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61 Cleona
I.A small town in Argolis, near Nemea, where Hercules killed the lion, now Clenia, Liv. 33, 14, 11; Ov. M. 6, 417; Plin. 4, 5, 6, § 12.—Hence,B.Clĕōnaeus, a, um, adj., of or pertaining to Cleonœ:II.ager,
Liv. 33, 14, 7:leo,
i. e. the Nemean lion, Luc. 4, 612; Sil. 3, 34:sidus = leo,
Stat. S. 4, 28; Mart. 4, 60:stirpis, i.e. Herculeae,
Stat. Th. 6, 837.—A town in Macedonia, on Mount Athos, Mel. 2, 2, 9; Plin. 4, 10, 17, § 37. -
62 Cleonae
I.A small town in Argolis, near Nemea, where Hercules killed the lion, now Clenia, Liv. 33, 14, 11; Ov. M. 6, 417; Plin. 4, 5, 6, § 12.—Hence,B.Clĕōnaeus, a, um, adj., of or pertaining to Cleonœ:II.ager,
Liv. 33, 14, 7:leo,
i. e. the Nemean lion, Luc. 4, 612; Sil. 3, 34:sidus = leo,
Stat. S. 4, 28; Mart. 4, 60:stirpis, i.e. Herculeae,
Stat. Th. 6, 837.—A town in Macedonia, on Mount Athos, Mel. 2, 2, 9; Plin. 4, 10, 17, § 37. -
63 Cleonaeus
I.A small town in Argolis, near Nemea, where Hercules killed the lion, now Clenia, Liv. 33, 14, 11; Ov. M. 6, 417; Plin. 4, 5, 6, § 12.—Hence,B.Clĕōnaeus, a, um, adj., of or pertaining to Cleonœ:II.ager,
Liv. 33, 14, 7:leo,
i. e. the Nemean lion, Luc. 4, 612; Sil. 3, 34:sidus = leo,
Stat. S. 4, 28; Mart. 4, 60:stirpis, i.e. Herculeae,
Stat. Th. 6, 837.—A town in Macedonia, on Mount Athos, Mel. 2, 2, 9; Plin. 4, 10, 17, § 37. -
64 furcula
furcŭla, ae, f. dim. [furca, II.].I.A forked prop to support a wall when undermined:II.suspenso furculis ab hostibus muro,
Liv. 38, 7, 9.—Furculae Caudinae, two lofty (fork-shaped) defiles near Caudium, where the Roman army, in the year A.U.C. 434, was hemmed in by the Samnites, now Casale di Forchia, Liv. 9, 2; 11; Flor. 1, 16; v. Caudium. -
65 Furculae Caudinae
furcŭla, ae, f. dim. [furca, II.].I.A forked prop to support a wall when undermined:II.suspenso furculis ab hostibus muro,
Liv. 38, 7, 9.—Furculae Caudinae, two lofty (fork-shaped) defiles near Caudium, where the Roman army, in the year A.U.C. 434, was hemmed in by the Samnites, now Casale di Forchia, Liv. 9, 2; 11; Flor. 1, 16; v. Caudium. -
66 gehenna
gĕhenna, ae, f., = geenna (Hebrew, Ge-Hinnom, Ge-Ben-Hinnom), a valley near Jerusalem where children were offered to Moloch;II.hence, transf.,
hell, Vulg. Matt. 5, 22 sq.; 10, 28; 18, 9 al.; Tert. Apol. 47; Prud. Cath. 6, 111; 11, 112; Aus. Ephem. ap. Orat. 56 et saep.—Deriv. gĕhen-nālis, e, hellish, of hell:incendium,
Cassiod. Amic. 22, § 32:poenae,
id. ib. 24, § 4. -
67 gehennalis
gĕhenna, ae, f., = geenna (Hebrew, Ge-Hinnom, Ge-Ben-Hinnom), a valley near Jerusalem where children were offered to Moloch;II.hence, transf.,
hell, Vulg. Matt. 5, 22 sq.; 10, 28; 18, 9 al.; Tert. Apol. 47; Prud. Cath. 6, 111; 11, 112; Aus. Ephem. ap. Orat. 56 et saep.—Deriv. gĕhen-nālis, e, hellish, of hell:incendium,
Cassiod. Amic. 22, § 32:poenae,
id. ib. 24, § 4. -
68 Hippolytus
Hippŏlytus, i, m., = Hippolutos, son of Theseus and Hippolyte; his step-mother Phœdra fell in love with him, but, on her advances being repelled, she accused him to her husband of attempts upon her chastity; the king in his rage cursed him and devoted him to destruction; whereupon he was torn to pieces by his horses; he was, however, restored to life by Æsculapius, and taken by Diana, under the name of Virbius, to the grove near Aricia, where he afterwards received divine honors, Ov. M. 15, 497 sq.; Cic. Off. 1, 10, 32; id. Tusc. 4, 11, 27; Verg. A. 7, 761 sq.; Hor. C. 4, 7, 26; Hyg. Fab. 47; 251. -
69 Marica
Mărīca, ae, f., a nymph in the territory of Minturnæ, on the river Liris, the fabled mother of the Latins, Verg. A. 7, 47; Serv. acc. to Lact. 1, 21, 23, Circe, who was deified after her death. After her was named the lucus Maricae, the grove consecrated to her, Liv. 27, 37;called also, silva Maricae,
Mart. 13, 83, 1;and, querceta Maricae, Claud. Cons. Prob. et Olybr. 259: palus Maricae,
the lake near Minturnæ, where Marius hid himself after his flight from Sylla, Vell. 2, 19, 2.—As subst.: Mărīca, ae, i. e. Minlurnæ, Hor. C. 3, 17, 7:regna Maricae,
the territory of Minturnæ, Liv. 2, 424. -
