around; or, with the acc. of that around which something is poured, to surround with a liquid (class. in prose and poetry).

Lit.

With acc. of the liquid poured (with or without dat. of the object around which):

amurcam ad oleam circumfundito,

Cato, R. R. 93:

Tigris urbi circumfunditur,

surrounds, flows round the town, Plin. 6, 27, 31, § 132.— More freq. in part. perf. pass.:

mare circumfusum urbi,

the sea flowing around the town, Liv. 30, 9, 12:

gens circumfusis invia fluminibus,

Ov. F. 5, 582:

circumfusus nobis spiritus,

Quint. 12, 11, 13:

nec circumfuso pendebat in aëre tellus,

circumambient, Ov. M. 1, 12; imitated by Tib. 4, 1, 151.—

Reflex.: circumfudit se repente nubes,

Lact. 4, 21, 1.—Once mid.: cum fervet (lac), ne circumfundatur, etc., pour itself out around, i. e. run over, Plin. 28, 9, 33, § 126; cf.:

circumfusa nubes,

Verg. A. 1, 586.—

With acc. of the object around which, etc., with or without abl. of the fluid:

(mortuum) cerā circumfuderunt,

Nep. Ages. 8, 7:

terram crassissimus circumfundit aër,

encompasses, envelops, Cic. N. D. 2, 6, 17:

terra circumfusa illo mari, quem oceanum appellatis,

id. Rep. 6, 20, 21:

et multo nebulae circum dea fudit amictu (tmesis),

Verg. A. 1, 412:

quas circumfuderat atra tempestas,

Sil. 7, 723.—

Transf. to objects that do not flow, esp. if there is a great multitude, as it were, heaped upon a thing.

(Acc. to I. 1.) Mid., to press upon, crowd around, embrace closely, cling to (freq. in the histt.):

circumfunduntur ex reliquis hostes partibus,

Caes. B. G. 6, 37; 7, 28; id. B. C. 3. 63:

equites infestis cuspidibus circumfunduntur,

Liv. 10, 36, 9; 25, 34, 9; 27, 19, 3;

44, 23, 8: (Nymphae) circumfusae Dianam Corporibus texere suis,

surrounding, Ov. M. 3, 180:

multitudo circumfusa,

Caes. B. G. 6, 34; Liv. 2, 28, 6; 4, 46, 6; Curt. 8, 14, 31; Quint. 4, 2, 37.—With the dat. of that upon which a multitude presses:

circumfundebantur obviis sciscitantes,

Liv. 22, 7, 11; 22, 14, 15; 26, 27, 10;

29, 34, 14 al.: circumfusa turba lateri meo,

id. 6, 15, 9: ut lateribus circumfundi posset equitatus. Curt. 3, 9, 12. —With acc. (depending on circum): Pacidiussuos equites exporrigere coepit... uthaberent facultatem turmas Julianas circumfundi, to surround, encompass them, Auct. B. Afr. 78 Oud. N. cr. — Poet. also of a single person: et nunc hac juveni, nunc circumfunditur illac, i. e. clings to, or closely embraces him, Ov. M. 4, 360; 14, 354; cf. with acc.:

hunc (sc. Mavortem), tu, diva, tuo recubantem corpore sancto circumfusa super,

Lucr. 1, 40.—

So once in the active voice, absol.:

circumfudit eques,

Tac. A. 3, 46.—

Trop.:

undique circumfusae molestiae,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 41, 121:

non est tantum ab hostibus aetati nostrae periculum, quantum ab circumfusis undique voluptatibus, Liv 30, 14, 6: circumfuso nitore,

Quint. 4, 1, 59.—

(Acc. to I. 2.) To enclose, environ, surround, overwhelm:

circumfusus publicorum praesidiorum copiis,

Cic. Mil. 26, 71:

praefectum castrorum circumfundunt,

Tac. A. 12, 38; so id. H. 2, 19; 4, 20; id. A. 13, 40; Plin. [p. 339] 5, 12, 13, § 67; Sil. 7, 306:

circumfusus hostium concursu,

Nep. Chabr. 4, 2:

M. Catonem vidi in bibliothecā sedentem, multis circumfusum Stoicorum libris,

Cic. Fin. 3, 2, 7; Quint. 9, 4, 91, Curt. 3, 11, 4:

amplexibus alicujus,

Vell. 2, 123, 3:

X. milia Bojorum alio latere quam exspectabatur missis legionibus circumfudit,

Front. 1, 2, 7.—

Trop.:

cum has terras incolentes circumfusi erant caligine,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 19, 45:

latent ista omnia crassis occultata et circumfusa tenebris,

id. Ac. 2, 39, 122:

ut, quantā luce ea circumfusa sunt, possint agnoscere,

id. ib. 2, 15, 46:

eos stultitiā obruit, tenebris circumfundit,

Lact. 3, 29, 14:

circumfundit, aliquem multo splendore,

Sen. Tranq. 1, 9.

clāresco, clārui, 2, v. inch. n. [clareo] ( poet. or in post-Aug. prose), to become or grow bright or clear.

