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101 Natursteinplattenpflaster
Natursteinplattenpflaster n natural stone-block pavingDeutsch-Englisch Fachwörterbuch Architektur und Bauwesen > Natursteinplattenpflaster
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102 Steinblock
Deutsch-Englisch Fachwörterbuch Architektur und Bauwesen > Steinblock
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103 code
1) код2) шифр3) программа•- access code
- adaptive predictive code
- additional code
- address code
- Aiken code
- Alpha code
- alphabetic code
- alphanumeric code
- alternate mark inversion code
- alternating code
- ambush code
- answer-back code
- application code
- area code
- authentication code
- automatic code
- backward f-code
- balanced code
- bar code
- Baudot code
- binary code
- bi-phase code
- block code
- Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenguem code
- cable code
- call direction code
- called station code
- calling code
- carrier recovering code
- CCIT2 code
- central office code
- closed group locking code
- color code
- comma-free code
- command code
- complement code
- completion code
- computer code
- concatenated code
- condition code
- constant code
- Continental code
- continuous-radio code
- convolutional code
- correcting code
- country code
- creeping code
- cyclic code
- data code
- data-network identification code
- decade code
- decimal code
- dense-binary code
- destination point code
- device control codes
- directing code
- display-unlock code
- distribution code
- double-current cable code
- double-pulse code
- drop-frame time code
- dynamic code
- eight-level code
- engineering code
- equal-length code
- error code
- error status code
- error-correcting code
- error-detection code
- even code
- excessless code
- execution operation code
- extended binary-coded decimal-interchange code
- extension-start code
- fault code
- frame rate code
- framing code
- gold code
- Gray code
- group start code
- Hagelbarger code
- Hamming code
- identifying code
- instruction code
- international cable code
- international dialing code
- interpretative code
- invalid code
- inverse code
- iterative code
- letter code
- line code
- linear code
- local code
- long code
- magnetic code
- Manchester code
- marking code
- message-authentication code
- Miller-square code
- minimum-distance code
- modified-AMI code
- modified-Huffman code
- Morse code
- Morse-cable code
- multilevel code
- multiple-address code
- multiple-frequency code
- Murray code
- n-ary code
- natural code
- n-channel code
- n-digit code
- n-level code
- nonbinary code
- nonlinear code
- nonprint code
- n-unit code
- one-address code
- one-level code
- optical line code
- optimum code
- originating point code
- outgoing station code
- overprecision code
- packet-linear code
- paired-disparity code
- pair-separated triple code
- panel code
- paper-tape code
- parallel code
- pattern code
- perfect code
- permutation code
- personal code
- picture start code
- PIN code
- polar code
- polinomial code
- polling ID code
- prefix code
- prefix-free code
- primary code
- primitive code
- printing telegraph code
- private code
- product code
- programmable unlock code
- pseudorandom noise code
- PST code
- pulse code
- punch-tape code
- quant scale code
- quasi-perfect code
- quick-dial code
- radio search code
- recycling code
- redundant code
- Reed-Solomon code
- reference select code
- reflected code
- reflex binary code
- remote fax activation code
- retrieval code
- return code
- road code
- ROMable code
- routing code
- RS-code
- RZ-code
- selector call code
- self-demarcating code
- self-synchronizing code
- self-testing code
- series code
- signaling code
- simple code
- single-digit code
- single-frequency code
- skip code
- slice start code
- speed-dial code
- stage code
- start code
- startstop code
- stop code
- syllable code
- symmetrical code
- synchronization code
- system code
- systematic error checking code
- tag code
- telegraph code
- teleprinter code
- teletypewriter code
- three-digit code
- time code
- transmission system code
- trellis code
- trouble code
- trunk code
- two-digit code
- two-out-of-five code
- uneven code
- unified code
- unit code
- unit-distance code
- user-data start code
- variable length code
- vertical interval time code
- watchdog code