70 Raudii campi
Raudii campi, a broad plain near Verona, where Marius defeated the Cimbri, Vell. 2, 12, 5.— Called also, in sing., Rau-dius campus, Flor. 3, 3, 14; Aur. Vict. Vir. Ill. c. 67. -
71 Raudius campus
Raudii campi, a broad plain near Verona, where Marius defeated the Cimbri, Vell. 2, 12, 5.— Called also, in sing., Rau-dius campus, Flor. 3, 3, 14; Aur. Vict. Vir. Ill. c. 67. -
72 Semurium
Semurĭum, ii, n., a field near Rome, where was a temple of Apollo, Cic. Phil. 6, 5, 14; Macr. S. 1, 10. -
73 Μελάμφυλλον
Μελάμφυλλον a mountain near Abdera, where the people of Abdera won a victory.1κείνοις δ' ὑπέρτατον ἦλθε φέγγος ἄντα δυσμενέων Μελαμφύλλου προπάροιθεν Pae. 2.69
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74 Marli
MARLI, MARLY LACEA very simple and light hexagonal mesh net, named after a village near Versailles, where it originated. The plain mesh ground was powdered with small round rosettes. Originally it was made of cotton, but at Bayeux it was also made of very fine linen yarn for a foundation to applique laces; during the French Revolution and the Napoleonic era it was also made of silk, or of silk mixed with linen, and was called coarse or fine according to the size of the mesh. Marli which was the precursor of the tulle was greatly in vogue from the time of Louis XVI until the middle of the 19th century for dresses and trimmings. -
75 Marly Lace
MARLI, MARLY LACEA very simple and light hexagonal mesh net, named after a village near Versailles, where it originated. The plain mesh ground was powdered with small round rosettes. Originally it was made of cotton, but at Bayeux it was also made of very fine linen yarn for a foundation to applique laces; during the French Revolution and the Napoleonic era it was also made of silk, or of silk mixed with linen, and was called coarse or fine according to the size of the mesh. Marli which was the precursor of the tulle was greatly in vogue from the time of Louis XVI until the middle of the 19th century for dresses and trimmings. -
76 Σιδοῦς
Σῐδοῦς, οῦντος, ὁ, Sidus, a place near Corinth, where pomegranates grew, X.HG4.4.13, Rhian.2; also [full] Σιδόεις, Euph.11, Nic.Fr.50: Adj. [full] Σῐδούντιος, α, ον, St.Byz.; fem. [suff] σῐδηρ-τιάς, άδος, Hsch. -
77 Γῦραί
A Homeric dictionary (Greek-English) (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ομηρικό λεξικό) > Γῦραί
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78 Adamson, Daniel
SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering, Metallurgy, Steam and internal combustion engines[br]b. 1818 Shildon, Co. Durham, Englandd. January 1890 Didsbury, Manchester, England[br]English mechanical engineer, pioneer in the use of steel for boilers, which enabled higher pressures to be introduced; pioneer in the use of triple-and quadruple-expansion mill engines.[br]Adamson was apprenticed between 1835 and 1841 to Timothy Hackworth, then Locomotive Superintendent on the Stockton \& Darlington Railway. After this he was appointed Draughtsman, then Superintendent Engineer, at that railway's locomotive works until in 1847 he became Manager of Shildon Works. In 1850 he resigned and moved to act as General Manager of Heaton Foundry, Stockport. In the following year he commenced business on his own at Newton Moor Iron Works near Manchester, where he built up his business as an iron-founder and boilermaker. By 1872 this works had become too small and he moved to a 4 acre (1.6 hectare) site at Hyde Junction, Dukinfield. There he employed 600 men making steel boilers, heavy machinery including mill engines fitted with the American Wheelock valve gear, hydraulic plant and general millwrighting. His success was based on his early recognition of the importance of using high-pressure steam and steel instead of wrought iron. In 1852 he patented his type of flanged seam for the firetubes of Lancashire boilers, which prevented these tubes cracking through expansion. In 1862 he patented the fabrication of boilers by drilling rivet holes instead of punching them and also by drilling the holes through two plates held together