Prop.

Of the sight, to begin to shine, become visible:

tecta luminibus clarescunt,

Tac. A. 15, 37:

clarescit dies,

Sen. Herc. Fur. 123; Val. Fl. 7, 3; cf. Claud. Nupt. Hon. et Mar. 185 al.—

Of the hearing, to sound clear, to become audible:

clarescunt sonitus armorum,

Verg. A. 2, 301:

tibiae,

Quint. 1, 11, 7: vox, Gabius Bassus ap. Gell. 5, 7, 2.—

Trop.

To become clear, manifest, evident, obvious:

alid ex alio clarescet,

Lucr. 1, 1115; 5, 1456:

verba ipso materiae nitore clarescunt,

Quint. 3, 8, 61; 8, 5, 19; 6, 4, 9; Macr. Somn. Scip. 2, 12.—

In character, to become illustrious, famous, renowned ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

aliud clarescit et e contemptibus exit,

Lucr. 5, 833 Lachm. N. cr.:

quoquo facinore clarescere,

Tac. A. 4, 52:

magnis inimicitiis,

id. H. 2, 53:

quia facilius inter ancipitia clarescunt,

id. G. 14; id. Or. 36; Claud. C. Mall. Theod. 3:

ex gente Domitiā duae familiae claruerunt,

Suet. Ner. 1; cf. id. Gram. 17; Just. 2, 1.

illūmĭno ( inl-), āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [in-lumino], to light up, make light, illuminate (class.; cf. illustro).

A.. Lit.:

luna illuminata a sole,

Cic. N. D. 2, 46, 119:

puteum (sole),

Plin. 2, 73, 75, § 183:

tabulata gallinarum parvis fenestellis,

Col. 8, 3, 3:

vias igni,

Stat. Th. 12, 575.—

Transf., to embellish or adorn with any thing bright:

corona aurea fulgentibus gemmis illuminata,

Auct. Her. 4, 47, 60; Lampr. Comm. 17:

purpura omnem vestem illuminat,

Plin. 9, 36, 60, § 127.—

Trop., to set in a clear light, to set off, make conspicuous (esp. freq. in rhetor. lang. of brilliant oratory):

translatum, quod maxime tamquam stellis quibusdam notat et illuminat orationem,

Cic. de Or. 3, 43, 170; cf. id. Or. 25, 83:

orationem sententiis,

id. de Or. 3, 54, 208:

orationem translatorum nitore,

Quint. 12, 10, 36:

pulchritudinem rerum (claritas orationis),

id. 2, 16, 10; 8, 3, 73:

horum fidem Mitylenaeorum perfidia illuminavit,

Vell. 2, 18, 3:

nisi Thebas unum os Pindari illuminaret,

made illustrious, id. 1, 18, 3:

illuminata sapientia,

Cic. Brut. 58, 213.—Hence, * illūmĭnātē ( inl-), adv., clearly, luminously:

dicere,

Cic. de Or. 3, 14, 53.

illūmĭno ( inl-), āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [in-lumino], to light up, make light, illuminate (class.; cf. illustro).

A.. Lit.:

luna illuminata a sole,

Cic. N. D. 2, 46, 119:

puteum (sole),

Plin. 2, 73, 75, § 183:

tabulata gallinarum parvis fenestellis,

Col. 8, 3, 3:

vias igni,

Stat. Th. 12, 575.—

Transf., to embellish or adorn with any thing bright:

corona aurea fulgentibus gemmis illuminata,

Auct. Her. 4, 47, 60; Lampr. Comm. 17:

purpura omnem vestem illuminat,

Plin. 9, 36, 60, § 127.—

Trop., to set in a clear light, to set off, make conspicuous (esp. freq. in rhetor. lang. of brilliant oratory):

translatum, quod maxime tamquam stellis quibusdam notat et illuminat orationem,

Cic. de Or. 3, 43, 170; cf. id. Or. 25, 83:

orationem sententiis,

id. de Or. 3, 54, 208:

orationem translatorum nitore,

Quint. 12, 10, 36:

pulchritudinem rerum (claritas orationis),

id. 2, 16, 10; 8, 3, 73:

horum fidem Mitylenaeorum perfidia illuminavit,

Vell. 2, 18, 3:

nisi Thebas unum os Pindari illuminaret,

made illustrious, id. 1, 18, 3:

illuminata sapientia,

Cic. Brut. 58, 213.—Hence, * illūmĭnātē ( inl-), adv., clearly, luminously:

dicere,

Cic. de Or. 3, 14, 53.

illūmĭno ( inl-), āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [in-lumino], to light up, make light, illuminate (class.; cf. illustro).