- Z-codeEnglish-Russian dictionary of telecommunications and their abbreviations > code
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104 road
— reserved road -
105 перекрывать
I (что-л.)несовер. - перекрывать; совер. - перекрытьII (что-л.)несовер. - перекрывать; совер. - перекрыть1) exceed, surpass; (преобладать, доминировать) override2) (в картах)3) stop up, block; cut off; shut down4) тех. overlap -
106 road
дорога; путь; улица- abandoned road - access road - all-weather road - approach road - arterial road - asphaltic concrete road - backbone road - ballast road - belt road - bituminous road - bituminous penetration road - bituminous surface-treated road - black-top road - blind road - blind curved road - block-stone road - bottle-neck road - brick road - bridge road - broken-stone road - brushwood road - bumpy road - bypass road - cable road - camber road - cambered road - cart road - cement-bound road - cement-concrete road - clinker road - cold bituminous road - coloured concrete road - concrete road - congested road - construction access road - construction of roads - country road - cross-over road - crowned road - dangerous-bend road - depressed road - detour road - development road - dirt road - divided road - earth road - estate road - fair-weather road - feeder road - fine-crushed rock road - forked road - four-lane road - gravel road - greasy road - gypsum road - heavily travelled road - heavy road - heavy gumbo-soil road - hillside road - ice road - ice-covered road - improved road - levee road - limited-access road - low-cost road - low-type surfaced road - lumber plank road - macadam road - mixed bituminous road - mountain road - multi-lane road - narrow road - natural road - network of road - new road - oiled earth road - overhead road - parting road - poor road - primary road - primitive road - public road - radial road - ramp road - restricted speed road - retread road - ring road - rock road - rural road - sand-clay road - secondary road - service road - silicated road - single-lane road - snow road - soil-cement road - stabilized earth road - steep-ascent road - steep-descend road - stone road - summer road - sunk road - surface treated waterbound road - tangled road - through road - toll road - tote road - tractor road - traffic road - traffic-bound road - trail road - tram road - trunk road - turnpike road - two-coat road - two-lane road - undivided road - uneven road - unsurfaced road - untreated road - wagon road - washboard road - water-bound broken stone road - winding road - winter road - wood road* * *1. дорога, путь2. штрек- access road
- all-purpose road
- approach road
- arterial road
- asphalt road
- backbone road
- bottle-neck road
- bypass road
- classified road
- county road
- cross roads
- crossover road
- densely-trafficked road
- deplaning road
- depressed road
- detour road
- dirt road
- distribute road
- district road
- divided road
- dual carriageway road
- earth road
- elevated road
- emplaning road
- estate road
- haul road
- ice road
- interior road
- land service road
- limited access road
- logging road
- lumber road
- main road
- major road
- minor road
- motor road
- mountain road
- occupation road
- paved road
- pioneer road
- principal road
- private road
- radial road
- relief road
- residential road
- ring road
- scenic road
- secondary road
- service road
- single-purpose road
- slip road
- specific road
- subsidiary road
- toll road
- township road
- trunk road
- unpaved road
- winter snow road -
107 road
1) = safety barrier2) дорога; путь; шоссе; улица; мостовая; II дорожный- road beacon - road-blading - road-block - Road Board - road border - road brightness - road buildings - road call - road clearance - road conditions - road congestion - road contact of tyre - road crossing - road fork - road-hugging - road hump - road illumination - road in a bad state of repair - road inequalities - road lay-out - road leveller - road location - road machinery - road maintenance - road map - road metal - road money - road noise - road obstruction - road of bridge- road oil- road racing - road resistance - road ripper - road roller - road section - road-sense - road service - road shocks - road shoulder - road side - road sign - road speed - road stability - road straights - road surface - road sweeper - road sweeping machine - road system - road-tanker - road tar - road tell-tale light - road train - road transport - road turn - road under repair - road upkeep - road usage - road vehicle units - road wander - road wave - road wear - road weight - road wheel - road wheel contact - road wheel torque meter- by-road- dry road- hay road- ice road- oil mat road - open road - rippled road - rock road - rough road - rural road - rut-road - rutted road - rutty road - safe fast road - sand-clay road - sand-gravel road - sandwich concrete road - second-class road - secondary road - service road - service motor road - side-road - silicated road - single-lane road - slick road - slippery road - slushy road - soil road - soil-asphalt road - soil bituminous road - soil-cement road - spur road - stable soil road - stony road - sunk road - sunken road - surfaced road - tar-sprayed road - tarred road - through road - through traffic road - toll road - top-soil road - tortuous road - tote road - tough road - township roads - traffic road - traffic-bound road - travel road - twisting road - twisty road - two-coat road - two-track road - two-way road - uneven road - unimproved road - unmetalled road - urban through road - wagon road - washboard road - water-bound broken-stone road - well-bottomed road - wet road - winding road - wire-mesh road - wood road - worn-down road -
108 model
1) макет; модель || моделировать2) образец4) модель, тип ( изделия)5) шаблон•- countably saturated model - countably uniform model - coupled channels model - finite state model - finitely generated model - game-theory model - random trial increment model - random walk model - sampling model -
109 multiplication
1) умножение; перемножение; вычисление произведения3) размножение ( документов)4) разведение6) увеличение; усиление• -
110 representation
1) изображение2) отображение; представление•- completely irreducible representation - completely reduced representation - completely reducible representation - discrete representation - finitely related representation - identity representation - locally constant representation - locally faithful representation - strongly rational representation - totally reducible representation -
111 sum
1) сумма; итог || суммировать, складывать; подводить итог3) резюмировать•sum over sum — мат. сумма вдоль подпространства
sum taken over — сумма, взятая по…
to sum up — резюмировать, суммировать
to sum with respect to — суммировать по...
- free sum- rank sum- regression sum of squares- risk sum- row sum- sum of squares for contrasts- unit sum -
112 variable
1) переменная (величина) || переменный2) изменчивый3) изменяемый; варьируемый4) регулируемый•variable unrestricted in sign — переменная, не ограниченная в знаке
- absolutely integrable variable - anonymous free variable - complex free variable - complex random variable - discontinuous variable - discrete random variable - discrete variable variable - discrete variable - essentially free variable - excessive random variable - exchangeable random variables - generalized random variable - geometric random variable - infinitesimal random variable - jointly normal random variables - linguistic random variable - multinomial random variable - multinormal random variable - multiplicative random variable - mutually independent random variables - nonanticipative random variable - normed random variable - number variable - optimal stopping variable - orthonormal random variables - pairwise independent random variables - spatial variable - symmetrized random variable - two-state variable - two-valued variable - uniformly limited variableto separate variables — мат. разделять переменные
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113 advertising
реклама; рекламирование; рекламный♦ advertising-to-sales (A/S) "реклама-сбыт" (показатель)♦ adversary advertising противодействующая реклама♦ arena advertising реклама на щитах, размещенных по периметру стадиона♦ awareness-building advertising реклама для создания осведомленности♦ bait advertising реклама "с наживкой"; искушающая реклама♦ "bait and switch" advertising многообещающая завлекающая реклама, по которой купить товар на объявленных условиях очень сложно♦ block advertising реклама в специальных блоках в перерывах между программами♦ comparative advertising сравнительная реклама; реклама, использующая сравнение с другим (собственным или чужим) товаром♦ consumer advertising потребительская реклама; реклама, направленная на конечного потребителя♦ coop(erative) advertising совместная реклама производителя и дилера (оплачиваемая обычно 50:50)♦ corporate advertising корпоративная реклама; имиджевая реклама♦ crossruff advertising коллективная реклама♦ deceptive advertising дезинформирующая покупателя реклама♦ direct advertising прямая реклама; реклама, раскладываемая непосредственно в почтовые ящики потребителей♦ drip advertising "капающая" реклама; реклама постоянно появляющаяся в одном и том же СМИ (может быть одним и тем же размером, в одном и том же месте, в один и тот же день и т.