in their assembly positions. He had started to use steel for some boilers he made for railway locomotives in 1857, and in 1860, only four years after Bessemer's patent, he built six mill engine boilers from steel for Platt Bros, Oldham. He solved the problems of using this new material, and by his death had made c.2,800 steel boilers with pressures up to 250 psi (17.6 kg/cm2).He was a pioneer in the general introduction of steel and in 1863–4 was a partner in establishing the Yorkshire Iron and Steel Works at Penistone. This was the first works to depend entirely upon Bessemer steel for engineering purposes and was later sold at a large profit to Charles Cammell \& Co., Sheffield. When he started this works, he also patented improvements both to the Bessemer converters and to the engines which provided their blast. In 1870 he helped to turn Lincolnshire into an important ironmaking area by erecting the North Lincolnshire Ironworks. He was also a shareholder in ironworks in South Wales and Cumberland.He contributed to the development of the stationary steam engine, for as early as 1855 he built one to run with a pressure of 150 psi (10.5 kg/cm) that worked quite satisfactorily. He reheated the steam between the cylinders of compound engines and then in 1861–2 patented a triple-expansion engine, followed in 1873 by a quadruple-expansion one to further economize steam. In 1858 he developed improved machinery for testing tensile strength and compressive resistance of materials, and in the same year patents for hydraulic lifting jacks and riveting machines were obtained.He was a founding member of the Iron and Steel Institute and became its President in 1888 when it visited Manchester. The previous year he had been President of the Institution of Civil Engineers when he was presented with the Bessemer Gold Medal. He was a constant contributor at the meetings of these associations as well as those of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. He did not live to see the opening of one of his final achievements, the Manchester Ship Canal. He was the one man who, by his indomitable energy and skill at public speaking, roused the enthusiasm of the people in Manchester for this project and he made it a really practical proposition in the face of strong opposition.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsPresident, Institution of Civil Engineers 1887.President, Iron and Steel Institute 1888. Institution of Civil Engineers Bessemer Gold Medal 1887.Further ReadingObituary, Engineer 69:56.Obituary, Engineering 49:66–8.Obituary, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers 100:374–8.H.W.Dickinson, 1938, A Short History of the Steam Engine, Cambridge University Press (provides an illustration of Adamson's flanged seam for boilers).R.L.Hills, 1989, Power from Steam. A History of the Stationary Steam Engine, Cambridge University Press (covers the development of the triple-expansion engine).RLH -
79 Bakewell, Robert
SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology[br]b. 23 May 1725 Loughborough, Englandd. 1 October 1795 Loughborough, England[br]English livestock breeder who pioneered the practice of progeny testing for selecting breeding stock; he is particularly associated with the development of the Improved Leicester breed of sheep.[br]Robert Bakewell was the son of the tenant farming the 500-acre (200 hectare) Dishley Grange Farm, near Loughborough, where he was born. The family was sufficiently wealthy to allow Robert to travel, which he began to do at an early age, exploring the farming methods of the West Country, Norfolk, Ireland and Holland. On taking over the farm he continued the development of the irrigation scheme begun by his father. Arthur Young visited the farm during his tour of east England in 1771. At that time it consisted of 440 acres (178 hectares), 110 acres (45 hectares) of which were arable, and carried a stock of 60 horses, 400 sheep and 150 other assorted beasts. Of the arable land, 30 acres (12 hectares) were under root crops, mainly turnips.Bakewell was not the first to