A.. Lit.:

luna illuminata a sole,

Cic. N. D. 2, 46, 119:

puteum (sole),

Plin. 2, 73, 75, § 183:

tabulata gallinarum parvis fenestellis,

Col. 8, 3, 3:

vias igni,

Stat. Th. 12, 575.—

Transf., to embellish or adorn with any thing bright:

corona aurea fulgentibus gemmis illuminata,

Auct. Her. 4, 47, 60; Lampr. Comm. 17:

purpura omnem vestem illuminat,

Plin. 9, 36, 60, § 127.—

Trop., to set in a clear light, to set off, make conspicuous (esp. freq. in rhetor. lang. of brilliant oratory):

translatum, quod maxime tamquam stellis quibusdam notat et illuminat orationem,

Cic. de Or. 3, 43, 170; cf. id. Or. 25, 83:

orationem sententiis,

id. de Or. 3, 54, 208:

orationem translatorum nitore,

Quint. 12, 10, 36:

pulchritudinem rerum (claritas orationis),

id. 2, 16, 10; 8, 3, 73:

horum fidem Mitylenaeorum perfidia illuminavit,

Vell. 2, 18, 3:

nisi Thebas unum os Pindari illuminaret,

made illustrious, id. 1, 18, 3:

illuminata sapientia,

Cic. Brut. 58, 213.—Hence, * illūmĭnātē ( inl-), adv., clearly, luminously:

dicere,

Cic. de Or. 3, 14, 53.

pălaestra, ae, f., = palaistra, a wrestling-school, wrestling-place, place of exercise, palœstra, where youths, with their bodies naked and anointed with oil, practised gymnastic exercises. Such palæstrae were also attached to private houses:

in palaestram venire,

Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 20; cf. id. ib. 3, 3, 27:

in palaestrā atque in foro,

id. Am. 4, 1, 3:

statuas in palaestrā ponere,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 14, § 36:

pars in gramineis exercent membra palaestris,

Verg. A. 6, 642. —Of the palæstrae in private houses, Varr. R. R. 3, 13:

(Fibrenus) tantum complectitur quod satis sit modicae palaestrae loci,

Cic. Leg. 2, 3, 6; id. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 2.—

Transf.

A wrestling in the palæstra, the exercise of wrestling:

non utuntur in ipsā lusione artificio proprio palaestrae, sed indicat ipse motus, didicerintne palaestram an nesciant,

Cic. de Or. 1, 16, 73:

exercent patrias oleo labente palaestras Nudati socii,

Verg. A. 3, 281:

corpora agresti nudant palaestrae,

id. G. 2, 531:

uncta palaestra,

Ov. H. 19, 11:

nitidā palaestrā ludere,

id. ib. 16, 149; cf. Luc. 4, 615.—Mercury was regarded as the founder of wrestling combats, Hor. C. 1, 10, 4; Luc. 9, 661.—

In the lang. of comedy, a brothel, Plaut. Bacch. 1, 1, 34; Ter. Phorm. 3, 1, 20.—

Exercises in the school of rhetoric, rhetorical exercises, a school of rhetoric, a school:

nitidum genus verborum sed palaestrae magis et olei, quam hujus civilis turbae ac fori,

Cic. de Or. 1, 18, 81:

non tam armis institutus, quam palaestrā,

id. Brut. 9, 37:

sic adjuvet, ut palaestra histrionem,

id. Or. 4, 14; 56, 186; cf. id. ib. 68, 228: Antipater habuit (in scribendā historiā) vires agrestes ille quidem atque horridas sine nitore ac palaestrā, [p. 1291] id. Leg. 1, 2, 6.—

An art or skill:

utemur eā palaestrā, quam a te didicimus,

Cic. Att. 5, 13, 1.

rōbur ( rōbor, v. Lucr. p. 140 Lachm.; also an older form rōbus, Cato, R. R. 17, 1; Col. 2, 6, 1; cf. Paul. ex Fest. p. 264 Müll.), ŏris, n. [cf. Sanscr. radh-as, abundance; Gr. rhônnumi for rhôthnumi, to strengthen, rhômê], a very hard kind of oak (cf.:

quercus, ilex),

Plin. 16, 6, 8, § 19; 16, 7, 10, § 28; 16, 38, 73, § 186; 16, 40, 76, § 204; 16, 40, 77, § 218.— Hence,

Lit.