д.)♦ free editorial advertising реклама за счет издателя♦ general advertising общая реклама нескольких компаний, действующих в одной сфере; массовая реклама; общенациональная реклама♦ goodwill advertising имиджевая реклама♦ horizontal advertising совместная реклама производителей из одной сферы♦ litter-bin advertising реклама на мусорных урнах♦ mail-order advertising реклама посылочной торговли♦ natural break advertising реклама в естественных перерывах между программами♦ position media advertising наружная реклама♦ scene advertising рекламная распродажа♦ self advertising самореклама♦ shirt-board advertising реклама на вкладках для воротничков мужских рубашек (вставляемых в прачечных после стирки для сохранения формы)♦ show-window advertising витринная реклама♦ sky advertising воздушная реклама; реклама на буксируемых в небе транспарантах, на воздушных шарах, самолетах и т.д.♦ special occasion advertising реклама, использующая различные общественные мероприятия♦ undisplay advertising строчная рубричная реклама♦ vertical advertising вертикальная реклама; совместная реклама производителя и дистрибьютора♦ walking advertising "ходячая реклама"; человек, носящий рекламный щит, транспарант и т.д. -
114 fall
1. n падение, закат2. n понижение, падение; спадspeculators in fall — спекулянты, играющие на понижение
3. n обыкн. водопад4. n уклон, обрыв, склон5. n амер. осень6. n выпадениеa heavy fall of rain — сильный дождь, ливень
7. n впадение рекиfall of lock — падение шлюза, высота шлюзования
8. n окот, рождение9. n выводок, помёт10. n рубка леса11. n срубленный лес12. n покрывало, вуаль13. n ниспадающий воротник14. n накладные волосы в виде «конского хвоста»; шиньон из длинных волосfall through to — передавать управление вниз; проваливаться
15. n спорт. круг, схватка, раунд16. n тех. напор; высота напора17. n тех. канат подъёмного блока18. n мор. фал19. n муз. каданс20. n рел. грехопадение, первородный грех21. v опускаться, спускатьсяfall down to — падать до; спускаться до
22. v низко опускаться, склонятьсяI hope I shall never fall as low as that — я надеюсь, что никогда не паду так низко
23. v наступать, опускаться24. v охватывать, одолевать25. v падать, понижаться26. v стихать, ослабеватьhere his voice fell — он заговорил тише; он сказал это упавшим голосом
the flames rose and fell — пламя то разгоралось, то затихало
the music rose and fell — музыка звучала то громче, то тише
27. v ухудшаться, портиться28. v пасть; погибнуть29. v дохнуть30. v устремляться, направляться31. v опускаться; идти под уклон32. v рушиться, обваливаться; оседатьto fall to the ground — рушиться; оказаться бесплодным
33. v распространяться, ложиться; падать34. v выпадать; доставаться35. v срываться с устthe excellent advice that fell from his lips — превосходные советы, которые он раздавал
36. v пасть; утратить целомудрие37. n проф. крик, издаваемый китобоями при виде кита38. n проф. охота на китовСинонимический ряд:1. capitulation (noun) capitulation; defeat; destruction2. cascade (noun) cascade; cataract; chute; waterfall3. collapse (noun) collapse; downfall; waterloo4. corruption (noun) corruption; disgrace; ruin5. decline (noun) decline; lowering; reduction6. dive (noun) declivity; descent; dip; dive; downslide; downswing; downturn; drop; drop-off; pitch; plunge; skid; slide; slump; spill; sprawl; tumble7. abate (verb) abate; die away; die down; ease off; ebb; let up; lull; moderate; recede; regress; relapse; relent; slacken; subside; wane8. cheapen (verb) cheapen; depreciate; devalue9. decline (verb) decline; decrease; diminish; dip; dwindle; fall off10. descend (verb) cascade; descend; lower11. droop (verb) droop; hang12. drop (verb) dive; drop; keel over; nose-dive; plummet; plunge; sink; skid; spill; sprawl; tumble13. err (verb) err; sin; transgress14. occur (verb) arrive; befall; come; happen; occur15. pass (verb) devolve; pass16. slip (verb) slip; vitiate17. stumble (verb) keel; pitch; slump; stumble; totter; trip18. submit (verb) capitulate; collapse; crumple; go down; go under; submit; succumb; surrender; topple; yieldАнтонимический ряд:ascend; attain; climb; improve; reach; rise; scale; soar; strengthen; tower -