pioneer selective breeding, but he was the first successfully to apply selection to both the efficiency with which an animal utilized its food, and its physical appearance. He always had a clear idea of the animal he wanted, travelled extensively to collect a range of animals possessing the characteristics he sought, and then bred from these towards his goal. He was aware of the dangers of inbreeding, but would often use it to gain the qualities he wanted. His early experiments were with Longhorn cattle, which he developed as a meat rather than a draught animal, but his most famous achievement was the development of the Improved Leicester breed of sheep. He set out to produce an animal that would put on the most meat in the least time and with the least feeding. As his base he chose the Old Leicester, but there is still doubt as to which other breeds he may have introduced to produce the desired results. The Improved Leicester was smaller than its ancestor, with poorer wool quality but with greatly improved meat-production capacity.Bakewell let out his sires to other farms and was therefore able to study their development under differing conditions. However, he made stringent rules for those who hired these animals, requiring the exclusive use of his rams on the farms concerned and requiring particular dietary conditions to be met. To achieve this control he established the Dishley Society in 1783. Although his policies led to accusations of closed access to his stock, they enabled him to keep a close control of all offspring. He thereby pioneered the process now recognized as "progeny testing".Bakewell's fame and that of his farm spread throughout the country and overseas. He engaged in an extensive correspondence and acted as host to all of influence in British and overseas agriculture, but it would appear that he was an over-generous host, since he is known to have been in financial difficulties in about 1789. He was saved from bankruptcy by a public subscription raised to allow him to continue with his breeding experiments; this experience may well have been the reason why he was such a staunch advocate of State funding of agricultural research.[br]Further ReadingWilliam Houseman, 1894, biography, Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society. 1–31. H.C.Parsons, 1957, Robert Bakewell (contains a more detailed account).R.Trow Smith, 1957, A History of British Livestock Husbandry to 1700, London: Routledge \& Kegan Paul.—A History of British Livestock Husbandry 1700 to 1900 (places Bakewell within the context of overall developments).M.L.Ryder, 1983, Sheep and Man, Duckworth (a scientifically detailed account which deals with Bakewell within the context of its particular subject).AP -
80 Lee, Edmund
SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering[br]d. mid-1763 Brock Mill, Wigan, England[br]English inventor of the fantail, used to turn windmills automatically to face the wind.[br]On 9 December 1745 Edmund Lee was granted letters patent for his invention of the windmill fantail. In the preamble to Lee's patent he is described as a smith of Brock Mill, near Wigan, where he ran a millwright's business. Brock Mill is known to have been a substantial water-powered iron forge by the River Douglas to the north of Wigan. The drawing accompanying the patent shows a tower mill with its tail pole reaching the ground, and this is connected to a frame or carriage supporting a seven-bladed wind wheel. This tail projected some distance from the back of the tower, and when the wind caught it and turned it the cap was turned to face the wind by means of the gears which linked the cap to the fantail. The next logical step from Lee's invention was to place the fantail at a high level on the cap or at the foot of the ladder of a post mill. There is also an inferred connection between the Lee fantail and the annular sail of the wind engine or of a windmill such as that at Haverhill in Suffolk.[br]Further ReadingStephen Buckland, 1987, Lee's Patent Windmill, London KM
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