In gen., a very hard kind of tree or wood:

morsus roboris,

i. e. of the wild olive, Verg. A. 12, 783 (a little before: foliis oleaster amaris Hic steterat);

so of the same,

id. G. 2, 305; cf.:

solido de robore myrtus,

id. ib. 2, 64:

annoso validam robore quercum,

i. e. of an old and sturdy trunk, id. A. 4, 441; so,

annoso robore quercus,

Ov. M. 8, 743:

antiquo robore quercus,

with ancient trunk, Verg. G. 3, 332:

Massyla, i. e. citri,

Stat. S. 3, 3, 94; also,

Maurorum,

id. ib. 4, 2, 39.—

Absol., usu., an oak-tree, an oak in gen.:

fixa est pariter cum robore cervix,

i. e. was pinned fast to the oak, Ov. M. 3, 92:

agitata robora pulsant (delphines),

id. ib. 1, 303.—

Oak-wood, oak:

naves totae factae ex robore,

Caes. B. G. 3, 13; cf.:

(sapiens) non est e saxo sculptus aut e robore dolatus,

Cic. Ac. 2, 31, 101; and with this cf. id. Div. 2, 41, 85. — Poet.:

illi robur et aes triplex Circa pectus erat,

Hor. C. 1, 3, 9; cf.:

o saxis nimirum et robore nati!

Stat. Th. 4, 340. —

Transf.

Of things made of oak or of any other hard wood.

In gen.:

Lacedaemonii cottidianis epulis in robore accumbunt,

i. e. on oaken, hard benches, Cic. Mur. 35, 74.— So of the wooden horse before Troy:

sacrum,

Verg. A. 2, 230; of a lance:

ferro praefixum,

id. ib. 10, 479; Sil. 2, 244; 267; of a club, Ov. M. 12, 349; Mart. 9, 44, 4 et saep.:

aratri,

i. e. the oaken plough, Verg. G. 1, 162; Val. Fl. 7, 555.—

In partic., the lower and stronger part of the prison at Rome, built by Servius Tullius, was called Robur (also Tullianum):

Robus in carcere dicitur is locus, quo praecipitatur maleficorum genus, quod ante arcis robusteis includebatur, Paul. ex Fest. s. v. robum, p. 264 Müll.: in robore et tenebris exspiret,

Liv. 38, 59 fin.:

robur et saxum minitari,

Tac. A. 4, 29; Val. Max. 6, 3, 1:

verbera, carnifices, robur,

Lucr. 3, 1017; Hor. C. 2, 13, 19 (v. carcer and Tullianum).—

Hardness, strength, firmness, vigor, power (cf. vires; v. Fabri ad Liv. 21, 1, 2).

Lit.:

duri robora ferri,

Lucr. 2, 449; so,

ferri,

Verg. A. 7, 609:

saxi,

Lucr. 1, 882:

navium,

Liv. 37, 30: omnia pariter crescunt et robora sumunt, gain strength, [p. 1598] Lucr. 5, 820; 895; cf.:

qui si jam satis aetatis atque roboris haberet, ipse pro Sex. Roscio diceret,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 51, 149:

paululum jam roboris accessit aetati,

id. Cael. 30, 73:

solidaeque suo stant robore vires,

Verg. A. 2, 639; Vulg. Judic. 8, 21:

si quod est robur,

Flor. 2, 1, 1.—

Trop., power, strength, force, vigor (very freq.):

alter virtutis robore firmior quam aetatis,

Cic. Phil. 10, 8, 16:

in animi excelsi atque invicti magnitudine ac robore,

id. Off. 1, 5, 14; so,

animi (with magnitudo),

id. de Or. 2, 84, 343; id. Tusc. 1, 40, 95:

robur incredibile animi,

id. Mil. 37, 101:

quantum in cujusque animo roboris est ac nervorum,

id. Fam. 6, 1, 3:

multo plus firmamenti ac roboris,

id. Imp. Pomp. 4, 10; so (with firmamentum) id. Mur. 28, 58; (with firmitas) id. Fin. 5, 5, 12:

hi tot equites Romani quid roboris hujus petitioni attulerunt?