115 force
1. n сила, мощь2. n сила, воздействие3. n авторитет, престижto be a force — быть силой, иметь вес, пользоваться большим влиянием
4. n действенность; действительностьin force — действующий, имеющий силу
to put in force — вводить в силу; делать действительным; проводить в жизнь, осуществлять
to remain in force — оставаться в силе; действовать
5. n насилие, принуждениеbrutal force — грубая сила, насилие
by force — силой, насильно
act of force — применение силы; насилие
6. n вооружённый отряд; соединение7. n полицияdetective force — сыскная, уголовная полиция
8. n войска; вооружённые силы9. n убедительность; смысл, резонthere is force in what you say — в том, что вы говорите, есть смысл
10. n смысл; значение11. n физ. усилие, силаforce of gravity — сила тяжести; земное притяжение
to join forces — объединить усилия, объединиться
12. v заставлять, принуждать, вынуждать13. v применять силу, брать силойto force an entry — ворваться, вломиться
sheet buckling force — сила, необходимая для выгибания листа
to yield to force — подчиниться силе, отступить перед силой
14. v взломать15. v насиловать16. v делать через силуto force a smile — принуждённо улыбнуться, выдавить улыбку
17. v чрезмерно напрягать; перенапрягатьСинонимический ряд:1. attraction (noun) attraction; charisma; magnetism2. battalion (noun) battalion; detachment; squadron; troop3. body (noun) body; corps; crew; group; team; unit4. effectiveness (noun) effect; effectiveness; efficacy; efficiency; operation; potential5. enforcement (noun) coercion; compulsion; constraint; duress; enforcement; violence6. impact (noun) impact; import; muscle; repercussion; significance; value; weight7. point (noun) cogency; point; punch; validity; validness8. potency (noun) potency; pressure; stress9. power (noun) animation; arm; beef; dint; dynamism; energy; forcefulness; impetus; intensity; might; muscle; power; puissance; sinew; sprightliness; steam; strength; strong arm; vigor; vigour; vim; virtue; vitality10. coerce (verb) coerce; compel; concuss; constrain; demand; elicit; enforce; extort; inflict; make; oblige; pressure; pry; require; shotgun11. drive (verb) drive; impel; propel; push; thrust12. rape (verb) defile; deflorate; deflower; outrage; overcome; overpower; rape; ravish; spoil; violateАнтонимический ряд:block; check; counteraction; debility; delay; feebleness; frailty; hamper; hinder; hold; impede; impotence; inability; incapability; persuade -
116 regular
1. n обыкн. регулярные войска2. n разг. постоянный посетитель или клиент; завсегдатай3. n разг. амер. разг. человек, ведущий размеренный образ жизни4. n амер. полит. кандидат, выдвинутый партией5. n амер. полит. преданный сторонник партии; избиратель, на которого можно положитьсяshe is a regular pepper-box — она страшная злюка;
6. n амер. полит. средний размер7. n амер. полит. мужская одежда средних размеров8. a правильный, размеренный, нормальный; регулярныйregular habits — размеренная жизнь, привычка делать всё в определённое время
9. a очередной10. a правильный, красивыйregular hexahedron — правильный шестигранник, куб
11. a обычный, привычныйmy regular time to go to bed — время, когда я обычно ложусь спать
regular court — обычный суд, суд общей юрисдикции
12. a нормальный, соответствующий норме13. a в соответствии с этикетом, с установленным порядком или принятой формой; официальныйto speak without a regular introduction — заговорить, не будучи официально представленным
14. a постоянныйregular customer — завсегдатай, постоянный посетитель или клиент
15. a воен. регулярный, кадровыйregular graph — однородный граф; регулярный граф
16. a квалифицированный, профессиональный17. a эмоц. -усил. настоящий, сущийa regular barn of a place — не помещение, а настоящий сарай
18. a амер. разг. приятный, милый, славный19. a амер. разг. выдвинутый партией20. a амер. разг. преданный, верный; надёжный21. a амер. разг. церк. принадлежащий к религиозному или монашескому ордену; отказавшийся от мира, монашескийregular clergy — чёрное духовенство, иеромонахи