id. Planc. 8, 21:

pectus robore fultum,

Ov. Tr. 5, 12, 11:

te mea robora fallunt,

id. H. 16, 367:

velocitate pari, robore animi virumque praestanti,

Liv. 24, 26, 11:

verba quanti roboris plena,

Sen. Ep 10, 3:

qui robur aliquod in stilo fecerint,

Quint. 10, 3, 10; cf.:

robur oratorium adicere sententiis,

id. 10, 5, 4; 8, prooem. §

3: illi robur et aes triplex Circa pectus erat,

Hor. C. 1, 3, 9; cf.:

O saxis nimirum et robore nati,

Stat. Th. 4, 340. —

Authority: nostrarum constitutionum, Just. Inst. prooem. 6.—

Concr., the strongest, most effective, or best part, the pith, kernel, strength of any thing; of soldiers, the flower of the troops, choice troops, etc. (freq. and class.):

versaris in optimorum civium vel flore vel robore,

Cic. Or. 10, 34: et robur et suboles militum interiit, Asin. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 33; cf.:

quod fuit roboris, duobus proeliis interiit,

Caes. B. C. 3, 87:

quod roboris ea provincia habuerat,

Liv. 30, 2; Ov. M. 14, 454 al.:

senatūs robur,

Liv. 5, 39. — Plur.:

tunc C. Flavius Pusio, Cn. Titinnius, C. Maecenas, illa robora populi Romani,

Cic. Clu. 56, 163:

haec sunt nostra robora,

id. Att. 6, 5, 3; Liv. 7, 7; 12; 21, 54; 22, 6; 23, 16; 25, 6 init.:

robora pubis,

Verg. A. 8, 518; Ov. M. 7, 510:

ingentia robora virorum,

Plin. Pan. 34, 3:

conferta robora virorum,

Curt. 3, 5, 13: betae, i. e. stalks, Col. poët. 10, 326. — Of a place, a stronghold:

quod coloniam virium et opum validam robur ac sedem bello legisset,

Tac. H. 2, 19.— Absol.: robus, the name of an excellent kind of wheat:

quoniam et pondere et nitore praestat,

Col. 2, 6, 1.

rōbur ( rōbor, v. Lucr. p. 140 Lachm.; also an older form rōbus, Cato, R. R. 17, 1; Col. 2, 6, 1; cf. Paul. ex Fest. p. 264 Müll.), ŏris, n. [cf. Sanscr. radh-as, abundance; Gr. rhônnumi for rhôthnumi, to strengthen, rhômê], a very hard kind of oak (cf.:

quercus, ilex),

Plin. 16, 6, 8, § 19; 16, 7, 10, § 28; 16, 38, 73, § 186; 16, 40, 76, § 204; 16, 40, 77, § 218.— Hence,

Lit.

In gen., a very hard kind of tree or wood:

morsus roboris,

i. e. of the wild olive, Verg. A. 12, 783 (a little before: foliis oleaster amaris Hic steterat);

so of the same,

id. G. 2, 305; cf.:

solido de robore myrtus,

id. ib. 2, 64:

annoso validam robore quercum,

i. e. of an old and sturdy trunk, id. A. 4, 441; so,

annoso robore quercus,

Ov. M. 8, 743:

antiquo robore quercus,

with ancient trunk, Verg. G. 3, 332:

Massyla, i. e. citri,

Stat. S. 3, 3, 94; also,

Maurorum,

id. ib. 4, 2, 39.—

Absol., usu., an oak-tree, an oak in gen.:

fixa est pariter cum robore cervix,

i. e. was pinned fast to the oak, Ov. M. 3, 92:

agitata robora pulsant (delphines),

id. ib. 1, 303.—

Oak-wood, oak:

naves totae factae ex robore,

Caes. B. G. 3, 13; cf.:

(sapiens) non est e saxo sculptus aut e robore dolatus,

Cic. Ac. 2, 31, 101; and with this cf. id. Div. 2, 41, 85. — Poet.:

illi robur et aes triplex Circa pectus erat,

Hor. C. 1, 3, 9; cf.:

o saxis nimirum et robore nati!

Stat. Th. 4, 340. —

Transf.

Of things made of oak or of any other hard wood.

In gen.:

Lacedaemonii cottidianis epulis in robore accumbunt,

i. e. on oaken, hard benches, Cic. Mur. 35, 74.— So of the wooden horse before Troy:

sacrum,

Verg. A. 2, 230; of a lance:

ferro praefixum,

id. ib. 10, 479; Sil. 2, 244; 267; of a club, Ov. M. 12, 349; Mart. 9, 44, 4 et saep.:

aratri,

i. e. the oaken plough, Verg. G. 1, 162; Val. Fl. 7, 555.—

In partic., the lower and stronger part of the prison at Rome, built by Servius Tullius, was called Robur (also Tullianum):

Robus in carcere dicitur is locus, quo praecipitatur maleficorum genus, quod ante arcis robusteis includebatur, Paul. ex Fest. s. v. robum, p. 264 Müll.: in robore et tenebris exspiret,

Liv. 38, 59 fin.:

robur et saxum minitari,

Tac. A. 4, 29; Val. Max. 6, 3, 1:

verbera, carnifices, robur,

Lucr. 3, 1017; Hor. C. 2, 13, 19 (v. carcer and Tullianum).—

Hardness, strength, firmness, vigor, power (cf. vires; v. Fabri ad Liv. 21, 1, 2).

Lit.:

duri robora ferri,

Lucr. 2, 449; so,

ferri,

Verg. A. 7, 609:

saxi,

Lucr. 1, 882:

navium,

Liv. 37, 30: omnia pariter crescunt et robora sumunt, gain strength, [p. 1598] Lucr. 5, 820; 895; cf.:

qui si jam satis aetatis atque roboris haberet, ipse pro Sex. Roscio diceret,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 51, 149:

paululum jam roboris accessit aetati,

id. Cael. 30, 73:

solidaeque suo stant robore vires,

Verg. A. 2, 639; Vulg. Judic. 8, 21:

si quod est robur,

Flor. 2, 1, 1.—

Trop., power, strength, force, vigor (very freq.):

alter virtutis robore firmior quam aetatis,

Cic. Phil. 10, 8, 16:

in animi excelsi atque invicti magnitudine ac robore,

id. Off. 1, 5, 14; so,

animi (with magnitudo),

id. de Or. 2, 84, 343; id. Tusc. 1, 40, 95:

robur incredibile animi,

id. Mil. 37, 101:

quantum in cujusque animo roboris est ac nervorum,

id. Fam. 6, 1, 3:

multo plus firmamenti ac roboris,

id. Imp. Pomp. 4, 10; so (with firmamentum) id. Mur. 28, 58; (with firmitas) id. Fin. 5, 5, 12:

hi tot equites Romani quid roboris hujus petitioni attulerunt?

id. Planc. 8, 21:

pectus robore fultum,

Ov. Tr. 5, 12, 11:

te mea robora fallunt,

id. H. 16, 367:

velocitate pari, robore animi virumque praestanti,

Liv. 24, 26, 11:

verba quanti roboris plena,

Sen. Ep 10, 3:

qui robur aliquod in stilo fecerint,

Quint. 10, 3, 10; cf.:

robur oratorium adicere sententiis,

id. 10, 5, 4; 8, prooem. §

3: illi robur et aes triplex Circa pectus erat,

Hor. C. 1, 3, 9; cf.:

O saxis nimirum et robore nati,

Stat. Th. 4, 340. —

Authority: nostrarum constitutionum, Just. Inst. prooem. 6.—

Concr., the strongest, most effective, or best part, the pith, kernel, strength of any thing; of soldiers, the flower of the troops, choice troops, etc. (freq. and class.):

versaris in optimorum civium vel flore vel robore,

Cic. Or. 10, 34: et robur et suboles militum interiit, Asin. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 33; cf.:

quod fuit roboris, duobus proeliis interiit,

Caes. B. C. 3, 87:

quod roboris ea provincia habuerat,

Liv. 30, 2; Ov. M. 14, 454 al.:

senatūs robur,

Liv. 5, 39. — Plur.:

tunc C. Flavius Pusio, Cn. Titinnius, C. Maecenas, illa robora populi Romani,

Cic. Clu. 56, 163:

haec sunt nostra robora,

id. Att. 6, 5, 3; Liv. 7, 7; 12; 21, 54; 22, 6; 23, 16; 25, 6 init.:

robora pubis,

Verg. A. 8, 518; Ov. M. 7, 510:

ingentia robora virorum,

Plin. Pan. 34, 3:

conferta robora virorum,

Curt. 3, 5, 13: betae, i. e. stalks, Col. poët. 10, 326. — Of a place, a stronghold:

quod coloniam virium et opum validam robur ac sedem bello legisset,

Tac. H. 2, 19.— Absol.: robus, the name of an excellent kind of wheat:

quoniam et pondere et nitore praestat,

Col. 2, 6, 1.

vīs, vis, f., plur. vīres, ĭum (class. only in nom., acc. and abl. sing. and in plur.; gen. sing. very rare; Tac. Or. 26; Dig. 4, 2, 1; Paul. Sent. 5, 30; dat. sing. vi, Auct. B. Afr. 69, 2; C. I. L. 5, 837; collat. form of the nom. and acc. plur. vis, Lucr. 3, 265; 2, 586; Sall. ap. Prisc. p. 707, or H. 3, 62 Dietsch; Messala ap. Macr. S. 1, 9, 14) [Gr. is, Wis, sinew, force; iphi, with might], strength, physical or mental; force, vigor, power, energy, virtue (cf. robur).