22. a сл. правильно, нормально, размеренно; регулярно23. a сл. эмоц. -усил. оченьСинонимический ряд:1. balanced (adj.) balanced; commensurable; commensurate; proportional; proportionate; symmetrical2. common (adj.) common; everyday; familiar; ordinary; routine; widespread3. conforming (adj.) accordant; conforming; consistent; invariant; methodic; methodical; orderly; systematic4. even (adj.) constant; equable; even; smooth; steady; unchanging; uniform; unvarying5. general (adj.) accustomed; commonplace; customary; general; matter-of-course; natural; normal; prevalent; run-of-the-mill; standard; typic; typical; usual6. periodic (adj.) cyclic; established; fixed; frequent; habitual; periodic; recurrent7. utter (adj.) absolute; all-fired; arrant; black; blamed; blank; blankety-blank; blasted; bleeding; blessed; blighted; blinding; blithering; blue; complete; confounded; consummate; crashing; dad-blamed; dad-blasted; dad-burned; damned; dang; darn; dashed; deuced; doggone; double-distilled; durn; utterАнтонимический ряд:abnormal; anomalous; capricious; disordered; eccentric; erratic; exceptional; extraordinary; heterogeneous; inconsistent; inconstant; infrequent; irregular; uneven -
117 tower
1. башня; здание башенного типа2. пилон; опора3. вышка4. колонный аппаратair-spripping tower — башенный аэратор, аэрационная колонна
atmospheric cooling tower — градирня с естественной циркуляцией воздуха, атмосферная градирня
control tower — контрольная башня, башня управления полётами самолётов
5. монтажные леса башенного типа6. монтажная вышка, расчаленная монтажная мачтаhinged tower — качающийся пилон; шарнирно-опёртый пилон
hoist tower — башенный подъёмник; подъёмная башня
7. башенный подьёмник8. шахта лифтаsatellite tower — прислонная техническая башня для инженерного оборудования, санузлов, пожарных лестниц и вертикальных коммуникаций
spray cooling tower — градирня с орошаемой насадкой, брызгальная градирня
telecommunication tower — телекоммуникационная башня, башня-антенна телекоммуникационной сети
transmission tower — башенная опора линий связи; башенная опора ЛЭП
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118 алгоритмический язык
1. algorithmic languageдексриптивный язык; описательный язык — descriptive language
2. algorithmical language3. programming language4. programming like languageРусско-английский большой базовый словарь > алгоритмический язык
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119 highlight
highlight ['haɪlaɪt](a) (emphasize) souligner, mettre en relief;∎ the report highlights the desperate plight of the refugees le rapport fait ressortir ou souligne la situation désespérée des réfugiés(b) (with pen) surligner∎ to be highlighted (text) apparaître en surimpression ou en surbrillance∎ to have one's hair highlighted se faire faire des mèches2 noun(a) (important moment → of news) événement m le plus marquant; (→ of evening, holiday) point m culminant, grand moment m;∎ the news highlights les grands titres mpl de l'actualité;∎ the highlights of today's match will be shown later les moments forts du match d'aujourd'hui seront diffusés ultérieurement;∎ the highlight of the party le clou de la soirée∎ she has had highlights (put in her hair) elle s'est fait faire des mèches -
120 Jeanneret, Charles-Edouard (Le Corbusier)
SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building[br]b. 6 October 1887 La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerlandd. 27 August 1965 Cap Martin, France[br]Swiss/French architect.[br]The name of Le Corbusier is synonymous with the International style of modern architecture and city planning, one utilizing functionalist designs carried out in twentieth-century materials with modern methods of construction. Charles-Edouard Jeanneret, born in the watch-making town of La Chaux-de-Fonds in the Jura mountain region, was the son of a watch engraver and dial painter. In the years before 1918 he travelled widely, studying building in many countries. He learned about the use of reinforced concrete in the studio of Auguste Perret and about industrial construction under Peter Behrens. In 1917 he went to live in Paris and spent the rest of his life in France; in 1920 he adopted the name of Le Corbusier, one derived from that of his ancestors (Le Corbesier), and ten years later