Lit.

In gen.

Sing.:

celeritas et vis equorum,

Cic. Div. 1, 70, 144:

magna vis eorum (urorum) et magna velocitas,

Caes. B. G. 6, 28:

contra vim atque impetum fluminis,

id. ib. 4, 17:

tempestatis,

id. B. C. 2, 14:

venti,

Lucr. 1, 271:

solis,

id. 4, 326 (301):

horrida teli,

id. 3, 170:

acris vini,

id. 3, 476:

ferri aerisque,

id. 5, 1286:

veneni,

Cic. Cael. 24, 58 et saep.—

Plur. (most freq. of physical strength):

non viribus aut velocitatibus aut celeritate corporum res magnae geruntur,

Cic. Sen. 6, 17:

nec nunc vires desidero adulescentis, non plus quam adulescens tauri aut elephanti desiderabam,

id. ib. 9, 27:

hoc ali vires nervosque confirmari putant,

Caes. B. G. 6, 21:

me jam sanguis viresque deficiunt,

id. ib. 7, 50 fin.:

perpauci viribus confisi transnatare contenderunt,

id. ib. 1, 53:

nostri integris viribus fortiter repugnare,

id. ib. 3, 4:

lacertis et viribus pugnare,

Cic. Fam. 4, 7, 2:

omnibus viribus atque opibus repugnare,

id. Tusc. 3, 11, 25:

non animi solum vigore sed etiam corporis viribus excellens,

Liv. 9, 16, 12:

validis viribus hastam contorquere,

Verg. A. 2, 50:

quicquid agas, decet agere pro viribus,

with all your might, Cic. Sen. 9, 27; so,

supra vires,

Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 22:

et neglecta solent incendia sumere vires,

id. ib. 1, 18, 85:

seu virium vi seu exercitatione multā cibi vinique capacissimus,

Liv. 9, 16, 13; cf.:

in proelii concursu abit res a Consilio ad vires vimque pugnantium,

Nep. Thras. 1, 4 dub. (Siebel. vires usumque).— Poet., with inf.:

nec mihi sunt vires inimicos pellere tectis,

Ov. H. 1, 109.—

In partic.

Energy, virtue, potency (of herbs, drugs, etc.):

in radices vires oleae abibunt,

Cato, R. R. 61, 1:

vires habet herba?

Ov. M. 13, 942:

egregius fons Viribus occultis adjuvat,

Juv. 12, 42. —

Vis, personified, the same as Juno, Aus. Idyll. de Deis; cf. Verg. A. 7, 432 Serv. —

Hostile strength, force, violence, = bia: EA POENA, QVAE EST DE VI, S. C. ap. Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 3, 5:

cum vi vis illata defenditur,

Cic. Mil. 4, 9; cf.:

celeri rumore dilato Dioni vim allatam,

Nep. Dion, 10, 1:

ne vim facias ullam in illam,

Ter. Eun. 4, 7, 37:

sine vi facere,

id. ib. 4, 7, 20:

vim afferre alicui,

Cic. Caecin. 21, 61; id. Verr. 2, 1, 24, § 62; 2, 4, 66, § 148:

adhibere,

id. Off. 3, 30, 110; id. Cat. 1, 8, 19:

praesidio tam valido et armato vim adferre,

Liv. 9, 16, 4:

iter per vim tentare,

by force, forcibly, Caes. B. G. 1, 14; so,

per vim,

id. B. C. 2, 13; Cic. Att. 7, 9, 4:

ne id quidem satis est, nisi docet, ita se possedisse nec vi nec clam nec precario possederit,

id. Caecin. 32, 92; so the jurid. formula in Lex Thoria ap. Grut. 202, 18; Dig. 41, 1, 22; Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 28:

vis haec quidem hercle est, et trahi et trudi simul,

Plaut. Capt. 3, 5, 92; Ter. Ad. 5, 8, 20:

naves totae factae ex robore ad quamvis vim et contumeliam perferendam (shortly afterwards: tantas tempestates Oceani tantosque impetus ventorum sustineri),

violence, shock, Caes. B. G. 3, 13:

caeli,

a storm, tempest, Plin. 18, 28, 69, § 278.—To avoid the gen. form (v. supra):

de vi condemnati sunt,

Cic. Phil. 2, 2, 4: de vi reus; id. Sest. 35, 75; id. Vatin. 17, 41:

ei qui de vi itemque ei qui majestatis damnatus sit,

id. Phil. 1, 9, 23; cf. id. ib. 1, 9, 21 sq. Halm ad loc.; Tac. A. 4, 13.—

In mal. part., force, violence: pudicitiam cum eriperet militi tribunus militaris... interfectus ab eo est, cui vim adferebat, Cic. Mil. 4, 9:

matribus familias vim attulisse,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 24, § 62:

vis allata sorori,

Ov. A. A. 1, 679:

victa nitore dei vim passa est,

id. M. 4, 233:

vim passa est Phoebe,

id. A. A. 1, 679.—

Transf., concr.

Quantity, number, abundance (cf.: copia, multitudo); with gen.:

quasi retruderet hominum me vis invitum,

Plaut. Ep. 2, 2, 66:

innumerabilis servorum,

Cic. Har. Resp. 11, 22:

in pompā cum magna vis auri argentique ferretur,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 32, 91:

vis magna pulveris,

Caes. B. C. 2, 26:

vis maxima ranunculorum,

Cic. Fam. 7, 18, 3:

argenti,

id. Prov. Cons. 2, 4:

vim lacrimarum profudi,

id. Rep. 6, 14, 14:

odora canum vis,

Verg. A. 4, 132; cf. absol.:

et nescio quomodo is, qui auctoritatem minimam habet, maximam vim, populus cum illis facit,

Cic. Fin. 2, 14, 44.—

Vires, military forces, troops:

praeesse exercitui, ut praeter auctoritatem vires quoque ad coërcendum haberet,

Caes. B. C. 3, 57:

satis virium ad certamen,

Liv. 3, 60, 4:

undique contractis viribus signa cum Papirio conferre,

id. 9, 13, 12:

robur omne virium ejus regni,

the flower, id. 33, 4, 4:

concitet et vires Graecia magna suas,

Ov. H. 15 (16), 340.—

Vires, the virile forces or organs, Arn. 5, 158; 5, 163; Inscr. Orell. 2322; 2332:

veluti castratis viribus,

Plin. 11, 18, 19, § 60; cf.:

vis (= vires) multas possidere in se,

Lucr. 2, 586.—Rarely sing.:

vis genitalis,

Tac. A. 6, 18.—

Trop.

Mental strength, power, force, vigor:

vis illa divina et virtus oratoris,

Cic. de Or. 2, 27, 120:

vis ac facultas oratoris,

id. ib. 1, 31, 142:

suavitatem Isocrates... sonitum Aeschines, vim Demosthenes habuit,

id. ib. 3, 7, 28:

summa ingenii,

id. Phil. 5, 18, 49:

magna vis est conscientiae in utramque partem,

id. Mil. 23, 61:

magna vis est in fortunā in utramque partem,

id. Off. 2, 6, 19:

patriae,

id. de Or. 1, 44, 196:

quod ostentum habuit hanc vim, ut, etc.,

power, effect, id. Div. 1, 33, 73:

qui indignitate suā vim ac jus magistratui quem gerebat dempsisset,

Liv. 26, 12, 8:

hujus conventionis,

Dig. 43, 25, 12.— Plur. (post-Aug.):

eloquentiae,

Quint. 5, 1, 2:

facilitatis,

id. 12, 9, 20:

ingenii,

id. 1, 2, 23; 12, 1, 32:

orationis,

id. 8, 3, 87.—

Transf., of abstr. things, force, notion, meaning, sense, import, nature, essence (cf. significatio):

id, in quo est omnis vis amicitiae,

Cic. Lael. 4, 15:

eloquentiae vis et natura,

id. Or. 31, 112:

vis honesti (with natura),

id. Off. 1, 6, 18; cf. id. Fin. 1, 16, 50:

virtutis,

id. Fam. 9, 16, 5:

quae est alia vis legis?

id. Dom. 20, 53:

vis, natura, genera verborum et simplicium et copulatorum,

i.e. the sense, signification, id. Or. 32, 115:

vis verbi,

id. Inv. 1, 13, 17; id. Balb. 8, 21:

quae vis insit in his paucis verbis, si attendes, si attendes, intelleges,

id. Fam. 6, 2, 3:

quae vis subjecta sit vocibus,

id. Fin. 2, 2, 6:

nominis,

id. Top. 8, 35: metônumia, cujus vis est, pro eo, quod dicitur, causam, propter quam dicitur, ponere, Quint. 8, 6, 23.