became a French citizen.Le Corbusier's long working life spanned a career divided into three distinct parts. Between 1905 and 1916 he designed a number of simple and increasingly modern houses; the years 1921 to 1940 were ones of research and debate; and the twenty years from 1945 saw the blossoming of his genius. After 1917 Le Corbusier gained a reputation in Paris as an architect of advanced originality. He was particularly interested in low-cost housing and in improving accommodation for the poor. In 1923 he published Vers une architecture, in which he planned estates of mass-produced houses where all extraneous and unnecessary features were stripped away and the houses had flat roofs and plain walls: his concept of "a machine for living in". These white boxes were lifted up on stilts, his pilotis, and double-height living space was provided internally, enclosed by large areas of factory glazing. In 1922 Le Corbusier exhibited a city plan, La Ville contemporaine, in which tall blocks made from steel and concrete were set amongst large areas of parkland, replacing the older concept of city slums with the light and air of modern living. In 1925 he published Urbanisme, further developing his socialist ideals. These constituted a major reform of the industrial-city pattern, but the ideas were not taken up at that time. The Depression years of the 1930s severely curtailed architectural activity in France. Le Corbusier designed houses for the wealthy there, but most of his work prior to 1945 was overseas: his Centrosoyus Administration Building in Moscow (1929–36) and the Ministry of Education Building in Rio de Janeiro (1943) are examples. Immediately after the end of the Second World War Le Corbusier won international fame for his Unité d'habitation theme, the first example of which was built in the boulevard Michelet in Marseille in 1947–52. His answer to the problem of accommodating large numbers of people in a small space at low cost was to construct an immense all-purpose block of pre-cast concrete slabs carried on a row of massive central supports. The Marseille Unité contains 350 apartments in eight double storeys, with a storey for shops half-way up and communal facilities on the roof. In 1950 he published Le Modular, which described a system of measurement based upon the human male figure. From this was derived a relationship of human and mathematical proportions; this concept, together with the extensive use of various forms of concrete, was fundamental to Le Corbusier's later work. In the world-famous and highly personal Pilgrimage Church of Notre Dame du Haut at Ronchamp (1950–5), Le Corbusier's work was in Expressionist form, a plastic design in massive rough-cast concrete, its interior brilliantly designed and lit. His other equally famous, though less popular, ecclesiastical commission showed a contrasting theme, of "brutalist" concrete construction with uncompromisingly stark, rectangular forms. This is the Dominican Convent of Sainte Marie de la Tourette at Eveux-sur-l'Arbresle near Lyon, begun in 1956. The interior, in particular, is carefully worked out, and the lighting, from both natural and artificial sources, is indirect, angled in many directions to illuminate vistas and planes. All surfaces are carefully sloped, the angles meticulously calculated to give optimum visual effect. The crypt, below the raised choir, is painted in bright colours and lit from ceiling oculi.One of Le Corbusier's late works, the Convent is a tour de force.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsHonorary Doctorate Zurich University 1933. Honorary Member RIBA 1937. Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur 1937. American Institute of Architects Gold Medal 1961. Honorary Degree University of Geneva 1964.BibliographyHis chief publications, all of which have been numerously reprinted and translated, are: 1923, Vers une architecture.1935, La Ville radieuse.1946, Propos d'urbanisme.1950, Le Modular.Further ReadingP.Blake, 1963, Le Corbusier: Architecture and Form, Penguin. R.Furneaux-Jordan, 1972, Le Corbusier, Dent.W.Boesiger, 1970, Le Corbusier, 8 vols, Thames and Hudson.——1987, Le Corbusier: Architect of the Century, Arts Council of Great Britain.DYBiographical history of technology > Jeanneret, Charles-Edouard (Le Corbusier)
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